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Ostrowska-Leśko M, Herbet M, Pawłowski K, Korga-Plewko A, Poleszak E, Dudka J. Pathological Changes and Metabolic Adaptation in the Myocardium of Rats in Response to Chronic Variable Mild Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5899. [PMID: 38892086 PMCID: PMC11172974 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic variable mild stress (CVS) in rats is a well-established paradigm for inducing depressive-like behaviors and has been utilized extensively to explore potential therapeutic interventions for depression. While the behavioral and neurobiological effects of CVS have been extensively studied, its impact on myocardial function remains largely unexplored. To induce the CVS model, rats were exposed to various stressors over 40 days. Behavioral assessments confirmed depressive-like behavior. Biochemical analyses revealed alterations in myocardial metabolism, including changes in NAD+ and NADP+, and NADPH concentrations. Free amino acid analysis indicated disturbances in myocardial amino acid metabolism. Evaluation of oxidative DNA damage demonstrated an increased number of abasic sites in the DNA of rats exposed to CVS. Molecular analysis showed significant changes in gene expression associated with glucose metabolism, oxidative stress, and cardiac remodeling pathways. Histological staining revealed minor morphological changes in the myocardium of CVS-exposed rats, including increased acidophilicity of cells, collagen deposition surrounding blood vessels, and glycogen accumulation. This study provides novel insights into the impact of chronic stress on myocardial function and metabolism, highlighting potential mechanisms linking depression and cardiovascular diseases. Understanding these mechanisms may aid in the development of targeted therapeutic strategies to mitigate the adverse cardiovascular effects of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ostrowska-Leśko
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lublin, 8b Jaczewski Street, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (M.H.); (J.D.)
| | - Mariola Herbet
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lublin, 8b Jaczewski Street, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (M.H.); (J.D.)
| | - Kamil Pawłowski
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lublin, 8b Jaczewski Street, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (M.H.); (J.D.)
| | - Agnieszka Korga-Plewko
- Independent Medical Biology Unit, Medical University of Lublin, 8b Jaczewski Street, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewa Poleszak
- Department of Applied Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodźko Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Jarosław Dudka
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lublin, 8b Jaczewski Street, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (M.H.); (J.D.)
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Garcia N, Rahman MM, Arellano CL, Banakh I, Yung-Chih C, Peter K, Cleland H, Lo CH, Akbarzadeh S. Graft-Host Interaction and Its Effect on Wound Repair Using Mouse Models. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16277. [PMID: 38003467 PMCID: PMC10671506 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Autologous skin grafting has been commonly used in clinics for decades to close large wounds, yet the cellular and molecular interactions between the wound bed and the graft that mediates the wound repair are not fully understood. The aim of this study was to better understand the molecular changes in the wound triggered by autologous and synthetic grafting. Defining the wound changes at the molecular level during grafting sets the basis to test other engineered skin grafts by design. In this study, a full-thickness skin graft (SKH-1 hairless) mouse model was established. An autologous full-thickness skin graft (FTSG) or an acellular fully synthetic Biodegradable Temporising Matrix (BTM) was grafted. The wound bed/grafts were analysed at histological, RNA, and protein levels during the inflammation (day 1), proliferation (day 5), and remodelling (day 21) phases of wound repair. The results showed that in this mouse model, similar to others, inflammatory marker levels, including Il-6, Cxcl-1, and Cxcl-5/6, were raised within a day post-wounding. Autologous grafting reduced the expression of these inflammatory markers. This was different from the wounds grafted with synthetic dermal grafts, in which Cxcl-1 and Cxcl-5/6 remained significantly high up to 21 days post-grafting. Autologous skin grafting reduced wound contraction compared to wounds that were left to spontaneously repair. Synthetic grafts contracted significantly more than FTSG by day 21. The observed wound contraction in synthetic grafts was most likely mediated at least partly by myofibroblasts. It is possible that high TGF-β1 levels in days 1-21 were the driving force behind myofibroblast abundance in synthetic grafts, although no evidence of TGF-β1-mediated Connective Tissue Growth Factor (CTGF) upregulation was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Garcia
- Skin Bioengineering Laboratory, Victorian Adult Burns Service, Alfred Health, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; (N.G.); (M.M.R.); (C.L.A.); (I.B.); (H.C.); (C.H.L.)
- Department of Surgery, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Md Mostafizur Rahman
- Skin Bioengineering Laboratory, Victorian Adult Burns Service, Alfred Health, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; (N.G.); (M.M.R.); (C.L.A.); (I.B.); (H.C.); (C.H.L.)
- Department of Surgery, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Carlos Luis Arellano
- Skin Bioengineering Laboratory, Victorian Adult Burns Service, Alfred Health, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; (N.G.); (M.M.R.); (C.L.A.); (I.B.); (H.C.); (C.H.L.)
- Department of Surgery, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Ilia Banakh
- Skin Bioengineering Laboratory, Victorian Adult Burns Service, Alfred Health, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; (N.G.); (M.M.R.); (C.L.A.); (I.B.); (H.C.); (C.H.L.)
- Department of Surgery, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Chen Yung-Chih
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; (C.Y.-C.); (K.P.)
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; (C.Y.-C.); (K.P.)
| | - Heather Cleland
- Skin Bioengineering Laboratory, Victorian Adult Burns Service, Alfred Health, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; (N.G.); (M.M.R.); (C.L.A.); (I.B.); (H.C.); (C.H.L.)
- Department of Surgery, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Cheng Hean Lo
- Skin Bioengineering Laboratory, Victorian Adult Burns Service, Alfred Health, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; (N.G.); (M.M.R.); (C.L.A.); (I.B.); (H.C.); (C.H.L.)
- Department of Surgery, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Shiva Akbarzadeh
- Skin Bioengineering Laboratory, Victorian Adult Burns Service, Alfred Health, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; (N.G.); (M.M.R.); (C.L.A.); (I.B.); (H.C.); (C.H.L.)
- Department of Surgery, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
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Mar KB, Wells AI, Caballero Van Dyke MC, Lopez AH, Eitson JL, Fan W, Hanners NW, Evers BM, Shelton JM, Schoggins JW. LY6E is a pan-coronavirus restriction factor in the respiratory tract. Nat Microbiol 2023; 8:1587-1599. [PMID: 37443277 PMCID: PMC11234902 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01431-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
LY6E is an antiviral restriction factor that inhibits coronavirus spike-mediated fusion, but the cell types in vivo that require LY6E for protection from respiratory coronavirus infection are unknown. Here we used a panel of seven conditional Ly6e knockout mice to define which Ly6e-expressing cells confer control of airway infection by murine coronavirus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Loss of Ly6e in Lyz2-expressing cells, radioresistant Vav1-expressing cells and non-haematopoietic cells increased susceptibility to murine coronavirus. Global conditional loss of Ly6e expression resulted in clinical disease and higher viral burden after SARS-CoV-2 infection, but little evidence of immunopathology. We show that Ly6e expression protected secretory club and ciliated cells from SARS-CoV-2 infection and prevented virus-induced loss of an epithelial cell transcriptomic signature in the lung. Our study demonstrates that lineage confined rather than broad expression of Ly6e sufficiently confers resistance to disease caused by murine and human coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina B Mar
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Alexandra I Wells
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - Alexandra H Lopez
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer L Eitson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Wenchun Fan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Natasha W Hanners
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Bret M Evers
- Departments of Pathology and Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - John M Shelton
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - John W Schoggins
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Munguía-Ramírez B, Armenta-Leyva B, Henao-Díaz A, Ye F, Baum DH, Giménez-Lirola LG, Zimmerman JJ. Evaluation of a Porcine Endogenous Reference Gene (Internal Sample Control) in a Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus RT-qPCR. Vet Sci 2023; 10:381. [PMID: 37368767 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10060381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Endogenous reference genes are used in gene-expression studies to "normalize" the results and, increasingly, as internal sample controls (ISC) in diagnostic quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Three studies were conducted to evaluate the performance of a porcine-specific ISC in a commercial porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) reverse transcription-qPCR. Study 1 evaluated the species specificity of the ISC by testing serum from seven non-porcine domestic species (n = 34). In Study 2, the constancy of ISC detection over time (≥42 days) was assessed in oral fluid (n = 130), serum (n = 215), and feces (n = 132) collected from individual pigs of known PRRSV status. In Study 3, serum (n = 150), oral fluid (n = 150), and fecal samples (n = 75 feces, 75 fecal swabs) from commercial herds were used to establish ISC reference limits. Study 1 showed that the ISC was porcine-specific, i.e., all samples from non-porcine species were ISC negative (n = 34). In Study 2, the ISC was detected in all oral fluid, serum, and fecal samples, but differed in concentration between specimens (p < 0.05; mixed-effects regression model). The results of Study 3 were used to establish ISC reference limits for the 5th, 2.5th and 1.25th percentiles. Overall, the ISC response was consistent to the point that failure in detection is sufficient justification for re-testing and/or re-sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berenice Munguía-Ramírez
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Betsy Armenta-Leyva
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Alexandra Henao-Díaz
- Pig Improvement Company (PIC) México, Santiago de Querétaro 76040, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Fangshu Ye
- Department of Statistics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - David H Baum
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Luis G Giménez-Lirola
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Zimmerman
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Leigh RS, Välimäki MJ, Kaynak BL, Ruskoaho HJ. TAF1 bromodomain inhibition as a candidate epigenetic driver of congenital heart disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023; 1869:166689. [PMID: 36958711 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Heart formation requires transcriptional regulators that underlie congenital anomalies and the fetal gene program activated during heart failure. Attributing the effects of congenital heart disease (CHD) missense variants to disruption of specific protein domains allows for a mechanistic understanding of CHDs and improved diagnostics. A combined chemical and genetic approach was employed to identify novel CHD drivers, consisting of chemical screening during pluripotent stem cell (PSC) differentiation, gene expression analyses of native tissues and primary cell culture models, and the in vitro study of damaging missense variants from CHD patients. An epigenetic inhibitor of the TATA-Box Binding Protein Associated Factor 1 (TAF1) bromodomain was uncovered in an unbiased chemical screen for activators of atrial and ventricular fetal myosins in differentiating PSCs, leading to the development of a high affinity inhibitor (5.1 nM) of the TAF1 bromodomain, a component of the TFIID complex. TAF1 bromodomain inhibitors were tested for their effects on stem cell viability and cardiomyocyte differentiation, implicating a role for TAF1 in cardiogenesis. Damaging TAF1 missense variants from CHD patients were studied by mutational analysis of the TAF1 bromodomain, demonstrating a repressive role of TAF1 that can be abrogated by the introduction of damaging bromodomain variants or chemical TAF1 bromodomain inhibition. These results indicate that targeting the TAF1/TFIID complex with chemical compounds modulates cardiac transcription and identify an epigenetically-driven CHD mechanism due to damaging variants within the TAF1 bromodomain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Leigh
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mika J Välimäki
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bogac L Kaynak
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Heikki J Ruskoaho
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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6
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Altered sialin mRNA gene expression in type 2 diabetic male Wistar rats: implications for nitric oxide deficiency. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4013. [PMID: 36899088 PMCID: PMC10006425 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31240-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrate therapy has been suggested to boost nitric oxide (NO) levels in type 2 diabetes (T2D); however, little is known about nitrate transport across the membranes. This study aimed to assess changes in the mRNA expression of sialin, as a nitrate transporter, in the main tissues of rats with T2D. Rats were divided into two groups (n = 6/group): Control and T2D. A high-fat diet combined with a low dose of streptozotocin (STZ, 30 mg/kg) was used to induce T2D. At month 6, samples from the main tissues of rats were used to measure the mRNA expression of sialin and levels of NO metabolites. Rats with T2D had lower nitrate levels in the soleus muscle (66%), lung (48%), kidney (43%), aorta (30%), adrenal gland (58%), epididymal adipose tissue (eAT) (61%), and heart (37%) and had lower nitrite levels in the pancreas (47%), kidney (42%), aorta (33%), liver (28%), eAT (34%), and heart (32%). The order of sialin gene expression in control rats was: soleus muscle > kidney > pancreas > lung > liver > adrenal gland > brain > eAT > intestine > stomach > aorta > heart. Compared to controls, rats with T2D had higher sialin mRNA expressions in the stomach (2.1), eAT (2.0), adrenal gland (1.7), liver (8.9), and soleus muscle (3.4), and lower sialin expression in the intestine (0.56), pancreas (0.42), and kidney (0.44), all P values < 0.05. These findings indicate altered sialin mRNA expression in the main tissues of male T2D rats and may have implications for future NO-based treatment of T2D.
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Landstrom AP, Yang Q, Sun B, Perelli RM, Bidzimou MT, Zhang Z, Aguilar-Sanchez Y, Alsina KM, Cao S, Reynolds JO, Word TA, van der Sangen NM, Wells Q, Kannankeril PJ, Ludwig A, Kim JJ, Wehrens XH. Reduction in Junctophilin 2 Expression in Cardiac Nodal Tissue Results in Intracellular Calcium-Driven Increase in Nodal Cell Automaticity. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2023; 16:e010858. [PMID: 36706317 PMCID: PMC9974897 DOI: 10.1161/circep.122.010858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spontaneously depolarizing nodal cells comprise the pacemaker of the heart. Intracellular calcium (Ca2+) plays a critical role in mediating nodal cell automaticity and understanding this so-called Ca2+ clock is critical to understanding nodal arrhythmias. We previously demonstrated a role for Jph2 (junctophilin 2) in regulating Ca2+-signaling through inhibition of RyR2 (ryanodine receptor 2) Ca2+ leak in cardiac myocytes; however, its role in pacemaker function and nodal arrhythmias remains unknown. We sought to determine whether nodal Jph2 expression silencing causes increased sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodal cell automaticity due to aberrant RyR2 Ca2+ leak. METHODS A tamoxifen-inducible, nodal tissue-specific, knockdown mouse of Jph2 was achieved using a Cre-recombinase-triggered short RNA hairpin directed against Jph2 (Hcn4:shJph2). In vivo cardiac rhythm was monitored by surface ECG, implantable cardiac telemetry, and intracardiac electrophysiology studies. Intracellular Ca2+ imaging was performed using confocal-based line scans of isolated nodal cells loaded with fluorescent Ca2+ reporter Cal-520. Whole cell patch clamp was conducted on isolated nodal cells to determine action potential kinetics and sodium-calcium exchanger function. RESULTS Hcn4:shJph2 mice demonstrated a 40% reduction in nodal Jph2 expression, resting sinus tachycardia, and impaired heart rate response to pharmacologic stress. In vivo intracardiac electrophysiology studies and ex vivo optical mapping demonstrated accelerated junctional rhythm originating from the atrioventricular node. Hcn4:shJph2 nodal cells demonstrated increased and irregular Ca2+ transient generation with increased Ca2+ spark frequency and Ca2+ leak from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. This was associated with increased nodal cell AP firing rate, faster diastolic repolarization rate, and reduced sodium-calcium exchanger activity during repolarized states compared to control. Phenome-wide association studies of the JPH2 locus identified an association with sinoatrial nodal disease and atrioventricular nodal block. CONCLUSIONS Nodal-specific Jph2 knockdown causes increased nodal automaticity through increased Ca2+ leak from intracellular stores. Dysregulated intracellular Ca2+ underlies nodal arrhythmogenesis in this mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P. Landstrom
- Dept of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Duke Univ School of Medicine, Durham, NC
- Dept of Cell Biology, Duke Univ School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Qixin Yang
- Dept of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Duke Univ School of Medicine, Durham, NC
- Dept of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang Univ, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Sun
- Dept of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Duke Univ School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | | | | | - Zhushan Zhang
- Dept of Cell Biology, Duke Univ School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Yuriana Aguilar-Sanchez
- Integrative Molecular & Biomedical Sciences Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Katherina M. Alsina
- Integrative Molecular & Biomedical Sciences Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Shuyi Cao
- Dept of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Julia O. Reynolds
- Dept of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Tarah A. Word
- Dept of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | | | - Quinn Wells
- Depts of Medicine, Pharmacology, and Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt Univ School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Prince J. Kannankeril
- Center for Pediatric Precision Medicine, Dept of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt Univ School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Andreas Ludwig
- Institut für Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jeffrey J. Kim
- Dept of Pediatrics, Section of Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Xander H.T. Wehrens
- Dept of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Dept of Pediatrics, Section of Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Depts of Neuroscience & Center for Space Medicine and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
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Mar KB, Van Dyke MC, Lopez AH, Eitson JL, Fan W, Hanners NW, Evers BM, Shelton JM, Schoggins JW. LY6E protects mice from pathogenic effects of murine coronavirus and SARS-CoV-2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.25.525551. [PMID: 36747632 PMCID: PMC9900800 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.25.525551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
LY6E is an antiviral protein that inhibits coronavirus entry. Its expression in immune cells allows mice to control murine coronavirus infection. However, it is not known which immune cell subsets mediate this control or whether LY6E protects mice from SARS-CoV-2. In this study, we used tissue-specific Cre recombinase expression to ablate Ly6e in distinct immune compartments or in all epiblast-derived cells, and bone marrow chimeras to target Ly6e in a subset of radioresistant cells. Mice lacking Ly6e in Lyz2 -expressing cells and radioresistant Vav1 -expressing cells were more susceptible to lethal murine coronavirus infection. Mice lacking Ly6e globally developed clinical disease when challenged with the Gamma (P.1) variant of SARS-CoV-2. By contrast, wildtype mice and mice lacking type I and type III interferon signaling had no clinical symptoms after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Transcriptomic profiling of lungs from SARS-CoV-2-infected wildtype and Ly6e knockout mice revealed a striking reduction of secretory cell-associated genes in infected knockout mice, including Muc5b , an airway mucin-encoding gene that may protect against SARS-CoV-2-inflicted respiratory disease. Collectively, our study reveals distinct cellular compartments in which Ly6e confers cell intrinsic antiviral effects, thereby conferring resistance to disease caused by murine coronavirus and SARS-CoV-2.
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9
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Cao H, Sethumadhavan K. Identification of Bcl2 as a Stably Expressed qPCR Reference Gene for Human Colon Cancer Cells Treated with Cottonseed-Derived Gossypol and Bioactive Extracts and Bacteria-Derived Lipopolysaccharides. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27217560. [PMID: 36364387 PMCID: PMC9655230 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cottonseed contains many bioactive molecules including plant polyphenols. Cottonseed value might be increased by providing high-value bioactive polyphenols for improving nutrition and health. However, there was a lack of molecular evidence for cottonseed bioactivity in mammalian cells. One widely used method for evaluating the bioactivity of natural products is quantitative real-time-PCR (qPCR). The selection of stably expressed internal reference genes is a crucial task of qPCR assay for data analysis. The rationale for reference gene selection is that a lower standard deviation of the cycle of threshold (Cq) among the treatments indicates a more stable expression of the gene. The objective of this study was to select reference genes in human colon cancer cells (COLO 205) treated with cottonseed-derived gossypol and bioactive extracts along with bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharides (LPS). SYBR Green qPCR was used to analyze the mRNA levels of a wide range of biomarkers involved in glucose transport, lipid biosynthesis, inflammatory response, and cancer development. qPCR data (10,560 Cq values) were generated from 55 genes analyzed from 64 treatments with triplicate per treatment for each gene. The data showed that B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2) mRNA was the most stable among the 55 mRNAs analyzed in the human colon cancer cells. Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase (Gapdh) and ribosome protein L32 (Rpl32) mRNAs were not good qPCR references for the colon cancer cells. These observations were consistent regardless of the treatment comparison between gossypol and LPS, glanded and glandless seed extracts, seed coat and kernel extracts, or treatment for 8 and 24 h. These results suggest that Bcl2 is a preferable reference gene for qPCR assays in human colon cancer cells treated with cottonseed-derived gossypol and bioactive extracts as well as LPS. The extensive qPCR results firmly support the conclusion that the Bcl2 gene is stably expressed at the mRNA level in the human colon cancer cells regardless of the treatment, suggesting that Bcl2 gene expression is not regulated at the mRNA level but at the post-transcriptional level. These results should facilitate studies designated to evaluate bioactivity on gene expression regulation by cottonseed molecules and other natural and synthetic molecules for nutrition and health uses.
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Xia B, Li Q, Wu J, Yuan X, Wang F, Lu X, Huang C, Zheng K, Yang R, Yin L, Liu K, You Q. Sinomenine Confers Protection Against Myocardial Ischemia Reperfusion Injury by Preventing Oxidative Stress, Cellular Apoptosis, and Inflammation. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:922484. [PMID: 35837272 PMCID: PMC9274168 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.922484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sinomenine (SIN), an alkaloid extracted from the root of S. acutum. sinomenine, has been shown to have antiarrhythmic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI) ex vivo. In this study, we investigated the cardioprotective effects of SIN in an in vivo mouse model of MIRI. Adult male C57BL/6J mice received SIN (80 mg/kg) for 5 days and underwent 30 min of percutaneous occlusion of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) followed by 24 h of reperfusion. Results showed that pretreatment with SIN significantly reduced myocardial infarct size and concentrations of markers of cardiac injury and improved left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) and shortening fraction (FS) in MIRI mice. The SIN pretreatment prevented the MIRI-induced decrease in the expression levels of Bcl-2, increase in the expression levels of caspase-3, caspase-9, and Bax, and increase in the number of TUNEL-positive cells in ischemic heart tissue. It was also found that pretreatment with SIN prevented the MIRI-induced oxidative stress imbalance in ischemic heart tissue, as shown by the increase in total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and glutathione (GSH) and the decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and dihydroethidium (DHE) density. Further studies showed that the stimulus of cardiac ischemia/reperfusion caused a remarkable increase in the expression levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) mRNA in ischemic heart tissue, which was effectively prevented by pretreatment with SIN. These results demonstrate that SIN can attenuate MIRI-induced cardiac injury in vivo by preventing oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyu Xia
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jingjing Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaomei Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xu Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Koulong Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Rongrong Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Le Yin
- Department of Cardiology, Tongzhou People’s Hospital, Nantong, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
- *Correspondence: Kun Liu, ; Qingsheng You,
| | - Qingsheng You
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
- *Correspondence: Kun Liu, ; Qingsheng You,
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11
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Kouzu H, Tatekoshi Y, Chang HC, Shapiro JS, McGee WA, De Jesus A, Ben-Sahra I, Arany Z, Leor J, Chen C, Blackshear PJ, Ardehali H. ZFP36L2 suppresses mTORc1 through a P53-dependent pathway to prevent peripartum cardiomyopathy in mice. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:e154491. [PMID: 35316214 PMCID: PMC9106345 DOI: 10.1172/jci154491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy is associated with substantial physiological changes of the heart, and disruptions in these processes can lead to peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM). The molecular processes that cause physiological and pathological changes in the heart during pregnancy are not well characterized. Here, we show that mTORc1 was activated in pregnancy to facilitate cardiac enlargement that was reversed after delivery in mice. mTORc1 activation in pregnancy was negatively regulated by the mRNA-destabilizing protein ZFP36L2 through its degradation of Mdm2 mRNA and P53 stabilization, leading to increased SESN2 and REDD1 expression. This pathway impeded uncontrolled cardiomyocyte hypertrophy during pregnancy, and mice with cardiac-specific Zfp36l2 deletion developed rapid cardiac dysfunction after delivery, while prenatal treatment of these mice with rapamycin improved postpartum cardiac function. Collectively, these data provide what we believe to be a novel pathway for the regulation of mTORc1 through mRNA stabilization of a P53 ubiquitin ligase. This pathway was critical for normal cardiac growth during pregnancy, and its reduction led to PPCM-like adverse remodeling in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidemichi Kouzu
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute and
| | - Yuki Tatekoshi
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute and
| | - Hsiang-Chun Chang
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute and
| | - Jason S. Shapiro
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute and
| | - Warren A. McGee
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Adam De Jesus
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute and
| | - Issam Ben-Sahra
- Department of Biochemistry, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Zoltan Arany
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jonathan Leor
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Tel Aviv University and Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Chunlei Chen
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute and
| | - Perry J. Blackshear
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hossein Ardehali
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute and
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12
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Normalization strategy for selection of reference genes for RT-qPCR analysis in left ventricles of failing human hearts. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2022; 22:180. [PMID: 35439923 PMCID: PMC9019989 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-022-02614-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Quantitative RT-PCR is a valuable tool for assessing the gene expression in different human tissues, particularly due to its exceptional sensitivity, accuracy and reliability. However, the choice of adequate control for normalization is a crucial step, greatly affecting the results of all subsequent analyses. So far, only a few studies were focused on the selection of optimal reference genes in left ventricles of failing human hearts, leading to several disparities in experimental results focused on differential gene expression in this area. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to identify a set of suitable reference genes in normal and failing left ventricle tissues, which could increase the reliability of RT-qPCR-based studies in the future. Methods We analyzed the expression of 15 commonly used housekeeping genes (ACTB, B2M, GAPDH, GUSB, HMBS, HPRT1, IPO8, PGK1, POLR2A, PPIA, RPLP0, TBP, TFRC, UBC and YWHAZ) in left ventricles of normal and failed hearts with two-step approach. In the first step, we excluded genes which are variantly expressed using ANOVA-based statistical method. Afterwards, the remaining genes were analyzed using geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper algorithms, together with delta Cq method. Finally, the geometric mean of gene rankings across all methods was calculated. Results Our analysis identified IPO8 and POLR2A as the most stably expressed genes, whereas ACTB and B2M were found to be expressed variantly, suggesting a potential role of these genes in the pathophysiological processes in failing human hearts. Discussion/conclusion Using our two-step approach, we identified and validated two reference genes expressed invariantly in left ventricles of both healthy and failing human hearts, as well as provided a guideline for the selection of reference genes in studies comparing gene expression in these types of tissues. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12872-022-02614-9.
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13
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Cottonseed extracts regulate gene expression in human colon cancer cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1039. [PMID: 35058516 PMCID: PMC8776848 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05030-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cotton plant provides economically important fiber and cottonseed, but cottonseed contributes 20% of the crop value. Cottonseed value could be increased by providing high value bioactive compounds and polyphenolic extracts aimed at improving nutrition and preventing diseases because plant polyphenol extracts have been used as medicinal remedy for various diseases. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of cottonseed extracts on cell viability and gene expression in human colon cancer cells. COLO 225 cells were treated with ethanol extracts from glanded and glandless cottonseed followed by MTT and qPCR assays. Cottonseed extracts showed minor effects on cell viability. qPCR assay analyzed 55 mRNAs involved in several pathways including DGAT, GLUT, TTP, IL, gossypol-regulated and TTP-mediated pathways. Using BCL2 mRNA as the internal reference, qPCR analysis showed minor effects of ethanol extracts from glanded seed coat and kernel and glandless seed coat on mRNA levels in the cells. However, glandless seed kernel extract significantly reduced mRNA levels of many genes involved in glucose transport, lipid biosynthesis and inflammation. The inhibitory effects of glandless kernel extract on gene expression may provide a useful opportunity for improving nutrition and healthcare associated with colon cancer. This in turn may provide the potential of increasing cottonseed value by using ethanol extract as a nutrition/health intervention agent.
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14
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Yang X, Tong G, Dong L, Yan T, Xu H, Tang G, Zhang Y, Ma K, Yin J, Kuang Y. Evaluation of qPCR reference genes for taimen (Hucho taimen) under heat stress. Sci Rep 2022; 12:313. [PMID: 35013399 PMCID: PMC8748915 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03872-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
As a powerful and attractive method for detecting gene expression, qRT-PCR has been broadly used in aquaculture research. Understanding the biology of taimen (Hucho taimen) has drawn increasing interest because of its ecological and economic value. Stable reference genes are required for the reliable quantification of gene expression, but such genes have not yet been optimized for taimen. In this study, the stability levels of 10 commonly used candidate reference genes were evaluated using geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and RefFinder. The expression levels of the 10 genes were detected using 240 samples from 48 experimental groups consisting of 40 individuals treated under four heat-stress conditions (18, 20, 22, and 24 °C) for 24 h and 26 °C for 4, 24, 48, and 72 h. Six tissues (blood, heart, brain, gill, skin, and liver) were collected from each individual. Ribosomal protein S29 (RPS29) and ribosomal protein L19 (RPL19) were the most stable genes among all of the samples, whereas 28S ribosomal RNA (28S rRNA), attachment region binding protein (ARBP), and 18S ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA) were the least stable. These results were verified by an expression analysis of taimen heat-stress genes (heat shock protein 60, hsp60, and heat shock protein 70, hsp70). In conclusion, RPS29 and RPL19 are the optimal reference genes for qRT-PCR analyses of taimen, irrespective of the tissue and experimental conditions. These results allow the reliable study of gene expression in taimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxing Yang
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, 150070, China.,Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Biotechnology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, 150070, China.,College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201303, China
| | - Guangxiang Tong
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, 150070, China.,Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Biotechnology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, 150070, China.,Key Open Laboratory of Cold Water Fish Germplasm Resources and Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150070, China
| | - Le Dong
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, 150070, China.,Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Biotechnology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, 150070, China.,College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201303, China
| | - Ting Yan
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, 150070, China.,Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Biotechnology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, 150070, China
| | - Huan Xu
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, 150070, China.,Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Biotechnology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, 150070, China
| | - Guopan Tang
- Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, 450016, China
| | - Yongquan Zhang
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, 150070, China.,Key Open Laboratory of Cold Water Fish Germplasm Resources and Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150070, China
| | - Kai Ma
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, 150070, China.,Key Open Laboratory of Cold Water Fish Germplasm Resources and Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150070, China
| | - Jiasheng Yin
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, 150070, China.,Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Biotechnology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, 150070, China.,Key Open Laboratory of Cold Water Fish Germplasm Resources and Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150070, China
| | - Youyi Kuang
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, 150070, China. .,Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Biotechnology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, 150070, China.
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15
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Tenekeci S, Isik Z. Integrative Biological Network Analysis to Identify Shared Genes in Metabolic Disorders. IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS 2022; 19:522-530. [PMID: 32396100 DOI: 10.1109/tcbb.2020.2993301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Identification of common molecular mechanisms in interrelated diseases is essential for better prognoses and targeted therapies. However, complexity of metabolic pathways makes it difficult to discover common disease genes underlying metabolic disorders; and it requires more sophisticated bioinformatics models that combine different types of biological data and computational methods. Accordingly, we built an integrative network analysis model to identify shared disease genes in metabolic syndrome (MS), type 2 diabetes (T2D), and coronary artery disease (CAD). We constructed weighted gene co-expression networks by combining gene expression, protein-protein interaction, and gene ontology data from multiple sources. For 90 different configurations of disease networks, we detected the significant modules by using MCL, SPICi, and Linkcomm graph clustering algorithms. We also performed a comparative evaluation on disease modules to determine the best method providing the highest biological validity. By overlapping the disease modules, we identified 22 shared genes for MS-CAD and T2D-CAD. Moreover, 19 out of these genes were directly or indirectly associated with relevant diseases in the previous medical studies. This study does not only demonstrate the performance of different biological data sources and computational methods in disease-gene discovery, but also offers potential insights into common genetic mechanisms of the metabolic disorders.
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16
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Klaeske K, Dix M, Adams V, Jawad K, Eifert S, Etz C, Saeed D, Borger MA, Dieterlen MT. Differential Regulation of Myocardial E3 Ligases and Deubiquitinases in Ischemic Heart Failure. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11121430. [PMID: 34947961 PMCID: PMC8708923 DOI: 10.3390/life11121430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathological changes of ubiquitination and deubiquitination following myocardial infarction (MI) and chronic heart failure (CHF) have been sparsely examined. We investigated the expression of muscle-specific E3 ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinases in MI and CHF. Therefore, mice were assigned to coronary artery ligation for 3 days or 10 weeks as well as for sham operation (each n = 10). Expression of E3 ligases (MAFBX, MURF1, CHIP, ITCH, MDM2) and deubiquitinases (A20, CYLD, UCH-L1, USP14, USP19) was determined. After MI and in CHF, the mRNA expression of MURF1, CHIP and MDM2 (all p < 0.05) was decreased. Protein expression analyses revealed that ITCH expression decreased in CHF (p = 0.01), whereas MDM2 expression increased in MI (p = 0.02) and decreased in CHF (p = 0.02). Except for USP19 mRNA expression that decreased at 3 days and 10 weeks (both p < 0.01), the expression of other deubiquitinases remained unaffected after MI and CHF. The expression of myocardial E3 ligases is differentially regulated following MI, raising the question of whether an upstream regulation exists that is activated by MI for tissue protection or whether the downregulation of E3 ligases enables myocardial hypertrophy following MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Klaeske
- Department for Cardiac Surgery, HELIOS Clinic, Heart Center, University Hospital Leipzig, Strümpellstraße 39, 04289 Leipzig, Germany; (M.D.); (K.J.); (S.E.); (C.E.); (D.S.); (M.A.B.); (M.-T.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-341865251079; Fax: +49-3418651452
| | - Maria Dix
- Department for Cardiac Surgery, HELIOS Clinic, Heart Center, University Hospital Leipzig, Strümpellstraße 39, 04289 Leipzig, Germany; (M.D.); (K.J.); (S.E.); (C.E.); (D.S.); (M.A.B.); (M.-T.D.)
| | - Volker Adams
- Laboratory of Molecular and Experimental Cardiology, Heart Center Dresden, TU Dresden, Fetscherstraße 76, 01307 Dresden, Germany;
- Dresden Cardiovascular Research Institute and Core Laboratories GmbH, Bautzner Straße 122c, 01099 Dresden, Germany
| | - Khalil Jawad
- Department for Cardiac Surgery, HELIOS Clinic, Heart Center, University Hospital Leipzig, Strümpellstraße 39, 04289 Leipzig, Germany; (M.D.); (K.J.); (S.E.); (C.E.); (D.S.); (M.A.B.); (M.-T.D.)
| | - Sandra Eifert
- Department for Cardiac Surgery, HELIOS Clinic, Heart Center, University Hospital Leipzig, Strümpellstraße 39, 04289 Leipzig, Germany; (M.D.); (K.J.); (S.E.); (C.E.); (D.S.); (M.A.B.); (M.-T.D.)
| | - Christian Etz
- Department for Cardiac Surgery, HELIOS Clinic, Heart Center, University Hospital Leipzig, Strümpellstraße 39, 04289 Leipzig, Germany; (M.D.); (K.J.); (S.E.); (C.E.); (D.S.); (M.A.B.); (M.-T.D.)
| | - Diyar Saeed
- Department for Cardiac Surgery, HELIOS Clinic, Heart Center, University Hospital Leipzig, Strümpellstraße 39, 04289 Leipzig, Germany; (M.D.); (K.J.); (S.E.); (C.E.); (D.S.); (M.A.B.); (M.-T.D.)
| | - Michael A. Borger
- Department for Cardiac Surgery, HELIOS Clinic, Heart Center, University Hospital Leipzig, Strümpellstraße 39, 04289 Leipzig, Germany; (M.D.); (K.J.); (S.E.); (C.E.); (D.S.); (M.A.B.); (M.-T.D.)
| | - Maja-Theresa Dieterlen
- Department for Cardiac Surgery, HELIOS Clinic, Heart Center, University Hospital Leipzig, Strümpellstraße 39, 04289 Leipzig, Germany; (M.D.); (K.J.); (S.E.); (C.E.); (D.S.); (M.A.B.); (M.-T.D.)
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17
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van den Berg NWE, Kawasaki M, Fabrizi B, Nariswari FA, Verduijn AC, Neefs J, Wesselink R, Al‐Shama RFM, van der Wal AC, de Boer OJ, Aten J, Driessen AHG, Jongejan A, de Groot JR. Epicardial and endothelial cell activation concurs with extracellular matrix remodeling in atrial fibrillation. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e558. [PMID: 34841686 PMCID: PMC8567047 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improved understanding of the interconnectedness of structural remodeling processes in atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients could identify targets for future therapies. METHODS We present transcriptome sequencing of atrial tissues of patients without AF, with paroxysmal AF, and persistent AF (total n = 64). RNA expression levels were validated in the same and an independent cohort with qPCR. Biological processes were assessed with histological and immunohistochemical analyses. RESULTS In AF patients, epicardial cell gene expression decreased, contrasting with an upregulation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and mesenchymal cell gene expression. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated thickening of the epicardium and an increased proportion of (myo)fibroblast-like cells in the myocardium, supporting enhanced EMT in AF. We furthermore report an upregulation of endothelial cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and endothelial signaling. EMT and endothelial cell proliferation concurred with increased interstitial (myo)fibroblast-like cells and extracellular matrix gene expression including enhanced tenascin-C, thrombospondins, biglycan, and versican. Morphological analyses discovered increased and redistributed glycosaminoglycans and collagens in the atria of AF patients. Signaling pathways, including cell-matrix interactions, PI3K-AKT, and Notch signaling that could regulate mesenchymal cell activation, were upregulated. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that EMT and endothelial cell proliferation work in concert and characterize the (myo)fibroblast recruitment and ECM remodeling of AF. These processes could guide future research toward the discovery of targets for AF therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoline W. E. van den Berg
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular SciencesAmsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Heart CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Makiri Kawasaki
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular SciencesAmsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Heart CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Benedetta Fabrizi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular SciencesAmsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Heart CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Fransisca A. Nariswari
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular SciencesAmsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Heart CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Arianne C. Verduijn
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular SciencesAmsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Heart CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Jolien Neefs
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular SciencesAmsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Heart CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Robin Wesselink
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular SciencesAmsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Heart CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Rushd F. M. Al‐Shama
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular SciencesAmsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Heart CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Allard C. van der Wal
- Department of Clinical PathologyAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Onno J. de Boer
- Department of Clinical PathologyAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Jan Aten
- Department of Clinical PathologyAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Antoine H. G. Driessen
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular SciencesAmsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Heart CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Aldo Jongejan
- Department of Epidemiology & Data ScienceAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Joris R. de Groot
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular SciencesAmsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Heart CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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18
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Ren J, Zhang N, Li X, Sun X, Song J. Identification of reference genes for gene expression studies among different developmental stages of murine hearts. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2021; 21:13. [PMID: 34496746 PMCID: PMC8425138 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-021-00244-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is a widely-used standard assay for assessing gene expression. RT-qPCR data requires reference genes for normalization to make the results comparable. Therefore, the selected reference gene should be highly stable in its expression throughout the experimental datasets. So far, reports about the optimal set of reference genes in murine left ventricle (LV) across embryonic and postnatal stages are few. The objective of our research was to identify the appropriate reference genes in murine LV among different developmental stages. Methods We investigated the gene expression profiles of 21 widely used housekeeping genes in murine LV from 7 different developmental stages (almost throughout the whole period of the mouse lifespan). The stabilities of the potential reference genes were evaluated by five methods: GeNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, Delta-Ct and RefFinder. Results We proposed a set of reliable reference genes for normalization of RT-qPCR experimental data in different conditions. Furthermore, our results showed that 6 genes (18S, Hmbs, Ubc, Psmb4, Tfrc and Actb) are not recommended to be used as reference genes in murine LV development studies. The data also suggested that the Rplp0 gene might serve as an optimal reference gene in gene expression analysis. Conclusions Our study investigated the expression stability of the commonly used reference genes in process of LV development and maturation. We proposed a set of optimal reference genes that are suitable for accurate normalization of RT-qPCR data in specific conditions. Our findings may be helpful in future studies for investigating the gene expression patterns and mechanism of mammalian heart development. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12861-021-00244-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 167A Beilishi Road, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, 100037, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ningning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 167A Beilishi Road, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, 100037, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 167A Beilishi Road, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, 100037, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaogang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 167A Beilishi Road, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, 100037, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangping Song
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 167A Beilishi Road, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, 100037, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Cao H, Sethumadhavan K, Cao F, Wang TTY. Gossypol decreased cell viability and down-regulated the expression of a number of genes in human colon cancer cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5922. [PMID: 33723275 PMCID: PMC7961146 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84970-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant polyphenol gossypol has anticancer activities. This may increase cottonseed value by using gossypol as a health intervention agent. It is necessary to understand its molecular mechanisms before human consumption. The aim was to uncover the effects of gossypol on cell viability and gene expression in cancer cells. In this study, human colon cancer cells (COLO 225) were treated with gossypol. MTT assay showed significant inhibitory effect under high concentration and longtime treatment. We analyzed the expression of 55 genes at the mRNA level in the cells; many of them are regulated by gossypol or ZFP36/TTP in cancer cells. BCL2 mRNA was the most stable among the 55 mRNAs analyzed in human colon cancer cells. GAPDH and RPL32 mRNAs were not good qPCR references for the colon cancer cells. Gossypol decreased the mRNA levels of DGAT, GLUT, TTP, IL families and a number of previously reported genes. In particular, gossypol suppressed the expression of genes coding for CLAUDIN1, ELK1, FAS, GAPDH, IL2, IL8 and ZFAND5 mRNAs, but enhanced the expression of the gene coding for GLUT3 mRNA. The results showed that gossypol inhibited cell survival with decreased expression of a number of genes in the colon cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heping Cao
- grid.507314.40000 0001 0668 8000United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center, 1100 Robert E. Lee Boulevard, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA
| | - Kandan Sethumadhavan
- grid.507314.40000 0001 0668 8000United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center, 1100 Robert E. Lee Boulevard, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA
| | - Fangping Cao
- grid.66741.320000 0001 1456 856XBeijing Forestry University, No. 35 Tsinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Thomas T. Y. Wang
- grid.508988.4United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
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Wang C, Li Q, Yang H, Gao C, Du Q, Zhang C, Zhu L, Li Q. Identification of key genes related to heart failure by analysis of expression profiles. Arch Med Sci 2021; 20:517-527. [PMID: 38757035 PMCID: PMC11094840 DOI: 10.5114/aoms/114896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction To elucidate the candidate biomarkers involved in the pathogenesis process of heart failure (HF) via analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of the dataset from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Material and methods The GSE76701 gene expression profiles regarding the HF and control subjects were respectively analysed. Briefly, DEGs were firstly identified and subjected to Cytoscape plug-in ClueGO + CluePedia and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was then built to analyse the interaction between DEGs, followed by the construction of an interaction network by combining with hub genes with the targeted miRNA genes of DEGs to identify the key molecules of HF. In addition, potential drugs targeting key DEGs were sought using the drug-gene interaction database (DGIdb), and a drug-mRNA-miRNA interaction network was also constructed. Results A total of 489 DEGs were verified between HF and control, which mainly enriched in type I interferon and leukocyte migration according to molecular function. Significantly increased levels of GAPDH, GALM1, MMP9, CCL5, and GNAL2 were found in the HF setting and were identified as the hub genes based on the PPI network. Furthermore, according to the drug-mRNA-miRNA network, FCGR2B, CCND1, and NF-κb, as well as corresponding miRNA-605-5p, miRNA-147a, and miRNA-671-5p were identified as the drug targets of HF. Conclusions The hub genes GAPDH, GALM1, MMP9, CCL5, and GNAL2 were significantly increased in HF. miRNA-605-5p, miRNA-147a, and miRNA-671-5p were predicted as the drug target-interacted gene-miRNA of HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Qingmin Li
- Department of Cardiology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Honghui Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chuanyu Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Qiubo Du
- Department of Cardiology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Caili Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Lijie Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Qingman Li
- Department of Cardiology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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21
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Bai X, Chen T, Wu Y, Tang M, Xu ZF. Selection and Validation of Reference Genes for qRT-PCR Analysis in the Oil-Rich Tuber Crop Tiger Nut ( Cyperus esculentus) Based on Transcriptome Data. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052569. [PMID: 33806437 PMCID: PMC7961719 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus), a perennial C4 plant of the Cyperaceae family, is an unconventional crop that is distinguished by its oil-rich tubers, which also possesses the advantages of strong resistance, wide adaptability, short life periods, and large biomass. To facilitate studies on gene expression in this species, we identified and validated a series of reference genes (RGs) based on transcriptome data, which can be employed as internal controls for qRT-PCR analysis in tiger nut. Fourteen putative candidate RGs were identified and evaluated across nine different tissues of two cultivars, and the RGs were analyzed using three different algorithms (geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper). The stability rankings of the candidate RGs were merged into consensus lists with RankAggreg. For the below-ground storage organ of tiger nut, the optimal RGs were TUB4 and UCE2 in different developmental stages of tubers. UCE2 and UBL5 were the most stably expressed RGs among all tissues, while Rubisco and PGK exhibited the lowest expression stability. UCE2, UBL5 and Rubisco were compared to normalize the expression levels of the caleosin (CLO) and diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2-2 (DGAT2-2) genes across the same tissues. Our results showed that the RGs identified in this study, which exhibit more uniform expression patterns, may be utilized for the normalization of qRT-PCR results, promoting further research on gene expression in various tissues of tiger nut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Bai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla 666303, China; (X.B.); (T.C.); (Y.W.)
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tao Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla 666303, China; (X.B.); (T.C.); (Y.W.)
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuan Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla 666303, China; (X.B.); (T.C.); (Y.W.)
| | - Mingyong Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla 666303, China; (X.B.); (T.C.); (Y.W.)
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla 666303, China
- Correspondence: (M.T.); (Z.-F.X.)
| | - Zeng-Fu Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla 666303, China; (X.B.); (T.C.); (Y.W.)
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Correspondence: (M.T.); (Z.-F.X.)
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22
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Leigh RS, Ruskoaho HJ, Kaynak BL. Cholecystokinin peptide signaling is regulated by a TBX5-MEF2 axis in the heart. Peptides 2021; 136:170459. [PMID: 33249116 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The procholecystokinin (proCCK) gene encodes a secreted peptide known to regulate the digestive, endocrine, and nervous systems. Though recently proposed as a biomarker for heart dysfunction, its physiological role in both the embryonic and adult heart is poorly understood, and there are no reports of tissue-specific regulators of cholecystokinin signaling in the heart or other tissues. In the present study, mRNA of proCCK was observed in cardiac tissues during mouse embryonic development, establishing proCCK as an early marker of differentiated cardiomyocytes which is later restricted to anatomical subdomains of the neonatal heart. Three-dimensional analysis of the expression of proCCK and CCKAR/CCKBR receptors was performed using in situ hybridization and optical projection tomography, illustrating chamber-specific expression patterns in the postnatal heart. Transcription factor motif analyses indicated developmental cardiac transcription factors TBX5 and MEF2C as upstream regulators of proCCK, and this regulatory activity was confirmed in reporter gene assays. proCCK mRNA levels were also measured in the infarcted heart and in response to cyclic mechanical stretch and endothelin-1, indicating dynamic transcriptional regulation which might be leveraged for improved biomarker development. Functional analyses of exogenous cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) administration were performed in differentiating mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), and the results suggest that CCK-8 does not act as a differentiation modulator of cardiomyocyte subtypes. Collectively, these findings indicate that proCCK is regulated at the transcriptional level by TBX5-MEF2 and neurohormonal signaling, informing use of proCCK as a biomarker and future strategies for upstream manipulation of cholecystokinin signaling in the heart and other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Leigh
- Drug Research Programme, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki J Ruskoaho
- Drug Research Programme, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bogac L Kaynak
- Drug Research Programme, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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23
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Liu L, Han H, Li Q, Chen M, Zhou S, Wang H, Chen L. Selection and Validation of the Optimal Panel of Reference Genes for RT-qPCR Analysis in the Developing Rat Cartilage. Front Genet 2020; 11:590124. [PMID: 33391345 PMCID: PMC7772434 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.590124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) is widely used to detect gene expression levels, and selection of reference genes is crucial to the accuracy of RT-qPCR results. Minimum Information for Publication of RT-qPCR Experiments (MIQE) proposes that using the panel of reference genes for RT-qPCR is conducive to obtaining accurate experimental results. However, the selection of the panel of reference genes for RT-qPCR in rat developing cartilage has not been well documented. In this study, we selected eight reference genes commonly used in rat cartilage from literature (GAPDH, ACTB, 18S, GUSB, HPRT1, RPL4, RPL5, and SDHA) as candidates. Then, we screened out the optimal panel of reference genes in female and male rat cartilage of fetus (GD20), juvenile (PW6), and puberty (PW12) in physiology with stability analysis software of genes expression. Finally, we verified the reliability of the selected panel of reference genes with the rat model of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) induced by prenatal dexamethasone exposure (PDE). The results showed that the optimal panel of reference genes in cartilage at GD20, PW6, and PW12 in physiology was RPL4 + RPL5, which was consistent with the IUGR model, and there was no significant gender difference. Further, the results of standardizing the target genes showed that RPL4 + RPL5 performed smaller intragroup differences than other panels of reference genes or single reference genes. In conclusion, we found that the optimal panel of reference genes in female and male rat developing cartilage was RPL4 + RPL5, and there was no noticeable difference before and after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Han
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingxian Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Siqi Zhou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, China
| | - Liaobin Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, China
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24
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Maccari S, Pace V, Barbagallo F, Stati T, Ambrosio C, Grò MC, Molinari P, Vezzi V, Catalano L, Matarrese P, Patrizio M, Rizzi R, Marano G. Intermittent β-adrenergic blockade downregulates the gene expression of β-myosin heavy chain in the mouse heart. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 882:173287. [PMID: 32585157 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Expression of the β-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC), a major component of the cardiac contractile apparatus, is tightly regulated as even modest increases can be detrimental to heart under stress. In healthy hearts, continuous inhibition of β-adrenergic tone upregulates β-MHC expression. However, it is unknown whether the duration of the β-adrenergic inhibition and β-MHC expression are related. Here, we evaluated the effects of intermittent β-blockade on cardiac β-MHC expression. To this end, the β-blocker propranolol, at the dose of 15mg/kg, was administered once a day in mice for 14 days. This dosing schedule caused daily drug-free periods of at least 6 h as evidenced by propranolol plasma concentrations and cardiac β-adrenergic responsiveness. Under these conditions, β-MHC expression decreased by about 75% compared to controls. This effect was abolished in mice lacking β1- but not β2-adrenergic receptors (β-AR) indicating that β-MHC expression is regulated in a β1-AR-dependent manner. In β1-AR knockout mice, the baseline β-MHC expression was fourfold higher than in wild-type mice. Also, we evaluated the impact of intermittent β-blockade on β-MHC expression in mice with systolic dysfunction, in which an increased β-MHC expression occurs. At 3 weeks after myocardial infarction, mice showed systolic dysfunction and upregulation of β-MHC expression. Intermittent β-blockade decreased β-MHC expression while attenuating cardiac dysfunction. In vitro studies showed that propranolol does not affect β-MHC expression on its own but antagonizes catecholamine effects on β-MHC expression. In conclusion, a direct relationship occurs between the duration of the β-adrenergic inhibition and β-MHC expression through the β1-AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Maccari
- Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Pace
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Council of Research, Monterotondo (RM), Italy
| | | | - Tonino Stati
- Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Ambrosio
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Grò
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Molinari
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Vanessa Vezzi
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Paola Matarrese
- Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Patrizio
- Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Rizzi
- Fondazione Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy; Institute for Biomedical Technologies, National Council of Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Marano
- Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy.
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25
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Herath S, Dai H, Erlich J, Au AYM, Taylor K, Succar L, Endre ZH. Selection and validation of reference genes for normalisation of gene expression in ischaemic and toxicological studies in kidney disease. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233109. [PMID: 32437461 PMCID: PMC7241806 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Normalisation to standard reference gene(s) is essential for quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) to obtain reproducible and comparable results of a gene of interest (GOI) between subjects and under varying experimental conditions. There is limited evidence to support selection of the commonly used reference genes in rat ischaemic and toxicological kidney models. Employing these models, we determined the most stable reference genes by comparing 4 standard methods (NormFinder, qBase+, BestKeeper and comparative ΔCq) and developed a new 3-way linear mixed-effects model for evaluation of reference gene stability. This new technique utilises the intra-class correlation coefficient as the stability measure for multiple continuous and categorical covariates when determining the optimum normalisation factor. The model also determines confidence intervals for each candidate normalisation gene to facilitate selection and allow sample size calculation for designing experiments to identify reference genes. Of the 10 candidate reference genes tested, the geometric mean of polyadenylate-binding nuclear protein 1 (PABPN1) and beta-actin (ACTB) was the most stable reference combination. In contrast, commonly used ribosomal 18S and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) were the most unstable. We compared the use of PABPN1×ACTB and 2 commonly used genes 18S and GAPDH on the expression of 4 genes of interest know to vary after renal injury and expressed by different kidney cell types (KIM-1, HIF1α, TGFβ1 and PECAM1). The less stable reference genes gave varying patterns of GOI expression in contrast to the use of the least unstable reference PABPN1×ACTB combination; this improved detection of differences in gene expression between experimental groups. Reduced within-group variation of the now more accurately normalised GOI may allow for reduced experimental group size particularly for comparison between various models. This objective selection of stable reference genes increased the reliability of comparisons within and between experimental groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeeva Herath
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hongying Dai
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Erlich
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Amy YM Au
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Nephrology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kylie Taylor
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lena Succar
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Zoltán H. Endre
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Nephrology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
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26
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Rai RC, Bagul PK, Banerjee SK. NLRP3 inflammasome drives inflammation in high fructose fed diabetic rat liver: Effect of resveratrol and metformin. Life Sci 2020; 253:117727. [PMID: 32371063 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To unravel the underlying mechanism of hepatic inflammation during type 2 diabetes (T2DM), we established the diabetic rat model by feeding with high fructose diet for twenty weeks and studied the involvement of inflammasome in the liver of these rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male SD rats weighing 180-200 g were divided in four groups: 1) Control (Con group) rats were fed with corn starch diet, 2) diabetic (Dia group) rats were fed with 65% of fructose, 3) diabetic along with resveratrol (10 mg/kg/day); p.o. (Dia + Resv group) and 4) diabetic along with metformin (300 mg/kg/day); p.o. (Dia + Met group), for twenty weeks. We evaluated the establishment of T2DM in fructose fed rats and the effect of resveratrol and metformin treatment on different diabetic parameters in these rats. Further we investigated the role of NLRP3 inflammasome on T2DM induced liver inflammation and effect of resveratrol and metformin treatment on NLRP3 inflammasome driven inflammatory response. KEY FINDINGS Rats from Dia group; manifested insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, elevated uric acid along with hypertriglyceridemia after fructose feeding for twenty weeks. Mostly, above parameters were attenuated in resveratrol and metformin treated groups. Expression of NLRP3 inflammasome components in liver were increased in Dia group rats with elevated transcript levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Histopathological examination revealed increase in glycogen content and fibrosis in Dia group rats; which was considerably reduced with resveratrol and metformin treatment. SIGNIFICANCE Our study suggests that management of inflammation may be considered as an alternative approach to prevent liver tissue injury during chronic diabetic condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Chandra Rai
- Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India.
| | - Pankaj K Bagul
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad 121001, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar Banerjee
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad 121001, India; Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati 781101, India.
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27
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Swift LM, Burke M, Guerrelli D, Reilly M, Ramadan M, McCullough D, Prudencio T, Mulvany C, Chaluvadi A, Jaimes R, Posnack NG. Age-dependent changes in electrophysiology and calcium handling: implications for pediatric cardiac research. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 318:H354-H365. [PMID: 31886723 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00521.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Rodent models are frequently employed in cardiovascular research, yet our understanding of pediatric cardiac physiology has largely been deduced from more simplified two-dimensional cell studies. Previous studies have shown that postnatal development includes an alteration in the expression of genes and proteins involved in cell coupling, ion channels, and intracellular calcium handling. Accordingly, we hypothesized that postnatal cell maturation is likely to lead to dynamic alterations in whole heart electrophysiology and calcium handling. To test this hypothesis, we employed multiparametric imaging and electrophysiological techniques to quantify developmental changes from neonate to adult. In vivo electrocardiograms were collected to assess changes in heart rate, variability, and atrioventricular conduction (Sprague-Dawley rats). Intact, whole hearts were transferred to a Langendorff-perfusion system for multiparametric imaging (voltage, calcium). Optical mapping was performed in conjunction with an electrophysiology study to assess cardiac dynamics throughout development. Postnatal age was associated with an increase in the heart rate (181 ± 34 vs. 429 ± 13 beats/min), faster atrioventricular conduction (94 ± 13 vs. 46 ± 3 ms), shortened action potentials (APD80: 113 ± 18 vs. 60 ± 17 ms), and decreased ventricular refractoriness (VERP: 157 ± 45 vs. 57 ± 14 ms; neonatal vs. adults, means ± SD, P < 0.05). Calcium handling matured with development, resulting in shortened calcium transient durations (168 ± 18 vs. 117 ± 14 ms) and decreased propensity for calcium transient alternans (160 ± 18- vs. 99 ± 11-ms cycle length threshold; neonatal vs. adults, mean ± SD, P < 0.05). Results of this study can serve as a comprehensive baseline for future studies focused on pediatric disease modeling and/or preclinical testing.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to assess cardiac electrophysiology and calcium handling throughout postnatal development, using both in vivo and whole heart models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luther M Swift
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia.,Children's National Heart Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Morgan Burke
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia.,Children's National Heart Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Devon Guerrelli
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia.,Children's National Heart Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Marissa Reilly
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Manelle Ramadan
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia.,Children's National Heart Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Damon McCullough
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia.,Children's National Heart Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Tomas Prudencio
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Colm Mulvany
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Ashika Chaluvadi
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Rafael Jaimes
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia.,Children's National Heart Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Nikki Gillum Posnack
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia.,Children's National Heart Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia.,Department of Pediatrics and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
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28
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Ahrens-Nicklas RC, Pappas CT, Farman GP, Mayfield RM, Larrinaga TM, Medne L, Ritter A, Krantz ID, Murali C, Lin KY, Berger JH, Yum SW, Carreon CK, Gregorio CC. Disruption of cardiac thin filament assembly arising from a mutation in LMOD2: A novel mechanism of neonatal dilated cardiomyopathy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaax2066. [PMID: 31517052 PMCID: PMC6726455 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax2066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal heart failure is a rare, poorly-understood presentation of familial dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Exome sequencing in a neonate with severe DCM revealed a homozygous nonsense variant in leiomodin 2 (LMOD2, p.Trp398*). Leiomodins (Lmods) are actin-binding proteins that regulate actin filament assembly. While disease-causing mutations in smooth (LMOD1) and skeletal (LMOD3) muscle isoforms have been described, the cardiac (LMOD2) isoform has not been previously associated with human disease. Like our patient, Lmod2-null mice have severe early-onset DCM and die before weaning. The infant's explanted heart showed extraordinarily short thin filaments with isolated cardiomyocytes displaying a large reduction in maximum calcium-activated force production. The lack of extracardiac symptoms in Lmod2-null mice, and remarkable morphological and functional similarities between the patient and mouse model informed the decision to pursue cardiac transplantation in the patient. To our knowledge, this is the first report of aberrant cardiac thin filament assembly associated with human cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C. Ahrens-Nicklas
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christopher T. Pappas
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Gerrie P. Farman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Rachel M. Mayfield
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Tania M. Larrinaga
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Livija Medne
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alyssa Ritter
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ian D. Krantz
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chaya Murali
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kimberly Y. Lin
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Justin H. Berger
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sabrina W. Yum
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chrystalle Katte Carreon
- Department of Pathology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carol C. Gregorio
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Moysés-Oliveira M, Cabral V, Gigek CO, Corrêa DCDC, Di-Battista A, Stumpp T, Melaragno MI. Search for appropriate reference genes for quantitative reverse transcription PCR studies in somite, prosencephalon and heart of early mouse embryo. Gene 2019; 710:148-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Selection of optimal reference genes for gene expression studies in chronically hypoxic rat heart. Mol Cell Biochem 2019; 461:15-22. [PMID: 31300984 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-019-03584-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Adaptation to chronic hypoxia renders the heart more tolerant to ischemia/reperfusion injury. To evaluate changes in gene expression after adaptation to chronic hypoxia by RT-qPCR, it is essential to select suitable reference genes. In a chronically hypoxic rat model, no specific reference genes have been identified in the myocardium. This study aimed to select the best reference genes in the left (LV) and right (RV) ventricles of chronically hypoxic and normoxic rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were adapted to continuous normobaric hypoxia (CNH; 12% O2 or 10% O2) for 3 weeks. The expression levels of candidate genes were assessed by RT-qPCR. The stability of genes was evaluated by NormFinder, geNorm and BestKeeper algorithms. The best five reference genes in the LV were Top1, Nupl2, Rplp1, Ywhaz, Hprt1 for the milder CNH and Top1, Ywhaz, Sdha, Nupl2, Tomm22 for the stronger CNH. In the RV, the top five genes were Hprt1, Nupl2, Gapdh, Top1, Rplp1 for the milder CNH and Tomm22, Gapdh, Hprt1, Nupl2, Top1 for the stronger CNH. This study provides validation of reference genes in LV and RV of CNH rats and shows that suitable reference genes differ in the two ventricles and depend on experimental protocol.
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Molina CE, Jacquet E, Ponien P, Muñoz-Guijosa C, Baczkó I, Maier LS, Donzeau-Gouge P, Dobrev D, Fischmeister R, Garnier A. Identification of optimal reference genes for transcriptomic analyses in normal and diseased human heart. Cardiovasc Res 2019; 114:247-258. [PMID: 29036603 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Quantitative real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) has become the method of choice for mRNA quantification, but requires an accurate normalization based on the use of reference genes showing invariant expression across various pathological conditions. Only few data exist on appropriate reference genes for the human heart. The objective of this study was to determine a set of suitable reference genes in human atrial and ventricular tissues, from right and left cavities in control and in cardiac diseases. Methods and results We assessed the expression of 16 reference genes (ACTB, B2M, GAPDH, GUSB, HMBS, HPRT1, IPO8, PGK1, POLR2A, PPIA, RPLP0, TBP, TFRC, UBC, YWHAZ, 18S) in tissues from: right and left ventricles from healthy controls and heart failure (HF) patients; right-atrial tissue from patients in sinus rhythm with (SRd) or without (SRnd) atrial dilatation, patients with paroxysmal (pAF) or chronic (cAF) atrial fibrillation or with HF; and left-atrial tissue from patients in SR or cAF. Consensual analysis (by geNorm and Normfinder algorithms, BestKeeper software tool and comparative delta-Ct method) of the variability scores obtained for each reference gene expression shows that the most stably expressed genes are: GAPDH, GUSB, IPO8, POLR2A, and YWHAZ when comparing either right and left ventricle or ventricle from healthy controls and HF patients; GAPDH, IPO8, POLR2A, PPIA, and RPLP0 when comparing either right and left atrium or right atria from all pathological groups. ACTB, TBP, TFRC, and 18S genes were identified as the least stable. Conclusions The overall most stable reference genes across different heart cavities and disease conditions were GAPDH, IPO8, POLR2A and PPIA. YWHAZ or GUSB could be added to this set for some specific experiments. This study should provide useful guidelines for reference gene selection in RT-qPCR studies in human heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina E Molina
- Inserm, UMR-S 1180, University of Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France.,Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Heart Research Center Göttingen, University Medical Center, Georg-August University Göttingen, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Göttingen, Germany
| | - Eric Jacquet
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, CNRS, University of Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Prishila Ponien
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, CNRS, University of Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Istvan Baczkó
- Department Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - Lars S Maier
- Department Internal Medicine II, University Heart Center, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Dobromir Dobrev
- West German Heart and Vascular Center, Institute of Pharmacology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Rodolphe Fischmeister
- Inserm, UMR-S 1180, University of Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Anne Garnier
- Inserm, UMR-S 1180, University of Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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Musikant D, Sato H, Capobianco E, White V, Jawerbaum A, Higa R. Altered FOXO1 activation in the programming of cardiovascular alterations by maternal diabetes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 479:78-86. [PMID: 30217602 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Maternal diabetes programs cardiovascular alterations in the adult offspring but the mechanisms involved remain unclarified. Here, we addresed whether maternal diabetes programs cardiac alterations related to extracellular matrix remodeling in the adult offspring, as well as the role of forkhead box transcription factor 1 (FOXO1) in the induction of these alterations. The heart from adult offspring from control and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats was evaluated. Increased glycemia, triglyceridemia and insulinemia and markers of cardiomyopathy were found in the offspring from diabetic rats. In the heart, an increase in active FOXO1 and mRNA levels of its target genes, Mmp-2 and Ctgf, genes related to an altered extracellular matrix remodeling, together with an increase in collagen deposition and a decrease in the connexin43 levels, were found in the offspring from diabetic rats. Altogether, these results suggest an important role of FOXO1 activation in the cardiac alterations induced by intrauterine programming in maternal diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Musikant
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Hugo Sato
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Laboratory of Reproduction and Metabolism, CEFYBO, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Evangelina Capobianco
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Laboratory of Reproduction and Metabolism, CEFYBO, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Verónica White
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Laboratory of Reproduction and Metabolism, CEFYBO, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia Jawerbaum
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Laboratory of Reproduction and Metabolism, CEFYBO, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Romina Higa
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Laboratory of Reproduction and Metabolism, CEFYBO, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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The Impact of Moderate Chronic Hypoxia and Hyperoxia on the Level of Apoptotic and Autophagic Proteins in Myocardial Tissue. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:5786742. [PMID: 30186545 PMCID: PMC6116398 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5786742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The redox imbalance and the consequent oxidative stress have been implicated in many pathological conditions, including cardiovascular diseases. The lack or the excess of O2 supply can alter the redox balance. The aim of the present study was to understand the heart responses to prolonged hypoxia or hyperoxia and how such situations may activate survival mechanisms or trigger cell death. Seven-week-old Foxn1 mice were exposed to hypoxia (10% O2), normoxia (21% O2), or hyperoxia (30% O2) for 28 days, then the heart tissue was excised and analyzed. The alterations in redox balance, housekeeping protein levels, and autophagic and apoptotic process regulation were studied. The D-ROM test demonstrated an increased oxidative stress in the hypoxic group compared to the hyperoxic group. The level of hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1α) was increased by hypoxia while HIF-2α was not affected by treatments. Chronic hypoxia activated the biochemical markers of autophagy, and we observed elevated levels of Beclin-1 while LC3B-II and p62 were constant. Nevertheless, we measured significantly enhanced number of TUNEL-positive cells and higher Bax/Bcl2 ratio in hyperoxia with respect to hypoxia. Surprisingly, our results revealed alterations in the level of housekeeping proteins. The expression of α-tubulin, total-actin, and GAPDH was increased in the hypoxic group while decreased in the hyperoxic group. These findings suggest that autophagy is induced in the heart under hypoxia, which may serve as a protective mechanism in response to enhanced oxidative stress. While prolonged hypoxia-induced autophagy leads to reduced heart apoptosis, low autophagic level in hyperoxia failed to prevent the excessive DNA fragmentation.
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Wang YN, Gao L, Wu SY, Qin S. Low-Dose 4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal (HNE) Reperfusion Therapy Displays Cardioprotective Effects in Mice After Myocardial Infarction That Are Abrogated by Genipin. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:3702-3709. [PMID: 29858912 PMCID: PMC6014150 DOI: 10.12659/msm.910494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Revascularization is a successful therapeutic strategy for myocardial infarction. However, restoring coronary blood flow can lead to ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Low-dose 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) therapy appears to play a key role in myocardial tolerance to I/R injury. We hypothesized that the positive effects of HNE on myocardial I/R injury may be UCP3-dependent. Material/Methods Adult male wild-type (WT) or UCP3 knockout (UCP3−/−) mice were pre-treated with the UCP inhibitor genipin or saline 1 h before ischemia and underwent 30-min coronary artery ligation followed by 24-h reperfusion. Mice were treated with intravenous HNE (4 mg/kg) or saline 5 min before reperfusion. Echocardiography was conducted to measure left ventricular end-diastolic posterior wall thickness (LVPWd), end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD), and fractional shortening (FS). Infarct size was measured by TTC staining. qRT-PCR and Western blotting were used to assess the expression of UCP3, UCP2, and the apoptosis markers cytochrome C and cleaved caspase-3. Results HNE improved survival at 24 h post-MI in wild-type mice (p<0.05) but not in UCP3−/− mice. HNE preserved LVEDD and FS in WT mice (p<0.05) but not in UCP3−/− mice. HNE reduced infarct size in WT mice (p<0.05) but not in UCP3−/− mice. HNE upregulated UCP3 expression (p<0.05) but did not affect UCP2 expression. HNE reduced apoptosis marker expression in WT mice (p<0.05) but not in UCP3−/− mice. HNE’s positive effects were abrogated by genipin in an UCP3-dependent manner. Conclusions Low-dose HNE reperfusion therapy attenuates murine myocardial I/R injury in an UCP3-dependent manner. These effects are abrogated by genipin in an UCP3-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Nan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Lei Gao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Shi-Yong Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Shu Qin
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
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Wei K, Zhang T, Ma L. Divergent and convergent evolution of housekeeping genes in human-pig lineage. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4840. [PMID: 29844985 PMCID: PMC5971102 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Housekeeping genes are ubiquitously expressed and maintain basic cellular functions across tissue/cell type conditions. The present study aimed to develop a set of pig housekeeping genes and compare the structure, evolution and function of housekeeping genes in the human–pig lineage. By using RNA sequencing data, we identified 3,136 pig housekeeping genes. Compared with human housekeeping genes, we found that pig housekeeping genes were longer and subjected to slightly weaker purifying selection pressure and faster neutral evolution. Common housekeeping genes, shared by the two species, achieve stronger purifying selection than species-specific genes. However, pig- and human-specific housekeeping genes have similar functions. Some species-specific housekeeping genes have evolved independently to form similar protein active sites or structure, such as the classical catalytic serine–histidine–aspartate triad, implying that they have converged for maintaining the basic cellular function, which allows them to adapt to the environment. Human and pig housekeeping genes have varied structures and gene lists, but they have converged to maintain basic cellular functions essential for the existence of a cell, regardless of its specific role in the species. The results of our study shed light on the evolutionary dynamics of housekeeping genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wei
- College of Life Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- College of Life Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Lei Ma
- College of Life Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
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Dzaki N, Azzam G. Assessment of Aedes albopictus reference genes for quantitative PCR at different stages of development. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194664. [PMID: 29554153 PMCID: PMC5858815 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the Aedes genus of mosquitoes are widely recognized as vectors of viral diseases. Ae.albopictus is its most invasive species, and are known to carry viruses such as Dengue, Chikugunya and Zika. Its emerging importance puts Ae.albopictus on the forefront of genetic interaction and evolution studies. However, a panel of suitable reference genes specific for this insect is as of now undescribed. Nine reference genes, namely ACT, eEF1-γ, eIF2α, PP2A, RPL32, RPS17, PGK1, ILK and STK were evaluated. Expression patterns of the candidate reference genes were observed in a total of seventeen sample types, separated by stage of development and age. Gene stability was inferred from obtained quantification data through three widely cited evaluation algorithms i.e. BestKeeper, geNorm, and NormFinder. No single gene showed a satisfactory degree of stability throughout all developmental stages. Therefore, we propose combinations of PGK and ILK for early embryos; RPL32 and RPS17 for late embryos, all four larval instars, and pupae samples; eEF1-γ with STK for adult males; eEF1-γ with RPS17 for non-blood fed females; and eEF1-γ with eIF2α for both blood-fed females and cell culture. The results from this study should be able to provide a more informed selection of normalizing genes during qPCR in Ae.albopictus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najat Dzaki
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Ghows Azzam
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
- Vector Control and Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
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Lv J, Xiong W, Lei T, Wang H, Sun M, Hao E, Wang Z, Huang X, Deng S, Deng J, Wang Y. Amygdalin ameliorates the progression of atherosclerosis in LDL receptor‑deficient mice. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:8171-8179. [PMID: 28983592 PMCID: PMC5779902 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that regulatory T cells (Tregs) are pivotal in the regulation of T cell-mediated immune responses in atherosclerosis, a chronic autoimmune-like disease. In the authors' previous studies, it was demonstrated that amygdalin ameliorated atherosclerosis by the regulation of Tregs in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE−/−) mice. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the therapeutic effect of amygdalin on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor deficient (LDLR−/−) mice, and to examine its immune regulatory function by the stimulation of Tregs. To establish an atherosclerosis mouse model, the LDLR−/− mice were fed a high fat and high cholesterol diet then the total plasma cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL and chemokines levels were measured by an ELISA. Following sacrificing the mice, the upper sections of the aorta were stained by hematoxylin and eosin, and Oil red O to assess the plaque area. Then western blotting and reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions were performed to analysis the expression levels of cluster of differentiation 68, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9 and forkhead box P3 (Foxp3). To further confirm the activation of FOXP3 by amygdalin, lentiviruses carrying Foxp3 shRNA were injected into the mice, and the serum cytokines levels were measured by ELISA. Following feeding of the mice with a high-fat/high-cholesterol diet, the LDLR−/− mice demonstrated comparatively higher levels of triglyceride, total cholesterol and LDL, compared with levels in the amygdalin-treated mice. By comparing the vessel area, lumen area, plaque area, and percentage aortic plaque coverage, the effects of amygdalin on pre-existing lesions were assessed. In addition, the levels of CD68, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, MMP-2 and MMP-9 were analyzed, and analysis of the expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α indicated that the mice treated with amygdalin had decreased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The mRNA and protein levels of Foxp3 were also quantified, and the mice treated with amygdalin demonstrated an increased number of Tregs. The knockdown of Foxp3mRNA resulted in the increased secretion of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α. Therefore, the data indicated that amygdalin regulated the formation of atherosclerosis and stabilized the plaque by suppressing inflammatory responses and promoting the immune-modulation function of Tregs. Taken together, the results demonstrated the therapeutic effect of amygdalin on atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhen Lv
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530200, P.R. China
| | - Wen Xiong
- Department of Ultrasound, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Tiantian Lei
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical School of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610054, P.R. China
| | - Hailian Wang
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Minghan Sun
- Department of Gynecology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Erwei Hao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530200, P.R. China
| | - Zhiping Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530200, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqi Huang
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Traditional Chinese Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530001, P.R. China
| | - Shaoping Deng
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Jiagang Deng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530200, P.R. China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
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Meier S, Andressen KW, Aronsen JM, Sjaastad I, Hougen K, Skomedal T, Osnes JB, Qvigstad E, Levy FO, Moltzau LR. PDE3 inhibition by C-type natriuretic peptide-induced cGMP enhances cAMP-mediated signaling in both non-failing and failing hearts. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 812:174-183. [PMID: 28697992 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that the natriuretic peptide receptor B (NPR-B) agonist C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) enhances cyclic adenosine 3´,5´-monophosphate (cAMP)-mediated signaling in failing hearts, through cyclic guanosine 3´,5´-monophosphate (cGMP)-mediated phosphodiesterase (PDE) 3 inhibition. As several signaling pathways are importantly changed in failing hearts, it could not be taken for granted that this crosstalk would be the same in non-failing hearts. Thus, we wanted to clarify to which extent this effect of CNP occurred also in non-failing hearts. Inotropic and lusitropic responses were measured in muscle strips and cGMP levels, localized cAMP levels, cAMP-PDE activity and mRNA levels were analyzed in isolated cardiomyocytes from left ventricles of non-failing and failing rat hearts. CNP increased cGMP and enhanced β1- and β2-adrenoceptor-mediated inotropic and β1-adrenoceptor-mediated lusitropic responses, in non-failing and failing hearts. The NPR-A agonist brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) increased cGMP, but did not affect inotropic or lusitropic responses, indicating different compartmentation of cGMP from the two natriuretic peptide receptors. cAMP-PDE activity of PDE3 was concentration-dependently inhibited by cGMP with the same potency and to the same extent in non-failing and failing cardiomyocytes. CNP enhanced β1-adrenoceptor-induced cAMP increase in living cardiomyocytes in the absence, but not in the presence of a PDE3 inhibitor indicating involvement of PDE3. In summary, CNP sensitizes cAMP-mediated signaling in non-failing as in failing hearts, via NPR-B-mediated increase of cGMP that inhibits the cAMP-PDE activity of PDE3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silja Meier
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Center for Heart Failure Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjetil Wessel Andressen
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Center for Heart Failure Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Magnus Aronsen
- Center for Heart Failure Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Bjørknes College, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ivar Sjaastad
- Center for Heart Failure Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Karina Hougen
- Center for Heart Failure Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tor Skomedal
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Center for Heart Failure Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan-Bjørn Osnes
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Center for Heart Failure Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eirik Qvigstad
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Center for Heart Failure Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Finn Olav Levy
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Center for Heart Failure Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Lise Román Moltzau
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Center for Heart Failure Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Li M, Rao M, Chen K, Zhou J, Song J. Selection of reference genes for gene expression studies in heart failure for left and right ventricles. Gene 2017; 620:30-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Fas Receptor Activation by Endogenous Opioids Is A New Mechanism for Cardiomyopathy in Cirrhotic Rats. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2017; 7:107-114. [PMID: 28663674 PMCID: PMC5478937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cirrhosis, a common consequence of chronic liver inflammation is associated with various cardiovascular dysfunctions which are called cirrhotic cardiomyopathy (CC). Among the various possible causes of CC, apoptosis is considered to have a pivotal role. OBJECTIVES To explore the contribution of endogenous opioids in the apoptosis process in a rat model of CC. MATERIAL AND METHODS Four genes were selected to cover both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of apoptosis. Cardiac samples from 4 groups of rats were evaluated. Two groups were cirrhotic through bile duct ligation (BDL) receiving either naltrexone (BDL-naltrexone) or saline (BDL-saline), two others were normal rats as sham groups receiving either naltrexone (sham-naltrexone) or saline (sham-saline). Expression level of BCL2, Caspase3, Fas and FasL was explored in all groups using reverse transcriptase real-time PCR. RESULTS BDL-saline group showed significant over-expression of BCL2, caspase3 and Fas. BCL2 expression was 1.44 (P < 0.001) and caspasse3 was 1.35 (P < 0.001) times higher than sham-saline group, Fas was also overexpressed 1.3 (P < 0.001) times higher than BDL-naltrexone group and 1.91 (P < 0.001) compared to sham-naltrexone group. Caspase3 expression was 1.35 (P < 0.001) folds higher than sham-naltrexone group. The expression pattern of FasL revealed no statistically significant change among study groups. CONCLUSION Fas molecule enrollment during CC is a novel finding. Fas molecule is activated during cirrhosis through elevated levels of endogenous opioids. This pathway is one of the leading causes of CC. Our findings also demonstrated the protective role of naltrexone as opioids antagonist on cardiomyocytes in a rat model of CC.
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Ghasemi S, Mirshokraei P, Hassanpour H, Sardari K. Identification of Reliable Reference Genes for Quantitative Real-Time PCR in Equine Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes Treated by Doxycycline. J Equine Vet Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Nixon BR, Williams AF, Glennon MS, de Feria AE, Sebag SC, Baldwin HS, Becker JR. Alterations in sarcomere function modify the hyperplastic to hypertrophic transition phase of mammalian cardiomyocyte development. JCI Insight 2017; 2:e90656. [PMID: 28239655 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.90656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It remains unclear how perturbations in cardiomyocyte sarcomere function alter postnatal heart development. We utilized murine models that allowed manipulation of cardiac myosin-binding protein C (MYBPC3) expression at critical stages of cardiac ontogeny to study the response of the postnatal heart to disrupted sarcomere function. We discovered that the hyperplastic to hypertrophic transition phase of mammalian heart development was altered in mice lacking MYBPC3 and this was the critical period for subsequent development of cardiomyopathy. Specifically, MYBPC3-null hearts developed evidence of increased cardiomyocyte endoreplication, which was accompanied by enhanced expression of cell cycle stimulatory cyclins and increased phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein. Interestingly, this response was self-limited at later developmental time points by an upregulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21. These results provide valuable insights into how alterations in sarcomere protein function modify postnatal heart development and highlight the potential for targeting cell cycle regulatory pathways to counteract cardiomyopathic stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sara C Sebag
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine
| | - H Scott Baldwin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology.,Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology
| | - Jason R Becker
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Reference genes for gene expression studies in the mouse heart. Sci Rep 2017; 7:24. [PMID: 28154421 PMCID: PMC5428317 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00043-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
To be accurate, quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) studies require a set of stable reference genes for normalization. This is especially critical in cardiac research because of the diversity of the clinical and experimental conditions in the field. We analyzed the stability of previously described as potential reference genes in different subsets of cardiac tissues, each representing a different field in cardiac research. The qPCR dataset was based on 119 different tissue samples derived from cardiac development to pathology in mouse adult hearts. These samples were grouped into 47 tissue types. The stability of 9 candidate genes was analyzed in each of 12 experimental conditions comprising different groupings of these tissue types. Expression stability was determined with the geNorm module of qbase+. This analysis showed that different sets of two or three reference genes are required for analysis of qPCR data in different experimental conditions in murine cardiac research.
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Taguchi YH. Identification of Candidate Drugs for Heart Failure Using Tensor Decomposition-Based Unsupervised Feature Extraction Applied to Integrated Analysis of Gene Expression Between Heart Failure and DrugMatrix Datasets. INTELLIGENT COMPUTING THEORIES AND APPLICATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-63312-1_45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Rueda-Martínez C, Fernández MC, Soto-Navarrete MT, Jiménez-Navarro M, Durán AC, Fernández B. Identification of Reference Genes for Quantitative Real Time PCR Assays in Aortic Tissue of Syrian Hamsters with Bicuspid Aortic Valve. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164070. [PMID: 27711171 PMCID: PMC5053431 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is the most frequent congenital cardiac malformation in humans, and appears frequently associated with dilatation of the ascending aorta. This association is likely the result of a common aetiology. Currently, a Syrian hamster strain with a relatively high (∼40%) incidence of BAV constitutes the only spontaneous animal model of BAV disease. The characterization of molecular alterations in the aorta of hamsters with BAV may serve to identify pathophysiological mechanisms and molecular markers of disease in humans. In this report, we evaluate the expression of ten candidate reference genes in aortic tissue of hamsters in order to identify housekeeping genes for normalization using quantitative real time PCR (RT-qPCR) assays. A total of 51 adult (180-240 days old) and 56 old (300-440 days old) animals were used. They belonged to a control strain of hamsters with normal, tricuspid aortic valve (TAV; n = 30), or to the affected strain of hamsters with TAV (n = 45) or BAV (n = 32). The expression stability of the candidate reference genes was determined by RT-qPCR using three statistical algorithms, GeNorm, NormFinder and Bestkeeper. The expression analyses showed that the most stable reference genes for the three algorithms employed were Cdkn1β, G3pdh and Polr2a. We propose the use of Cdkn1β, or both Cdkn1β and G3pdh as reference genes for mRNA expression analyses in Syrian hamster aorta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Rueda-Martínez
- UGC del Corazón, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Red de Investigación Cardiovascular (RIC), Málaga, Spain
| | - M. Carmen Fernández
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Manuel Jiménez-Navarro
- UGC del Corazón, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Red de Investigación Cardiovascular (RIC), Málaga, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - Ana Carmen Durán
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - Borja Fernández
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
- * E-mail:
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The Challenge of Stability in High-Throughput Gene Expression Analysis: Comprehensive Selection and Evaluation of Reference Genes for BALB/c Mice Spleen Samples in the Leishmania infantum Infection Model. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163219. [PMID: 27668434 PMCID: PMC5036817 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of Leishmania with BALB/c mice induces dramatic changes in transcriptome patterns in the parasite, but also in the target organs (spleen, liver…) due to its response against infection. Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) is an interesting approach to analyze these changes and understand the immunological pathways that lead to protection or progression of disease. However, qPCR results need to be normalized against one or more reference genes (RG) to correct for non-specific experimental variation. The development of technical platforms for high-throughput qPCR analysis, and powerful software for analysis of qPCR data, have acknowledged the problem that some reference genes widely used due to their known or suspected “housekeeping” roles, should be avoided due to high expression variability across different tissues or experimental conditions. In this paper we evaluated the stability of 112 genes using three different algorithms: geNorm, NormFinder and RefFinder in spleen samples from BALB/c mice under different experimental conditions (control and Leishmania infantum-infected mice). Despite minor discrepancies in the stability ranking shown by the three methods, most genes show very similar performance as RG (either good or poor) across this massive data set. Our results show that some of the genes traditionally used as RG in this model (i.e. B2m, Polr2a and Tbp) are clearly outperformed by others. In particular, the combination of Il2rg + Itgb2 was identified among the best scoring candidate RG for every group of mice and every algorithm used in this experimental model. Finally, we have demonstrated that using “traditional” vs rationally-selected RG for normalization of gene expression data may lead to loss of statistical significance of gene expression changes when using large-scale platforms, and therefore misinterpretation of results. Taken together, our results highlight the need for a comprehensive, high-throughput search for the most stable reference genes in each particular experimental model.
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Holzem KM, Vinnakota KC, Ravikumar VK, Madden EJ, Ewald GA, Dikranian K, Beard DA, Efimov IR. Mitochondrial structure and function are not different between nonfailing donor and end-stage failing human hearts. FASEB J 2016; 30:2698-707. [PMID: 27075244 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201500118r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
During human heart failure, the balance of cardiac energy use switches from predominantly fatty acids (FAs) to glucose. We hypothesized that this substrate shift was the result of mitochondrial degeneration; therefore, we examined mitochondrial oxidation and ultrastructure in the failing human heart by using respirometry, transmission electron microscopy, and gene expression studies of demographically matched donor and failing human heart left ventricular (LV) tissues. Surprisingly, respiratory capacities for failing LV isolated mitochondria (n = 9) were not significantly diminished compared with donor LV isolated mitochondria (n = 7) for glycolysis (pyruvate + malate)- or FA (palmitoylcarnitine)-derived substrates, and mitochondrial densities, assessed via citrate synthase activity, were consistent between groups. Transmission electron microscopy images also showed no ultrastructural remodeling for failing vs. donor mitochondria; however, the fraction of lipid droplets (LDs) in direct contact with a mitochondrion was reduced, and the average distance between an LD and its nearest neighboring mitochondrion was increased. Analysis of FA processing gene expression between donor and failing LVs revealed 0.64-fold reduced transcript levels for the mitochondrial-LD tether, perilipin 5, in the failing myocardium (P = 0.003). Thus, reduced FA use in heart failure may result from improper delivery, potentially via decreased perilipin 5 expression and mitochondrial-LD tethering, and not from intrinsic mitochondrial dysfunction.-Holzem, K. M., Vinnakota, K. C., Ravikumar, V. K., Madden, E. J., Ewald, G. A., Dikranian, K., Beard, D. A., Efimov, I. R. Mitochondrial structure and function are not different between nonfailing donor and end-stage failing human hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Holzem
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Kalyan C Vinnakota
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Vinod K Ravikumar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Eli J Madden
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Gregory A Ewald
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Krikor Dikranian
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Daniel A Beard
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Igor R Efimov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; George Washington University, Washington, D.C., USA
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Bagul PK, Dinda A, Banerjee SK. Effect of resveratrol on sirtuins expression and cardiac complications in diabetes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 468:221-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.10.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Meschin P, Demion M, Cazorla O, Finan A, Thireau J, Richard S, Lacampagne A. p11 modulates calcium handling through 5-HT4R pathway in rat ventricular cardiomyocytes. Cell Calcium 2015; 58:549-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Revised: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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50
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Hu Q, Guo W, Gao Y, Tang R, Li D. Reference gene selection for real-time RT-PCR normalization in rice field eel (Monopterus albus) during gonad development. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2014; 40:1721-1730. [PMID: 25079246 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-014-9962-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Real-time reverse transcriptase (RT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) requires data normalization using an appropriate reference gene in order to obtain more reliable results with biological significance. We cloned a partial sequence of elongation factor-1-α (EF1α) and ribosomal protein L17 (RPL17) from Monopterus albus. We investigated the suitability of five commonly used reference genes [18S ribosomal RNA (18S), cytoskeletal protein (β-actin), glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), EF1α and RPL17] as potential quantitative reference genes for normalizing real-time RT-PCR data generated in gonads of different developmental stages and in other tissues of M. albus. Analysis of the data indicated that 18S, β-actin and GAPDH are not suitable as reference genes because of their levels of variations of expression. EF1α and RPL17 might be suitable as reference genes in the gonads of different developmental stages as well as in other tissues of M. albus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Hu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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