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Versluys M, Porras-Domínguez JR, Voet A, Struyf T, Van den Ende W. Insights in inulin binding and inulin oligosaccharide formation by novel multi domain endo-inulinases from Botrytis cinerea. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 328:121690. [PMID: 38220320 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
World-wide, pathogenic fungi such as Botrytis cinerea cause tremendous yield losses in terms of food production and post-harvest food decay. Many fungi produce inulin-type oligosaccharides (IOSs) from inulin through endo-inulinases which typically show a two domain structure. B.cinerea lacks a two domain endo-inulinase but contains a three domain structure instead. Genome mining revealed three and four domain (d4) enzymes in the fungal kingdom. Here, three and two domain enzymes were compared in their capacity to produce IOSs from inulin. Hill kinetics were observed in three domain enzymes as compared to Michaelis-Menten kinetics in two domain enzymes, suggesting that the N-terminal extension functions as a carbohydrate binding module. Analysis of the IOS product profiles generated from purified GF6, GF12, GF16 and GF18 inulins and extensive sugar docking approaches led to enhanced insights in the active site functioning, revealing subtle differences between the endo-inulinases from Aspergillus niger and B. cinerea. Improved insights in structure-function relationships in fungal endo-inulinases offer opportunities to develop superior enzymes for the production of specific IOS formulations to improve plant and animal health (priming agents, prebiotics).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Versluys
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology and KU Leuven Plant Institute, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jaime Ricardo Porras-Domínguez
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology and KU Leuven Plant Institute, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Arnout Voet
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200g, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Tom Struyf
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology and KU Leuven Plant Institute, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Wim Van den Ende
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology and KU Leuven Plant Institute, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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2
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Chrismas N, Tindall-Jones B, Jenkins H, Harley J, Bird K, Cunliffe M. Metatranscriptomics reveals diversity of symbiotic interaction and mechanisms of carbon exchange in the marine cyanolichen Lichina pygmaea. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:2243-2257. [PMID: 37840369 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Lichens are exemplar symbioses based upon carbon exchange between photobionts and their mycobiont hosts. Historically considered a two-way relationship, some lichen symbioses have been shown to contain multiple photobiont partners; however, the way in which these photobiont communities react to environmental change is poorly understood. Lichina pygmaea is a marine cyanolichen that inhabits rocky seashores where it is submerged in seawater during every tidal cycle. Recent work has indicated that L. pygmaea has a complex photobiont community including the cyanobionts Rivularia and Pleurocapsa. We performed rRNA-based metabarcoding and mRNA metatranscriptomics of the L. pygmaea holobiont at high and low tide to investigate community response to immersion in seawater. Carbon exchange in L. pygmaea is a dynamic process, influenced by both tidal cycle and the biology of the individual symbiotic components. The mycobiont and two cyanobiont partners exhibit distinct transcriptional responses to seawater hydration. Sugar-based compatible solutes produced by Rivularia and Pleurocapsa in response to seawater are a potential source of carbon to the mycobiont. We propose that extracellular processing of photobiont-derived polysaccharides is a fundamental step in carbon acquisition by L. pygmaea and is analogous to uptake of plant-derived carbon in ectomycorrhizal symbioses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Chrismas
- Marine Biological Association, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, Devon, PL1 2PB, UK
| | - Beth Tindall-Jones
- Marine Biological Association, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, Devon, PL1 2PB, UK
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Helen Jenkins
- Marine Biological Association, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, Devon, PL1 2PB, UK
| | - Joanna Harley
- Marine Biological Association, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, Devon, PL1 2PB, UK
| | - Kimberley Bird
- Marine Biological Association, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, Devon, PL1 2PB, UK
| | - Michael Cunliffe
- Marine Biological Association, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, Devon, PL1 2PB, UK
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
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3
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Christian N, Perlin MH. Plant-endophyte communication: Scaling from molecular mechanisms to ecological outcomes. Mycologia 2024; 116:227-250. [PMID: 38380970 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2023.2299658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Diverse communities of fungal endophytes reside in plant tissues, where they affect and are affected by plant physiology and ecology. For these intimate interactions to form and persist, endophytes and their host plants engage in intricate systems of communication. The conversation between fungal endophytes and plant hosts ultimately dictates endophyte community composition and function and has cascading effects on plant health and plant interactions. In this review, we synthesize our current knowledge on the mechanisms and strategies of communication used by endophytic fungi and their plant hosts. We discuss the molecular mechanisms of communication that lead to organ specificity of endophytic communities and distinguish endophytes, pathogens, and saprotrophs. We conclude by offering emerging perspectives on the relevance of plant-endophyte communication to microbial community ecology and plant health and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Christian
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292
| | - Michael H Perlin
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292
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4
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Dort EN, Layne E, Feau N, Butyaev A, Henrissat B, Martin FM, Haridas S, Salamov A, Grigoriev IV, Blanchette M, Hamelin RC. Large-scale genomic analyses with machine learning uncover predictive patterns associated with fungal phytopathogenic lifestyles and traits. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17203. [PMID: 37821494 PMCID: PMC10567782 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44005-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive plant pathogenic fungi have a global impact, with devastating economic and environmental effects on crops and forests. Biosurveillance, a critical component of threat mitigation, requires risk prediction based on fungal lifestyles and traits. Recent studies have revealed distinct genomic patterns associated with specific groups of plant pathogenic fungi. We sought to establish whether these phytopathogenic genomic patterns hold across diverse taxonomic and ecological groups from the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, and furthermore, if those patterns can be used in a predictive capacity for biosurveillance. Using a supervised machine learning approach that integrates phylogenetic and genomic data, we analyzed 387 fungal genomes to test a proof-of-concept for the use of genomic signatures in predicting fungal phytopathogenic lifestyles and traits during biosurveillance activities. Our machine learning feature sets were derived from genome annotation data of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), peptidases, secondary metabolite clusters (SMCs), transporters, and transcription factors. We found that machine learning could successfully predict fungal lifestyles and traits across taxonomic groups, with the best predictive performance coming from feature sets comprising CAZyme, peptidase, and SMC data. While phylogeny was an important component in most predictions, the inclusion of genomic data improved prediction performance for every lifestyle and trait tested. Plant pathogenicity was one of the best-predicted traits, showing the promise of predictive genomics for biosurveillance applications. Furthermore, our machine learning approach revealed expansions in the number of genes from specific CAZyme and peptidase families in the genomes of plant pathogens compared to non-phytopathogenic genomes (saprotrophs, endo- and ectomycorrhizal fungi). Such genomic feature profiles give insight into the evolution of fungal phytopathogenicity and could be useful to predict the risks of unknown fungi in future biosurveillance activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- E N Dort
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - E Layne
- School of Computer Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - N Feau
- Pacific Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - A Butyaev
- School of Computer Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - B Henrissat
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (DTU Bioengineering), Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - F M Martin
- Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Centre INRAE, Grand Est-Nancy, Université de Lorraine, Champenoux, France
| | - S Haridas
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - A Salamov
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - I V Grigoriev
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - M Blanchette
- School of Computer Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - R C Hamelin
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
- Département des Sciences du bois et de la Forêt, Faculté de Foresterie et Géographie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
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Lindsay RJ, Holder PJ, Talbot NJ, Gudelj I. Metabolic efficiency reshapes the seminal relationship between pathogen growth rate and virulence. Ecol Lett 2023; 26:896-907. [PMID: 37056166 PMCID: PMC10947253 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
A cornerstone of classical virulence evolution theories is the assumption that pathogen growth rate is positively correlated with virulence, the amount of damage pathogens inflict on their hosts. Such theories are key for incorporating evolutionary principles into sustainable disease management strategies. Yet, empirical evidence raises doubts over this central assumption underpinning classical theories, thus undermining their generality and predictive power. In this paper, we identify a key component missing from current theories which redefines the growth-virulence relationship in a way that is consistent with data. By modifying the activity of a single metabolic gene, we engineered strains of Magnaporthe oryzae with different nutrient acquisition and growth rates. We conducted in planta infection studies and uncovered an unexpected non-monotonic relationship between growth rate and virulence that is jointly shaped by how growth rate and metabolic efficiency interact. This novel mechanistic framework paves the way for a much-needed new suite of virulence evolution theories.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nicholas J. Talbot
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich Research ParkNorwichUK
| | - Ivana Gudelj
- Biosciences and Living Systems InstituteUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
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De Rocchis V, Jammer A, Camehl I, Franken P, Roitsch T. Tomato growth promotion by the fungal endophytes Serendipita indica and Serendipita herbamans is associated with sucrose de-novo synthesis in roots and differential local and systemic effects on carbohydrate metabolisms and gene expression. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 276:153755. [PMID: 35961165 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth-promoting and stress resilience-inducing root endophytic fungi represent an additional carbohydrate sink. This study aims to test if such root endophytes affect the sugar metabolism of the host plant to divert the flow of resources for their purposes. Fresh and dry weights of roots and shoots of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) colonised by the closely related Serendipita indica and Serendipita herbamans were recorded. Plant carbohydrate metabolism was analysed by measuring sugar levels, by determining activity signatures of key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism, and by quantifying mRNA levels of genes involved in sugar transport and turnover. During the interaction with the tomato plants, both fungi promoted root growth and shifted shoot biomass from stem to leaf tissues, resulting in increased leaf size. A common effect induced by both fungi was the inhibition of phosphofructokinase (PFK) in roots and leaves. This glycolytic-pacing enzyme shows how the glycolysis rate is reduced in plants and, eventually, how sugars are allocated to different tissues. Sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) activity was strongly induced in colonised roots. This was accompanied by increased SPS-A1 gene expression in S. herbamans-colonised roots and by increased sucrose amounts in roots colonised by S. indica. Other enzyme activities were barely affected by S. indica, but mainly induced in leaves of S. herbamans-colonised plants and decreased in roots. This study suggests that two closely related root endophytic fungi differentially influence plant carbohydrate metabolism locally and systemically, but both induce a similar increase in plant biomass. Notably, both fungal endophytes induce an increase in SPS activity and, in the case of S. indica, sucrose resynthesis in roots. In leaves of S. indica-colonised plants, SWEET11b expression was enhanced, thus we assume that excess sucrose was exported by this transporter to the roots. .
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo De Rocchis
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979, Großbeeren, Germany
| | - Alexandra Jammer
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Schubertstraße 51, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Iris Camehl
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979, Großbeeren, Germany
| | - Philipp Franken
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979, Großbeeren, Germany
| | - Thomas Roitsch
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Adaptive Biotechnologies, Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.
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7
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Large differences in carbohydrate degradation and transport potential among lichen fungal symbionts. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2634. [PMID: 35551185 PMCID: PMC9098629 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30218-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lichen symbioses are thought to be stabilized by the transfer of fixed carbon from a photosynthesizing symbiont to a fungus. In other fungal symbioses, carbohydrate subsidies correlate with reductions in plant cell wall-degrading enzymes, but whether this is true of lichen fungal symbionts (LFSs) is unknown. Here, we predict genes encoding carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) and sugar transporters in 46 genomes from the Lecanoromycetes, the largest extant clade of LFSs. All LFSs possess a robust CAZyme arsenal including enzymes acting on cellulose and hemicellulose, confirmed by experimental assays. However, the number of genes and predicted functions of CAZymes vary widely, with some fungal symbionts possessing arsenals on par with well-known saprotrophic fungi. These results suggest that stable fungal association with a phototroph does not in itself result in fungal CAZyme loss, and lends support to long-standing hypotheses that some lichens may augment fixed CO2 with carbon from external sources. Lichen symbioses are thought to be stabilized by the transfer of fixed carbon from a photosynthesizing symbiont to a fungus. Here, Resl et al. show that, contrary to other fungal symbioses, fungal association with a phototroph in lichens does not result in loss of fungal enzymes for plant cell-wall degradation.
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8
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Yuan Z, Wu Q, Xu L, Druzhinina IS, Stukenbrock EH, Nieuwenhuis BPS, Zhong Z, Liu ZJ, Wang X, Cai F, Kubicek CP, Shan X, Wang J, Shi G, Peng L, Martin FM. Genomic landscape of a relict fir-associated fungus reveals rapid convergent adaptation towards endophytism. THE ISME JOURNAL 2022; 16:1294-1305. [PMID: 34916613 PMCID: PMC9038928 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-021-01176-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Comparative and pan-genomic analyses of the endophytic fungus Pezicula neosporulosa (Helotiales, Ascomycota) from needles of the relict fir, Abies beshanzuensis, showed expansions of carbohydrate metabolism and secondary metabolite biosynthetic genes characteristic for unrelated plant-beneficial helotialean, such as dark septate endophytes and ericoid mycorrhizal fungi. The current species within the relatively young Pliocene genus Pezicula are predominantly saprotrophic, while P. neosporulosa lacks such features. To understand the genomic background of this putatively convergent evolution, we performed population analyses of 77 P. neosporulosa isolates. This revealed a mosaic structure of a dozen non-recombining and highly genetically polymorphic subpopulations with a unique mating system structure. We found that one idiomorph of a probably duplicated mat1-2 gene was found in putatively heterothallic isolates, while the other co-occurred with mat1-1 locus suggesting homothallic reproduction for these strains. Moreover, 24 and 81 genes implicated in plant cell-wall degradation and secondary metabolite biosynthesis, respectively, showed signatures of the balancing selection. These findings highlight the evolutionary pattern of the two gene families for allowing the fungus a rapid adaptation towards endophytism and facilitating diverse symbiotic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 100091, Beijing, China. .,Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, 311400, China.
| | - Qi Wu
- grid.458488.d0000 0004 0627 1442State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Liangxiong Xu
- grid.411411.00000 0004 0644 5457School of Life Sciences, Huizhou University, Huizhou, 516007 China
| | - Irina S. Druzhinina
- grid.27871.3b0000 0000 9750 7019Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Fungal Genomics Laboratory (FungiG), College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China ,grid.5329.d0000 0001 2348 4034Institute of Chemical, Environmental & Bioscience Engineering (ICEBE), TU Wien, Vienna, A1060 Austria
| | - Eva H. Stukenbrock
- grid.9764.c0000 0001 2153 9986Botanical Institute, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany ,grid.419520.b0000 0001 2222 4708Environmental Genomics Research Group, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, 24306 Plön, Germany
| | - Bart P. S. Nieuwenhuis
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XDivision of Evolutionary Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Zhenhui Zhong
- grid.256111.00000 0004 1760 2876State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China ,grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Zhong-Jian Liu
- grid.256111.00000 0004 1760 2876Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- grid.509676.bResearch Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, 311400 China
| | - Feng Cai
- grid.27871.3b0000 0000 9750 7019Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Fungal Genomics Laboratory (FungiG), College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Christian P. Kubicek
- grid.5329.d0000 0001 2348 4034Institute of Chemical, Environmental & Bioscience Engineering (ICEBE), TU Wien, Vienna, A1060 Austria
| | - Xiaoliang Shan
- grid.216566.00000 0001 2104 9346State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 100091 Beijing, China ,grid.509676.bResearch Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, 311400 China
| | - Jieyu Wang
- grid.458495.10000 0001 1014 7864Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650 China
| | - Guohui Shi
- grid.458488.d0000 0004 0627 1442State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Long Peng
- grid.216566.00000 0001 2104 9346State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 100091 Beijing, China ,grid.509676.bResearch Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, 311400 China
| | - Francis M. Martin
- grid.29172.3f0000 0001 2194 6418Université de Lorraine, INRAe, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, INRAe-Grand Est-Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France
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Liu YH, Song YH, Ruan YL. Sugar conundrum in plant-pathogen interactions: roles of invertase and sugar transporters depend on pathosystems. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:1910-1925. [PMID: 35104311 PMCID: PMC8982439 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
It has been increasingly recognized that CWIN (cell wall invertase) and sugar transporters including STP (sugar transport protein) and SWEET (sugar will eventually be exported transporters) play important roles in plant-pathogen interactions. However, the information available in the literature comes from diverse systems and often yields contradictory findings and conclusions. To solve this puzzle, we provide here a comprehensive assessment of the topic. Our analyses revealed that the regulation of plant-microbe interactions by CWIN, SWEET, and STP is conditioned by the specific pathosystems involved. The roles of CWINs in plant resistance are largely determined by the lifestyle of pathogens (biotrophs versus necrotrophs or hemibiotrophs), possibly through CWIN-mediated salicylic acid or jasmonic acid signaling and programmed cell death pathways. The up-regulation of SWEETs and STPs may enhance or reduce plant resistance, depending on the cellular sites from which pathogens acquire sugars from the host cells. Finally, plants employ unique mechanisms to defend against viral infection, in part through a sugar-based regulation of plasmodesmatal development or aperture. Our appraisal further calls for attention to be paid to the involvement of microbial sugar metabolism and transport in plant-pathogen interactions, which is an integrated but overlooked component of such interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hua Liu
- School of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, Haikou, China
| | - You-Hong Song
- Innovation Cluster of Crop Molecular Biology and Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- School of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yong-Ling Ruan
- Innovation Cluster of Crop Molecular Biology and Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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10
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Wu ZC, Wu L, Zhang M, Zhou W. Genome sequence and annotation of Bacteroides sp aff. Thetaiotaomicron strain isolated from blood. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 91:104816. [PMID: 33771725 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study is focused on genome sequence and annotation of the Bacteroides strain isolated from the blood of a patient with descending colon cancer. According to a comparison of the 16S ribosomal RNA sequence with the National Center for Biotechnology Information database, this strain was identified as Bacteroides sp. aff. Thetaiotaomicron. The next-generation sequencing of the strain was performed in a GENEWIZ laboratory (Jiangsu, China) on Illumina HiSeq device. According to CAZy classification, metabolic pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism of this strain engage the following enzymes: 427 glycosylhydrolases, 277 glycosyltransferases, 137 carbohydrate-binding modules, 48 carbohydrate esterases, and 24 polysaccharide lyases. According to the KEGG pathway database, Bacteroides sp. aff thetaiotaomicron strain is reported to incorporate 199 pathway associated genes. Bacteroides sp. aff. Thetaiotaomicron exposes the capacity of metabolizing a variety of polysaccharides. Its genome is enriched with an expanded repertoire of enzymes for the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds and, thus, likely to hydrolyze most of glycosidic bonds in biological polysaccharides. The advanced capabilities of the studied strain to recognize and respond to environmental signals are expressed in the rich representation of one- and two-component signal transduction systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Cheng Wu
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, 31 Longhua Road, Haikou, Hainan Province 570102, China.
| | - Lin Wu
- School of Tropical and Laboratory Medicine, Hainan Medical University, 31 Longhua Road, Haikou City, Hainan Province 571199, China; Faculty of Biotechnology and Biotechnics, National Technical University of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine; Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou City, Hainan Province, China.
| | - Meng Zhang
- Sanya People's Hospital, Jiefang Third Road, 558, Sanya City, Hainan Province 572000, China
| | - WeiLan Zhou
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, 31 Longhua Road, Haikou, Hainan Province 570102, China
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11
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Bakuła Z, Siedlecki P, Gromadka R, Gawor J, Gromadka A, Pomorski JJ, Panagiotopoulou H, Jagielski T. A first insight into the genome of Prototheca wickerhamii, a major causative agent of human protothecosis. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:168. [PMID: 33750287 PMCID: PMC7941945 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07491-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colourless microalgae of the Prototheca genus are the only known plants that have consistently been implicated in a range of clinically relevant opportunistic infections in both animals and humans. The Prototheca algae are emerging pathogens, whose incidence has increased importantly over the past two decades. Prototheca wickerhamii is a major human pathogen, responsible for at least 115 cases worldwide. Although the algae are receiving more attention nowadays, there is still a substantial knowledge gap regarding their biology, and pathogenicity in particular. Here we report, for the first time, the complete nuclear genome, organelle genomes, and transcriptome of the P. wickerhamii type strain ATCC 16529. RESULTS The assembled genome size was of 16.7 Mbp, making it the smallest and most compact genome sequenced so far among the protothecans. Key features of the genome included a high overall GC content (64.5%), a high number (6081) and proportion (45.9%) of protein-coding genes, and a low repetitive sequence content (2.2%). The vast majority (90.6%) of the predicted genes were confirmed with the corresponding transcripts upon RNA-sequencing analysis. Most (93.2%) of the genes had their putative function assigned when searched against the InterProScan database. A fourth (23.3%) of the genes were annotated with an enzymatic activity possibly associated with the adaptation to the human host environment. The P. wickerhamii genome encoded a wide array of possible virulence factors, including those already identified in two model opportunistic fungal pathogens, i.e. Candida albicans and Trichophyton rubrum, and thought to be involved in invasion of the host or elicitation of the adaptive stress response. Approximately 6% of the P. wickerhamii genes matched a Pathogen-Host Interaction Database entry and had a previously experimentally proven role in the disease development. Furthermore, genes coding for proteins (e.g. ATPase, malate dehydrogenase) hitherto considered as potential virulence factors of Prototheca spp. were demonstrated in the P. wickerhamii genome. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this study is the first to describe the genetic make-up of P. wickerhamii and discovers proteins possibly involved in the development of protothecosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zofia Bakuła
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, I. Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Siedlecki
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Warsaw, I. Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, A. Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Robert Gromadka
- DNA Sequencing and Synthesis Facility, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, A. Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Gawor
- DNA Sequencing and Synthesis Facility, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, A. Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Gromadka
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, A. Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan J Pomorski
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wilcza 64, 00-679, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hanna Panagiotopoulou
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wilcza 64, 00-679, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Jagielski
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, I. Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland.
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12
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Wang X, Fang J, Liu P, Liu J, Fang W, Fang Z, Xiao Y. Mucoromycotina Fungi Possess the Ability to Utilize Plant Sucrose as a Carbon Source: Evidence From Gongronella sp. w5. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:591697. [PMID: 33584561 PMCID: PMC7874188 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.591697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucoromycotina is one of the earliest fungi to establish a mutualistic relationship with plants in the ancient land. However, the detailed information on their carbon supply from the host plants is largely unknown. In this research, a free-living Mucoromycotina called Gongronella sp. w5 (w5) was employed to explore its effect on Medicago truncatula growth and carbon source utilization from its host plant during the interaction process. W5 promoted M. truncatula growth and caused the sucrose accumulation in M. truncatula root tissue at 16 days post-inoculation (dpi). The transportation of photosynthetic product sucrose to the rhizosphere by M. truncatula root cells seemed accelerated by upregulating the SWEET gene. A predicted cytoplasmic invertase (GspInv) gene and a sucrose transporter (GspSUT1) homology gene in the w5 genome upregulated significantly at the transcriptional level during w5–M. truncatula interaction at 16 dpi, indicating the possibility of utilizing plant sucrose directly by w5 as the carbon source. Further investigation showed that the purified GspInv displayed an optimal pH of 5.0 and a specific activity of 3380 ± 26 U/mg toward sucrose. The heterologous expression of GspInv and GspSUT1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae confirmed the function of GspInv as invertase and GspSUT1 as sugar transporter with high affinity to sucrose in vivo. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the ability of Mucoromycotina to utilize sucrose from its host plant underwent a process of “loss and gain.” These results demonstrated the capacity of Mucoromycotina to interact with extant land higher plants and may employ a novel strategy of directly up-taking and assimilating sucrose from the host plant during the interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, China
| | - Junnan Fang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, China
| | - Pu Liu
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Juanjuan Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Fang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, China
| | - Zemin Fang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, China
| | - Yazhong Xiao
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, China
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13
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Cheng X, Garcés-Carrera S, Whitworth RJ, Fellers JP, Park Y, Chen MS. A Horizontal Gene Transfer Led to the Acquisition of a Fructan Metabolic Pathway in a Gall Midge. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 4:e1900275. [PMID: 32293157 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201900275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Animals are thought to use only glucose polymers (glycogen) as energy reserve, whereas both glucose (starch) and fructose polymers (fructans) are used by microbes and plants. Here, it is reported that the gall midge Mayetiola destructor, and likely other herbivorous animal species, gained the ability to utilize dietary fructans directly as storage polysaccharides by a single horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of bacterial levanase/inulinase gene followed by gene expansion and differentiation. Multiple genes encoding levanases/inulinases have their origin in a single HGT event from a bacterium and they show high expression levels and enzymatic activities in different tissues of the gall midge, including nondigestive fat bodies and eggs, both of which contained significant amounts of fructans. This study provides evidence that animals can also use fructans as energy reserve by incorporating bacterial genes in their genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Cheng
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, 123 Waters Hall, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | | | - Robert Jeff Whitworth
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, 123 Waters Hall, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - John P Fellers
- Hard Winter Wheat Genetics Research Unit, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research Center, USDA-ARS, 4008 Throckmorton, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Yoonseong Park
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, 123 Waters Hall, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Ming-Shun Chen
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, 123 Waters Hall, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
- Hard Winter Wheat Genetics Research Unit, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research Center, USDA-ARS, 4008 Throckmorton, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
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14
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Multilayered horizontal operon transfers from bacteria reconstruct a thiamine salvage pathway in yeasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:22219-22228. [PMID: 31611373 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1909844116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Horizontal acquisition of bacterial genes is presently recognized as an important contribution to the adaptation and evolution of eukaryotic genomes. However, the mechanisms underlying expression and consequent selection and fixation of the prokaryotic genes in the new eukaryotic setting are largely unknown. Here we show that genes composing the pathway for the synthesis of the essential vitamin B1 (thiamine) were lost in an ancestor of a yeast lineage, the Wickerhamiella/Starmerella (W/S) clade, known to harbor an unusually large number of genes of alien origin. The thiamine pathway was subsequently reassembled, at least twice, by multiple HGT events from different bacterial donors involving both single genes and entire operons. In the W/S-clade species Starmerella bombicola we obtained direct genetic evidence that all bacterial genes of the thiamine pathway are functional. The reconstructed pathway is composed by yeast and bacterial genes operating coordinately to scavenge thiamine derivatives from the environment. The adaptation of the newly acquired operons to the eukaryotic setting involved a repertoire of mechanisms until now only sparsely documented, namely longer intergenic regions, post-horizontal gene transfer (HGT) gene fusions fostering coordinated expression, gene relocation, and possibly recombination generating mosaic genes. The results provide additional evidence that HGT occurred recurrently in this yeast lineage and was crucial for the reestablishment of lost functions and that similar mechanisms are used across a broad range of eukaryotic microbes to promote adaptation of prokaryotic genes to their new environment.
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15
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Lee MR, Powell JR, Oberle B, Cornwell WK, Lyons M, Rigg JL, Zanne AE. Good neighbors aplenty: fungal endophytes rarely exhibit competitive exclusion patterns across a span of woody habitats. Ecology 2019; 100:e02790. [PMID: 31228251 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Environmental forces and biotic interactions, both positive and negative, structure ecological communities, but their relative roles remain obscure despite strong theory. For instance, ecologically similar species, based on the principle of limiting similarity, are expected to be most competitive and show negative interactions. Specious communities that assemble along broad environmental gradients afford the most power to test theory, but the communities often are difficult to quantify. Microbes, specifically fungal endophytes of wood, are especially suited for testing community assembly theory because they are relatively easy to sample across a comprehensive range of environmental space with clear axes of variation. Moreover, endophytes mediate key forest carbon cycle processes, and although saprophytic fungi from dead wood typically compete, endophytic fungi in living wood may enhance success through cooperative symbioses. To classify interactions within endophyte communities, we analyzed fungal DNA barcode variation across 22 woody plant species growing in woodlands near Richmond, New South Wales, Australia. We estimated the response of endophytes to the measured wood environment (i.e., 11 anatomical and chemical wood traits) and each other using latent-variable models and identified recurrent communities across wood environments using model-based classification. We used this information to evaluate whether (1) co-occurrence patterns are consistent with strong competitive exclusion, and (2) a priori classifications by trophic mode and phylum distinguish taxa that are more likely to have positive vs. negative associations under the principle of limiting similarity. Fungal endophytes were diverse (mean = 140 taxa/sample), with differences in community composition structured by wood traits. Variation in wood water content and carbon concentration were associated with especially large community shifts. Surprisingly, after accounting for wood traits, fungal species were still more than three times more likely to have positive than negative co-occurrence patterns. That is, patterns consistent with strong competitive exclusion were rare, and positive interactions among fungal endophytes were more common than expected. Confirming the frequency of positive vs. negative interactions among fungal taxa requires experimental tests, and our findings establish clear paths for further study. Evidence to date intriguingly suggests that, across a wide range of wood traits, cooperation may outweigh combat for these fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa R Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., 20052, USA
| | - Jeff R Powell
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
| | - Brad Oberle
- Division of Natural Sciences, New College of Florida, Sarasota, Florida, 34243, USA
| | - William K Cornwell
- School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, Ecology and Evolution Research Centre, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Mitchell Lyons
- School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, Centre for Ecosystem Science, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Jessica L Rigg
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia.,NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Woodbridge Road, Meanagle, New South Wales, 2568, Australia
| | - Amy E Zanne
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., 20052, USA
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16
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Privatization of public goods can cause population decline. Nat Ecol Evol 2019; 3:1206-1216. [PMID: 31332334 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-019-0944-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Microbes commonly deploy a risky strategy to acquire nutrients from their environment, involving the production of costly public goods that can be exploited by neighbouring individuals. Why engage in such a strategy when an exploitation-free alternative is readily available whereby public goods are kept private? We address this by examining metabolism of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in its native form and by creating a new three-strain synthetic community deploying different strategies of sucrose metabolism. Public-metabolizers digest resources externally, private-metabolizers internalize resources before digestion, and cheats avoid the metabolic costs of digestion but exploit external products generated by competitors. A combination of mathematical modelling and ecological experiments reveal that private-metabolizers invade and take over an otherwise stable community of public-metabolizers and cheats. However, owing to the reduced growth rate of private-metabolizers and population bottlenecks that are frequently associated with microbial communities, privatizing public goods can become unsustainable, leading to population decline.
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17
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Korotkin HB, Swenie RA, Miettinen O, Budke JM, Chen KH, Lutzoni F, Smith ME, Matheny PB. Stable isotope analyses reveal previously unknown trophic mode diversity in the Hymenochaetales. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2018; 105:1869-1887. [PMID: 30368779 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY The Hymenochaetales are dominated by lignicolous saprotrophic fungi involved in wood decay. However, the group also includes bryophilous and terricolous taxa, but their modes of nutrition are not clear. Here, we investigate patterns of carbon and nitrogen utilization in numerous non-lignicolous Hymenochaetales and provide a phylogenetic context in which these non-canonical ecological guilds arose. METHODS We combined stable isotope analyses of δ13 C and δ15 N and phylogenetic analyses to explore assignment and evolution of nutritional modes. Clustering procedures and statistical tests were performed to assign trophic modes to Hymenochaetales and test for differences between varying ecologies. Genomes of Hymenochaetales were mined for presence of enzymes involved in plant cell wall and lignin degradation and sucrolytic activity. KEY RESULTS Three different trophic clusters were detected - biotrophic, saprotrophic, and a second biotrophic cluster including many bryophilous Hymenochaetales and mosses. Non-lignicolous Hymenochaetales are generally biotrophic. All lignicolous Hymenochaetales clustered as saprotrophic and most terricolous Hymenochaetales clustered as ectomycorrhizal. Overall, at least 15 species of Hymenochaetales are inferred as biotrophic. Bryophilous species of Rickenella can degrade plant cell walls and lignin, and cleave sucrose to glucose consistent with a parasitic or endophytic life style. CONCLUSIONS Most non-lignicolous Hymenochaetales are biotrophic. Stable isotope values of many bryophilous Hymenochaetales cluster as ectomycorrhizal or in a biotrophic cluster indicative of parasitism or an endophytic life style. Overall, trophic mode diversity in the Hymenochaetales is greater than anticipated, and non-lignicolous ecological traits and biotrophic modes of nutrition are evolutionarily derived features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailee B Korotkin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, 1416 Circle Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996, USA
| | - Rachel A Swenie
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, 1416 Circle Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996, USA
| | - Otto Miettinen
- Botanical Museum, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, PO Box 7, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Jessica M Budke
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, 1416 Circle Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996, USA
| | - Ko-Hsuan Chen
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, North Carolina, 27708, USA
| | - François Lutzoni
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, North Carolina, 27708, USA
| | - Matthew E Smith
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Plant Pathology, University of Florida, 2550 Hull Road, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA
| | - P Brandon Matheny
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, 1416 Circle Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996, USA
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18
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Dong Y, Sun Q, Zhang Y, Wang X, Liu P, Xiao Y, Fang Z. Complete genome of Gongronella sp. w5 provides insight into its relationship with plant. J Biotechnol 2018; 286:1-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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19
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Comparative genomics provides insights into the lifestyle and reveals functional heterogeneity of dark septate endophytic fungi. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6321. [PMID: 29679020 PMCID: PMC5910433 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24686-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dark septate endophytes (DSE) are a form-group of root endophytic fungi with elusive functions. Here, the genomes of two common DSE of semiarid areas, Cadophora sp. and Periconia macrospinosa were sequenced and analyzed with another 32 ascomycetes of different lifestyles. Cadophora sp. (Helotiales) and P. macrospinosa (Pleosporales) have genomes of 70.46 Mb and 54.99 Mb with 22,766 and 18,750 gene models, respectively. The majority of DSE-specific protein clusters lack functional annotation with no similarity to characterized proteins, implying that they have evolved unique genetic innovations. Both DSE possess an expanded number of carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZymes), including plant cell wall degrading enzymes (PCWDEs). Those were similar in three other DSE, and contributed a signal for the separation of root endophytes in principal component analyses of CAZymes, indicating shared genomic traits of DSE fungi. Number of secreted proteases and lipases, aquaporins, and genes linked to melanin synthesis were also relatively high in our fungi. In spite of certain similarities between our two DSE, we observed low levels of convergence in their gene family evolution. This suggests that, despite originating from the same habitat, these two fungi evolved along different evolutionary trajectories and display considerable functional differences within the endophytic lifestyle.
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20
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García-Calvo L, Ullán RV, Fernández-Aguado M, García-Lino AM, Balaña-Fouce R, Barreiro C. Secreted protein extract analyses present the plant pathogen Alternaria alternata as a suitable industrial enzyme toolbox. J Proteomics 2018; 177:48-64. [PMID: 29438850 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic plant biomass is the most abundant carbon source in the planet, which makes it a potential substrate for biorefinery. It consists of polysaccharides and other molecules with applications in pharmaceutical, food and feed, cosmetics, paper and textile industries. The exploitation of these resources requires the hydrolysis of the plant cell wall, which is a complex process. Aiming to discover novel fungal natural isolates with lignocellulolytic capacities, a screening for feruloyl esterase activity was performed in samples taken from different metal surfaces. An extracellular enzyme extract from the most promising candidate, the natural isolate Alternaria alternata PDA1, was analyzed. The feruloyl esterase activity of the enzyme extract was characterized, determining the pH and temperature optima (pH 5.0 and 55-60 °C, respectively), thermal stability and kinetic parameters, among others. Proteomic analyses derived from two-dimensional gels allowed the identification and classification of 97 protein spots from the extracellular proteome. Most of the identified proteins belonged to the carbohydrates metabolism group, particularly plant cell wall degradation. Enzymatic activities of the identified proteins (β-glucosidase, cellobiohydrolase, endoglucanase, β-xylosidase and xylanase) of the extract were also measured. These findings confirm A. alternata PDA1 as a promising lignocellulolytic enzyme producer. SIGNIFICANCE Although plant biomass is an abundant material that can be potentially utilized by several industries, the effective hydrolysis of the recalcitrant plant cell wall is not a straightforward process. As this hydrolysis occurs in nature relying almost solely on microbial enzymatic systems, it is reasonable to infer that further studies on lignocellulolytic enzymes will discover new sustainable industrial solutions. The results included in this paper provide a promising fungal candidate for biotechnological processes to obtain added value from plant byproducts and analogous substrates. Moreover, the proteomic analysis of the secretome of a natural isolate of Alternaria sp. grown in the presence of one of the most used vegetal substrates on the biofuels industry (sugar beet pulp) sheds light on the extracellular enzymatic machinery of this fungal plant pathogen, and can be potentially applied to developing new industrial enzymatic tools. This work is, to our knowledge, the first to analyze in depth the secreted enzyme extract of the plant pathogen Alternaria when grown on a lignocellulosic substrate, identifying its proteins by means of MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry and characterizing its feruloyl esterase, cellulase and xylanolytic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- L García-Calvo
- INBIOTEC (Instituto de Biotecnología de León), Avda. Real 1 - Parque Científico de León, 24006 León, Spain
| | - R V Ullán
- mAbxience, Upstream Production, Parque Tecnológico de León, Julia Morros, s/n, Armunia, 24009 León, Spain
| | - M Fernández-Aguado
- INBIOTEC (Instituto de Biotecnología de León), Avda. Real 1 - Parque Científico de León, 24006 León, Spain
| | - A M García-Lino
- Área de Fisiología, Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - R Balaña-Fouce
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - C Barreiro
- INBIOTEC (Instituto de Biotecnología de León), Avda. Real 1 - Parque Científico de León, 24006 León, Spain; Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de León, Campus de Ponferrada, Avda. Astorga s/n, 24401 Ponferrada, Spain.
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21
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Yan JY, Zhao WS, Chen Z, Xing QK, Zhang W, Chethana KWT, Xue MF, Xu JP, Phillips AJL, Wang Y, Liu JH, Liu M, Zhou Y, Jayawardena RS, Manawasinghe IS, Huang JB, Qiao GH, Fu CY, Guo FF, Dissanayake AJ, Peng YL, Hyde KD, Li XH. Comparative genome and transcriptome analyses reveal adaptations to opportunistic infections in woody plant degrading pathogens of Botryosphaeriaceae. DNA Res 2018; 25:87-102. [PMID: 29036669 PMCID: PMC5824938 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsx040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Botryosphaeriaceae are an important fungal family that cause woody plant diseases worldwide. Recent studies have established a correlation between environmental factors and disease expression; however, less is known about factors that trigger these diseases. The current study reports on the 43.3 Mb de novo genome of Lasiodiplodia theobromae and five other genomes of Botryosphaeriaceae pathogens. Botryosphaeriaceous genomes showed an expansion of gene families associated with cell wall degradation, nutrient uptake, secondary metabolism and membrane transport, which contribute to adaptations for wood degradation. Transcriptome analysis revealed that genes involved in carbohydrate catabolism, pectin, starch and sucrose metabolism, and pentose and glucuronate interconversion pathways were induced during infection. Furthermore, genes in carbohydrate-binding modules, lysine motif domain and the glycosyl hydrolase gene families were induced by high temperature. Among these genes, overexpression of two selected putative lignocellulase genes led to increased virulence in the transformants. These results demonstrate the importance of high temperatures in opportunistic infections. This study also presents a set of Botryosphaeriaceae-specific effectors responsible for the identification of virulence-related pathogen-associated molecular patterns and demonstrates their active participation in suppressing hypersensitive responses. Together, these findings significantly expand our understanding of the determinants of pathogenicity or virulence in Botryosphaeriaceae and provide new insights for developing management strategies against them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Ye Yan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Sheng Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Kai Xing
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - K W Thilini Chethana
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Min Feng Xue
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian Ping Xu
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, ON, Canada
| | - Alan J L Phillips
- University of Lisbon, Faculty of Sciences, Bio Systems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Campo Grande, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Jian Hua Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruvishika S Jayawardena
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Ishara S Manawasinghe
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Jin Bao Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guang Hang Qiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chun Yuan Fu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Fei Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Asha J Dissanayake
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - You Liang Peng
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Kevin D Hyde
- Institute of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Xing Hong Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
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Terhonen E, Kovalchuk A, Zarsav A, Asiegbu FO. Biocontrol Potential of Forest Tree Endophytes. ENDOPHYTES OF FOREST TREES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-89833-9_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Chang Q, Liu J, Lin X, Hu S, Yang Y, Li D, Chen L, Huai B, Huang L, Voegele RT, Kang Z. A unique invertase is important for sugar absorption of an obligate biotrophic pathogen during infection. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 215:1548-1561. [PMID: 28744865 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
An increased invertase activity in infected plant tissue has been observed in many plant-pathogen interactions. However, the origin of this increased invertase activity (plant and/or pathogen) is still under debate. In addition, the role of pathogen invertases in the infection process is also unclear. We identified and cloned a gene with homology to invertases from Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst). Transcript levels of PsINV were analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription PCR in both compatible and incompatible Pst-wheat interactions . Function of the gene product was confirmed by heterologous expression, and its function in Pst infection was analyzed by host-induced gene silencing (HIGS). Pst abundantly secretes invertase during its invasion attempts whether in a compatible or incompatible interaction with wheat. Further research into the different domains of this protein indicated that the rust-specific sequence contributes to a higher efficiency of sucrose hydrolysis. With PsINV silenced by HIGS during the infection process, growth of Pst is inhibited and conidial fructification incomplete. Finally, pathogenicity of Pst is impaired and spore yield significantly reduced. Our results clearly demonstrate that this Pst invertase plays a pivotal role in this plant-pathogen interaction probably by boosting sucrose hydrolysis to secure the pathogen's sugar absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Chang
- College of Plant Protection, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jie Liu
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaohong Lin
- College of Plant Protection, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shoujun Hu
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yang Yang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dan Li
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Liyang Chen
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Baoyu Huai
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lili Huang
- College of Plant Protection, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ralf T Voegele
- Fachgebiet Phytopathologie, Institut für Phytomedizin, Fakultät Agrarwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- College of Plant Protection, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- China-Australia Joint Research Centre for Abiotic and Biotic Stress Management, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
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Hupperts SF, Karst J, Pritsch K, Landhäusser SM. Host phenology and potential saprotrophism of ectomycorrhizal fungi in the boreal forest. Funct Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan F. Hupperts
- Department of Renewable Resources University of Alberta Edmonton AlbertaT6G 2H1 Canada
| | - Justine Karst
- Department of Renewable Resources University of Alberta Edmonton AlbertaT6G 2H1 Canada
| | - Karin Pritsch
- Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH German Research Center for Environmental Health Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1 85764 Neuherberg Germany
| | - Simon M. Landhäusser
- Department of Renewable Resources University of Alberta Edmonton AlbertaT6G 2H1 Canada
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Tang N, San Clemente H, Roy S, Bécard G, Zhao B, Roux C. A Survey of the Gene Repertoire of Gigaspora rosea Unravels Conserved Features among Glomeromycota for Obligate Biotrophy. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:233. [PMID: 26973612 PMCID: PMC4771724 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are a diverse group of soil fungi (Glomeromycota) that form the most ancient mutualistic association termed AM symbiosis with a majority of land plants, improving their nutrition uptake and resistance to stresses. In contrast to their great ecological implications, the knowledge of the molecular biological mechanisms involved is still scant, partly due to the limited genomic resources available. Here, we describe the gene repertoire of a new AM fungus Gigaspora rosea (Diversisporales). Among the 86332 non-redundant virtual transcripts assembled, 15346 presented similarities with proteins in the Refseq database and 10175 were assigned with GO terms. KOG and Interpro domain annotations clearly showed an enrichment of genes involved in signal transduction in G. rosea. KEGG pathway analysis indicates that most primary metabolic processes are active in G. rosea. However, as for Rhizophagus irregularis, several metabolic genes were not found, including the fatty acid synthase (FAS) gene. This finding supports the hypothesis that AM fungi depend on the lipids produced by their hosts. Furthermore, the presence of a large number of transporters and 100s of secreted proteins, together with the reduced number of plant cell wall degrading enzymes could be interpreted as an evolutionary adaptation to its mutualistic obligate biotrophy. The detection of meiosis-related genes suggests that G. rosea might use a cryptic sexual process. Lastly, a phylogeny of basal fungi clearly shows Glomeromycota as a sister clade to Mucoromycotina, not only to the Mucorales or Mortierellales. The characterization of the gene repertoire from an AM fungal species belonging to the order of Diversisporales and its comparison with the gene sets of R. irregularis (Glomerales) and Gigaspora margarita (Diversisporales), reveal that AM fungi share several features linked to mutualistic obligate biotrophy. This work contributes to lay the foundation for forthcoming studies into the genomics of Diversisporales, and also illuminates the utility of comparing gene repertoires of species from Diversisporales and other clades of Glomeromycota to gain more insights into the genetics and evolution of this fungal group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianwu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, UMR, Université Paul Sabatier – Université de ToulouseCastanet Tolosan, France
| | - Hélène San Clemente
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, UMR, Université Paul Sabatier – Université de ToulouseCastanet Tolosan, France
| | - Sébastien Roy
- AGRONUTRITION Laboratoire de BiotechnologiesToulouse, France
| | - Guillaume Bécard
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, UMR, Université Paul Sabatier – Université de ToulouseCastanet Tolosan, France
| | - Bin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Christophe Roux
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, UMR, Université Paul Sabatier – Université de ToulouseCastanet Tolosan, France
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Grossart HP, Wurzbacher C, James TY, Kagami M. Discovery of dark matter fungi in aquatic ecosystems demands a reappraisal of the phylogeny and ecology of zoosporic fungi. FUNGAL ECOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Veillet F, Gaillard C, Coutos-Thévenot P, La Camera S. Targeting the AtCWIN1 Gene to Explore the Role of Invertases in Sucrose Transport in Roots and during Botrytis cinerea Infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1899. [PMID: 28066461 PMCID: PMC5167757 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall invertases (CWIN) cleave sucrose into glucose and fructose in the apoplast. CWINs are key regulators of carbon partitioning and source/sink relationships during growth, development and under biotic stresses. In this report, we monitored the expression/activity of Arabidopsis cell wall invertases in organs behaving as source, sink, or subjected to a source/sink transition after infection with the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea. We showed that organs with different source/sink status displayed differential CWIN activities, depending on carbohydrate needs or availabilities in the surrounding environment, through a transcriptional and posttranslational regulation. Loss-of-function mutation of the Arabidopsis cell wall invertase 1 gene, AtCWIN1, showed that the corresponding protein was the main contributor to the apoplastic sucrose cleaving activity in both leaves and roots. The CWIN-deficient mutant cwin1-1 exhibited a reduced capacity to actively take up external sucrose in roots, indicating that this process is mainly dependent on the sucrolytic activity of AtCWIN1. Using T-DNA and CRISPR/Cas9 mutants impaired in hexose transport, we demonstrated that external sucrose is actively absorbed in the form of hexoses by a sugar/H+ symport system involving the coordinated activity of AtCWIN1 with several Sugar Transporter Proteins (STP) of the plasma membrane, i.e., STP1 and STP13. Part of external sucrose was imported without apoplastic cleavage into cwin1-1 seedling roots, highlighting an alternative AtCWIN1-independent pathway for the assimilation of external sucrose. Accordingly, we showed that several genes encoding sucrose transporters of the plasma membrane were expressed. We also detected transcript accumulation of vacuolar invertase (VIN)-encoding genes and high VIN activities. Upon infection, AtCWIN1 was responsible for all the Botrytis-induced apoplastic invertase activity. We detected a transcriptional activation of several AtSUC and AtVIN genes accompanied with an enhanced vacuolar invertase activity, suggesting that the AtCWIN1-independent pathway is efficient upon infection. In absence of AtCWIN1, we postulate that intracellular sucrose hydrolysis is sufficient to provide intracellular hexoses to maintain sugar homeostasis in host cells and to fuel plant defenses. Finally, we demonstrated that Botrytis cinerea possesses its own functional sucrolytic machinery and hexose uptake system, and does not rely on the host apoplastic invertases.
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Van der Nest MA, Steenkamp ET, McTaggart AR, Trollip C, Godlonton T, Sauerman E, Roodt D, Naidoo K, Coetzee MPA, Wilken PM, Wingfield MJ, Wingfield BD. Saprophytic and pathogenic fungi in the Ceratocystidaceae differ in their ability to metabolize plant-derived sucrose. BMC Evol Biol 2015; 15:273. [PMID: 26643441 PMCID: PMC4672557 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-015-0550-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Proteins in the Glycoside Hydrolase family 32 (GH32) are carbohydrate-active enzymes known as invertases that hydrolyse the glycosidic bonds of complex saccharides. Fungi rely on these enzymes to gain access to and utilize plant-derived sucrose. In fungi, GH32 invertase genes are found in higher copy numbers in the genomes of pathogens when compared to closely related saprophytes, suggesting an association between invertases and ecological strategy. The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution and evolution of GH32 invertases in the Ceratocystidaceae using a comparative genomics approach. This fungal family provides an interesting model to study the evolution of these genes, because it includes economically important pathogenic species such as Ceratocystis fimbriata, C. manginecans and C. albifundus, as well as saprophytic species such as Huntiella moniliformis, H. omanensis and H. savannae. Results The publicly available Ceratocystidaceae genome sequences, as well as the H. savannae genome sequenced here, allowed for the identification of novel GH32-like sequences. The de novo assembly of the H. savannae draft genome consisted of 28.54 megabases that coded for 7 687 putative genes of which one represented a GH32 family member. The number of GH32 gene family members appeared to be related to the ecological adaptations of these fungi. The pathogenic Ceratocystis species all contained two GH32 family genes (a putative cell wall and a putative vacuolar invertase), while the saprophytic Huntiella species had only one of these genes (a putative cell wall invertase). Further analysis showed that the evolution of the GH32 gene family in the Ceratocystidaceae involved transposable element-based retro-transposition and translocation. As an example, the activity of a Fot5-like element likely facilitated the assembly of the genomic regions harbouring the GH32 family genes in Ceratocystis. Conclusions This study provides insight into the evolutionary history of the GH32 gene family in Ceratocystidaceae. Our findings suggest that transposable elements shaped the evolution of the GH32 gene family, which in turn determines the sucrolytic activities and related ecological strategies of the Ceratocystidaceae species that harbour them. The study also provides insights into the role of carbohydrate-active enzymes in plant-fungal interactions and adds to our understanding of the evolution of these enzymes and their role in the life style of these fungi. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-015-0550-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Van der Nest
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa.
| | - E T Steenkamp
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa.
| | - A R McTaggart
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa.
| | - C Trollip
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa.
| | - T Godlonton
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa.
| | - E Sauerman
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa.
| | - D Roodt
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa.
| | - K Naidoo
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa.
| | - M P A Coetzee
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa.
| | - P M Wilken
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa.
| | - M J Wingfield
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa.
| | - B D Wingfield
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa.
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Gazis R, Kuo A, Riley R, LaButti K, Lipzen A, Lin J, Amirebrahimi M, Hesse CN, Spatafora JW, Henrissat B, Hainaut M, Grigoriev IV, Hibbett DS. The genome of Xylona heveae provides a window into fungal endophytism. Fungal Biol 2015; 120:26-42. [PMID: 26693682 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Xylona heveae has only been isolated as an endophyte of rubber trees. In an effort to understand the genetic basis of endophytism, we compared the genome contents of X. heveae and 36 other Ascomycota with diverse lifestyles and nutritional modes. We focused on genes that are known to be important in the host-fungus interaction interface and that presumably have a role in determining the lifestyle of a fungus. We used phylogenomic data to infer the higher-level phylogenetic position of the Xylonomycetes, and mined ITS sequences to explore its taxonomic and ecological diversity. The X. heveae genome contains a low number of enzymes needed for plant cell wall degradation, suggesting that Xylona is a highly adapted specialist and likely dependent on its host for survival. The reduced repertoire of carbohydrate active enzymes could reflect an adaptation to intercellulary growth and to the avoidance of the host's immune system, suggesting that Xylona has a strictly endophytic lifestyle. Phylogenomic data resolved the position of Xylonomycetes as sister to Lecanoromycetes and Eurotiomycetes and placed the beetle-endosymbiont Symbiotaphrina as a member of this class. ITS data revealed that Trinosporium is also part of the Xylonomycetes, extending the taxonomic and ecological diversity of this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Gazis
- Clark University, Biology Department, 950 Main Street, Worcester, MA 01610, USA.
| | - Alan Kuo
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Robert Riley
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Kurt LaButti
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Anna Lipzen
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Junyan Lin
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Mojgan Amirebrahimi
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Cedar N Hesse
- Oregon State University, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Joseph W Spatafora
- Oregon State University, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, UMR 7257, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, 13288 Marseille cedex 9, France; King Abdulaziz University, Department of Biological Sciences, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Igor V Grigoriev
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - David S Hibbett
- Clark University, Biology Department, 950 Main Street, Worcester, MA 01610, USA
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Trollope KM, van Wyk N, Kotjomela MA, Volschenk H. Sequence and structure-based prediction of fructosyltransferase activity for functional subclassification of fungal GH32 enzymes. FEBS J 2015; 282:4782-96. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.13536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim M. Trollope
- Department of Microbiology; Stellenbosch University; South Africa
| | - Niël van Wyk
- Department of Microbiology; Stellenbosch University; South Africa
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Gonçalves C, Coelho MA, Salema-Oom M, Gonçalves P. Stepwise Functional Evolution in a Fungal Sugar Transporter Family. Mol Biol Evol 2015; 33:352-66. [DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msv220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Aguilar-Trigueros CA, Powell JR, Anderson IC, Antonovics J, Rillig MC. Ecological understanding of root-infecting fungi using trait-based approaches. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 19:432-438. [PMID: 24613596 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Classification schemes have been popular to tame the diversity of root-infecting fungi. However, the usefulness of these schemes is limited to descriptive purposes. We propose that a shift to a multidimensional trait-based approach to disentangle the saprotrophic-symbiotic continuum will provide a better framework to understand fungal evolutionary ecology. Trait information reflecting the separation of root-infecting fungi from free-living soil relatives will help to understand the evolutionary process of symbiosis, the role that species interactions play in maintaining their large diversity in soil and in planta, and their contributions at the ecosystem level. Methodological advances in several areas such as microscopy, plant immunology, and metatranscriptomics represent emerging opportunities to populate trait databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Aguilar-Trigueros
- Institut für Biologie, Plant Ecology, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195 Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jeff R Powell
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Penrith NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Ian C Anderson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Penrith NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Janis Antonovics
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Matthias C Rillig
- Institut für Biologie, Plant Ecology, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195 Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
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Perlin MH, Andrews J, San Toh S. Essential Letters in the Fungal Alphabet. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2014; 85:201-53. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800271-1.00004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Liebe S, Varrelmann M. Bedeutung von Fäulniserregern für die Lagerung von Zuckerrüben und mögliche Kontrollmaßnahmen. SUGAR INDUSTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.36961/si15702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Die zeitliche Ausweitung der Rübenkampagne stellt Anbauer sowie Zuckerfabriken vor neue Herausforderungen hinsichtlich der Langzeitlagerung von Zuckerrüben. Einflussfaktoren, die eine Qualitätsminderung zur Folge haben, nehmen dabei an Bedeutung zu. Infolge einer mikrobiellen Besiedlung kommt es zur Ausprägung von Lagerfäulen, die neben Zuckerverlusten auch die weitere Verarbeitungsqualität durch Anreicherung von unerwünschten Inhaltsstoffen erheblich beeinträchtigen. Die in Frage kommenden Mikro- organismen umfassen bekannte Pflanzenpathogene (z.B. Aphanomyces cochlioides), Wundpathogene (z.B. Fusarium spp.), Saprophyten (z.B. Mucor spp.) sowie Bakterien (z.B. Leuconostoc mesenteroides). Das Auftreten von Lagerfäulen ist charakterisiert durch eine starke Abhängigkeit von der Anbauumwelt. Es wird angenommen, dass neben starken Beschädigungen auch hohe Mengen Erdanhang sowie feuchte und warme Erntebedingungen ihr Auftreten fördern. Die Bekämpfung konzentriert sich in der Praxis bisher auf das Mietenmanagement. Durch Fortschritte im Bereich der Züchtung und Erntetechnik bieten sich auch hier Möglichkeiten einer Reduzierung des Auftretens von Lagerfäulen. Ziel dieses Übersichtsartikels ist es, die Ursachen und Folgen von Lagerfäulen zu beschreiben und praxisrelevante Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen zu erläutern.
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Kernaghan G. Functional diversity and resource partitioning in fungi associated with the fine feeder roots of forest trees. Symbiosis 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-013-0265-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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van Wyk N, Trollope KM, Steenkamp ET, Wingfield BD, Volschenk H. Identification of the gene for β-fructofuranosidase from Ceratocystis moniliformis CMW 10134 and characterization of the enzyme expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BMC Biotechnol 2013; 13:100. [PMID: 24225070 PMCID: PMC3880211 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-13-100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background β-Fructofuranosidases (or invertases) catalyse the commercially-important biotransformation of sucrose into short-chain fructooligosaccharides with wide-scale application as a prebiotic in the functional foods and pharmaceutical industries. Results We identified a β-fructofuranosidase gene (CmINV) from a Ceratocystis moniliformis genome sequence using protein homology and phylogenetic analysis. The predicted 615 amino acid protein, CmINV, grouped with an existing clade within the glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 32 and showed typical conserved motifs of this enzyme family. Heterologous expression of the CmINV gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY4742∆suc2 provided further evidence that CmINV indeed functions as a β-fructofuranosidase. Firstly, expression of the CmINV gene complemented the inability of the ∆suc2 deletion mutant strain of S. cerevisiae to grow on sucrose as sole carbohydrate source. Secondly, the recombinant protein was capable of producing short-chain fructooligosaccharides (scFOS) when incubated in the presence of 10% sucrose. Purified deglycosylated CmINV protein showed a molecular weight of ca. 66 kDa and a Km and Vmax on sucrose of 7.50 mM and 986 μmol/min/mg protein, respectively. Its optimal pH and temperature conditions were determined to be 6.0 and 62.5°C, respectively. The addition of 50 mM LiCl led to a 186% increase in CmINV activity. Another striking feature was the relatively high volumetric production of this protein in S. cerevisiae as one mL of supernatant was calculated to contain 197 ± 6 International Units of enzyme. Conclusion The properties of the CmINV enzyme make it an attractive alternative to other invertases being used in industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Heinrich Volschenk
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Room A322, JC Smuts Building, De Beer Street, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa.
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Casieri L, Ait Lahmidi N, Doidy J, Veneault-Fourrey C, Migeon A, Bonneau L, Courty PE, Garcia K, Charbonnier M, Delteil A, Brun A, Zimmermann S, Plassard C, Wipf D. Biotrophic transportome in mutualistic plant-fungal interactions. MYCORRHIZA 2013; 23:597-625. [PMID: 23572325 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-013-0496-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms that underlie nutrient use efficiency and carbon allocation along with mycorrhizal interactions is critical for managing croplands and forests soundly. Indeed, nutrient availability, uptake and exchange in biotrophic interactions drive plant growth and modulate biomass allocation. These parameters are crucial for plant yield, a major issue in the context of high biomass production. Transport processes across the polarized membrane interfaces are of major importance in the functioning of the established mycorrhizal association as the symbiotic relationship is based on a 'fair trade' between the fungus and the host plant. Nutrient and/or metabolite uptake and exchanges, at biotrophic interfaces, are controlled by membrane transporters whose regulation patterns are essential for determining the outcome of plant-fungus interactions and adapting to changes in soil nutrient quantity and/or quality. In the present review, we summarize the current state of the art regarding transport systems in the two major forms of mycorrhiza, namely ecto- and arbuscular mycorrhiza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Casieri
- UMR Agroécologie INRA 1347/Agrosup/Université de Bourgogne, Pôle Interactions Plantes Microorganismes ERL 6300 CNRS, BP 86510, 21065, Dijon Cedex, France,
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Luis P, Gauthier A, Trouvelot S, Poinssot B, Frettinger P. Identification of Plasmopara viticola genes potentially involved in pathogenesis on grapevine suggests new similarities between oomycetes and true fungi. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2013; 103:1035-44. [PMID: 23634808 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-06-12-0121-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plant diseases caused by fungi and oomycetes result in significant economic losses every year. Although phylogenetically distant, these organisms share many common features during infection. We identified genes in the oomycete Plasmopara viticola that are potentially involved in pathogenesis in grapevine by using fungal databases and degenerate primers. Fragments of P. viticola genes encoding NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (PvNuo), laccase (PvLac), and invertase (PvInv) were obtained. PvNuo was overexpressed at 2 days postinoculation (dpi), during the development of the first hyphal structures and haustoria. PvLac was overexpressed at 5 dpi when genes related to pterostilbene biosynthesis were induced in grapevine. Transcript level for PvInv increased between 1 and 4 dpi before reaching a plateau. These results might suggest a finely tuned strategy of infection depending on nutrition and plant response. Phylogenetic analyses of PvNuo showed that P. viticola clustered with other oomycetes and was associated with brown algae and diatoms, forming a typical Straminipila clade. Based on the comparison of available sequences for laccases and invertases, the group formed by P. viticola and other oomycetes tended to be more closely related to Opisthokonta than to Straminipila. Convergent evolution or horizontal gene transfer could explain the presence of fungus-like genes in P. viticola.
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Nagabhyru P, Dinkins RD, Wood CL, Bacon CW, Schardl CL. Tall fescue endophyte effects on tolerance to water-deficit stress. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 13:127. [PMID: 24015904 PMCID: PMC3848598 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-13-127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endophytic fungus, Neotyphodium coenophialum, can enhance drought tolerance of its host grass, tall fescue. To investigate endophyte effects on plant responses to acute water deficit stress, we did comprehensive profiling of plant metabolite levels in both shoot and root tissues of genetically identical clone pairs of tall fescue with endophyte (E+) and without endophyte (E-) in response to direct water deficit stress. The E- clones were generated by treating E+ plants with fungicide and selectively propagating single tillers. In time course studies on the E+ and E- clones, water was withheld from 0 to 5 days, during which levels of free sugars, sugar alcohols, and amino acids were determined, as were levels of some major fungal metabolites. RESULTS After 2-3 days of withholding water, survival and tillering of re-watered plants was significantly greater for E+ than E- clones. Within two to three days of withholding water, significant endophyte effects on metabolites manifested as higher levels of free glucose, fructose, trehalose, sugar alcohols, proline and glutamic acid in shoots and roots. The fungal metabolites, mannitol and loline alkaloids, also significantly increased with water deficit. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that symbiotic N. coenophialum aids in survival and recovery of tall fescue plants from water deficit, and acts in part by inducing rapid accumulation of these compatible solutes soon after imposition of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmaja Nagabhyru
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0312, USA
| | - Randy D Dinkins
- USDA-ARS, Forage-Animal Production Research Unit, Lexington, KY 40546-0091, USA
| | - Constance L Wood
- Department of Statistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0027, USA
| | - Charles W Bacon
- USDA-ARS, Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, Athens, GA 30605-2720, USA
| | - Christopher L Schardl
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0312, USA
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Coelho MA, Gonçalves C, Sampaio JP, Gonçalves P. Extensive intra-kingdom horizontal gene transfer converging on a fungal fructose transporter gene. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003587. [PMID: 23818872 PMCID: PMC3688497 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparative genomics revealed in the last decade a scenario of rampant horizontal gene transfer (HGT) among prokaryotes, but for fungi a clearly dominant pattern of vertical inheritance still stands, punctuated however by an increasing number of exceptions. In the present work, we studied the phylogenetic distribution and pattern of inheritance of a fungal gene encoding a fructose transporter (FSY1) with unique substrate selectivity. 109 FSY1 homologues were identified in two sub-phyla of the Ascomycota, in a survey that included 241 available fungal genomes. At least 10 independent inter-species instances of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) involving FSY1 were identified, supported by strong phylogenetic evidence and synteny analyses. The acquisition of FSY1 through HGT was sometimes suggestive of xenolog gene displacement, but several cases of pseudoparalogy were also uncovered. Moreover, evidence was found for successive HGT events, possibly including those responsible for transmission of the gene among yeast lineages. These occurrences do not seem to be driven by functional diversification of the Fsy1 proteins because Fsy1 homologues from widely distant lineages, including at least one acquired by HGT, appear to have similar biochemical properties. In summary, retracing the evolutionary path of the FSY1 gene brought to light an unparalleled number of independent HGT events involving a single fungal gene. We propose that the turbulent evolutionary history of the gene may be linked to the unique biochemical properties of the encoded transporter, whose predictable effect on fitness may be highly variable. In general, our results support the most recent views suggesting that inter-species HGT may have contributed much more substantially to shape fungal genomes than heretofore assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A. Coelho
- Centro de Recursos Microbiológicos, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Carla Gonçalves
- Centro de Recursos Microbiológicos, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - José Paulo Sampaio
- Centro de Recursos Microbiológicos, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Paula Gonçalves
- Centro de Recursos Microbiológicos, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
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Fellbaum CR, Mensah JA, Pfeffer PE, Kiers ET, Bücking H. The role of carbon in fungal nutrient uptake and transport: implications for resource exchange in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2012; 7:1509-12. [PMID: 22990447 PMCID: PMC3548883 DOI: 10.4161/psb.22015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis, which forms between plant hosts and ubiquitous soil fungi of the phylum Glomeromycota, plays a key role for the nutrient uptake of the majority of land plants, including many economically important crop species. AM fungi take up nutrients from the soil and exchange them for photosynthetically fixed carbon from the host. While our understanding of the exact mechanisms controlling carbon and nutrient exchange is still limited, we recently demonstrated that (i) carbon acts as an important trigger for fungal N uptake and transport, (ii) the fungus changes its strategy in response to an exogenous supply of carbon, and that (iii) both plants and fungi reciprocally reward resources to those partners providing more benefit. Here, we summarize recent research findings and discuss the implications of these results for fungal and plant control of resource exchange in the AM symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl R. Fellbaum
- Biology and Microbiology Department; South Dakota State University; Brookings, SD USA
| | - Jerry A. Mensah
- Biology and Microbiology Department; South Dakota State University; Brookings, SD USA
| | - Philip E. Pfeffer
- USDA; Agriculture Research Service; Eastern Regional Research Center; Wyndmoor, PA USA
| | - E. Toby Kiers
- Institute of Ecological Science; Vrije Universiteit; Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Heike Bücking
- Biology and Microbiology Department; South Dakota State University; Brookings, SD USA
- Correspondence to: Heike Bücking,
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Doidy J, Grace E, Kühn C, Simon-Plas F, Casieri L, Wipf D. Sugar transporters in plants and in their interactions with fungi. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 17:413-22. [PMID: 22513109 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2012.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose and monosaccharide transporters mediate long distance transport of sugar from source to sink organs and constitute key components for carbon partitioning at the whole plant level and in interactions with fungi. Even if numerous families of plant sugar transporters are defined; efflux capacities, subcellular localization and association to membrane rafts have only been recently reported. On the fungal side, the investigation of sugar transport mechanisms in mutualistic and pathogenic interactions is now emerging. Here, we review the essential role of sugar transporters for distribution of carbohydrates inside plant cells, as well as for plant-fungal interaction functioning. Altogether these data highlight the need for a better comprehension of the mechanisms underlying sugar exchanges between fungi and their host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Doidy
- UMR INRA 1347, Agrosup, Université de Bourgogne, Agroécologie, Pôle Interactions Plantes Microorganismes ERL CNRS 6300, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon Cedex, France
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Olson Å, Aerts A, Asiegbu F, Belbahri L, Bouzid O, Broberg A, Canbäck B, Coutinho PM, Cullen D, Dalman K, Deflorio G, van Diepen LTA, Dunand C, Duplessis S, Durling M, Gonthier P, Grimwood J, Fossdal CG, Hansson D, Henrissat B, Hietala A, Himmelstrand K, Hoffmeister D, Högberg N, James TY, Karlsson M, Kohler A, Kües U, Lee YH, Lin YC, Lind M, Lindquist E, Lombard V, Lucas S, Lundén K, Morin E, Murat C, Park J, Raffaello T, Rouzé P, Salamov A, Schmutz J, Solheim H, Ståhlberg J, Vélëz H, de Vries RP, Wiebenga A, Woodward S, Yakovlev I, Garbelotto M, Martin F, Grigoriev IV, Stenlid J. Insight into trade-off between wood decay and parasitism from the genome of a fungal forest pathogen. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 194:1001-1013. [PMID: 22463738 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04128.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Parasitism and saprotrophic wood decay are two fungal strategies fundamental for succession and nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems. An opportunity to assess the trade-off between these strategies is provided by the forest pathogen and wood decayer Heterobasidion annosum sensu lato. We report the annotated genome sequence and transcript profiling, as well as the quantitative trait loci mapping, of one member of the species complex: H. irregulare. Quantitative trait loci critical for pathogenicity, and rich in transposable elements, orphan and secreted genes, were identified. A wide range of cellulose-degrading enzymes are expressed during wood decay. By contrast, pathogenic interaction between H. irregulare and pine engages fewer carbohydrate-active enzymes, but involves an increase in pectinolytic enzymes, transcription modules for oxidative stress and secondary metabolite production. Our results show a trade-off in terms of constrained carbohydrate decomposition and membrane transport capacity during interaction with living hosts. Our findings establish that saprotrophic wood decay and necrotrophic parasitism involve two distinct, yet overlapping, processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åke Olson
- Department of Forest Mycology and Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, Ullsväg 26, 750 05 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andrea Aerts
- US DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Fred Asiegbu
- Department of Forest Ecology, PO Box 27 Latokartanonkaari 7, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lassaad Belbahri
- Laboratory of Soil Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile Argand 11, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Ourdia Bouzid
- Microbiology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Anders Broberg
- Department of Chemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7015, 750 05 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Björn Canbäck
- Department of Forest Mycology and Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, Ullsväg 26, 750 05 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pedro M Coutinho
- AFMB UMR 6098 CNRS/UI/UII, Case 932, 163 Avenue de Luminy 13288 Marseille cedex 9, France
| | - Dan Cullen
- Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Kerstin Dalman
- Department of Forest Mycology and Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, Ullsväg 26, 750 05 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Giuliana Deflorio
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, St. Machar Drive, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, Scotland UK
| | - Linda T A van Diepen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Christophe Dunand
- Laboratory of Cell Surfaces and Plant Signalisation 24, University Paul Sabatier (Toulouse III), UMR5546- CNRS, Chemin de Borde-Rouge, BP 42617, Auzeville 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Sébastien Duplessis
- UMR INRA-UHP 'Interactions Arbres/Micro-Organismes' IFR 110 'Genomique, Ecophysiologie et Ecologie Fonctionnelles' INRA-Nancy 54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Mikael Durling
- Department of Forest Mycology and Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, Ullsväg 26, 750 05 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Paolo Gonthier
- Department of Exploitation and Protection of Agricultural and Forest Resources (Di. Va. P. R. A.) - Plant Pathology, University of Torino, Via L. da Vinci 44, I-10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Jane Grimwood
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, 601 Genome Way Huntsville, AL 35806, USA
| | - Carl Gunnar Fossdal
- Norwegian Forest and Landscape Institute, Høgskoleveien 8, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - David Hansson
- Department of Chemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7015, 750 05 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- AFMB UMR 6098 CNRS/UI/UII, Case 932, 163 Avenue de Luminy 13288 Marseille cedex 9, France
| | - Ari Hietala
- Norwegian Forest and Landscape Institute, Høgskoleveien 8, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Kajsa Himmelstrand
- Department of Forest Mycology and Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, Ullsväg 26, 750 05 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dirk Hoffmeister
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Winzerlaer Str. 2, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Nils Högberg
- Department of Forest Mycology and Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, Ullsväg 26, 750 05 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Timothy Y James
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Magnus Karlsson
- Department of Forest Mycology and Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, Ullsväg 26, 750 05 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Annegret Kohler
- UMR INRA-UHP 'Interactions Arbres/Micro-Organismes' IFR 110 'Genomique, Ecophysiologie et Ecologie Fonctionnelles' INRA-Nancy 54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Ursula Kües
- Büsgen-Institute, Section Molecular Wood Biotechnology and Technical Mycology, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yong-Hwan Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
| | - Yao-Cheng Lin
- VIB Department of Plant Systems Biology, Ghent University, Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Genomics, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Mårten Lind
- Department of Forest Mycology and Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, Ullsväg 26, 750 05 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Vincent Lombard
- AFMB UMR 6098 CNRS/UI/UII, Case 932, 163 Avenue de Luminy 13288 Marseille cedex 9, France
| | - Susan Lucas
- US DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Karl Lundén
- Department of Forest Mycology and Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, Ullsväg 26, 750 05 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Emmanuelle Morin
- UMR INRA-UHP 'Interactions Arbres/Micro-Organismes' IFR 110 'Genomique, Ecophysiologie et Ecologie Fonctionnelles' INRA-Nancy 54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Claude Murat
- UMR INRA-UHP 'Interactions Arbres/Micro-Organismes' IFR 110 'Genomique, Ecophysiologie et Ecologie Fonctionnelles' INRA-Nancy 54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Jongsun Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
| | - Tommaso Raffaello
- Department of Forest Ecology, PO Box 27 Latokartanonkaari 7, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pierre Rouzé
- VIB Department of Plant Systems Biology, Ghent University, Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Genomics, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Asaf Salamov
- US DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Jeremy Schmutz
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, 601 Genome Way Huntsville, AL 35806, USA
| | - Halvor Solheim
- Norwegian Forest and Landscape Institute, Høgskoleveien 8, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Jerry Ståhlberg
- Department of Molecular Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 590, Husargatan 3, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Heriberto Vélëz
- Department of Forest Mycology and Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, Ullsväg 26, 750 05 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ronald P de Vries
- Microbiology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ad Wiebenga
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Steve Woodward
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, St. Machar Drive, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, Scotland UK
| | - Igor Yakovlev
- Norwegian Forest and Landscape Institute, Høgskoleveien 8, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | | | - Francis Martin
- UMR INRA-UHP 'Interactions Arbres/Micro-Organismes' IFR 110 'Genomique, Ecophysiologie et Ecologie Fonctionnelles' INRA-Nancy 54280 Champenoux, France
| | | | - Jan Stenlid
- Department of Forest Mycology and Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, Ullsväg 26, 750 05 Uppsala, Sweden
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Naumoff DG. Hierarchical classification of glycoside hydrolases. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2011; 76:622-35. [PMID: 21639842 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297911060022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This review deals with structural and functional features of glycoside hydrolases, a widespread group of enzymes present in almost all living organisms. Their catalytic domains are grouped into 120 amino acid sequence-based families in the international classification of the carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZy database). At a higher hierarchical level some of these families are combined in 14 clans. Enzymes of the same clan have common evolutionary origin of their genes and share the most important functional characteristics such as composition of the active center, anomeric configuration of cleaved glycosidic bonds, and molecular mechanism of the catalyzed reaction (either inverting, or retaining). There are now extensive data in the literature concerning the relationship between glycoside hydrolase families belonging to different clans and/or included in none of them, as well as information on phylogenetic protein relationship within particular families. Summarizing these data allows us to propose a multilevel hierarchical classification of glycoside hydrolases and their homologs. It is shown that almost the whole variety of the enzyme catalytic domains can be brought into six main folds, large groups of proteins having the same three-dimensional structure and the supposed common evolutionary origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Naumoff
- S. N. Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117312, Russia.
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Alméciga-Díaz CJ, Gutierrez ÁM, Bahamon I, Rodríguez A, Rodríguez MA, Sánchez OF. Computational analysis of the fructosyltransferase enzymes in plants, fungi and bacteria. Gene 2011; 484:26-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Veneault-Fourrey C, Martin F. Mutualistic interactions on a knife-edge between saprotrophy and pathogenesis. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 14:444-450. [PMID: 21530366 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2011.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Saprophytic, ectomycorrhizal (ECM) and pathogenic fungi play a key role in carbon and nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems. Whereas more than 50 genomes of saprotrophic and pathogenic fungi have been published, only two genomes of ECM fungi, Laccaria bicolor and Tuber melanosporum, have been released. Comparative analysis of the genomes of biotrophic species highlighted convergent evolution. Mutualistic and pathogenic biotrophic fungi share expansion of genome size through transposon proliferation and common strategies to avoid plant detection. Differences mainly rely on nutritional strategies. Such analyses also pinpointed how blurred the molecular boundaries are between saprotrophism, symbiosis and pathogenesis. Sequencing of additional ECM species, as well as soil saprotrophic fungi, will facilitate the identification of conserved traits for ECM symbiosis and those leading to the transition from white-rotting and brown-rotting to the ECM lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Veneault-Fourrey
- UMR 1136 INRA-Nancy Université « Tree-Microorganisms Interactions », Ecogenomics of Interactions, Centre INRA de Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France
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Sprockett DD, Piontkivska H, Blackwood CB. Evolutionary analysis of glycosyl hydrolase family 28 (GH28) suggests lineage-specific expansions in necrotrophic fungal pathogens. Gene 2011; 479:29-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Revised: 02/06/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Ceccaroli P, Buffalini M, Saltarelli R, Barbieri E, Polidori E, Ottonello S, Kohler A, Tisserant E, Martin F, Stocchi V. Genomic profiling of carbohydrate metabolism in the ectomycorrhizal fungus Tuber melanosporum. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2011; 189:751-764. [PMID: 21039570 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03520.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
• Primary carbohydrate metabolism plays a special role related to carbon/nitrogen exchange, as well as metabolic support of fruiting body development, in ectomycorrhizal macrofungi. In this study, we used information retrieved from the recently sequenced Tuber melanosporum genome, together with transcriptome analysis data and targeted validation experiments, to construct the first genome-wide catalogue of the proteins supporting carbohydrate metabolism in a plant-symbiotic ascomycete. • More than 100 genes coding for enzymes of the glycolysis, pentose phosphate, tricarboxylic acid, glyoxylate and methylcitrate pathways, glycogen, trehalose and mannitol metabolism and cell wall precursor were annotated. Transcriptional regulation of these pathways in different stages of the T. melanosporum lifecycle was investigated using whole-genome oligoarray expression data together with real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis of selected genes. • The most significant results were the identification of methylcitrate cycle genes and of an acid invertase, the first enzyme of this kind to be described in a plant-symbiotic filamentous fungus. • A subset of transcripts coding for trehalose, glyoxylate and methylcitrate enzymes was up-regulated in fruiting bodies, whereas genes involved in mannitol and glycogen metabolism were preferentially expressed in mycelia and ectomycorrhizas, respectively. These data indicate a high degree of lifecycle stage specialization for particular branches of carbohydrate metabolism in T. melanosporum.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ceccaroli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino 'Carlo Bo', via Saffi, 2, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - M Buffalini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino 'Carlo Bo', via Saffi, 2, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - R Saltarelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino 'Carlo Bo', via Saffi, 2, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - E Barbieri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino 'Carlo Bo', via Saffi, 2, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - E Polidori
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino 'Carlo Bo', via Saffi, 2, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - S Ottonello
- Dipartimento di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale G.P. Usberti 23/A, 43100 Parma, Italy
| | - A Kohler
- INRA, UMR 1136, INRA-Nancy Université, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, 54280 Champenoux, France
| | - E Tisserant
- INRA, UMR 1136, INRA-Nancy Université, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, 54280 Champenoux, France
| | - F Martin
- INRA, UMR 1136, INRA-Nancy Université, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, 54280 Champenoux, France
| | - V Stocchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino 'Carlo Bo', via Saffi, 2, 61029 Urbino, Italy
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