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Leduc T, El Alami H, Bougadir K, Bélanger-Nelson E, Mongrain V. Neuroligin-2 shapes individual slow waves during slow-wave sleep and the response to sleep deprivation in mice. Mol Autism 2024; 15:13. [PMID: 38570872 PMCID: PMC10993465 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-024-00594-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep disturbances are a common comorbidity to most neurodevelopmental disorders and tend to worsen disease symptomatology. It is thus crucial to understand mechanisms underlying sleep disturbances to improve patients' quality of life. Neuroligin-2 (NLGN2) is a synaptic adhesion protein regulating GABAergic transmission. It has been linked to autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia in humans, and deregulations of its expression were shown to cause epileptic-like hypersynchronized cerebral activity in rodents. Importantly, the absence of Nlgn2 (knockout: KO) was previously shown to alter sleep-wake duration and quality in mice, notably increasing slow-wave sleep (SWS) delta activity (1-4 Hz) and altering its 24-h dynamics. This type of brain oscillation is involved in memory consolidation, and is also a marker of homeostatic sleep pressure. Sleep deprivation (SD) is notably known to impair cognition and the physiological response to sleep loss involves GABAergic transmission. METHODS Using electrocorticographic (ECoG) recordings, we here first aimed to verify how individual slow wave (SW; 0.5-4 Hz) density and properties (e.g., amplitude, slope, frequency) contribute to the higher SWS delta activity and altered 24-h dynamics observed in Nlgn2 KO mice. We further investigated the response of these animals to SD. Finally, we tested whether sleep loss affects the gene expression of Nlgn2 and related GABAergic transcripts in the cerebral cortex of wild-type mice using RNA sequencing. RESULTS Our results show that Nlgn2 KO mice have both greater SW amplitude and density, and that SW density is the main property contributing to the altered 24-h dynamics. We also found the absence of Nlgn2 to accelerate paradoxical sleep recovery following SD, together with profound alterations in ECoG activity across vigilance states. Sleep loss, however, did not modify the 24-h distribution of the hypersynchronized ECoG events observed in these mice. Finally, RNA sequencing confirmed an overall decrease in cortical expression of Nlgn2 and related GABAergic transcripts following SD in wild-type mice. CONCLUSIONS This work brings further insight into potential mechanisms of sleep duration and quality deregulation in neurodevelopmental disorders, notably involving NLGN2 and GABAergic neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Leduc
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre d'études avancées en médecine du sommeil (CÉAMS), Recherche - Centre intégré universitaire de santé et services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, 900, St-Denis street, Tour Viger Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Hiba El Alami
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre d'études avancées en médecine du sommeil (CÉAMS), Recherche - Centre intégré universitaire de santé et services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Khadija Bougadir
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre d'études avancées en médecine du sommeil (CÉAMS), Recherche - Centre intégré universitaire de santé et services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Erika Bélanger-Nelson
- Centre d'études avancées en médecine du sommeil (CÉAMS), Recherche - Centre intégré universitaire de santé et services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Pfizer Canada ULC, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Valérie Mongrain
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Centre d'études avancées en médecine du sommeil (CÉAMS), Recherche - Centre intégré universitaire de santé et services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, 900, St-Denis street, Tour Viger Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada.
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Wang Y, Zou J, Jia Y, Liang Y, Zhang X, Wang CL, Wang X, Guo D, Shi Y, Yang M. A Study on the Mechanism of Lavender in the Treatment of Insomnia Based on Network Pharmacology. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2021; 23:419-432. [PMID: 32233997 DOI: 10.2174/1386207323666200401095008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS AND OBJECTIVE The common disease of insomnia has complex and diverse clinical manifestations. Lavender represents an effective treatment of insomnia, but the molecular mechanism underlying the effectiveness of this treatment is not clear. The purpose of this study is to investigate the active components, target proteins and molecular pathways of lavender in the treatment of insomnia, thus explaining its possible mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS Firstly, 54 active components of lavender were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The target protein of lavender was predicted by the Traditional Chinese Medicine System Pharmacological Database and Analysis Platform and the SwissTargetPredicating tool, and the target protein of insomnia was predicted by the DisGeNET and DrugBank databases. Then, the "component-target-disease" network diagram was constructed using the Cytoscape 3.7.1 software. KEGG and GO enrichments were analyzed using the R statistical language. Finally, the key target proteins were verified by collecting and verifying the target protein GEO data using the Discovery Studio 3.5 molecular docking verification software. RESULTS 906 target proteins of lavender were predicted by the Traditional Chinese Medicine System Pharmacological Database and Analysis Platform and the SwissTargetPredicating tool, and 182 insomnia target proteins were predicted by the DisGeNET and DrugBank databases. The results of GO enrichment analysis showed that it included the reaction process of ammonium ion, the regulation of the membrane potential and the secretion of catecholamine, while the results of KEGG enrichment included the calcium signaling pathway, serotonin synapse, morphine addiction and many more. Finally, using the Discovery Studio3.5 molecular docking verification software, it was verified that the key target proteins are ADRB1 and HLA-DRB1. CONCLUSION The components in the lavender essential oil include the Ethyl 2-(5-methyl-5-vinyltetrahydrofuran- 2-yl)propan-2-ylcarbonate (0.774); 5-Oxatricyclo[8.2.0.04,6]dodecane, 4,12,12-trimethyl- 9-methylene-, (1R,4R,6R,10S)-(0.147); P-Cymen-7-ol (0.063); .alpha-Humulenem (0.317); Acetic acid, hexyl ester (1.374); etc. The role lavender plays in the treatment of insomnia might be accomplished through the regulation of the key targets ADRB1 and HLA-DRB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Junbo Zou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, Shaanxi, P.R. China,Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Key Laboratory of Basic and New Drug Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Yanzhuo Jia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Yulin Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, Shaanxi, P.R. China,Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Key Laboratory of Basic and New Drug Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi, P.R. China,Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, P.R. China
| | - Chang-Li Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, Shaanxi, P.R. China,Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Key Laboratory of Basic and New Drug Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, Shaanxi, P.R. China,Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Key Laboratory of Basic and New Drug Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Dongyan Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, Shaanxi, P.R. China,Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Key Laboratory of Basic and New Drug Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Yajun Shi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, Shaanxi, P.R. China,Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Key Laboratory of Basic and New Drug Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Ming Yang
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, P.R. China
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Sleep Deprivation and Neurological Disorders. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:5764017. [PMID: 33381558 PMCID: PMC7755475 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5764017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sleep plays an important role in maintaining neuronal circuitry, signalling and helps maintain overall health and wellbeing. Sleep deprivation (SD) disturbs the circadian physiology and exerts a negative impact on brain and behavioural functions. SD impairs the cellular clearance of misfolded neurotoxin proteins like α-synuclein, amyloid-β, and tau which are involved in major neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. In addition, SD is also shown to affect the glymphatic system, a glial-dependent metabolic waste clearance pathway, causing accumulation of misfolded faulty proteins in synaptic compartments resulting in cognitive decline. Also, SD affects the immunological and redox system resulting in neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Hence, it is important to understand the molecular and biochemical alterations that are the causative factors leading to these pathophysiological effects on the neuronal system. This review is an attempt in this direction. It provides up-to-date information on the alterations in the key processes, pathways, and proteins that are negatively affected by SD and become reasons for neurological disorders over a prolonged period of time, if left unattended.
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Gao J, Yang C, Li D, Zhao L, Wang H. Enriched environment ameliorates memory impairments in rats after postsurgery sleep deprivation. J Chem Neuroanat 2020; 109:101850. [PMID: 32682752 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2020.101850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Postsurgery sleep deprivation is a common complication that severely deteriorates the quality of life of patients. Here we aim to investigate the effects and mechanism of enriched environment in ameliorating sleep deprivation and memory impairments. Hernia repair surgery was performed on rats to induce sleep deprivation. Enriched environment (EE) was used to treat rats with sleep deprivation, and open field and Y-maze tests were performed to compare behavioral parameters of sleep deprivation rats with or without EE treatments to those of normal rats. To understand the mechanism, neurotrophic and growth factors including BDNF, NGF, NT-3 and GDNF were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). AMPAR subunits, including GluA1-A3, and GABAA receptor α1 subunit expression in hippocampus tissues were assessed using western blot. EE restored normal levels of anxiety index and freezing behavior in open field test and level of alternation in Y-maze test, suggesting the reduction of anxiolytic effects and spatial memory impairment induced by sleep deprivation. EE increased BDNF levels and reduced NT-3 levels in sleep deprivation rats. GluA1/GluA2 ratio was increased by EE. GABAA receptor α1 subunit expression was decreased by EE. EE is effective in ameliorating the detrimental effects of sleep deprivation in spatial memory impairment, and restoring normal levels of neurotrophic factors, which are potentially mediated by attenuating the changes in AMPAR subunit expression and reducing GABAA receptor α1 subunit expression. These data provide supporting evidences for the use of EE to treat adverse outcomes of sleep deprivation induced by surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gao
- The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300170, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Haihe Hospital, 890 Jingu Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Chenyi Yang
- The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300170, China
| | - Dedong Li
- The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300170, China
| | - Lina Zhao
- The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300170, China
| | - Haiyun Wang
- The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300170, China; The Third Central Hospitai of Tianjin, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, 83 Jintang Road, Hedong District, Tianjin 300170, China.
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Jones BE. Arousal and sleep circuits. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:6-20. [PMID: 31216564 PMCID: PMC6879642 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0444-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The principal neurons of the arousal and sleep circuits are comprised by glutamate and GABA neurons, which are distributed within the reticular core of the brain and, through local and distant projections and interactions, regulate cortical activity and behavior across wake-sleep states. These are in turn modulated by the neuromodulatory systems that are comprised by acetylcholine, noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin, histamine, orexin (hypocretin), and melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons. Glutamate and GABA neurons are heterogeneous in their profiles of discharge, forming distinct functional cell types by selective or maximal discharge during (1) waking and paradoxical (REM) sleep, (2) during slow wave sleep, (3) during waking, or (4) during paradoxical (REM) sleep. The neuromodulatory systems are each homogeneous in their profile of discharge, the majority discharging maximally during waking and paradoxical sleep or during waking. Only MCH neurons discharge maximally during sleep. They each exert their modulatory influence upon other neurons through excitatory and inhibitory receptors thus effecting a concerted differential change in the functionally different cell groups. Both arousal and sleep circuit neurons are homeostatically regulated as a function of their activity in part through changes in receptors. The major pharmacological agents used for the treatment of wake and sleep disorders act upon GABA and neuromodulatory transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara E. Jones
- 0000 0004 1936 8649grid.14709.3bDepartment of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4 Canada
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Laing EE, Möller-Levet CS, Dijk DJ, Archer SN. Identifying and validating blood mRNA biomarkers for acute and chronic insufficient sleep in humans: a machine learning approach. Sleep 2019; 42:5106128. [PMID: 30247731 PMCID: PMC6335875 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute and chronic insufficient sleep are associated with adverse health outcomes and risk of accidents. There is therefore a need for biomarkers to monitor sleep debt status. None are currently available. We applied elastic net and ridge regression to transcriptome samples collected in 36 healthy young adults during acute total sleep deprivation and following 1 week of either chronic insufficient (<6 hr) or sufficient sleep (~8.6 hr) to identify panels of mRNA biomarkers of sleep debt status. The size of identified panels ranged from 9 to 74 biomarkers. Panel performance, assessed by leave-one-subject-out cross-validation and independent validation, varied between sleep debt conditions. Using between-subject assessments based on one blood sample, the accuracy of classifying "acute sleep loss" was 92%, but only 57% for classifying "chronic sleep insufficiency." A reasonable accuracy for classifying "chronic sleep insufficiency" could only be achieved by a within-subject comparison of blood samples. Biomarkers for sleep debt status showed little overlap with previously identified biomarkers for circadian phase. Biomarkers for acute and chronic sleep loss also showed little overlap but were associated with common functions related to the cellular stress response, such as heat shock protein activity, the unfolded protein response, protein ubiquitination and endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein degradation, and apoptosis. This characteristic response of whole blood to sleep loss can further aid our understanding of how sleep insufficiencies negatively affect health. Further development of these novel biomarkers for research and clinical practice requires validation in other protocols and age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma E Laing
- Department of Microbial Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Carla S Möller-Levet
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Derk-Jan Dijk
- Surrey Sleep Research Centre, School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Simon N Archer
- Surrey Sleep Research Centre, School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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Das RK, Herr KB, Parkar A, Kubin L. Increased tongue use enhances 5-HT 2C receptor immunostaining in hypoglossal motor nucleus. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2018; 260:105-113. [PMID: 30447306 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Hypoglossal (XII) motoneurons are activated by type 2 receptors for serotonin (5-HT). This activation is especially strong during wakefulness which facilitates diverse motor functions of the tongue, including the maintenance of upper airway patency in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients. We tested whether 5-HT2 receptor levels in the XII nucleus vary with intensity of tongue use. Three groups of rats were housed overnight under conditions of increasing oromotor activity: W-water available ad lib; S-sweetened water to stimulate drinking; S + O-sweetened water + oil applied on fur to increase grooming. After the exposures, immunostaining for 5-HT2C, but not 5-HT2A, receptors was higher in the XII nucleus in S + O than in W rats (65 ± 1.8 (SE) vs. 60 ± 2.0 arbitrary units; p = 0.008). In the medullary raphé obscurus region, the percentage of c-Fos-positive 5-HT cells was 13% higher (p = 0.03) in S + O than in W rats. The positive feedback between tongue use and 5-HT2C receptor immunostaining reveals a novel mechanism potentially relevant for OSA and neuromuscular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat K Das
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Kate B Herr
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Anjum Parkar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Leszek Kubin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Homeostatic Changes in GABA and Acetylcholine Muscarinic Receptors on GABAergic Neurons in the Mesencephalic Reticular Formation following Sleep Deprivation. eNeuro 2018; 4:eN-NWR-0269-17. [PMID: 29302615 PMCID: PMC5752701 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0269-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We have examined whether GABAergic neurons in the mesencephalic reticular formation (RFMes), which are believed to inhibit the neurons in the pons that generate paradoxical sleep (PS or REMS), are submitted to homeostatic regulation under conditions of sleep deprivation (SD) by enforced waking during the day in mice. Using immunofluorescence, we investigated first, by staining for c-Fos, whether GABAergic RFMes neurons are active during SD and then, by staining for receptors, whether their activity is associated with homeostatic changes in GABAA or acetylcholine muscarinic type 2 (AChM2) receptors (Rs), which evoke inhibition. We found that a significantly greater proportion of the GABAergic neurons were positively stained for c-Fos after SD (∼27%) as compared to sleep control (SC; ∼1%) and sleep recovery (SR; ∼6%), suggesting that they were more active during waking with SD and less active or inactive during sleep with SC and SR. The density of GABAARs and AChM2Rs on the plasma membrane of the GABAergic neurons was significantly increased after SD and restored to control levels after SR. We conclude that the density of these receptors is increased on RFMes GABAergic neurons during presumed enhanced activity with SD and is restored to control levels during presumed lesser or inactivity with SR. Such increases in GABAAR and AChM2R with sleep deficits would be associated with increased susceptibility of the wake-active GABAergic neurons to inhibition from GABAergic and cholinergic sleep-active neurons and to thus permitting the onset of sleep and PS with muscle atonia.
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Parsa H, Imani A, Faghihi M, Riahi E, Badavi M, Shakoori A, Rastegar T, Aghajani M, Rajani SF. Acute sleep deprivation preconditions the heart against ischemia/ reperfusion injury: the role of central GABA-A receptors. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2017; 20:1232-1241. [PMID: 29299201 PMCID: PMC5749358 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2017.9539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Central γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmission modulates cardiovascular functions and sleep. Acute sleep deprivation (ASD) affects functions of various body organs via different mechanisms. Here, we evaluated the effect of ASD on cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI), and studied the role of GABA-A receptor inhibition in central nucleus of amygdala (CeA) by assessing nitric oxide (NO) and oxidative stress. MATERIALS AND METHODS The CeA in sixty male Wistar rats was cannulated for saline or bicuculline (GABA-A receptor antagonist) administration. All animals underwent 30 min of coronary occlusion (ischemia), followed by 2 hr reperfusion (IR). The five experimental groups (n=12) included are as follows: IR: received saline; BIC+IR: received Bicuculline; MLP+IR: received saline, followed by the placement of animals in an aquarium with multiple large platforms; ASD+IR: underwent ASD in an aquarium with multiple small platforms; and BIC+ASD+IR: received bicuculline prior to ASD. RESULTS Bicuculline administration increased the malondialdehyde levels and infarct size, and decreased the NO metabolites levels and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene expression in infarcted and non-infarcted areas in comparison to IR group. ASD reduced malondialdehyde levels and infarct size and increased NO metabolites, corticosterone levels and eNOS expression in infarcted and non-infarcted areas as compared to the IR group. Levels of malondialdehyde were increased while levels of NO metabolites, corticosterone and eNOS expression in infarcted and non-infarcted areas were reduced in the BIC+ASD+IR as compared to the ASD+IR group. CONCLUSION Blockade of GABA-A receptors in the CeA abolishes ASD-induced cardioprotection by suppressing oxidative stress and NO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda Parsa
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Imani
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Occupational Sleep Research Center, Baharloo Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Faghihi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Esmail Riahi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Badavi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ahwaz University of Medical Sciences, Ahwaz, Iran
| | - Abbas Shakoori
- Department of Genetic, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tayebeh Rastegar
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marjan Aghajani
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sulail Fatima Rajani
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, International Campus, Tehran, Iran
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Del Cid-Pellitero E, Plavski A, Mainville L, Jones BE. Homeostatic Changes in GABA and Glutamate Receptors on Excitatory Cortical Neurons during Sleep Deprivation and Recovery. Front Syst Neurosci 2017; 11:17. [PMID: 28408870 PMCID: PMC5374161 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2017.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal activity is regulated in a homeostatic manner through changes in inhibitory GABA and excitatory glutamate (Glu) AMPA (A) receptors (GluARs). Using immunofluorescent staining, we examined whether calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIα (CaMKIIα)-labeled (+) excitatory neurons in the barrel cortex undergo such homeostatic regulation following enforced waking with associated cortical activation during the day when mice normally sleep the majority of the time. Sleep deprived mice were prevented from falling asleep by unilateral whisker stimulation and sleep recovery (SR) mice allowed to sleep freely following deprivation. In parallel with changes in c-Fos reflecting changes in activity, (β2-3 subunits of) GABAA Rs were increased on the membrane of CaMKIIα+ neurons with enforced waking and returned to baseline levels with SR in barrel cortex on sides both contra- and ipsilateral to the whisker stimulation. The GABAAR increase was correlated with increased gamma electroencephalographic (EEG) activity across conditions. On the other hand, (GluA1 subunits of) AMPA Rs were progressively removed from the membrane of CaMKIIα+ neurons by (Rab5+) early endosomes during enforced waking and returned to the membrane by (Rab11+) recycling endosomes during SR. The internalization of the GluA1Rs paralleled the expression of Arc, which mediates homeostatic regulation of AMPA receptors through an endocytic pathway. The reciprocal changes in GluA1Rs relative to GABAARs suggest homeostatic down-scaling during enforced waking and sensory stimulation and restorative up-scaling during recovery sleep. Such homeostatic changes with sleep-wake states and their associated cortical activities could stabilize excitability and activity in excitatory cortical neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Del Cid-Pellitero
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal Neurological InstituteMontreal, QC, Canada
| | - Anton Plavski
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal Neurological InstituteMontreal, QC, Canada
| | - Lynda Mainville
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal Neurological InstituteMontreal, QC, Canada
| | - Barbara E Jones
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal Neurological InstituteMontreal, QC, Canada
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GABA Receptors on Orexin and Melanin-Concentrating Hormone Neurons Are Differentially Homeostatically Regulated Following Sleep Deprivation. eNeuro 2016; 3:eN-NWR-0077-16. [PMID: 27294196 PMCID: PMC4899679 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0077-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Though overlapping in distribution through the hypothalamus, orexin (Orx) and melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons play opposite roles in the regulation of sleep-wake states. Orx neurons discharge during waking, whereas MCH neurons discharge during sleep. In the present study, we examined in mice whether GABAA and GABAB receptors (Rs) are present on Orx and MCH neurons and might undergo differential changes as a function of their different activities following sleep deprivation (SD) and sleep recovery (SR). Applying quantitative stereological image analysis to dual-immunofluorescent stained sections, we determined that the proportion of Orx neurons positively immunostained for GABAARs was significantly higher following SD (∼48%) compared with sleep control (SC; ∼24%) and SR (∼27%), and that the luminance of the GABAARs was significantly greater. In contrast, the average proportion of the MCH neurons immunostained for GABAARs was insignificantly lower following SD (∼43%) compared with SC (∼54%) and SR (56%), and the luminance of the GABAARs was significantly less. Although, GABABRs were observed in all Orx and MCH neurons (100%), the luminance of these receptors was differentially altered following SD. The intensity of GABABRs in the Orx neurons was significantly greater after SD than after SC and SR, whereas that in the MCH neurons was significantly less. The present results indicate that GABA receptors undergo dynamic and differential changes in the wake-active Orx neurons and the sleep-active MCH neurons as a function of and homeostatic adjustment to their preceding activity and sleep-wake state.
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Chanana P, Kumar A. GABA-BZD Receptor Modulating Mechanism of Panax quinquefolius against 72-h Sleep Deprivation Induced Anxiety like Behavior: Possible Roles of Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Neuroinflammation. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:84. [PMID: 27013946 PMCID: PMC4779932 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale:Panax quinquefolius (American Ginseng) is known for its therapeutic potential against various neurological disorders, but its plausible mechanism of action still remains undeciphered. GABA (Gamma Amino Butyric Acid) plays an important role in sleep wake cycle homeostasis. Thus, there exists rationale in exploring the GABA-ergic potential of Panax quinquefolius as neuroprotective strategy in sleep deprivation induced secondary neurological problems. Objective: The present study was designed to explore the possible GABA-ergic mechanism in the neuro-protective effect of Panax quinquefolius against 72-h sleep deprivation induced anxiety like behavior, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, HPA-axis activation and neuroinflammation. Materials and Methods: Male laca mice were sleep deprived for 72-h by using Grid suspended over water method. Panax quinquefolius (American Ginseng 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) was administered alone and in combination with GABA modulators (GABA Cl− channel inhibitor, GABA-benzodiazepine receptor inhibitor and GABAA agonist) for 8 days, starting 5 days prior to 72-h sleep deprivation period. Various behavioral (locomotor activity, mirror chamber test), biochemical (lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione, catalase, nitrite levels), mitochondrial complexes, neuroinflammation marker (Tumor Necrosis Factor, TNF-alpha), serum corticosterone, and histopathological sections of brains were assessed. Results: Seventy two hours sleep deprivation significantly impaired locomotor activity, caused anxiety-like behavior, conditions of oxidative stress, alterations in mitochondrial enzyme complex activities, raised serum corticosterone levels, brain TNFα levels and led to neuroinflammation like signs in discrete brain areas as compared to naive group. Panax quinquefolius (100 and 200 mg/kg) treatment restored the behavioral, biochemical, mitochondrial, molecular and histopathological alterations. Pre-treatment of GABA Cl− channel inhibitor as well as GABA-benzodiazepine receptor inhibitor, significantly reversed the protective effect of P. quinquefolius (100 mg/kg) in 72-h sleep deprived animals (P < 0.05). However, pretreatment with GABAA agonist, potentiated Panax quinquefolius's protective effect which was significant as compared to their effect per se (p < 0.05). Conclusion: GABA-ergic mechanism could be involved in the neuroprotective effect of P.quinquefolius against sleep deprivation induced anxiety-like behavior, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, HPA axis activation and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Chanana
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Study, Panjab University Chandigarh, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Study, Panjab University Chandigarh, India
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Vazquez-DeRose J, Schwartz MD, Nguyen AT, Warrier DR, Gulati S, Mathew TK, Neylan TC, Kilduff TS. Hypocretin/orexin antagonism enhances sleep-related adenosine and GABA neurotransmission in rat basal forebrain. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 221:923-40. [PMID: 25431268 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0946-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hypocretin/orexin (HCRT) neurons provide excitatory input to wake-promoting brain regions including the basal forebrain (BF). The dual HCRT receptor antagonist almorexant (ALM) decreases waking and increases sleep. We hypothesized that HCRT antagonists induce sleep, in part, through disfacilitation of BF neurons; consequently, ALM should have reduced efficacy in BF-lesioned (BFx) animals. To test this hypothesis, rats were given bilateral IgG-192-saporin injections, which predominantly targets cholinergic BF neurons. BFx and intact rats were then given oral ALM, the benzodiazepine agonist zolpidem (ZOL) or vehicle (VEH) at lights-out. ALM was less effective than ZOL at inducing sleep in BFx rats compared to controls. BF adenosine (ADO), γ-amino-butyric acid (GABA), and glutamate levels were then determined via microdialysis from intact, freely behaving rats following oral ALM, ZOL or VEH. ALM increased BF ADO and GABA levels during waking and mixed vigilance states, and preserved sleep-associated increases in GABA under low and high sleep pressure conditions. ALM infusion into the BF also enhanced cortical ADO release, demonstrating that HCRT input is critical for ADO signaling in the BF. In contrast, oral ZOL and BF-infused ZOL had no effect on ADO levels in either BF or cortex. ALM increased BF ADO (an endogenous sleep-promoting substance) and GABA (which is increased during normal sleep), and required an intact BF for maximal efficacy, whereas ZOL blocked sleep-associated BF GABA release, and required no functional contribution from the BF to induce sleep. ALM thus induces sleep by facilitating the neural mechanisms underlying the normal transition to sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Vazquez-DeRose
- Biosciences Division, Center for Neuroscience, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave., Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Michael D Schwartz
- Biosciences Division, Center for Neuroscience, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave., Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Alexander T Nguyen
- Biosciences Division, Center for Neuroscience, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave., Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Deepti R Warrier
- Biosciences Division, Center for Neuroscience, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave., Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Srishti Gulati
- Biosciences Division, Center for Neuroscience, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave., Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Thomas K Mathew
- Biosciences Division, Center for Neuroscience, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave., Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Thomas C Neylan
- UCSF San Francisco VA Medical Center/NCIRE, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
| | - Thomas S Kilduff
- Biosciences Division, Center for Neuroscience, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave., Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.
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GABAA receptor-mediated input change on orexin neurons following sleep deprivation in mice. Neuroscience 2014; 284:217-224. [PMID: 25286384 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.09.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Orexins are bioactive peptides, which have been shown to play a pivotal role in vigilance state transitions: the loss of orexin-producing neurons (orexin neurons) leads to narcolepsy with cataplexy in the human. However, the effect of the need for sleep (i.e., sleep pressure) on orexin neurons remains largely unknown. Here, we found that immunostaining intensities of the α1 subunit of the GABAA receptor and neuroligin 2, which is involved in inhibitory synapse specialization, on orexin neurons of mouse brain were significantly increased by 6-h sleep deprivation. In contrast, we noted that immunostaining intensities of the α2, γ2, and β2/3 subunits of the GABAA receptor and Huntingtin-associated protein 1, which is involved in GABAAR trafficking, were not changed by 6-h sleep deprivation. Using a slice patch recording, orexin neurons demonstrated increased sensitivity to a GABAA receptor agonist together with synaptic plasticity changes after sleep deprivation when compared with an ad lib sleep condition. In summary, the GABAergic input property of orexin neurons responds rapidly to sleep deprivation. This molecular response of orexin neurons may thus play a role in the changes that accompany the need for sleep following prolonged wakefulness, in particular the decreased probability of a transition to wakefulness once recovery sleep has begun.
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Associations of regional GABA and glutamate with intrinsic and extrinsic neural activity in humans—a review of multimodal imaging studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 47:36-52. [PMID: 25066091 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The integration of multiple imaging modalities is becoming an increasingly well used research strategy for studying the human brain. The neurotransmitters glutamate and GABA particularly lend themselves towards such studies. This is because these transmitters are ubiquitous throughout the cortex, where they are the key constituents of the inhibition/excitation balance, and because they can be easily measured in vivo through magnetic resonance spectroscopy, as well as with select positron emission tomography approaches. How these transmitters underly functional responses measured with techniques such as fMRI and EEG remains unclear though, and was the target of this review. Consistently shown in the literature was a negative correlation between GABA concentrations and stimulus-induced activity within the measured region. Also consistently found was a positive correlation between glutamate concentrations and inter-regional activity relationships, both during tasks and rest. These findings are outlined along with results from populations with mental disorders to give an overview of what brain imaging has suggested to date about the biochemical underpinnings of functional activity in health and disease. We conclude that the combination of functional and biochemical imaging in humans is an increasingly informative approach that does however require a number of key methodological and interpretive issues be addressed before can meet its potential.
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Volgin DV, Lu JW, Stettner GM, Mann GL, Ross RJ, Morrison AR, Kubin L. Time- and behavioral state-dependent changes in posterior hypothalamic GABAA receptors contribute to the regulation of sleep. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86545. [PMID: 24466145 PMCID: PMC3897747 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep-wake behavior is regulated by a circadian rhythm, homeostatically and by additional mechanisms that determine the timing of slow-wave sleep and rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) episodes. The posterior hypothalamus coordinates the neural and humoral signals with the rest-activity cycle. It contains wake-active neurons, and is a site where stimulation of inhibitory GABAA receptors promotes sleep, whereas their antagonism enhances wakefulness. We explored whether GABAergic mechanisms present in the posterior hypothalamus contribute to the homeostatic and other aspects of sleep-wake regulation. Using micropunches of tissue extracted from either the perifornical (PF) or dorsomedial (DM) regions of the posterior hypothalamus of rats, we determined that mRNA levels for selected subunits of GABAA receptors (β1, β3 and ε) were higher at the end of the active period or following sleep deprivation, when the need for sleep is high, than after several hours of sleep, when sleep need is partially fulfilled. Such a pattern was present in the PF region only, and was consistent with changes in β1 subunit and GABA synthesizing enzyme (GAD) protein levels. In contrast, in the DM region, the levels of GABAA receptor subunit mRNAs and proteins (α1, α2, β1) and GAD varied with circadian time, but were not responsive to sleep deprivation. Separate experiments with sleep-wake monitoring and local perfusion of the PF region with the GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline revealed that the antagonist had a weaker sleep-reducing effect when sleep need was enhanced by sleep deprivation and that the increased amount of REMS characteristic of the late sleep period was dependent on endogenous GABAergic inhibition. These results support the concept that a varying magnitude of GABAergic inhibition exerted within the PF region contributes to the homeostatic regulation of sleep and shapes its temporal pattern, whereas GABAergic mechanisms in the DM region contribute to circadian regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denys V. Volgin
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jackie W. Lu
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Georg M. Stettner
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Graziella L. Mann
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Ross
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Behavioral Health Service, Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Adrian R. Morrison
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Leszek Kubin
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Saletin JM, van der Helm E, Walker MP. Structural brain correlates of human sleep oscillations. Neuroimage 2013; 83:658-68. [PMID: 23770411 PMCID: PMC4263481 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep is strongly conserved within species, yet marked and perplexing inter-individual differences in sleep physiology are observed. Combining EEG sleep recordings and high-resolution structural brain imaging, here we demonstrate that the morphology of the human brain offers one explanatory factor of such inter-individual variability. Gray matter volume in interoceptive and exteroceptive cortices correlated with the expression of slower NREM sleep spindle frequencies, supporting their proposed role in sleep protection against conscious perception. Conversely, and consistent with an involvement in declarative memory processing, gray matter volume in bilateral hippocampus was associated with faster NREM sleep spindle frequencies. In contrast to spindles, gray matter volume in the homeostatic sleep-regulating center of the basal forebrain/hypothalamus, together with the medial prefrontal cortex, accounted for individual differences in NREM slow wave oscillations. Together, such findings indicate that the qualitative and quantitative expression of human sleep physiology is significantly related to anatomically specific differences in macroscopic brain structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared M. Saletin
- Sleep and Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1650, USA
| | - Els van der Helm
- Sleep and Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1650, USA
| | - Matthew P. Walker
- Sleep and Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1650, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1650, USA
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Damasceno F, Skinner GO, Araújo PC, Ferraz MMD, Tenório F, de Almeida OMMS. Nitric oxide modulates the hyperalgesic response to mechanical noxious stimuli in sleep-deprived rats. BMC Neurosci 2013; 14:92. [PMID: 23987566 PMCID: PMC3765713 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-14-92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep restriction alters pain perception in animals and humans, and many studies have indicated that paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD) promotes hyperalgesia. The hyperalgesia observed after mechanical nociceptive stimulus is reversed through nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition. Both nitric oxide (NO) and the dorsolateral periaqueductal gray matter (dlPAG) area of the brainstem are involved in hyperalgesia. Thus, in this work, we investigated the pain-related behavior response after mechanical noxious stimuli (electronic von Frey test), and the activity of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d), an indicator of NOS activity, within the dlPAG of paradoxical sleep-deprived rats. We also evaluated the effects of pre-treatment with L-NAME on these parameters. RESULTS These data revealed that PSD reduced the hindpaw withdrawal threshold (-47%, p < 0.0001) confirming the hyperalgesic effect of this condition. In addition, there were more NADPH-d positive cells in dlPAG after PSD than in control rats (+ 59%, p < 0.0001). L-NAME treatment prevented the reduction in the hindpaw withdrawal threshold (+ 93%, p < 0.0001) and the increase in the NADPH-d positive cells number in the dlPAG of PSD-treated rats (-36%, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION These data suggest that the hyperalgesic response to mechanical noxious stimuli in paradoxical sleep-deprived rats is associated with increased NOS activity in the dlPAG, which presumably influences the descending antinociceptive pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Damasceno
- Department of Pharmacology and Psychobiology, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. 28 de Setembro, 87-Fundos, 20551-030, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriela O Skinner
- Department of Pharmacology and Psychobiology, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. 28 de Setembro, 87-Fundos, 20551-030, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo C Araújo
- Department of Pharmacology and Psychobiology, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. 28 de Setembro, 87-Fundos, 20551-030, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcia MD Ferraz
- Department of Pharmacology and Psychobiology, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. 28 de Setembro, 87-Fundos, 20551-030, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Frank Tenório
- Department of Pharmacology and Psychobiology, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. 28 de Setembro, 87-Fundos, 20551-030, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Olga MMS de Almeida
- Department of Pharmacology and Psychobiology, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. 28 de Setembro, 87-Fundos, 20551-030, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Havekes R, Vecsey CG, Abel T. The impact of sleep deprivation on neuronal and glial signaling pathways important for memory and synaptic plasticity. Cell Signal 2012; 24:1251-60. [PMID: 22570866 PMCID: PMC3622220 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Sleep deprivation is a common feature in modern society, and one of the consequences of sleep loss is the impairment of cognitive function. Although it has been widely accepted that sleep deprivation affects learning and memory, only recently has research begun to address which molecular signaling pathways are altered by sleep loss and, more importantly, which pathways can be targeted to reverse the memory impairments resulting from sleep deprivation. In this review, we discuss the different methods used to sleep deprive animals and the effects of different durations of sleep deprivation on learning and memory with an emphasis on hippocampus-dependent memory. We then review the molecular signaling pathways that are sensitive to sleep loss, with a focus on those thought to play a critical role in the memory and synaptic plasticity deficits observed after sleep deprivation. Finally, we highlight several recent attempts to reverse the effects of sleep deprivation on memory and synaptic plasticity. Future research building on these studies promises to contribute to the development of novel strategies to ameliorate the effects of sleep loss on cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robbert Havekes
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | | | - Ted Abel
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
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Banks S, Van Dongen HPA, Maislin G, Dinges DF. Neurobehavioral dynamics following chronic sleep restriction: dose-response effects of one night for recovery. Sleep 2010; 33:1013-26. [PMID: 20815182 PMCID: PMC2910531 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/33.8.1013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Establish the dose-response relationship between increasing sleep durations in a single night and recovery of neurobehavioral functions following chronic sleep restriction. DESIGN Intent-to-treat design in which subjects were randomized to 1 of 6 recovery sleep doses (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10 h TIB) for 1 night following 5 nights of sleep restriction to 4 h TIB. SETTING Twelve consecutive days in a controlled laboratory environment. PARTICIPANTS N = 159 healthy adults (aged 22-45 y), median = 29 y). INTERVENTIONS Following a week of home monitoring with actigraphy and 2 baseline nights of 10 h TIB, subjects were randomized to either sleep restriction to 4 h TIB per night for 5 nights followed by randomization to 1 of 6 nocturnal acute recovery sleep conditions (N = 142), or to a control condition involving 10 h TIB on all nights (N = 17). MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Primary neurobehavioral outcomes included lapses on the Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT), subjective sleepiness from the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS), and physiological sleepiness from a modified Maintenance of Wakefulness Test (MWT). Secondary outcomes included psychomotor and cognitive speed as measured by PVT fastest RTs and number correct on the Digit Symbol Substitution Task (DSST), respectively, and subjective fatigue from the Profile of Mood States (POMS). The dynamics of neurobehavioral outcomes following acute recovery sleep were statistically modeled across the 0 h-10 h recovery sleep doses. While TST, stage 2, REM sleep and NREM slow wave energy (SWE) increased linearly across recovery sleep doses, best-fitting neurobehavioral recovery functions were exponential across recovery sleep doses for PVT and KSS outcomes, and linear for the MWT. Analyses based on return to baseline and on estimated intersection with control condition means revealed recovery was incomplete at the 10 h TIB (8.96 h TST) for PVT performance, KSS sleepiness, and POMS fatigue. Both TST and SWE were elevated above baseline at the maximum recovery dose of 10 h TIB. CONCLUSIONS Neurobehavioral deficits induced by 5 nights of sleep restricted to 4 h improved monotonically as acute recovery sleep dose increased, but some deficits remained after 10 h TIB for recovery. Complete recovery from such sleep restriction may require a longer sleep period during 1 night, and/or multiple nights of recovery sleep. It appears that acute recovery from chronic sleep restriction occurs as a result of elevated sleep pressure evident in both increased SWE and TST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan Banks
- Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
- Centre for Sleep Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Greg Maislin
- Biomedical Statistical Consulting, Wynnewood, PA
| | - David F. Dinges
- Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
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Black MA, Deurveilher S, Seki T, Marsh DR, Rutishauser U, Rafuse VF, Semba K. Role of polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule in rapid eye movement sleep regulation in rats. Eur J Neurosci 2009; 30:2190-204. [PMID: 20128854 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.07000.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that synaptic plasticity occurs during homeostatic processes, including sleep-wakefulness regulation, although the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA NCAM) is a transmembrane protein that has been implicated in various forms of plasticity. To investigate whether PSA NCAM is involved in the neuronal plasticity associated with spontaneous sleep-wakefulness regulation and sleep homeostasis, four studies were conducted using rats. First, we showed that PSA NCAM immunoreactivity is present in close proximity to key neurons in several nuclei of the sleep-wakefulness system, including the tuberomammillary hypothalamic nucleus, dorsal raphe nucleus, and locus coeruleus. Second, using western blot analysis and densitometric image analysis of immunoreactivity, we found that 6 h of sleep deprivation changed neither the levels nor the general location of PSA NCAM in the sleep-wakefulness system. Finally, we injected endoneuraminidase (Endo N) intracerebroventricularly to examine the effects of polysialic acid removal on sleep-wakefulness states and electroencephalogram (EEG) slow waves at both baseline and during recovery from 6 h of sleep deprivation. Endo N-treated rats showed a small but significant decrease in baseline rapid eye movement (REM) sleep selectively in the late light phase, and a facilitated REM sleep rebound after sleep deprivation, as compared with saline-injected controls. Non-REM sleep and wakefulness were unaffected by Endo N. These results suggest that PSA NCAM is not particularly involved in the regulation of wakefulness or non-REM sleep, but plays a role in the diurnal pattern of REM sleep as well as in some aspects of REM sleep homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Black
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada
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Discharge profiles of identified GABAergic in comparison to cholinergic and putative glutamatergic basal forebrain neurons across the sleep-wake cycle. J Neurosci 2009; 29:11828-40. [PMID: 19776269 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1259-09.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Whereas basal forebrain (BF) cholinergic neurons are known to participate in processes of cortical activation during wake (W) and paradoxical sleep (PS or P, also called REM sleep), codistributed GABAergic neurons have been thought to participate in processes of cortical deactivation and slow-wave sleep (SWS or S). To learn the roles the GABAergic neurons might play, in relation to cholinergic and glutamatergic neurons, we juxtacellularly recorded and labeled neurons during natural sleep-wake states in head-fixed rats. Neurobiotin (Nb)-labeled cells were identified immunohistochemically as choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)+, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)+, or ChAT-/GAD-. Of the latter, some were identified as glutamatergic by immunostaining of their terminals with the vesicular glutamate transporter (VGluT2). In contrast to ChAT+ neurons, which all discharged maximally during W and PS, GAD+ neurons comprised multiple sleep-wake subgroups. Some GABAergic neurons discharged maximally during W and PS, as WP-max active cells (36%), and in positive correlation with gamma electroencephalographic (EEG) activity. Some discharged maximally during SWS, as S-max active cells (28%), and in positive correlation with delta EEG activity. Others increased their discharge progressively during sleep to discharge maximally during PS, as P-max active cells (36%), and in negative association with electromyographic (EMG) activity. ChAT-/GAD- cells comprised WP-max (46%), S-max (17%), P-max (17%), and W-max active cells (14%), whose discharge was positively correlated with EMG activity. GABAergic neurons would thus play similar or reciprocal roles to other cholinergic and glutamatergic BF neurons in regulating cortical activity and muscle tone along with behavior across sleep-wake states.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep problems are a frequent cause for contacting primary care services. Knowledge of basic mechanisms behind sleep and wakefulness is essential for giving adequate information and correct patients' frequent misperception of sleep. MATERIAL AND METHODS The present review is based on literature identified through a non-systematic search of Pub-med as well as the authors' own research experience. RESULTS Sleep need (homeostatic factor), circadian rhythm and behaviour regulate sleepiness, sleep depth and sleep duration. Falling asleep requires central-nervous deactivation. Sleep depth depends on the length of wakefulness beforehand, while duration of sleep mainly depends on timing in relation to the circadian phase of activation. Activation and wakefulness are the combined result of activating several different parts of the brain: thalamus, the reticular activation system, basal forebrain, hypothalamus and monoaminergic cell groups in the brainstem. Falling asleep is a dynamic process and is primarily a consequence of behaviourally induced deactivation. Sleep is especially modulated by GABAergic neurons in the thalamus and basal forebrain, but several neurotransmitters and endogenous substances modulate sleep and wakefulness. Sleep and wakefulness are complex phenomena, and the activity in different brain regions is markedly different depending on whether you are awake or asleep. Hence, a manipulation of these, e.g. by use of certain medications, may cause sleep problems. INTERPRETATION Knowledge of sleep is essential for adequate evaluation and treatment of sleep disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne Grønli
- Avdeling for biologisk og medisinsk psykologi, Universitetet i Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway.
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NR2A at CA1 synapses is obligatory for the susceptibility of hippocampal plasticity to sleep loss. J Neurosci 2009; 29:9026-41. [PMID: 19605640 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1215-09.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A loss in the necessary amount of sleep alters expression of genes and proteins implicated in brain plasticity, but key proteins that render neuronal circuits sensitive to sleep disturbance are unknown. We show that mild (4-6 h) sleep deprivation (SD) selectively augmented the number of NR2A subunits of NMDA receptors on postsynaptic densities of adult mouse CA1 synapses. The greater synaptic NR2A content facilitated induction of CA3-CA1 long-term depression in the theta frequency stimulation range and augmented the synaptic modification threshold. NR2A-knock-out mice maintained behavioral response to SD, including compensatory increase in post-deprivation resting time, but hippocampal synaptic plasticity was insensitive to sleep loss. After SD, the balance between synaptically activated and slowly recruited NMDA receptor pools during temporal summation was disrupted. Together, these results indicate that NR2A is obligatory for the consequences of sleep loss on hippocampal synaptic plasticity. These findings could advance pharmacological strategies aiming to sustain hippocampal function during sleep restriction.
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Longordo F, Kopp C, Lüthi A. Consequences of sleep deprivation on neurotransmitter receptor expression and function. Eur J Neurosci 2009; 29:1810-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06719.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Inducible nitric oxide synthase and AMP-activated protein kinase in basal forebrain during prolonged waking. Neuroreport 2009; 20:97-101. [PMID: 19033879 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0b013e32831af03d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Activation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and the subsequent production of adenosine in basal forebrain in the early phase of prolonged waking suggest that the wake-promoting basal forebrain is selectively sensitive to the metabolic demands of waking. In this study, iNOS protein, and activation of AMP-activated protein kinase - a marker of decreased cellular energy charge - were measured in the rat basal forebrain and cortex during prolonged waking (1.5-, 3- and 6 h). The site-specific increase in iNOS protein was accompanied with AMP-activated protein kinase activation in the basal forebrain. In contrast, no changes were found in the cortex. These results further support the hypothesis that basal forebrain, as compared to cortex, is selectively sensitive to the effects of prolonged waking.
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Pelc K, Cheron G, Boyd SG, Dan B. Are there distinctive sleep problems in Angelman syndrome? Sleep Med 2007; 9:434-41. [PMID: 17765640 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2007.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2006] [Revised: 07/03/2007] [Accepted: 07/03/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Angelman syndrome is a neurogenetic condition characterized by developmental delay, absence of speech, motor impairment, epilepsy and a peculiar behavioral phenotype that includes sleep problems. It is caused by lack of expression of the UBE3A gene on the maternal chromosome 15q11-q13. Although part of the diagnostic description, 'sleep problems' are not well characterized. A pattern emerges from the available reports. It includes reduced total sleep time, increased sleep onset latency, disrupted sleep architecture with frequent nocturnal awakenings, reduced rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and periodic leg movements. Poor sleep does not significantly interfere with daytime alertness and sleep problems commonly diminish by late childhood, with continuing improvement through adolescence and adulthood. Sleep problems in Angelman syndrome reflect abnormal neurodevelopmental functioning presumably involving dysregulation of GABA-mediated inhibitory influences in thalamocortical interactions. Management may be difficult, particularly in young children; it primarily involves behavioral approaches, though pharmacological treatment may be required. The relationship between sleep and seizure disorder, and between sleep and learning raises critical questions, but more studies are needed to address these relationships adequately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Pelc
- Department of Neurology, Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, 15 Avenue JJ Crocq, Brussels, Belgium
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