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Veerabagu M, van der Schoot C, Turečková V, Tarkowská D, Strnad M, Rinne PLH. Light on perenniality: Para-dormancy is based on ABA-GA antagonism and endo-dormancy on the shutdown of GA biosynthesis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:1785-1804. [PMID: 36760106 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Perennial para- and endo-dormancy are seasonally separate phenomena. Whereas para-dormancy is the suppression of axillary buds (AXBs) by a growing shoot, endo-dormancy is the short-day elicited arrest of terminal and AXBs. In hybrid aspen (Populus tremula x P. tremuloides) compromising the apex releases para-dormancy, whereas endo-dormancy requires chilling. ABA and GA are implicated in both phenomena. To untangle their roles, we blocked ABA biosynthesis with fluridone (FD), which significantly reduced ABA levels, downregulated GA-deactivation genes, upregulated the major GA3ox-biosynthetic genes, and initiated branching. Comprehensive GA-metabolite analyses suggested that FD treatment shifted GA production to the non-13-hydroxylation pathway, enhancing GA4 function. Applied ABA counteracted FD effects on GA metabolism and downregulated several GA3/4 -inducible α- and γ-clade 1,3-β-glucanases that hydrolyze callose at plasmodesmata (PD), thereby enhancing PD-callose accumulation. Remarkably, ABA-deficient plants repressed GA4 biosynthesis and established endo-dormancy like controls but showed increased stress sensitivity. Repression of GA4 biosynthesis involved short-day induced DNA methylation events within the GA3ox2 promoter. In conclusion, the results cast new light on the roles of ABA and GA in dormancy cycling. In para-dormancy, PD-callose turnover is antagonized by ABA, whereas in short-day conditions, lack of GA4 biosynthesis promotes callose deposition that is structurally persistent throughout endo-dormancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Veronika Turečková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Sciences, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Danuše Tarkowská
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Sciences, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Sciences, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Päivi L H Rinne
- Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
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2
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Sutton M, Roussel B, Chavez DJ, Malladi A. Synthesis of active cytokinins mediated by LONELY GUY is associated with cell production during early fruit growth in peach [ Prunus persica (L.) Batsch]. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1155755. [PMID: 37152121 PMCID: PMC10157650 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1155755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Early fruit growth in peach is characterized by cell production. Cytokinins have established roles in regulating cell division and may regulate cell production during early fruit growth. However, the role of active cytokinins and regulation of their metabolism are not well characterized in the peach fruit. In this study, fruit growth parameters, concentrations of active cytokinin bases and a cytokinin riboside, and expression of three key cytokinin metabolism-related gene families were determined during early fruit growth. Early fruit growth was associated with intensive cell production until around 40 days after full bloom. During the early stages of this period, trans-zeatin (tZ), isopentenyladenine (iP), dihydrozeatin (DHZ) and tZ-riboside (tZR), displayed higher abundance which declined rapidly by 3.5- to 16-fold during the later stages. Changes in concentration of active cytokinin bases were consistent with roles for them in regulating cell production. Expression analyses of members of cytokinin biosynthesis-related gene families, ISOPENTENYL TRANSFERASE (IPT) and LONELY GUY (LOG), further indicated that mechanisms of synthesis of cytokinin metabolites and their activation are functional within the fruit pericarp. Changes in expression of multiple members of the LOG family paralleled changes in active cytokinin concentrations. Specifically, transcript abundance of LOG3 and LOG8 were correlated with concentrations of tZ, and iP and DHZ, respectively, suggesting that the direct activation pathway is an important route for active cytokinin base synthesis during early fruit development. Transcript abundance of two CYTOKININ OXIDASE (CKX) genes, CKX1 and CKX2, was consistent with roles in cytokinin catabolism during later stages of early fruit growth. Together, these data support a role for active cytokinins synthesized in the fruit pericarp in regulating early fruit growth in peach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Sutton
- Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Bayleigh Roussel
- Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Dario J. Chavez
- Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, United States
| | - Anish Malladi
- Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- *Correspondence: Anish Malladi,
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3
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Qi H, Cai H, Liu X, Liu S, Ding C, Xu M. The cytokinin type-B response regulator PeRR12 is a negative regulator of adventitious rooting and salt tolerance in poplar. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 325:111456. [PMID: 36087886 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Adventitious root (AR) development is an ecologically and economically important biological process that maintains ecological balance, improves plant survivability, and allows for massive vegetative propagation, but its genetic mechanisms are not well understood. Here, eight Arabidopsis response regulator (ARR) genes were cloned and identified in poplar, most of which were detected in the AR, phloem, and xylem and showed remarkable induction at different time points during AR development. Subcellular localization indicated that most of these PeRR genes are in the nucleus. Based on qRT-PCR expression analysis of some genes related to AR development, we inferred that overexpression of PeRR12 (OE_PeRR12) may inhibited AR formation by suppressing the transcription of PeWOX11, PeWOX5, PePIN1 and PePIN3 in poplar while promoting type-A RR transcripts. Correspondingly, exogenous auxin partially restored the rooting of OE_PeRR12 poplar by inhibiting PeRR12 expression. Moreover, the activities of the antioxidant systems of OE_PeRR12 poplars were lower than those of wild-type poplars under salt stress conditions, indicating that PeRR12 may acts as a repressor that mediates salt tolerance by suppressing the expression of PeHKT1;1. Altogether, these results suggest that PeRR12 plays essential roles in mediating AR formation and salinity tolerance in poplar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Qi
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Heng Cai
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Institute of Pomology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Xin Liu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Sian Liu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Changjun Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China.
| | - Meng Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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4
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Blume R, Yemets A, Korkhovyi V, Radchuk V, Rakhmetov D, Blume Y. Genome-wide identification and analysis of the cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase ( ckx) gene family in finger millet ( Eleusine coracana). Front Genet 2022; 13:963789. [PMID: 36299586 PMCID: PMC9589517 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.963789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinin dehydrogenase/oxidase (CKX) enzymes play a key role in regulating cytokinin (CK) levels in plants by degrading the excess of this phytohormone. CKX genes have proven an attractive target for genetic engineering, as their silencing boosts cytokinin accumulation in various tissues, thereby contributing to a rapid increase in biomass and overall plant productivity. We previously reported a similar effect in finger millet (Eleusine coracana) somaclonal lines, caused by downregulation of EcCKX1 and EcCKX2. However, the CKX gene family has numerous representatives, especially in allopolyploid crop species, such as E. coracana. To date, the entire CKX gene family of E. coracana and its related species has not been characterized. We offer here, for the first time, a comprehensive genome-wide identification and analysis of a panel of CKX genes in finger millet. The functional genes identified in the E. coracana genome are compared with the previously-identified genes, EcCKX1 and EcCKX2. Exon-intron structural analysis and motif analysis of FAD- and CK-binding domains are performed. The phylogeny of the EcCKX genes suggests that CKX genes are divided into several distinct groups, corresponding to certain isotypes. Finally, the phenotypic effect of EcCKX1 and EcCKX2 in partially silencing the SE7 somaclonal line is investigated, showing that lines deficient in CKX-expression demonstrate increased grain yield and greater bushiness, enhanced biomass accumulation, and a shorter vegetation cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rostyslav Blume
- Department of Population Genetics, Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine,*Correspondence: Rostyslav Blume,
| | - Alla Yemets
- Department of Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Vitaliy Korkhovyi
- Department of Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Volodymyr Radchuk
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Dzhamal Rakhmetov
- M. M. Gryshko National Botanic Garden of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Yaroslav Blume
- Department of Genomics and Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
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5
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Zhang L, Li M, Fu J, Huang X, Yan P, Ge S, Li Z, Bai P, Zhang L, Han W, Li X. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of Isopentenyl transferase Family Genes during Development and Resistance to Abiotic Stresses in Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis). PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11172243. [PMID: 36079621 PMCID: PMC9460862 DOI: 10.3390/plants11172243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The tea plant is an important economic crop and is widely cultivated. Isopentenyl transferase (IPT) is the first and rate-limiting enzyme of cytokinin (CK) signaling, which plays key roles in plant development and abiotic stress. However, the IPT gene family in tea plants has not been systematically investigated until now. The phylogenetic analyses, gene structures, and conserved domains were predicted here. The results showed that a total of 13 CsIPT members were identified from a tea plant genome database and phylogenetically classified into four groups. Furthermore, 10 CsIPT members belonged to plant ADP/ATP-IPT genes, and 3 CsIPTs were tRNA-IPT genes. There is a conserved putative ATP/GTP-binding site (P-loop motif) in all the CsIPT sequences. Based on publicly available transcriptome data as well as through RNA-seq and qRT-PCR analysis, the CsIPT genes which play key roles in the development of different tissues were identified, respectively. Furthermore, CsIPT6.2 may be involved in the response to different light treatments. CsIPT6.4 may play a key role during the dormancy and flush of the lateral buds. CsIPT5.1 may play important regulatory roles during the development of the lateral bud, leaf, and flower. CsIPT5.2 and CsIPT6.2 may both play key roles for increased resistance to cold-stress, whereas CsIPT3.2 may play a key role in improving resistance to high-temperature stress as well as drought-stress and rewatering. This study could provide a reference for further studies of CsIPT family’s functions and could contribute to tea molecular breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Min Li
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Jianyu Fu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Xiaoqin Huang
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Peng Yan
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Shibei Ge
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Zhengzhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Peixian Bai
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Wenyan Han
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
- Correspondence: (W.H.); (X.L.)
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
- Correspondence: (W.H.); (X.L.)
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6
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Chen L, Jameson GB, Guo Y, Song J, Jameson PE. The LONELY GUY gene family: from mosses to wheat, the key to the formation of active cytokinins in plants. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:625-645. [PMID: 35108444 PMCID: PMC8989509 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
LONELY GUY (LOG) was first identified in a screen of rice mutants with defects in meristem maintenance. In plants, LOG codes for cytokinin riboside 5'-monophosphate phosphoribohydrolase, which converts inactive cytokinin nucleotides directly to the active free bases. Many enzymes with the PGGxGTxxE motif have been misannotated as lysine decarboxylases; conversely not all enzymes containing this motif are cytokinin-specific LOGs. As LOG mutants clearly impact yield in rice, we investigated the LOG gene family in bread wheat. By interrogating the wheat (Triticum aestivum) genome database, we show that wheat has multiple LOGs. The close alignment of TaLOG1, TaLOG2 and TaLOG6 with the X-ray structures of two functional Arabidopsis thaliana LOGs allows us to infer that the wheat LOGs 1-11 are functional LOGs. Using RNA-seq data sets, we assessed TaLOG expression across 70 tissue types, their responses to various stressors, the pattern of cis-regulatory elements (CREs) and intron/exon patterns. TaLOG gene family members are expressed variously across tissue types. When the TaLOG CREs are compared with those of the cytokinin dehydrogenases (CKX) and glucosyltransferases (CGT), there is close alignment of CREs between TaLOGs and TaCKXs reflecting the key role of CKX in maintaining cytokinin homeostasis. However, we suggest that the main homeostatic mechanism controlling cytokinin levels in response to biotic and abiotic challenge resides in the CGTs, rather than LOG or CKX. However, LOG transgenics and identified mutants in rice variously impact yield, providing interesting avenues for investigation in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- School of Life SciencesYantai UniversityYantaiChina
| | | | - Yichu Guo
- School of Life SciencesYantai UniversityYantaiChina
| | - Jiancheng Song
- School of Life SciencesYantai UniversityYantaiChina
- Yantai Jien Biological Science & Technology LtdYEDAYantaiChina
| | - Paula E. Jameson
- School of Life SciencesYantai UniversityYantaiChina
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of CanterburyChristchurchNew Zealand
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7
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Zhang M, Wang F, Wang X, Feng J, Yi Q, Zhu S, Zhao X. Mining key genes related to root morphogenesis through genome-wide identification and expression analysis of RR gene family in citrus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1068961. [PMID: 36483961 PMCID: PMC9725114 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1068961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Morphogenesis of root is a vital factor to determine the root system architecture. Cytokinin response regulators (RRs) are the key transcription factors in cytokinin signaling, which play important roles in regulating the root morphogenesis. In this study, 29 RR proteins, including 21 RRs and 8 pseudo RRs, were identified from the genome of citrus, and termed as CcRR1-21 and CcPRR1-8, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the 29 CcRRs could be classified into four types according to their representative domains. Analysis of cis-elements of CcRRs indicated that they were possibly involved in the regulation of growth and abiotic stress resistance in citrus. Within the type A and type B CcRRs, CcRR4, CcRR5, CcRR6 and CcRR16 highly expressed in roots and leaves, and dramatically responded to the treatments of hormones and abiotic stresses. CcRR2, CcRR10, CcRR14 and CcRR19 also highly expressed in roots under different treatments. Characteristic analysis revealed that the above 8 CcRRs significantly and differentially expressed in the three zones of root, suggesting their functional differences in regulating root growth and development. Further investigation of the 3 highly and differentially expressed CcRRs, CcRR5, CcRR10 and CcRR14, in 9 citrus rootstocks showed that the expression of CcRR5, CcRR10 and CcRR14 was significantly correlated to the length of primary root, the number of lateral roots, and both primary root and the number of lateral roots, respectively. Results of this study indicated that CcRRs were involved in regulating the growth and development of the root in citrus with different functions among the members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manman Zhang
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Fusheng Wang
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Jipeng Feng
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Yi
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Shiping Zhu
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Shiping Zhu, ; Xiaochun Zhao,
| | - Xiaochun Zhao
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Shiping Zhu, ; Xiaochun Zhao,
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Kaźmierczak A, Kunikowska A, Doniak M, Kornaś A. Mechanism of kinetin-induced death of Vicia faba ssp. minor root cortex cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23746. [PMID: 34887458 PMCID: PMC8660813 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03103-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell death (CD) may be induced by endogenous or exogenous factors and contributes to all the steps of plant development. This paper presents results related to the mechanism of CD regulation induced by kinetin (Kin) in the root cortex of Vicia faba ssp. minor. To explain the process, 6-(2-hydroxy-3-methylbenzylamino)purine (PI-55), adenine (Ad), 5'-amine-5'-deoxyadenosine (Ado) and N-(2-chloro-4-piridylo)-N'-phenylurea (CPPU) were applied to (i) block cytokinin receptors (CKs) and inhibit the activities of enzymes of CK metabolism, i.e., (ii) phosphoribosyltransferase, (iii) kinases, and (iv) oxidases, respectively. Moreover, ethylene glycol-bis(β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA), lanthanum chloride (LaCl3), ruthenium red (RRed) and cyclosporine A (CS-A) were applied to (i) chelate extracellular calcium ions (Ca2+) as well as blocks of (ii) plasma-, (iii) endoplasmic reticulum- (ER) membrane Ca2+ ion channels and (iv) mitochondria- (MIT) Ca2+ ions release by permeability transition por (PTP), respectively. The measured physiological effectiveness of these factors was the number of living and dying cortex cells estimated with orange acridine (OA) and ethidium bromide (EB), the amounts of cytosolic Ca2+ ions with chlortetracycline (CTC) staining and the intensity of chromatin and Ca2+-CTC complex fluorescence, respectively. Moreover, the role of sorafenib, an inhibitor of RAF kinase, on the vitality of cortex cells and ethylene levels as well as the activities of RAF-like kinase and MEK2 with Syntide-2 and Mek2 as substrates were studied. The results clarified the previously presented suggestion that Kin is converted to appropriate ribotides (5'-monophosphate ribonucleotides), which cooperate with the ethylene and Ca2+ ion signalling pathways to transduce the signal of kinetin-programmed cell death (Kin-PCD). Based on the present and previously published results related to Kin-PCD, the crosstalk between ethylene and MAP kinase signalling, as well as inhibitors of CK receptors and enzymes of their metabolism, is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Kaźmierczak
- Department of Cytophysiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Anita Kunikowska
- Department of Cytophysiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Doniak
- Department of Cytophysiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kornaś
- Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University of Krakow, Podchorążych 2, 30-084, Kraków, Poland
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9
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Cattani AM, da Silveira Falavigna V, Silveira CP, Buffon V, Dos Santos Maraschin F, Pasquali G, Revers LF. Type-B cytokinin response regulators link hormonal stimuli and molecular responses during the transition from endo- to ecodormancy in apple buds. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2020; 39:1687-1703. [PMID: 32959122 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-020-02595-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinin together with MdoBRR1, MdoBRR8 and MdoBRR10 genes participate in the downregulation of MdoDAM1, contributing to the transition from endo- to ecodormancy in apple buds. The final step of cytokinin (CK) signaling pathway culminates in the activation of type-B response regulators (BRRs), important transcriptional factors in the modulation of CK-responsive genes. In this study, we performed a genome-wide analysis aiming to identify apple BRR family members and understand their involvement in bud dormancy control. The investigation identified ten MdoBRR protein-coding genes. A higher expression of three MdoBRR (MdoBRR1, MdoBRR9 and MdoBRR10) was observed in dormant buds in comparison to other developmental stages. Interestingly, in ecodormant buds these three MdoBRR genes were upregulated in a CK-dependent manner. Transcription profiles, determined during dormancy cycle under field and artificially controlled conditions, revealed that MdoBRR1 and MdoBRR8 played important roles in the transition from endo- to ecodormancy, probably mediated by endogenous CK stimuli. The expression of MdoBRR7, MdoBRR9, and MdoBRR10 was induced in ecodormant buds exposed to warm temperatures, indicating a putative role in growth resumption after chilling requirement fulfillment. Contrasting expression patternsin vivo between MdoBRRs and MdoDAM1, an essential dormancy establishment regulator, were observed during dormancy cycle and in CK-treated buds. Thereafter, in vivo transactivation assays showed that CK stimuli combined with transient overexpression of MdoBRR1, MdoBRR8, and MdoBRR10 resulted in downregulation of the reporter gene gusA driven by the MdoDAM1 promoter. These pieces of evidences point to the integration of CK-triggered responses through MdoBRRs that are able to downregulate MdoDAM1, contributing to dormancy release in apple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Malvessi Cattani
- Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Center for Biotechnology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Embrapa Uva e Vinho, Bento Gonçalves, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | - Vanessa Buffon
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Embrapa Uva e Vinho, Bento Gonçalves, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Giancarlo Pasquali
- Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Center for Biotechnology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Luís Fernando Revers
- Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Center for Biotechnology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Embrapa Uva e Vinho, Bento Gonçalves, RS, Brazil.
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10
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Milhinhos A, Bollhöner B, Blazquez MA, Novák O, Miguel CM, Tuominen H. ACAULIS5 Is Required for Cytokinin Accumulation and Function During Secondary Growth of Populus Trees. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:601858. [PMID: 33304375 PMCID: PMC7701098 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.601858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the primary root and young hypocotyl of Arabidopsis, ACAULIS5 promotes translation of SUPPRESSOR OF ACAULIS51 (SAC51) and thereby inhibits cytokinin biosynthesis and vascular cell division. In this study, the relationships between ACAULIS5, SAC51 and cytokinin biosynthesis were investigated during secondary growth of Populus stems. Overexpression of ACAULIS5 from the constitutive 35S promoter in hybrid aspen (Populus tremula × Populus tremuloides) trees suppressed the expression level of ACAULIS5, which resulted in low levels of the physiologically active cytokinin bases as well as their direct riboside precursors in the transgenic lines. Low ACAULIS5 expression and low cytokinin levels of the transgenic trees coincided with low cambial activity of the stem. ACAULIS5 therefore, contrary to its function in young seedlings in Arabidopsis, stimulates cytokinin accumulation and cambial activity during secondary growth of the stem. This function is not derived from maturing secondary xylem tissues as transgenic suppression of ACAULIS5 levels in these tissues did not influence secondary growth. Interestingly, evidence was obtained for increased activity of the anticlinal division of the cambial initials under conditions of low ACAULIS5 expression and low cytokinin accumulation. We propose that ACAULIS5 integrates auxin and cytokinin signaling to promote extensive secondary growth of tree stems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Milhinhos
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Benjamin Bollhöner
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Miguel A. Blazquez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas – Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Célia M. Miguel
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (iBET), Oeiras, Portugal
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Hannele Tuominen
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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11
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Rauschendorfer J, Yordanov Y, Dobrev P, Vankova R, Sykes R, Külheim C, Busov V. Overexpression of a developing xylem cDNA library in transgenic poplar generates high mutation rate specific to wood formation. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 18:1434-1443. [PMID: 31799778 PMCID: PMC7207001 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We investigated feasibility of the Full-length complementary DNA OvereXpression (FOX) system as a mutagenesis approach in poplar, using developing xylem tissue. The main goal was to assess the overall mutation rate and if the system will increase instances of mutants affected in traits linked to the xylem tissue. Indeed, we found a high mutation rate of 17.7%, whereas 80% of all mutants were significantly affected in cellulose, lignin and/or hemicellulose. Cell wall biosynthesis is a major process occurring during xylem development. Enrichment of mutants affected in cell wall composition suggests that the tissue source for the FOX library influenced the occurrence of mutants affected in a trait linked to this tissue. Additionally, we found that FLcDNAs from mutants affected in cell wall composition were homologous to genes known to be involved in cell wall biosynthesis and most recovered FLcDNAs corresponded to genes whose native expression was highest in xylem. We characterized in detail a mutant line with increased diameter. The phenotype was caused by a poplar homolog of LONELY GUY 1 (LOG1), which encodes an enzyme in cytokinin biosynthesis and significantly increased xylem proliferation. The causative role of LOG1 in the observed phenotype was further reaffirmed by elevated cytokinin concentration in the mutant and recapitulation overexpression experiment wherein multiple independent lines phenocopied the original FOX mutant. Our experiments show that the FOX approach can be efficiently used for gene discovery and molecular interrogation of traits specific to woody perennial growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Rauschendorfer
- College of Forest Resources and Environmental ScienceMichigan Technological UniversityHoughtonMIUSA
| | - Yordan Yordanov
- Department of BiologyEastern Illinois UniversityCharlestonILUSA
| | - Petre Dobrev
- Institute of Experimental BotanyCzech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
| | - Radomira Vankova
- Institute of Experimental BotanyCzech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
| | - Robert Sykes
- Nuclear Materials ScienceLos Alamos National LaboratoryLos AlamosNMUSA
| | - Carsten Külheim
- College of Forest Resources and Environmental ScienceMichigan Technological UniversityHoughtonMIUSA
| | - Victor Busov
- College of Forest Resources and Environmental ScienceMichigan Technological UniversityHoughtonMIUSA
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12
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Héricourt F, Larcher M, Chefdor F, Koudounas K, Carqueijeiro I, Lemos Cruz P, Courdavault V, Tanigawa M, Maeda T, Depierreux C, Lamblin F, Glévarec G, Carpin S. New Insight into HPts as Hubs in Poplar Cytokinin and Osmosensing Multistep Phosphorelays: Cytokinin Pathway Uses Specific HPts. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8120591. [PMID: 31835814 PMCID: PMC6963366 DOI: 10.3390/plants8120591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We have previously identified proteins in poplar which belong to an osmosensing (OS) signaling pathway, called a multistep phosphorelay (MSP). The MSP comprises histidine-aspartate kinases (HK), which act as membrane receptors; histidine phosphotransfer (HPt) proteins, which act as phosphorelay proteins; and response regulators (RR), some of which act as transcription factors. In this study, we identified the HK proteins homologous to the Arabidopsis cytokinin (CK) receptors, which are first partners in the poplar cytokinin MSP, and focused on specificity of these two MSPs (CK and OS), which seem to share the same pool of HPt proteins. Firstly, we isolated five CK HKs from poplar which are homologous to Arabidopsis AHK2, AHK3, and AHK4, namely, HK2, HK3a, HK3b, HK4a, HK4b. These HKs were shown to be functional kinases, as observed in a functional complementation of a yeast HK deleted strain. Moreover, one of these HKs, HK4a, was shown to have kinase activity dependent on the presence of CK. Exhaustive interaction tests between these five CK HKs and the 10 HPts characterized in poplar were performed using two-hybrid and BiFC experiments. The resulting partnership was compared to that previously identified between putative osmosensors HK1a/1b and HPt proteins. Finally, in planta coexpression analysis of genes encoding these potential partners revealed that almost all HPts are coexpressed with CK HKs in four different poplar organs. Overall, these results allowed us to unravel the common and specific partnerships existing between OS and CK MSP in Populus.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Héricourt
- LBLGC, University of Orléans, EA1207, INRA, USC1328, rue de Chartres, CEDEX 2, 45067 Orléans, France; (F.H.); (M.L.); (F.C.); (C.D.); (F.L.)
| | - Mélanie Larcher
- LBLGC, University of Orléans, EA1207, INRA, USC1328, rue de Chartres, CEDEX 2, 45067 Orléans, France; (F.H.); (M.L.); (F.C.); (C.D.); (F.L.)
| | - Françoise Chefdor
- LBLGC, University of Orléans, EA1207, INRA, USC1328, rue de Chartres, CEDEX 2, 45067 Orléans, France; (F.H.); (M.L.); (F.C.); (C.D.); (F.L.)
| | - Konstantinos Koudounas
- BBV, University of Tours, EA 2106, 31 Avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France; (K.K.); (I.C.); (P.L.C.); (V.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Inês Carqueijeiro
- BBV, University of Tours, EA 2106, 31 Avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France; (K.K.); (I.C.); (P.L.C.); (V.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Pamela Lemos Cruz
- BBV, University of Tours, EA 2106, 31 Avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France; (K.K.); (I.C.); (P.L.C.); (V.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Vincent Courdavault
- BBV, University of Tours, EA 2106, 31 Avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France; (K.K.); (I.C.); (P.L.C.); (V.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Mirai Tanigawa
- Department of Biology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan; (M.T.); (T.M.)
| | - Tatsuya Maeda
- Department of Biology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan; (M.T.); (T.M.)
| | - Christiane Depierreux
- LBLGC, University of Orléans, EA1207, INRA, USC1328, rue de Chartres, CEDEX 2, 45067 Orléans, France; (F.H.); (M.L.); (F.C.); (C.D.); (F.L.)
| | - Frédéric Lamblin
- LBLGC, University of Orléans, EA1207, INRA, USC1328, rue de Chartres, CEDEX 2, 45067 Orléans, France; (F.H.); (M.L.); (F.C.); (C.D.); (F.L.)
| | - Gaëlle Glévarec
- BBV, University of Tours, EA 2106, 31 Avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France; (K.K.); (I.C.); (P.L.C.); (V.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Sabine Carpin
- LBLGC, University of Orléans, EA1207, INRA, USC1328, rue de Chartres, CEDEX 2, 45067 Orléans, France; (F.H.); (M.L.); (F.C.); (C.D.); (F.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-2-3849-4804
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13
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Jaworek P, Tarkowski P, Hluska T, Kouřil Š, Vrobel O, Nisler J, Kopečný D. Characterization of five CHASE-containing histidine kinase receptors from Populus × canadensis cv. Robusta sensing isoprenoid and aromatic cytokinins. PLANTA 2019; 251:1. [PMID: 31776777 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03297-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Five poplar CHASE-containing histidine kinase receptors bind cytokinins and display kinase activities. Both endogenous isoprenoid and aromatic cytokinins bind to the receptors in live cell assays. Cytokinins are phytohormones that play key roles in various developmental processes in plants. The poplar species Populus × canadensis, cv. Robusta, is the first organism found to contain aromatic cytokinins. Here, we report the functional characterization of five CHASE-containing histidine kinases from P. × canadensis: PcHK2, PcHK3a, PcHK3b, PcHK4a and PcHK4b. A qPCR analysis revealed high transcript levels of all PcHKs other than PcHK4b across multiple poplar organs. The ligand specificity was determined using a live cell Escherichia coli assay and we provide evidence based on UHPLC-MS/MS data that ribosides can be true ligands. PcHK2 exhibited higher sensitivity to iP-type cytokinins than the other receptors, while PcHK3a and PcHK3b bound these cytokinins much more weakly, because they possess two isoleucine residues that clash with the cytokinin base and destabilize its binding. All receptors display kinase activity but their activation ratios in the presence/absence of cytokinin differ significantly. PcHK4a displays over 400-fold higher kinase activity in the presence of cytokinin, suggesting involvement in strong responses to changes in cytokinin levels. trans-Zeatin was both the most abundant cytokinin in poplar and that with the highest variation in abundance, which is consistent with its strong binding to all five HKs and activation of cytokinin signaling via A-type response regulators. The aromatic cytokinins' biological significance remains unclear, their levels vary diurnally, seasonally, and annually. PcHK3 and PcHK4 display the strongest binding at pH 7.5 and 5.5, respectively, in line with their putative membrane localization in the endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Jaworek
- Department of Phytochemistry, Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Protein Biochemistry and Proteomics, Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Tarkowski
- Department of Phytochemistry, Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Genetic Resources for Vegetables, Medicinal and Special Plants, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Crop Research Institute, Šlechtitelů 29, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Hluska
- Department of Genetic Resources for Vegetables, Medicinal and Special Plants, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Crop Research Institute, Šlechtitelů 29, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Štěpán Kouřil
- Department of Phytochemistry, Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Vrobel
- Department of Phytochemistry, Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Genetic Resources for Vegetables, Medicinal and Special Plants, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Crop Research Institute, Šlechtitelů 29, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Nisler
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany, AS CR & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - David Kopečný
- Department of Protein Biochemistry and Proteomics, Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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14
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Jaworek P, Kopečný D, Zalabák D, Šebela M, Kouřil Š, Hluska T, Končitíková R, Podlešáková K, Tarkowski P. Occurrence and biosynthesis of cytokinins in poplar. PLANTA 2019; 250:229-244. [PMID: 30980246 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03152-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Isoprenoid and aromatic cytokinins occur in poplar as free compounds and constituents of tRNA, poplar isopentenyltransferases are involved in the production of isoprenoid cytokinins, while biosynthesis of their aromatic counterparts remains unsolved. Cytokinins are phytohormones with a fundamental role in the regulation of plant growth and development. They occur naturally either as isoprenoid or aromatic derivatives, but the latter are quite rare and less studied. Here, the spatial expression of all nine isopentenyl transferase genes of Populus × canadensis cv. Robusta (PcIPTs) as analyzed by RT-qPCR revealed a tissue preference and strong differences in expression levels for the different adenylate and tRNA PcIPTs. Together with their phylogeny, this result suggests a functional diversification for the different PcIPT proteins. Additionally, the majority of PcIPT genes were cloned and expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana under an inducible promoter. The cytokinin levels measured in the Arabidopsis-overexpressing lines as well as their phenotype indicate that the studied adenylate and tRNA PcIPT proteins are functional in vivo and thus will contribute to the cytokinin pool in poplar. We screened the cytokinin content in leaves of 12 Populus species by ultra-high performance-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) and discovered that the capacity to produce not only isoprenoid, but also aromatic cytokinins is widespread amongst the Populus accessions studied. Important for future studies is that the levels of aromatic cytokinins transiently increase after daybreak and are much higher in older plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Jaworek
- Department of Phytochemistry, Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Protein Biochemistry and Proteomics, Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - David Kopečný
- Department of Protein Biochemistry and Proteomics, Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - David Zalabák
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Šebela
- Department of Protein Biochemistry and Proteomics, Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Štěpán Kouřil
- Department of Phytochemistry, Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Hluska
- Department of Genetic Resources for Vegetables, Medicinal and Special Plants, Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Crop Research Institute, Šlechtitelů 29, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Radka Končitíková
- Department of Protein Biochemistry and Proteomics, Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Podlešáková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Tarkowski
- Department of Phytochemistry, Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
- Department of Genetic Resources for Vegetables, Medicinal and Special Plants, Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Crop Research Institute, Šlechtitelů 29, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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15
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Tan S, Debellé F, Gamas P, Frugier F, Brault M. Diversification of cytokinin phosphotransfer signaling genes in Medicago truncatula and other legume genomes. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:373. [PMID: 31088345 PMCID: PMC6518804 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5724-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Legumes can establish on nitrogen-deprived soils a symbiotic interaction with Rhizobia bacteria, leading to the formation of nitrogen-fixing root nodules. Cytokinin phytohormones are critical for triggering root cortical cell divisions at the onset of nodule initiation. Cytokinin signaling is based on a Two-Component System (TCS) phosphorelay cascade, involving successively Cytokinin-binding Histidine Kinase receptors, phosphorelay proteins shuttling between the cytoplasm and the nucleus, and Type-B Response Regulator (RRB) transcription factors activating the expression of cytokinin primary response genes. Among those, Type-A Response Regulators (RRA) exert a negative feedback on the TCS signaling. To determine whether the legume plant nodulation capacity is linked to specific features of TCS proteins, a genome-wide identification was performed in six legume genomes (Cajanus cajan, pigeonpea; Cicer arietinum, chickpea; Glycine max, soybean; Phaseolus vulgaris, common bean; Lotus japonicus; Medicago truncatula). The diversity of legume TCS proteins was compared to the one found in two non-nodulating species, Arabidopsis thaliana and Vitis vinifera, which are references for functional analyses of TCS components and phylogenetic analyses, respectively. RESULTS A striking expansion of non-canonical RRBs was identified, notably leading to the emergence of proteins where the conserved phosphor-accepting aspartate residue is replaced by a glutamate or an asparagine. M. truncatula genome-wide expression datasets additionally revealed that only a limited subset of cytokinin-related TCS genes is highly expressed in different organs, namely MtCHK1/MtCRE1, MtHPT1, and MtRRB3, suggesting that this "core" module potentially acts in most plant organs including nodules. CONCLUSIONS Further functional analyses are required to determine the relevance of these numerous non-canonical TCS RRBs in symbiotic nodulation, as well as of canonical MtHPT1 and MtRRB3 core signaling elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sovanna Tan
- IPS2 (Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay), CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Diderot, INRA, Université d’Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Rue de Noetzlin, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Frédéric Debellé
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Pascal Gamas
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Florian Frugier
- IPS2 (Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay), CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Diderot, INRA, Université d’Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Rue de Noetzlin, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Mathias Brault
- IPS2 (Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay), CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Diderot, INRA, Université d’Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Rue de Noetzlin, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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16
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Maldonado J, Dhingra A, Carrasco B, Meisel L, Silva H. Transcriptome datasets from leaves and fruits of the sweet cherry cultivars ‘Bing’, ‘Lapins’ and ‘Rainier’. Data Brief 2019; 23:103696. [PMID: 30788404 PMCID: PMC6369327 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2019.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Sweet cherry fruits from different cultivars have different pre- and post-harvest qualities. Here we present the transcriptome profile datasets of leaves and mature fruits of three sweet cherry cultivars (‘Bing’, ‘Lapin’ and ‘Rainier’). Using 454 GS-FLX technology (454 Life Sciences, Roche), transcriptomes of leaves and mature fruits were obtained from these cultivars. These transcriptome data sets are reported here.
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17
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Li M, Wei Q, Xiao Y, Peng F. The effect of auxin and strigolactone on ATP/ADP isopentenyltransferase expression and the regulation of apical dominance in peach. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2018; 37:1693-1705. [PMID: 30182298 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-018-2343-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We confirmed the roles of auxin, CK, and strigolactones in apical dominance in peach and established a model of plant hormonal control of apical dominance in peach. Auxin, cytokinin, and strigolactone play important roles in apical dominance. In this study, we analyzed the effect of auxin and strigolactone on the expression of ATP/ADP isopentenyltransferase (IPT) genes (key cytokinin biosynthesis genes) and the regulation of apical dominance in peach. After decapitation, the expression levels of PpIPT1, PpIPT3, and PpIPT5a in nodal stems sharply increased. This observation is consistent with the changes in tZ-type and iP-type cytokinin levels in nodal stems and axillary buds observed after treatment; these changes are required to promote the outgrowth of axillary buds in peach. These results suggest that ATP/ADP PpIPT genes in nodal stems are key genes for cytokinin biosynthesis, as they promote the outgrowth of axillary buds. We also found that auxin and strigolactone inhibited the outgrowth of axillary buds. After decapitation, IAA treatment inhibited the expression of ATP/ADP PpIPTs in nodal stems to impede the increase in cytokinin levels. By contrast, after GR24 (GR24 strigolactone) treatment, the expression of ATP/ADP IPT genes and cytokinin levels still increased markedly, but the rate of increase in gene expression was markedly lower than that observed after decapitation in the absence of IAA (indole-3-acetic acid) treatment. In addition, GR24 inhibited basipetal auxin transport at the nodes (by limiting the expression of PpPIN1a in nodal stems), thereby inhibiting ATP/ADP PpIPT expression in nodal stems. Therefore, strigolactone inhibits the outgrowth of axillary buds in peach only when terminal buds are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- MinJi Li
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinping Wei
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuansong Xiao
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - FuTian Peng
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China.
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18
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Chefdor F, Héricourt F, Koudounas K, Carqueijeiro I, Courdavault V, Mascagni F, Bertheau L, Larcher M, Depierreux C, Lamblin F, Racchi ML, Carpin S. Highlighting type A RRs as potential regulators of the dkHK1 multi-step phosphorelay pathway in Populus. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 277:68-78. [PMID: 30466602 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In previous studies, we highlighted a multistep phosphorelay (MSP) system in poplars composed of two hybrid-type Histidine aspartate Kinases, dkHK1a and dkHK1b, which interact with three Histidine Phosphotransfer proteins, dkHPt2, 7, and 9, which in turn interact with six type B Response Regulators. These interactions correspond to the dkHK1a-b/dkHPts/dkRRBs MSP. This MSP is putatively involved in an osmosensing pathway, as dkHK1a-b are orthologous to the Arabidopsis osmosensor AHK1, and able to complement a mutant yeast deleted for its osmosensors. Since type A RRs have been characterized as negative regulators in cytokinin MSP signaling due to their interaction with HPt proteins, we decided in this study to characterize poplar type A RRs and their implication in the MSP. For a global view of this MSP, we isolated 10 poplar type A RR cDNAs, and determined their subcellular localization to check the in silico prediction experimentally. For most of them, the in planta subcellular localization was as predicted, except for three RRAs, for which this experimental approach gave a more precise localization. Interaction studies using yeast two-hybrid and in planta BiFC assays, together with transcript expression analysis in poplar organs led to eight dkRRAs being singled out as partners which could interfere the dkHK1a-b/dkHPts/dkRRBs MSP identified in previous studies. Consequently, the results obtained in this study now provide an exhaustive view of dkHK1a-b partners belonging to a poplar MSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Chefdor
- LBLGC, Université d'Orléans, INRA, USC1328, 45067, Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - F Héricourt
- LBLGC, Université d'Orléans, INRA, USC1328, 45067, Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - K Koudounas
- Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales (BBV), EA 2106, Université François Rabelais de Tours, 31 avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France
| | - I Carqueijeiro
- Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales (BBV), EA 2106, Université François Rabelais de Tours, 31 avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France
| | - V Courdavault
- Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales (BBV), EA 2106, Université François Rabelais de Tours, 31 avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France
| | - F Mascagni
- Università di Pisa, Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Agro-ambientali, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - L Bertheau
- LBLGC, Université d'Orléans, INRA, USC1328, 45067, Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - M Larcher
- LBLGC, Université d'Orléans, INRA, USC1328, 45067, Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - C Depierreux
- LBLGC, Université d'Orléans, INRA, USC1328, 45067, Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - F Lamblin
- LBLGC, Université d'Orléans, INRA, USC1328, 45067, Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - M L Racchi
- Scienze delle Produzioni Agroalimentari e dell'Ambiente, sezione di Genetica agraria, via Maragliano, 75 50144 Firenze, Italy
| | - S Carpin
- LBLGC, Université d'Orléans, INRA, USC1328, 45067, Orléans Cedex 2, France.
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19
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Song GQ, Walworth A. An invaluable transgenic blueberry for studying chilling-induced flowering in woody plants. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:265. [PMID: 30382848 PMCID: PMC6211425 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1494-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many deciduous woody crops require a minimum level of chilling to break dormancy and allow the seasonal growth of vegetative and floral buds. In this study, we report the discovery of an invaluable transgenic event of the blueberry cultivar 'Legacy' (hereafter, Mu-Legacy) for studying chilling-induced flowering in woody plants. Mu-legacy and its progeny provide a unique material to study the unknown mechanism of chilling-mediated flowering in woody plants. RESULTS Unlike nontransgenic 'Legacy' and plants of 48 other transgenic events, Mu-Legacy plants were able to flower under nonchilling conditions and had early flower bud formation, reduced plant size, and reduced chilling requirement for normal flowering. These characteristics were heritable and also observed in self-pollinated, transgenic T1 progenies of Mu-Legacy. A 47-Kbp genomic sequence surrounding the transgene insertion position was identified. RNA-sequencing data showed increased expression of a RESPONSE REGULATOR 2-like gene (VcRR2), located adjacent to the insertion position in Mu-Legacy and likely driven by the CaMV 35S promoter of the transgene. The Mu-Legacy showed 209 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in nonchilled flower buds (compared to nontransgenic 'Legacy'), of which only four DEGs were in the flowering pathway. This suggests altered expression of these few genes, VcRR2 and four flowering DEGs, is sufficient to significantly change flowering behavior in Mu-Legacy. CONCLUSIONS The significance of VcRR2 in Mu-Legacy suggests that the VcRR2-involved cytokinin pathway likely contributes to the major differences in chilling-mediated flowering between woody and herbaceous plants. More importantly, Mu-Legacy shows increased yield potential, a decreased chilling requirement, and better winter hardiness than many low-chilling cultivars growing in southern warm winter conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-qing Song
- Plant Biotechnology Resource and Outreach Center, Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Aaron Walworth
- Plant Biotechnology Resource and Outreach Center, Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
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20
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Paul S, Wildhagen H, Janz D, Polle A. Drought effects on the tissue- and cell-specific cytokinin activity in poplar. AOB PLANTS 2018; 10:plx067. [PMID: 29354257 PMCID: PMC5767954 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plx067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Climate change with increasing periods of drought is expected to reduce the yield of biomass crops such as poplars. To combat yield loss, it is important to better understand the molecular mechanisms that control growth under drought. Here, the goal was to resolve the drought-induced changes of active cytokinins, a main growth hormone in plants, at the tissue level in different cell types and organs of poplars (Populus × canescens) in comparison with growth, biomass, leaf shedding, photosynthesis and water potential. Since cytokinin response is mediated by type-A response regulators, ARR5::GUS reporter lines were used to map cytokinin activity histochemically. The expression of PtaRR3 and PtaRR10 was examined in different stem sections. Young leaves showed strong cytokinin activity in the veins and low staining under drought stress, accompanied by diminished leaf expansion. Leaf scars, at positions where drought-shedding occurred, showed strong reduction of cytokinin activity. The pith in the differentiation zone of stem showed high cytokinin activity with distinct, very active parenchymatic cells and enhanced activity close to primary xylem. This pattern was maintained under drought but the cytokinin activity was reduced. Mature phloem parenchymatic cells showed high cytokinin activity and mature wood showed no detectable cytokinin activity. Cytokinin activity in the cambium was apparent as a clear ring, which faded under drought. Xylem-localized cytokinin activities were also mirrored by the relative expression of PtaRR3, whereas PtaRR10 showed developmental but no drought-induced changes. Primary meristems exhibited high cytokinin activity regardless of drought stress, supporting a function of this phytohormone in meristem maintenance, whereas declining cytokinin activities in apical pith tissues and cambium of drought-stressed poplars linked cytokinin in these cell types with the control of primary and secondary growth processes. Changes in cytokinin activity further imply a role in drought avoidance mechanisms of poplars, especially in the reduction of leaf area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanty Paul
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Henning Wildhagen
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dennis Janz
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Polle
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg, Göttingen, Germany
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21
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Sundell D, Street NR, Kumar M, Mellerowicz EJ, Kucukoglu M, Johnsson C, Kumar V, Mannapperuma C, Delhomme N, Nilsson O, Tuominen H, Pesquet E, Fischer U, Niittylä T, Sundberg B, Hvidsten TR. AspWood: High-Spatial-Resolution Transcriptome Profiles Reveal Uncharacterized Modularity of Wood Formation in Populus tremula. THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29:1585-1604. [PMID: 28655750 PMCID: PMC5559752 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.17.00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Trees represent the largest terrestrial carbon sink and a renewable source of ligno-cellulose. There is significant scope for yield and quality improvement in these largely undomesticated species, and efforts to engineer elite varieties will benefit from improved understanding of the transcriptional network underlying cambial growth and wood formation. We generated high-spatial-resolution RNA sequencing data spanning the secondary phloem, vascular cambium, and wood-forming tissues of Populus tremula The transcriptome comprised 28,294 expressed, annotated genes, 78 novel protein-coding genes, and 567 putative long intergenic noncoding RNAs. Most paralogs originating from the Salicaceae whole-genome duplication had diverged expression, with the exception of those highly expressed during secondary cell wall deposition. Coexpression network analyses revealed that regulation of the transcriptome underlying cambial growth and wood formation comprises numerous modules forming a continuum of active processes across the tissues. A comparative analysis revealed that a majority of these modules are conserved in Picea abies The high spatial resolution of our data enabled identification of novel roles for characterized genes involved in xylan and cellulose biosynthesis, regulators of xylem vessel and fiber differentiation and lignification. An associated web resource (AspWood, http://aspwood.popgenie.org) provides interactive tools for exploring the expression profiles and coexpression network.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sundell
- Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Nathaniel R Street
- Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ewa J Mellerowicz
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Melis Kucukoglu
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Christoffer Johnsson
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Vikash Kumar
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Chanaka Mannapperuma
- Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Nicolas Delhomme
- Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ove Nilsson
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Hannele Tuominen
- Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Edouard Pesquet
- Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Urs Fischer
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Totte Niittylä
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Björn Sundberg
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Torgeir R Hvidsten
- Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Ås, Norway
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22
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Edlund E, Novak O, Karady M, Ljung K, Jansson S. Contrasting patterns of cytokinins between years in senescing aspen leaves. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:622-634. [PMID: 28042677 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins are plant hormones that typically block or delay leaf senescence. We profiled 34 different cytokinins/cytokinin metabolites (including precursors, conjugates and degradation products) in leaves of a free-growing mature aspen (Populus tremula) before and after the initiation of autumnal senescence over three consecutive years. The levels and profiles of individual cytokinin species, or classes/groups, varied greatly between years, despite the fact that the onset of autumn senescence was at the same time each year, and senescence was not associated with depletion of either active or total cytokinin levels. Levels of aromatic cytokinins (topolins) were low and changed little over the autumn period. Diurnal variations and weather-dependent variations in cytokinin content were relatively limited. We also followed the expression patterns of all aspen genes implicated as having roles in cytokinin metabolism or signalling, but neither the pattern of regulation of any group of genes nor the expression of any particular gene supported the notion that decreased cytokinin signalling could explain the onset of senescence. Based on the results from this tree, we therefore suggest that cytokinin depletion is unlikely to explain the onset of autumn leaf senescence in aspen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Edlund
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, 901 87, Sweden
| | - Ondrej Novak
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany CAS and Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 901 83, Sweden
| | - Michal Karady
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 901 83, Sweden
| | - Karin Ljung
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 901 83, Sweden
| | - Stefan Jansson
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, 901 87, Sweden
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23
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Bräutigam K, Soolanayakanahally R, Champigny M, Mansfield S, Douglas C, Campbell MM, Cronk Q. Sexual epigenetics: gender-specific methylation of a gene in the sex determining region of Populus balsamifera. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45388. [PMID: 28345647 PMCID: PMC5366940 DOI: 10.1038/srep45388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylation has frequently been implicated in gender determination in plants. The recent discovery of the sex determining region (SDR) of balsam poplar, Populus balsamifera, pinpointed 13 genes with differentiated X and Y copies. We tested these genes for differential methylation using whole methylome sequencing of xylem tissue of multiple individuals grown under field conditions in two common gardens. The only SDR gene to show a marked pattern of gender-specific methylation is PbRR9, a member of the two component response regulator (type-A) gene family, involved in cytokinin signalling. It is an ortholog of Arabidopsis genes ARR16 and ARR17. The strongest patterns of differential methylation (mostly male-biased) are found in the putative promoter and the first intron. The 4th intron is strongly methylated in both sexes and the 5th intron is unmethylated in both sexes. Using a statistical learning algorithm we find that it is possible accurately to assign trees to gender using genome-wide methylation patterns alone. The strongest predictor is the region coincident with PbRR9, showing that this gene stands out against all genes in the genome in having the strongest sex-specific methylation pattern. We propose the hypothesis that PbRR9 has a direct, epigenetically mediated, role in poplar sex determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Bräutigam
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Missisauga, Mississauga ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Raju Soolanayakanahally
- Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon SK, S7N OX2, Canada
| | - Marc Champigny
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Shawn Mansfield
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 4030-2424 Main Mall, Vancouver BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Carl Douglas
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Malcolm M Campbell
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Quentin Cronk
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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24
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Immanen J, Nieminen K, Smolander OP, Kojima M, Alonso Serra J, Koskinen P, Zhang J, Elo A, Mähönen AP, Street N, Bhalerao RP, Paulin L, Auvinen P, Sakakibara H, Helariutta Y. Cytokinin and Auxin Display Distinct but Interconnected Distribution and Signaling Profiles to Stimulate Cambial Activity. Curr Biol 2016; 26:1990-1997. [PMID: 27426519 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite the crucial roles of phytohormones in plant development, comparison of the exact distribution profiles of different hormones within plant meristems has thus far remained scarce. Vascular cambium, a wide lateral meristem with an extensive developmental zonation, provides an optimal system for hormonal and genetic profiling. By taking advantage of this spatial resolution, we show here that two major phytohormones, cytokinin and auxin, display different yet partially overlapping distribution profiles across the cambium. In contrast to auxin, which has its highest concentration in the actively dividing cambial cells, cytokinins peak in the developing phloem tissue of a Populus trichocarpa stem. Gene expression patterns of cytokinin biosynthetic and signaling genes coincided with this hormonal gradient. To explore the functional significance of cytokinin signaling for cambial development, we engineered transgenic Populus tremula × tremuloides trees with an elevated cytokinin biosynthesis level. Confirming that cytokinins function as major regulators of cambial activity, these trees displayed stimulated cambial cell division activity resulting in dramatically increased (up to 80% in dry weight) production of the lignocellulosic trunk biomass. To connect the increased growth to hormonal status, we analyzed the hormone distribution and genome-wide gene expression profiles in unprecedentedly high resolution across the cambial zone. Interestingly, in addition to showing an elevated cambial cytokinin content and signaling level, the cambial auxin concentration and auxin-responsive gene expression were also increased in the transgenic trees. Our results indicate that cytokinin signaling specifies meristematic activity through a graded distribution that influences the amplitude of the cambial auxin gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha Immanen
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kaisa Nieminen
- Green Technology, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Jokiniemenkuja 1, 01301 Vantaa, Finland.
| | | | - Mikiko Kojima
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22, Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Juan Alonso Serra
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Patrik Koskinen
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jing Zhang
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Sainsbury Laboratory, Cambridge University, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Annakaisa Elo
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ari Pekka Mähönen
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nathaniel Street
- Umeå Plant Science Center and Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, SLU, Umeå 901 87, Sweden
| | - Rishikesh P Bhalerao
- Umeå Plant Science Center and Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, SLU, Umeå 901 87, Sweden; Department of Biology, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lars Paulin
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Petri Auvinen
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hitoshi Sakakibara
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22, Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Ykä Helariutta
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Sainsbury Laboratory, Cambridge University, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK.
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25
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Distinct transcriptome profiles reveal gene expression patterns during fruit development and maturation in five main cultivated species of pear (Pyrus L.). Sci Rep 2016; 6:28130. [PMID: 27305967 PMCID: PMC4910100 DOI: 10.1038/srep28130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcriptomes of five pear cultivars, 'Hosui' (P. pyrifolia), 'Yali' (P. bretschneideri), 'Kuerlexiangli' (P. sinkiangensis), 'Nanguoli' (P. ussuriensis), and 'Starkrimson' (P. communis) were sequenced at seven key fruit developmental stages, from fruit setting to maturation and fruit senescence after harvesting. In total, 33,136 genes that could be mapped by reads, were analyzed. Most gene expression cluster models showed a steadily decreasing trend. Gene expression patterns had obvious differences according to maturity type, that is, post-ripening cultivars were still vigorous at maturity, and showed a higher proportion of up-regulated genes; non post-ripening cultivars had a gradually decreasing tendency during fruit maturation. Meanwhile, differentially expressed genes related to fruit quality and development, such as stone cells, sugar, acid and hormones, were identified. Co-expression analysis revealed that several ethylene synthesis genes and polyphenoloxidase-related genes interacted with each other directly, and an indirect relationship was reflected between ethylene synthesis genes and ethylene response genes. In addition, the highly diverse SNPs represented the great differences between oriental and occidental pears. Understanding how RNA-seq based gene-expression patterns and differential gene expression contribute to fruit quality allows us to build models for gene-expression for fruit development of Pyrus species.
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26
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Paul S, Wildhagen H, Janz D, Teichmann T, Hänsch R, Polle A. Tissue- and Cell-Specific Cytokinin Activity in Populus × canescens Monitored by ARR5::GUS Reporter Lines in Summer and Winter. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:652. [PMID: 27242853 PMCID: PMC4865519 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins play an important role in vascular development. But knowledge on the cellular localization of this growth hormone in the stem and other organs of woody plants is lacking. The main focus of this study was to investigate the occurrence and cellular localization of active cytokinins in leaves, roots, and along the stem of Populus × canescens and to find out how the pattern is changed between summer and winter. An ARR5::GUS reporter construct was used to monitor distribution of active cytokinins in different tissues of transgenic poplar lines. Three transgenic lines tested under outdoor conditions showed no influence of ARR5::GUS reporter construct on the growth performance compared with the wild-type, but one line lost the reporter activity. ARR5::GUS activity indicated changes in the tissue- and cell type-specific pattern of cytokinin activity during dormancy compared with the growth phase. ARR5::GUS activity, which was present in the root tips in the growing season, disappeared in winter. In the stem apex ground tissue, ARR5::GUS activity was higher in winter than in summer. Immature leaves from tissue-culture grown plants showed inducible ARR5::GUS activity. Leaf primordia in summer showed ARR5::GUS activity, but not the expanded leaves of outdoor plants or leaf primordia in winter. In stem cross sections, the most prominent ARR5::GUS activity was detected in the cortex region and in the rays of bark in summer and in winter. In the cambial zone the ARR5::GUS activity was more pronounced in the dormant than in growth phase. The pith and the ray cells adjacent to the vessels also displayed ARR5::GUS activity. In silico analyses of the tissue-specific expression patterns of the whole PtRR type-A family of poplar showed that PtRR10, the closest ortholog to the Arabidopsis ARR5 gene, was usually the most highly expressed gene in all tissues. In conclusion, gene expression and tissue-localization indicate high activity of cytokinins not only in summer, but also in winter. The presence of the signal in meristematic tissues supports their role in meristem maintenance. The reporter lines will be useful to study the involvement of cytokinins in acclimation of poplar growth to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanty Paul
- Department of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Georg-August-Universität GöttingenGöttingen, Germany
| | - Henning Wildhagen
- Department of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Georg-August-Universität GöttingenGöttingen, Germany
| | - Dennis Janz
- Department of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Georg-August-Universität GöttingenGöttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Teichmann
- Department of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Georg-August-Universität GöttingenGöttingen, Germany
| | - Robert Hänsch
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology of Plants, Institute for Plant Biology, University of TechnologyBraunschweig, Germany
| | - Andrea Polle
- Department of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Georg-August-Universität GöttingenGöttingen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Andrea Polle,
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