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de Paula NA, Leite MN, de Faria Bertoluci DF, Soares CT, Rosa PS, Frade MAC. Human Skin as an Ex Vivo Model for Maintaining Mycobacterium leprae and Leprosy Studies. Trop Med Infect Dis 2024; 9:135. [PMID: 38922047 PMCID: PMC11209558 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed9060135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The in vitro cultivation of M. leprae has not been possible since it was described as causing leprosy, and the limitation of animal models for clinical aspects makes studies on leprosy and bacteria-human host interaction a challenge. Our aim was to standardize the ex vivo skin model (hOSEC) to maintenance and study of M. leprae as an alternative animal model. Bacillary suspensions were inoculated into human skin explants and sustained in DMEM medium for 60 days. Explants were evaluated by RT-PCR-16SrRNA and cytokine gene expression. The viability and infectivity of bacilli recovered from explants (D28 and D60) were evaluated using the Shepard's model. All explants were RT-PCR-16SrRNA positive. The viability and infectivity of recovered bacilli from explants, analyzed after 5 months of inoculation in mice, showed an average positivity of 31%, with the highest positivity in the D28 groups (80%). Furthermore, our work showed different patterns in cytokine gene expression (TGF-β, IL-10, IL-8, and TNF-α) in the presence of alive or dead bacilli. Although changes can be made to improve future experiments, our results have demonstrated that it is possible to use the hOSEC to maintain M. leprae for 60 days, interacting with the host system, an important step in the development of experimental models for studies on the biology of the bacillus, its interactions, and drug susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Aparecida de Paula
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto14049-900, Brazil;
- Dermatology Division, Department of Medical Clinics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, Brazil;
- Reference Center for Sanitary Dermatology with Emphasis on Leprosy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Marcel Nani Leite
- Dermatology Division, Department of Medical Clinics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, Brazil;
| | | | - Cleverson Teixeira Soares
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Lauro de Souza Lima Institute, Bauru 17034-971, Brazil; (D.F.d.F.B.); (C.T.S.)
| | - Patrícia Sammarco Rosa
- Division of Research and Education, Lauro de Souza Lima Institute, Bauru 17034-971, Brazil;
| | - Marco Andrey Cipriani Frade
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto14049-900, Brazil;
- Dermatology Division, Department of Medical Clinics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, Brazil;
- Reference Center for Sanitary Dermatology with Emphasis on Leprosy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, Brazil
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2
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Peters S, Mohort K, Claus H, Stigloher C, Schubert-Unkmeir A. Interaction of Neisseria meningitidis carrier and disease isolates of MenB cc32 and MenW cc22 with epithelial cells of the nasopharyngeal barrier. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1389527. [PMID: 38756230 PMCID: PMC11096551 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1389527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis (Nm, the meningococcus) is considered an asymptomatic colonizer of the upper respiratory tract and a transient member of its microbiome. It is assumed that the spread of N. meningitidis into the bloodstream occurs via transcytosis of the nasopharyngeal epithelial barrier without destroying the barrier layer. Here, we used Calu-3 respiratory epithelial cells that were grown under air-liquid-interface conditions to induce formation of pseudostratified layers and mucus production. The number of bacterial localizations in the outer mucus, as well as cellular adhesion, invasion and transmigration of different carrier and disease N. meningitidis isolates belonging to MenB:cc32 and MenW:cc22 lineages was assessed. In addition, the effect on barrier integrity and cytokine release was determined. Our findings showed that all strains tested resided primarily in the outer mucus layer after 24 h of infection (>80%). Nonetheless, both MenB:cc32 and MenW:cc22 carrier and disease isolates reached the surface of the epithelial cells and overcame the barrier. Interestingly, we observed a significant difference in the number of bacteria transmigrating the epithelial cell barrier, with the representative disease isolates being more efficient to transmigrate compared to carrier isolates. This could be attributed to the capacity of the disease isolates to invade, however could not be assigned to expression of the outer membrane protein Opc. Moreover, we found that the representative meningococcal isolates tested in this study did not damage the epithelial barrier, as shown by TEER measurement, FITC-dextran permeability assays, and expression of cell-junction components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Peters
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Julius-Maximilian University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Katherina Mohort
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Julius-Maximilian University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Heike Claus
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Julius-Maximilian University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Christian Stigloher
- Imaging Core Facility, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilian University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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3
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Mendoza RM, Song JH, Jung YT, Paik HD, Park YS, Kang DK. Recombinant Arginine Deiminase from Levilactobacillus brevis Inhibits the Growth of Stomach Cancer Cells, Possibly by Activating the Intrinsic Apoptosis Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4163. [PMID: 38673749 PMCID: PMC11050082 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The anticancer potential of Levilactobacillus brevis KU15176 against the stomach cancer cell line AGS has been reported previously. In this study, we aimed to analyze the genome of L. brevis KU15176 and identify key genes that may have potential anticancer properties. Among potential anticancer molecules, the role of arginine deiminase (ADI) in conferring an antiproliferative functionality was confirmed. In vitro assay against AGS cell line confirmed that recombinant ADI from L. brevis KU15176 (ADI_br, 5 µg/mL), overexpressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3), exerted an inhibitory effect on AGS cell growth, resulting in a 65.32% reduction in cell viability. Moreover, the expression of apoptosis-related genes, such as bax, bad, caspase-7, and caspase-3, as well as the activity of caspase-9 in ADI_br-treated AGS cells, was higher than those in untreated (culture medium-only) cells. The cell-scattering behavior of ADI_br-treated cells showed characteristics of apoptosis. Flow cytometry analyses of AGS cells treated with ADI_br for 24 and 28 h revealed apoptotic rates of 11.87 and 24.09, respectively, indicating the progression of apoptosis in AGS cells after ADI_br treatment. This study highlights the potential of ADI_br as an effective enzyme for anticancer applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remilyn M. Mendoza
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea; (R.M.M.); (J.H.S.)
| | - Ji Hoon Song
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea; (R.M.M.); (J.H.S.)
| | - Yong Tae Jung
- Department of Microbiology, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hyun-Dong Paik
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resource, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea;
| | - Young-Seo Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea;
| | - Dae-Kyung Kang
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea; (R.M.M.); (J.H.S.)
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4
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Fohmann I, Weinmann A, Schumacher F, Peters S, Prell A, Weigel C, Spiegel S, Kleuser B, Schubert-Unkmeir A. Sphingosine kinase 1/S1P receptor signaling axis is essential for cellular uptake of Neisseria meningitidis in brain endothelial cells. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011842. [PMID: 38033162 PMCID: PMC10715668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasion of brain endothelial cells (BECs) is central to the pathogenicity of Neisseria meningitidis infection. Here, we established a key role for the bioactive sphingolipid sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and S1P receptor (S1PR) 2 in the uptake process. Quantitative sphingolipidome analyses of BECs infected with N. meningitidis revealed elevated S1P levels, which could be attributed to enhanced expression of the enzyme sphingosine kinase 1 and its activity. Increased activity was dependent on the interaction of meningococcal type IV pilus with the endothelial receptor CD147. Concurrently, infection led to increased expression of the S1PR2. Blocking S1PR2 signaling impaired epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) phosphorylation, which has been shown to be involved in cytoskeletal remodeling and bacterial endocytosis. Strikingly, targeting S1PR1 or S1PR3 also interfered with bacterial uptake. Collectively, our data support a critical role of the SphK/S1P/S1PR axis in the invasion of N. meningitidis into BECs, defining a potential target for adjuvant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Fohmann
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alina Weinmann
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Schumacher
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Simon Peters
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Agata Prell
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cynthia Weigel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Sarah Spiegel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Burkhard Kleuser
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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5
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Chitolina R, Nicola P, Sachett A, Bevilaqua F, Cunico L, Reginatto A, Bertoncello K, Marins K, Zanatta AP, Medeiros M, Lima AS, Parisotto C, Menegatt JCO, Goetten AF, Zimermann FC, Ramos AT, Portela VM, Barreta MH, Conterato GMM, Zanatta L. Subacute exposure to Roundup® changes steroidogenesis and gene expression of the glutathione-glutaredoxin system in rat ovaries: Implications for ovarian toxicity of this glyphosate-based herbicide. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 473:116599. [PMID: 37328116 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Studies have indicated that glyphosate induces endocrine disruption and may adversely affect the male reproductive system. However, evidence of its effects on ovarian function is poorly understood so far, making further studies necessary on the mechanisms of the glyphosate toxicity in the female reproductive system. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of a subacute exposure (28 days) to the glyphosate-based formulation Roundup® (1.05, 10.5 and 105 μg/kg b.w. of glyphosate) on steroidogenesis, oxidative stress, systems involved in cell redox control and histopathological parameters in rat ovaries. Hence we quantify plasma estradiol and progesterone by chemiluminescence; non-protein thiol levels, TBARS, superoxide dismutase and catalase activity by spectrophotometry; gene expression of steroidogenic enzymes and redox systems by real-time PCR; and ovarian follicles by optical microscopy. Our results demonstrated that oral exposure increased progesterone levels and the mRNA expression of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Histopathological analysis revealed a decrease in the number of primary follicles and an increase in the number of corpus luteum in rats exposed to Roundup®. An imbalance of the oxidative status was also evidenced by decreasing the catalase activity at all groups exposed to the herbicide. Increased lipid peroxidation and gene expression of glutarredoxin and decreased of glutathione reductase were also observed. Our results indicate that Roundup® causes endocrine disruption of hormones related to female fertility and reproduction and changes the oxidative status by altering antioxidant activity, inducing lipid peroxidation, as well as changing the gene expression of the glutathione-glutarredoxin system in rat ovaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Chitolina
- Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó, Avenida Senador Atílio Fontana, 591E, 89809-000 Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Nicola
- Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó, Avenida Senador Atílio Fontana, 591E, 89809-000 Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Adrieli Sachett
- Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó, Avenida Senador Atílio Fontana, 591E, 89809-000 Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Bevilaqua
- Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó, Avenida Senador Atílio Fontana, 591E, 89809-000 Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Lemen Cunico
- Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó, Avenida Senador Atílio Fontana, 591E, 89809-000 Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Alissara Reginatto
- Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó, Avenida Senador Atílio Fontana, 591E, 89809-000 Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Kanandra Bertoncello
- Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó, Avenida Senador Atílio Fontana, 591E, 89809-000 Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Katiuska Marins
- Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó, Avenida Senador Atílio Fontana, 591E, 89809-000 Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Zanatta
- Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó, Avenida Senador Atílio Fontana, 591E, 89809-000 Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Marta Medeiros
- Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Departamento de Ciências da Saúde, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Acauane S Lima
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Campus de Curitibanos, Rodovia Ulisses Gaboardi-Km 3, 89520-000 Curitibanos, SC, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Parisotto
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Campus de Curitibanos, Rodovia Ulisses Gaboardi-Km 3, 89520-000 Curitibanos, SC, Brazil
| | - Jean Carlo O Menegatt
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Campus de Curitibanos, Rodovia Ulisses Gaboardi-Km 3, 89520-000 Curitibanos, SC, Brazil
| | - André F Goetten
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Campus de Curitibanos, Rodovia Ulisses Gaboardi-Km 3, 89520-000 Curitibanos, SC, Brazil
| | - Francielli C Zimermann
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Campus de Curitibanos, Rodovia Ulisses Gaboardi-Km 3, 89520-000 Curitibanos, SC, Brazil
| | - Adriano T Ramos
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Campus de Curitibanos, Rodovia Ulisses Gaboardi-Km 3, 89520-000 Curitibanos, SC, Brazil
| | - Valério M Portela
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Campus de Curitibanos, Rodovia Ulisses Gaboardi-Km 3, 89520-000 Curitibanos, SC, Brazil
| | - Marcos H Barreta
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Campus de Curitibanos, Rodovia Ulisses Gaboardi-Km 3, 89520-000 Curitibanos, SC, Brazil
| | - Greicy Michelle M Conterato
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Campus de Curitibanos, Rodovia Ulisses Gaboardi-Km 3, 89520-000 Curitibanos, SC, Brazil
| | - Leila Zanatta
- Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó, Avenida Senador Atílio Fontana, 591E, 89809-000 Chapecó, SC, Brazil; Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Centro de Educação Superior do Oeste, Departamento de Enfermagem, Rua 7 de Setembro 77-D, Centro, 89806-152 Chapecó, SC, Brazil.
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6
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Nevone A, Lattarulo F, Russo M, Panno G, Milani P, Basset M, Avanzini MA, Merlini G, Palladini G, Nuvolone M. A Strategy for the Selection of RT-qPCR Reference Genes Based on Publicly Available Transcriptomic Datasets. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11041079. [PMID: 37189697 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the next-generation sequencing era, RT-qPCR is still widely employed to quantify levels of nucleic acids of interest due to its popularity, versatility, and limited costs. The measurement of transcriptional levels through RT-qPCR critically depends on reference genes used for normalization. Here, we devised a strategy to select appropriate reference genes for a specific clinical/experimental setting based on publicly available transcriptomic datasets and a pipeline for RT-qPCR assay design and validation. As a proof-of-principle, we applied this strategy to identify and validate reference genes for transcriptional studies of bone-marrow plasma cells from patients with AL amyloidosis. We performed a systematic review of published literature to compile a list of 163 candidate reference genes for RT-qPCR experiments employing human samples. Next, we interrogated the Gene Expression Omnibus to assess expression levels of these genes in published transcriptomic studies on bone-marrow plasma cells from patients with different plasma cell dyscrasias and identified the most stably expressed genes as candidate normalizing genes. Experimental validation on bone-marrow plasma cells showed the superiority of candidate reference genes identified through this strategy over commonly employed “housekeeping” genes. The strategy presented here may apply to other clinical and experimental settings for which publicly available transcriptomic datasets are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Nevone
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Amyloidosis Research and Treatment Center, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Lattarulo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Amyloidosis Research and Treatment Center, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Monica Russo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Amyloidosis Research and Treatment Center, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Giada Panno
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Amyloidosis Research and Treatment Center, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Paolo Milani
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Amyloidosis Research and Treatment Center, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Basset
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Amyloidosis Research and Treatment Center, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Avanzini
- Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Cell Factory, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Merlini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Amyloidosis Research and Treatment Center, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Palladini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Amyloidosis Research and Treatment Center, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Mario Nuvolone
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Amyloidosis Research and Treatment Center, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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7
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Vargas P, Scheffel TB, Diz FM, Rockenbach L, Grave N, Cappellari AR, Kist LW, Bogo MR, Thomé MP, Leal GF, de Fraga Dias A, Figueiró F, Filippi-Chiela EC, Lenz G, Morrone FB. P2Y 12 receptor antagonism inhibits proliferation, migration and leads to autophagy of glioblastoma cells. Purinergic Signal 2022; 18:481-494. [PMID: 35939198 PMCID: PMC9832208 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-022-09888-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive and lethal among the primary brain tumors, with a low survival rate and resistance to radio and chemotherapy. The P2Y12 is an adenosine diphosphate (ADP) purinergic chemoreceptor, found mainly in platelets. In cancer cells, its activation has been described to induce proliferation and metastasis. Bearing in mind the need to find new treatments for GBM, this study aimed to investigate the role of the P2Y12R in the proliferation and migration of GBM cells, as well as to evaluate the expression of this receptor in patients' data obtained from the TCGA data bank. Here, we used the P2Y12R antagonist, ticagrelor, which belongs to the antiplatelet agent's class. The different GBM cells (cell line and patient-derived cells) were treated with ticagrelor, with the agonist, ADP, or both, and the effects on cell proliferation, colony formation, ADP hydrolysis, cell cycle and death, migration, and cell adhesion were analyzed. The results showed that ticagrelor decreased the viability and the proliferation of GBM cells. P2Y12R antagonism also reduced colony formation and migration potentials, with alterations on the expression of metalloproteinases, and induced autophagy in GBM cells. Changes were observed at the cell cycle level, and only the U251 cell line showed a significant reduction in the ADP hydrolysis profile. TCGA data analysis showed a higher expression of P2Y12R in gliomas samples when compared to the other tumors. These data demonstrate the importance of the P2Y12 receptor in gliomas development and reinforce its potential as a pharmacological target for glioma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Vargas
- grid.412519.a0000 0001 2166 9094Laboratório de Farmacologia Aplicada, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS Brazil ,grid.412519.a0000 0001 2166 9094Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS Brazil
| | - Thamiris Becker Scheffel
- grid.412519.a0000 0001 2166 9094Laboratório de Farmacologia Aplicada, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS Brazil
| | - Fernando Mendonça Diz
- grid.412519.a0000 0001 2166 9094Laboratório de Farmacologia Aplicada, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS Brazil
| | - Liliana Rockenbach
- grid.412519.a0000 0001 2166 9094Laboratório de Farmacologia Aplicada, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS Brazil ,grid.412519.a0000 0001 2166 9094Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS Brazil
| | - Nathália Grave
- grid.412519.a0000 0001 2166 9094Laboratório de Farmacologia Aplicada, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS Brazil ,grid.412519.a0000 0001 2166 9094Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS Brazil
| | - Angélica Regina Cappellari
- grid.412519.a0000 0001 2166 9094Laboratório de Farmacologia Aplicada, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS Brazil
| | - Luiza Wilges Kist
- grid.412519.a0000 0001 2166 9094Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS Brazil ,grid.412519.a0000 0001 2166 9094Laboratório de Biologia Genômica e Molecular, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS Brazil
| | - Maurício Reis Bogo
- grid.412519.a0000 0001 2166 9094Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS Brazil ,grid.412519.a0000 0001 2166 9094Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS Brazil ,grid.412519.a0000 0001 2166 9094Laboratório de Biologia Genômica e Molecular, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS Brazil
| | - Marcos Paulo Thomé
- grid.8532.c0000 0001 2200 7498Departamento de Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS Brazil
| | - Gabriel Fernandes Leal
- grid.412519.a0000 0001 2166 9094Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Computação, Escola Politécnica, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS Brazil
| | - Amanda de Fraga Dias
- grid.8532.c0000 0001 2200 7498Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básica da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS Brazil
| | - Fabrício Figueiró
- grid.8532.c0000 0001 2200 7498Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básica da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS Brazil
| | - Eduardo Cremonese Filippi-Chiela
- grid.8532.c0000 0001 2200 7498Departmento de Ciências Morfológicas, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS Brazil
| | - Guido Lenz
- grid.8532.c0000 0001 2200 7498Departamento de Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS Brazil
| | - Fernanda Bueno Morrone
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Aplicada, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. .,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. .,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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8
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Identification and Validation of Common Reference Genes for Normalization of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Gene Expression Profiles. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:9125242. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/9125242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the subtypes of esophageal cancer with Chinese characteristics, and its five-year survival rate is less than 20%. Early diagnosis is beneficial to improving the survival rate of ESCC significantly. Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction is a high-throughput technique that can quantify tumor-related genes for early diagnosis. Its accuracy largely depends on the stability of the reference gene. There is no systematic scientific basis to demonstrate which reference gene expression is stable in ESCC and no consensus on the selection of internal reference. Therefore, this research used four software programs (The comparative delta-Ct method, GeNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper) to evaluate the expression stability of eight candidate reference genes commonly used in other tumor tissues and generated a comprehensive analysis by RefFinder. Randomly selected transcriptome sequencing analysis confirmed the SPP1 gene is closely related to ESCC. It was found that the expression trend of SPP1 obtained by RPS18 and PPIA as internal reference genes were the same as that of sequencing. The results show that RPS18 and PPIA are stable reference genes, and PPIA + RPS18 are a suitable reference gene combination. This is a reference gene report that combines transcriptome sequencing analysis and only focuses on ESCC, which makes the quantification more precise, systematic, and standardized, and promotes gene regulation research and the early diagnosis of ESCC in the future.
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9
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Endres LM, Jungblut M, Divyapicigil M, Sauer M, Stigloher C, Christodoulides M, Kim BJ, Schubert-Unkmeir A. Development of a multicellular in vitro model of the meningeal blood-CSF barrier to study Neisseria meningitidis infection. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:81. [PMID: 36289516 PMCID: PMC9597984 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00379-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bacterial meningitis is a life-threatening disease that occurs when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis cross the meningeal blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier (mBCSFB) and infect the meninges. Due to the human-specific nature of N. meningitidis, previous research investigating this complex host–pathogen interaction has mostly been done in vitro using immortalized brain endothelial cells (BECs) alone, which often do not retain relevant barrier properties in culture. Here, we developed physiologically relevant mBCSFB models using BECs in co-culture with leptomeningeal cells (LMCs) to examine N. meningitidis interaction. Methods We used BEC-like cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iBECs) or hCMEC/D3 cells in co-culture with LMCs derived from tumor biopsies. We employed TEM and structured illumination microscopy to characterize the models as well as bacterial interaction. We measured TEER and sodium fluorescein (NaF) permeability to determine barrier tightness and integrity. We then analyzed bacterial adherence and penetration of the cell barrier and examined changes in host gene expression of tight junctions as well as chemokines and cytokines in response to infection. Results Both cell types remained distinct in co-culture and iBECs showed characteristic expression of BEC markers including tight junction proteins and endothelial markers. iBEC barrier function as determined by TEER and NaF permeability was improved by LMC co-culture and remained stable for seven days. BEC response to N. meningitidis infection was not affected by LMC co-culture. We detected considerable amounts of BEC-adherent meningococci and a relatively small number of intracellular bacteria. Interestingly, we discovered bacteria traversing the BEC-LMC barrier within the first 24 h post-infection, when barrier integrity was still high, suggesting a transcellular route for N. meningitidis into the CNS. Finally, we observed deterioration of barrier properties including loss of TEER and reduced expression of cell-junction components at late time points of infection. Conclusions Here, we report, for the first time, on co-culture of human iPSC derived BECs or hCMEC/D3 with meningioma derived LMCs and find that LMC co-culture improves barrier properties of iBECs. These novel models allow for a better understanding of N. meningitidis interaction at the mBCSFB in a physiologically relevant setting. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12987-022-00379-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo M. Endres
- grid.8379.50000 0001 1958 8658Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marvin Jungblut
- grid.8379.50000 0001 1958 8658Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mustafa Divyapicigil
- grid.411015.00000 0001 0727 7545Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL USA ,grid.265892.20000000106344187Department of Microbiology Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA ,grid.411015.00000 0001 0727 7545Center for Convergent Biosciences & Medicine, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL USA ,grid.411015.00000 0001 0727 7545Alabama Life Research Institute, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL USA
| | - Markus Sauer
- grid.8379.50000 0001 1958 8658Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christian Stigloher
- grid.8379.50000 0001 1958 8658Imaging Core Facility, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Myron Christodoulides
- grid.5491.90000 0004 1936 9297Molecular Microbiology, School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Brandon J. Kim
- grid.411015.00000 0001 0727 7545Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL USA ,grid.265892.20000000106344187Department of Microbiology Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA ,grid.411015.00000 0001 0727 7545Center for Convergent Biosciences & Medicine, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL USA ,grid.411015.00000 0001 0727 7545Alabama Life Research Institute, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL USA
| | - Alexandra Schubert-Unkmeir
- grid.8379.50000 0001 1958 8658Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
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10
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Amelioration for an ignored pitfall in reference gene selection by considering the mean expression and standard deviation of target genes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11129. [PMID: 35778437 PMCID: PMC9249883 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15277-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Routine tissue-specific reference genes are often used in expression studies, but target genes are not taken into account. Using the relative RT-qPCR approach, we evaluated the expression of three target genes. At the same time, meta-analyses were conducted in various ethnic groups, genders, and thyroid cancer subtypes. When eight common reference genes were examined, it was discovered that some of them not only lacked consistent expression but also had considerable expression variance. It is worth noting that while choosing a reference gene, the mean gene expression and its standard deviation should be carefully addressed. An equation was developed based on this, and it was used to perform statistical analysis on over 25,000 genes. According to the subtype of thyroid cancer and, of course, the target genes in this investigation, appropriate reference genes were proposed. The intuitive choice of GAPDH as a common reference gene caused a major shift in the quantitative expression data of target genes, inverting the relative expression values. As a result, choosing the appropriate reference gene(s) for quantification of transcription data, and especially for relative studies of the expression of target gene(s), is critical and should be carefully considered during the study design.
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11
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Wilhelm A, Pallas C, Marschalek R, Widera M. Detection and Quantification of SARS-CoV-2 by Real-Time RT-PCR Assay. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2452:75-98. [PMID: 35554902 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2111-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The pandemic coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is the causative agent of the acute respiratory disease COVID-19, which has become a global concern due to its rapid spread and high mortality rate. Detection and quantification of the (+) ssRNA virus, which has a genome size of 29,903 nucleotides, is commonly performed via reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) targeting conserved sequences. Here, we describe a one-step RT-qPCR protocol for the quantitative detection of SARS-CoV-2 genomic RNA targeting M and RdRP genes, respectively, as well as active virus replication detecting subgenomic RNAs (sgRNA 4 and 8) that are formed by discontinuous transcription of the viral genome. Concomitantly, an input control targeting the human RNaseP gene (RPP30) was used in multiplex PCR to monitor the input of human nucleic acids. In vitro-transcribed RNA harboring the amplicon regions for M and RdRP regions served to set up a standard curve for absolute quantification.In conclusion, the method described here allows for the detection and quantification of SARS-CoV-2 RNA isoforms for research by both using a probe-based or SYBR Green-based approach, but is also suitable for diagnostic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Wilhelm
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital Frankfurt am Main, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christiane Pallas
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital Frankfurt am Main, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Rolf Marschalek
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marek Widera
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital Frankfurt am Main, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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12
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Miguel MCB, Julio TA, Vernal S, de Paula NA, Lieber A, Roselino AM. Autoantibodies against desmoglein 2 are not pathogenic in pemphigus. An Bras Dermatol 2022; 97:145-156. [PMID: 35058080 PMCID: PMC9073259 DOI: 10.1016/j.abd.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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13
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Mizuta S, Yamane N, Mononobe S, Watanabe A, Kitamura R, Takahara T, Matsushima C, Yoshida A, Okamoto S, Tanaka K, Iwai A, Ikegawa A, Wada T, Usami I, Maihara T, Komai T, Heike T, Nishida Y, Kobayashi K. Sensitive detection of GATA1 mutations using complementary DNA-based analysis for transient abnormal myelopoiesis associated with the Down syndrome. Int J Lab Hematol 2021; 44:349-355. [PMID: 34761527 DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.13756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION GATA1 mutation plays an important role in initiating transient abnormal myelopoiesis (TAM) and in the clonal evolution towards acute megakaryoblastic leukaemia (AMKL) associated with Down syndrome (DS). This study aimed to develop and validate the clinical utility of a complementary DNA (cDNA) analysis in parallel with the conventional genomic DNA (gDNA) Sanger sequencing (Ss), as an initial screening test for GATA1 mutations. METHODS GATA1 mutations were evaluated using both gDNA and cDNA in 14 DS patients using Ss and fragment analysis (FA), respectively. RESULTS The detection sensitivity of conventional gDNA sequencing was limited in low blast percentage TAM (LBP-TAM); however, cDNA-based Ss readily detected all the pathognomonic GATA1 mutations. The cDNA-based FA readily detected GATA1 frameshift mutation with a reliable sensitivity ranging from 0.005% to 0.01% of clonal cells. CONCLUSIONS GATA1 mutations are heterogeneous; therefore, we would like to propose a dual cDNA and gDNA analysis as a standard diagnostic approach, especially for LBP-TAM. cDNA-based FA promises an excellent sensitivity for detecting frameshift GATA1 mutations in the longitudinal clonal evolution towards AMKL without using a patient specific primer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumpei Mizuta
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hyogo Prefectural Amagasaki General Medical Center, Amagasaki, Japan.,Laboratory of Hematology, Division of Medical Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Noriko Yamane
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hyogo Prefectural Amagasaki General Medical Center, Amagasaki, Japan
| | - Saya Mononobe
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hyogo Prefectural Amagasaki General Medical Center, Amagasaki, Japan
| | - Asami Watanabe
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hyogo Prefectural Amagasaki General Medical Center, Amagasaki, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Kitamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Hyogo Prefectural Amagasaki General Medical Center, Amagasaki, Japan.,Department of Neonatology, Hyogo Prefectural Amagasaki General Medical Center, Amagasaki, Japan
| | - Tadamori Takahara
- Department of Pediatrics, Hyogo Prefectural Amagasaki General Medical Center, Amagasaki, Japan.,Department of Neonatology, Hyogo Prefectural Amagasaki General Medical Center, Amagasaki, Japan
| | - Chieko Matsushima
- Department of Pediatrics, Hyogo Prefectural Amagasaki General Medical Center, Amagasaki, Japan.,Department of Neonatology, Hyogo Prefectural Amagasaki General Medical Center, Amagasaki, Japan
| | - Atushi Yoshida
- Department of Pediatrics, Hyogo Prefectural Amagasaki General Medical Center, Amagasaki, Japan.,Department of Neonatology, Hyogo Prefectural Amagasaki General Medical Center, Amagasaki, Japan
| | - Seiji Okamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Hyogo Prefectural Amagasaki General Medical Center, Amagasaki, Japan.,Department of Neonatology, Hyogo Prefectural Amagasaki General Medical Center, Amagasaki, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Tanaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Hyogo Prefectural Amagasaki General Medical Center, Amagasaki, Japan.,Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hyogo Prefectural Amagasaki General Medical Center, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Iwai
- Department of Pediatrics, Hyogo Prefectural Amagasaki General Medical Center, Amagasaki, Japan.,Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hyogo Prefectural Amagasaki General Medical Center, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Atsuko Ikegawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Hyogo Prefectural Amagasaki General Medical Center, Amagasaki, Japan
| | - Takahito Wada
- Department of Pediatrics, Hyogo Prefectural Amagasaki General Medical Center, Amagasaki, Japan.,Department of Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ikuya Usami
- Department of Pediatrics, Hyogo Prefectural Amagasaki General Medical Center, Amagasaki, Japan.,Department of Neonatology, Hyogo Prefectural Amagasaki General Medical Center, Amagasaki, Japan
| | - Toshiro Maihara
- Department of Pediatrics, Hyogo Prefectural Amagasaki General Medical Center, Amagasaki, Japan
| | - Takao Komai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hyogo Prefectural Amagasaki General Medical Center, Amagasaki, Japan
| | - Toshio Heike
- Department of Pediatrics, Hyogo Prefectural Amagasaki General Medical Center, Amagasaki, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Nishida
- Department of Pediatrics, Hyogo Prefectural Amagasaki General Medical Center, Amagasaki, Japan.,Department of Neonatology, Hyogo Prefectural Amagasaki General Medical Center, Amagasaki, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Kobayashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Hyogo Prefectural Amagasaki General Medical Center, Amagasaki, Japan.,Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hyogo Prefectural Amagasaki General Medical Center, Hyogo, Japan.,Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Research, Research Institute, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Song Y, Hanner RH, Meng B. Genome-wide screening of novel RT-qPCR reference genes for study of GLRaV-3 infection in wine grapes and refinement of an RNA isolation protocol for grape berries. PLANT METHODS 2021; 17:110. [PMID: 34711253 PMCID: PMC8554853 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-021-00808-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grapevine, as an essential fruit crop with high economic values, has been the focus of molecular studies in diverse areas. Two challenges exist in the grapevine research field: (i) the lack of a rapid, user-friendly and effective RNA isolation protocol for mature dark-skinned berries and, (ii) the lack of validated reference genes that are stable for quantification of gene expression across desired experimental conditions. Successful isolation of RNA with sufficient yield and quality is essential for downstream analyses involving nucleic acids. However, ripe berries of dark-skinned grape cultivars are notoriously challenging in RNA isolation due to high contents of polyphenolics, polysaccharides, RNase and water. RESULTS We have optimized an RNA isolation protocol through modulating two factors at the lysis step that could impact results of RNA isolation - 2-ME concentration and berry mass. By finding the optimal combination among the two factors, our refined protocol was highly effective in isolating total RNA with high yield and quality from whole mature berries of an array of dark-skinned wine grape cultivars. Our protocol takes a much shorter time to complete, is highly effective, and eliminates the requirement for hazardous organic solvents. We have also shown that the resulting RNA preps were suitable for multiple downstream analyses, including the detection of viruses and amplification of grapevine genes using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), gene expression analysis via quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR), and RNA Sequencing (RNA-Seq). By using RNA-Seq data derived from Cabernet Franc, we have identified seven novel reference gene candidates (CYSP, NDUFS8, YLS8, EIF5A2, Gluc, GDT1, and EF-Hand) with stable expression across two tissue types, three developmental stages and status of infection with grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3). We evaluated the stability of these candidate genes together with two conventional reference genes (actin and NAD5) using geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper. We found that the novel reference gene candidates outperformed both actin and NAD5. The three most stable reference genes were CYSP, NDUFS8 and YSL8, whereas actin and NAD5 were among the least stable. We further tested if there would be a difference in RT-qPCR quantification results when the most stable (CYSP) and the least stable (actin and NAD5) genes were used for normalization. We concluded that both actin and NAD5 led to erroneous RT-qPCR results in determining the statistical significance and fold-change values of gene expressional change. CONCLUSIONS We have formulated a rapid, safe and highly effective protocol for isolating RNA from recalcitrant berry tissue of wine grapes. The resulting RNA is of high quality and suitable for RT-qPCR and RNA-Seq. We have identified and validated a set of novel reference genes based on RNA-Seq dataset. We have shown that these new reference genes are superior over actin and NAD5, two of the conventional reference genes commonly used in early studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashu Song
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road, Guelph, ON, N1G2W1, Canada.
| | - Robert H Hanner
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road, Guelph, ON, N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Baozhong Meng
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road, Guelph, ON, N1G2W1, Canada
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15
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Huang YH, Chu PY, Chen JL, Huang CT, Huang CC, Tsai YF, Wang YL, Lien PJ, Tseng LM, Liu CY. Expression pattern and prognostic impact of glycoprotein non-metastatic B (GPNMB) in triple-negative breast cancer. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12171. [PMID: 34108545 PMCID: PMC8190094 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91588-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoprotein non-metastatic B (GPNMB) is a transmembrane protein overexpressed in numerous cancers including triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC). It has been linked to promote cancer aggressiveness and implicated as a novel target for GPNMB-expressing cancers. In current study, we aimed to explore the clinical significance of GPNMB in TNBC. Among 759 specimens, immunohistochemistry (IHC) exhibited GPNMB expressions were variable in different subtypes and significantly higher in TNBC. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed GPNMB overexpression in TNBC was associated with worse prognosis especially distant metastasis (P = 0.020, HR = 2.515, CI 1.154-5.480). Multivariate analysis showed GPNMB expression was an independent prognostic factor in terms of recurrence and distant metastasis (P = 0.008, HR = 3.22, CI 1.36-7.61; P = 0.017, HR = 3.08, CI 1.22-7.74). In silico analysis showed high mRNA expression of GPNMB was associated with distant metastasis and GPNMB was overexpressed in TNBC. Furthermore, GPNMB positively correlated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) regulators, mesenchymal marker vimentin, MMP and integrins. The protein levels of Twist and MMP2 were upregulated by GPNMB overexpression in TNBC cells. GPNMB-enhanced cell invasion was attenuated by broad spectrum MMP inhibitor (GM 6001) and the selective inhibitor of MMP-2 (ARP100). In summary, GPNMB expression is prevalent in TNBC and may be implicated as a prognostic biomarker in patients with TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsiang Huang
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yi Chu
- Department of Pathology, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua City, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ji-Lin Chen
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Teng Huang
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Yang-Ming Branch of Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Cheng Huang
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Fang Tsai
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ling Wang
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ju Lien
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Nursing, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Ming Tseng
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yu Liu
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan. .,Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shih-Pai Road, Taipei, 112, Taiwan.
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16
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Gu YH, Cui XW, Ren JY, Long MM, Wang W, Wei CJ, Aimaier R, Li YH, Chung MH, Gu B, Li QF, Wang ZC. Selection of internal references for RT-qPCR assays in Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) related Schwann cell lines. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0241821. [PMID: 33630851 PMCID: PMC7906369 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) has been widely applied in uncovering disease mechanisms and screening potential biomarkers. Internal reference gene selection determines the accuracy and reproducibility of data analyses. The aim of this study was to identify the optimal reference genes for the relative quantitative analysis of RT-qPCR in fourteen NF1 related cell lines, including non-tumor, benign and malignant Schwann cell lines. The expression characteristics of eleven candidate reference genes (RPS18, ACTB, B2M, GAPDH, PPIA, HPRT1, TBP, UBC, RPLP0, TFRC and RPL32) were screened and analyzed by four software programs: geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and RefFinder. Results showed that GAPDH, the most frequently used internal reference gene, was significantly unstable between various cell lines. The combinational use of two reference genes (PPIA and TBP) was optimal in malignant Schwann cell lines and the use of single reference genes (PPIA or PRLP0) alone or in combination was optimal in benign Schwann cell lines. These recommended internal reference gene selections may improve the accuracy and reproducibility of RT-qPCR in gene expression analyses of NF1 related tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hui Gu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi-Wei Cui
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie-Yi Ren
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Man-Mei Long
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng-Jiang Wei
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rehanguli Aimaier
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue-Hua Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Man-Hon Chung
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Gu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing-Feng Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (QFL); (ZCW)
| | - Zhi-Chao Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (QFL); (ZCW)
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17
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Lopes C, Pereira C, Farinha M, Medeiros R, Dinis-Ribeiro M. Genetic Variations in Prostaglandin E 2 Pathway Identified as Susceptibility Biomarkers for Gastric Cancer in an Intermediate Risk European Country. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020648. [PMID: 33440718 PMCID: PMC7827533 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)/prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) pathway exerts deleterious pleiotropic effects in inflammation-induced gastric carcinogenesis. We aimed to assess the association of genetic variants in prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2), ATP binding cassette subfamily C member 4 (ABCC4), hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase 15-(NAD) (HPGD), and solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2A1 (SLCO2A1) PGE2 pathway-related genes with gastric cancer (GC) risk in a European Caucasian population. A hospital-based case-control study gathering 260 GC cases and 476 cancer-free controls was implemented. Using a tagSNP approach, 51 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped through MassARRAY® iPLEX Gold Technology or allelic discrimination by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Homozygous carriers of the minor allele for both rs689466 and rs10935090 SNPs were associated with a 2.98 and 4.30-fold increased risk for GC, respectively (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.14–7.74, p = 0.027; 95% CI: 1.22–15.16, p = 0.026), with the latter also being associated with an anticipated diagnosis age. A multifactor dimensionality reduction analysis identified an overall three-factor best interactive model composed of age, rs689466, and rs1678374 that was associated with a 17.6-fold GC increased risk (95% CI: 11.67–26.48, p < 0.0001, (cross-validation) CV consistency of 8/10 and accuracy of 0.807). In this preliminary study, several tagSNPs in PGE2 pathway-related genes were identified as risk biomarkers for GC development. This approach may help to identify higher-risk individuals and may contribute to the tailoring screening of GC in intermediate-risk European countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Lopes
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO Porto Research (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (C.L.); (R.M.)
| | - Carina Pereira
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO Porto Research (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (C.L.); (R.M.)
- CINTESIS—Center for Health Technology and Services Research, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-225-084-000; Fax: +351-225-084-001
| | - Mónica Farinha
- Pathology Department, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Rui Medeiros
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO Porto Research (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (C.L.); (R.M.)
- Portuguese League Against Cancer, Estrada Interior da Circunvalação, 4200-172 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mário Dinis-Ribeiro
- CINTESIS—Center for Health Technology and Services Research, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal;
- Gastroenterology Department, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
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18
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Jain N, Nitisa D, Pirsko V, Cakstina I. Selecting suitable reference genes for qPCR normalization: a comprehensive analysis in MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:68. [PMID: 32977762 PMCID: PMC7519550 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-020-00313-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background MCF-7 breast cancer cell line is undoubtedly amongst the most extensively studied patient-derived research models, providing pivotal results that have over the decades translated to constantly improving patient care. Many research groups, have previously identified suitable reference genes for qPCR normalization in MCF-7 cell line. However, over the course of identification of suitable reference genes, a comparative analysis comprising these genes together in a single study has not been reported. Furthermore, the expression dynamics of these reference genes within sub-clones cultured over multiple passages (p) has attracted limited attention from research groups. Therefore, we investigated the expression dynamics of 12 previously suggested reference genes within two sub-clones (culture A1 and A2) cultured identically over multiple passages. Additionally, the effect of nutrient stress on reference gene expression was examined to postulate an evidence-based recommendation of the least variable reference genes that could be employed in future gene expression studies. Results The analysis revealed the presence of differential reference gene expression within the sub-clones of MCF-7. In culture A1, GAPDH-CCSER2 were identified as the least variable reference genes while for culture A2, GAPDH-RNA28S were identified. However, upon validation using genes of interest, both these pairs were found to be unsuitable control pairs. Normalization of AURKA and KRT19 with triplet pair GAPDH-CCSER2-PCBP1 yielded successful results. The triplet also proved its capability to handle variations arising from nutrient stress. Conclusions The variance in expression behavior amongst sub-clones highlights the potential need for exercising caution while selecting reference genes for MCF-7. GAPDH-CCSER2-PCBP1 triplet offers a reliable alternative to otherwise traditionally used internal controls for optimizing intra- and inter-assay gene expression differences. Furthermore, we suggest avoiding the use of ACTB, GAPDH and PGK1 as single internal controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nityanand Jain
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Oncology, Riga Stradiņš University, Dzirciema street 16, Riga, LV-1007, Latvia
| | - Dina Nitisa
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Oncology, Riga Stradiņš University, Dzirciema street 16, Riga, LV-1007, Latvia
| | - Valdis Pirsko
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Oncology, Riga Stradiņš University, Dzirciema street 16, Riga, LV-1007, Latvia
| | - Inese Cakstina
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Oncology, Riga Stradiņš University, Dzirciema street 16, Riga, LV-1007, Latvia.
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19
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Pagacz K, Kucharski P, Smyczynska U, Grabia S, Chowdhury D, Fendler W. A systemic approach to screening high-throughput RT-qPCR data for a suitable set of reference circulating miRNAs. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:111. [PMID: 32005151 PMCID: PMC6995162 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-6530-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The consensus on how to choose a reference gene for serum or plasma miRNA expression qPCR studies has not been reached and none of the potential candidates have yet been convincingly validated. We proposed a new in silico approach of finding a suitable reference for human, circulating miRNAs and identified a new set of endogenous reference miRNA based on miRNA profiling experiments from Gene Expression Omnibus. We used 3 known normalization algorithms (NormFinder, BestKeeper, GeNorm) to calculate a new normalization score. We searched for a universal set of endogenous miRNAs and validated our findings on 2 new datasets using our approach. Results We discovered and validated a set of 13 miRNAs (miR-222, miR-92a, miR-27a, miR-17, miR-24, miR-320a, miR-25, miR-126, miR-19b, miR-199a-3p, miR-30b, miR-30c, miR-374a) that can be used to create a reliable reference combination of 3 miRNAs. We showed that on average the mean of 3 miRNAs (p = 0.0002) and 2 miRNAs (p = 0.0031) were a better reference than single miRNA. The arithmetic means of 3 miRNAs: miR-24, miR-222 and miR-27a was shown to be the most stable combination of 3 miRNAs in validation sets. Conclusions No single miRNA was suitable as a universal reference in serum miRNA qPCR profiling, but it was possible to designate a set of miRNAs, which consistently contributed to most stable combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Pagacz
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.,Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Przemyslaw Kucharski
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.,Institute of Applied Computer Science, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Urszula Smyczynska
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Szymon Grabia
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.,Institute of Applied Computer Science, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Wojciech Fendler
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland. .,Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
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20
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Validation of Reference Genes for Normalization of Relative qRT-PCR Studies in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15241. [PMID: 31645594 PMCID: PMC6811563 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49247-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in thyroid tumors require accurate data normalization, however, there are no sufficient studies addressing the suitable reference genes for gene expression analysis in malignant and normal thyroid tissue specimens. The purpose of this study was to identify valid internal control genes for normalization of relative qRT-PCR studies in human papillary thyroid carcinoma tissue samples. The expression characteristics of 12 candidate reference genes (GAPDH, ACTB, HPRT1, TBP, B2M, PPIA, 18SrRNA, HMBS, GUSB, PGK1, RPLP0, and PGM1) were assessed by qRT-PCR in 45 thyroid tissue samples (15 papillary thyroid carcinoma, 15 paired normal tissues and 15 multinodular goiters). These twelve candidate reference genes were selected by a systematic literature search. GeNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper statistical algorithms were applied to determine the most stable reference genes. The three algorithms were in agreement in identifying GUSB and HPRT1 as the most stably expressed genes in all thyroid tumors investigated. According to the NormFinder software, the pair of genes including ‘GUSB and HPRT1’ or ‘GUSB and HMBS’ or ‘GUSB and PGM1’ were the best combinations for selection of pair reference genes. The optimal number of genes required for reliable normalization of qPCR data in thyroid tissues would be three according to calculations made by GeNorm algorithm. These results suggest that GUSB and HPRT1 are promising reference genes for normalization of relative qRT-PCR studies in papillary thyroid carcinoma.
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21
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Macuer-Guzmán J, Bernal G, Jamett-Díaz F, Ramírez-Rivera S, Ibáñez C. Selective and Apoptotic Action of Ethanol Extract of Annona cherimola Seeds against Human Stomach Gastric Adenocarcinoma Cell Line AGS. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 74:322-327. [PMID: 31154569 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-019-00742-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Annona cherimola is a tree belonging to the family Annonacea, whose fruit (cherimoya) is very desirable, but its seeds are considered waste. Present in these seeds are compounds that have been described as selective antiproliferative agents for cancer cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antiproliferative activity of ethanol macerate extract (EMCHS) obtained from A. cherimola seeds against the human stomach gastric adenocarcinoma (AGS) cell line and the normal human gastric epithelial cell line (GES-1). The EMCHS extract presented an IC50 of 80.43 μg/mL in AGS cells, and a selectivity index (SI) of 3.5-fold higher than that of cisplatin. In addition, the EMCHS extract showed apoptotic activity in AGS cells since 50 μg/mL. Overxpression of PUMA gene in both cells demonstrate that EMCHS activate the apoptotic route. Future studies should be carried out to elucidate anticancer activity of EMCHS in vivo. This work represents the first showing antiproliferative effects of crude extracts obtained from seeds of A. cherimola in AGS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Macuer-Guzmán
- Laboratorio de Silvogenómica y Biotecnología, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de La Serena, Avenida Raúl Bitrán 1305, Casilla 599, 1700000, La Serena, Chile
| | - Giuliano Bernal
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, 1781421, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Fabiola Jamett-Díaz
- Laboratorio de Fitoquímica y Productos Naturales, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Serena, Avenida Raúl Bitrán 1305, Casilla 599, 1700000, La Serena, Chile
| | - Sebastian Ramírez-Rivera
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, 1781421, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Cristian Ibáñez
- Laboratorio de Silvogenómica y Biotecnología, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de La Serena, Avenida Raúl Bitrán 1305, Casilla 599, 1700000, La Serena, Chile.
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22
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Kim BJ, McDonagh MA, Deng L, Gastfriend BD, Schubert-Unkmeir A, Doran KS, Shusta EV. Streptococcus agalactiae disrupts P-glycoprotein function in brain endothelial cells. Fluids Barriers CNS 2019; 16:26. [PMID: 31434575 PMCID: PMC6704684 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-019-0146-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial meningitis is a serious life threatening infection of the CNS. To cause meningitis, blood-borne bacteria need to interact with and penetrate brain endothelial cells (BECs) that comprise the blood-brain barrier. BECs help maintain brain homeostasis and they possess an array of efflux transporters, such as P-glycoprotein (P-gp), that function to efflux potentially harmful compounds from the CNS back into the circulation. Oftentimes, efflux also serves to limit the brain uptake of therapeutic drugs, representing a major hurdle for CNS drug delivery. During meningitis, BEC barrier integrity is compromised; however, little is known about efflux transport perturbations during infection. Thus, understanding the impact of bacterial infection on P-gp function would be important for potential routes of therapeutic intervention. To this end, the meningeal bacterial pathogen, Streptococcus agalactiae, was found to inhibit P-gp activity in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived BECs, and live bacteria were required for the observed inhibition. This observation was correlated to decreased P-gp expression both in vitro and during infection in vivo using a mouse model of bacterial meningitis. Given the impact of bacterial interactions on P-gp function, it will be important to incorporate these findings into analyses of drug delivery paradigms for bacterial infections of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J. Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA
- Department of Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Joseph Schneider Strasse 2/E1, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maura A. McDonagh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA
| | - Liwen Deng
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Benjamin D. Gastfriend
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA
| | - Alexandra Schubert-Unkmeir
- Department of Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Joseph Schneider Strasse 2/E1, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kelly S. Doran
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Eric V. Shusta
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA
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23
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Martins Gomes SF, Westermann AJ, Sauerwein T, Hertlein T, Förstner KU, Ohlsen K, Metzger M, Shusta EV, Kim BJ, Appelt-Menzel A, Schubert-Unkmeir A. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Brain Endothelial Cells as a Cellular Model to Study Neisseria meningitidis Infection. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1181. [PMID: 31191497 PMCID: PMC6548865 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Meningococcal meningitis is a severe central nervous system infection that occurs when Neisseria meningitidis (Nm) penetrates brain endothelial cells (BECs) of the meningeal blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. As a human-specific pathogen, in vivo models are greatly limited and pose a significant challenge. In vitro cell models have been developed, however, most lack critical BEC phenotypes limiting their usefulness. Human BECs generated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) retain BEC properties and offer the prospect of modeling the human-specific Nm interaction with BECs. Here, we exploit iPSC-BECs as a novel cellular model to study Nm host-pathogen interactions, and provide an overview of host responses to Nm infection. Using iPSC-BECs, we first confirmed that multiple Nm strains and mutants follow similar phenotypes to previously described models. The recruitment of the recently published pilus adhesin receptor CD147 underneath meningococcal microcolonies could be verified in iPSC-BECs. Nm was also observed to significantly increase the expression of pro-inflammatory and neutrophil-specific chemokines IL6, CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL8, and CCL20, and the secretion of IFN-γ and RANTES. For the first time, we directly observe that Nm disrupts the three tight junction proteins ZO-1, Occludin, and Claudin-5, which become frayed and/or discontinuous in BECs upon Nm challenge. In accordance with tight junction loss, a sharp loss in trans-endothelial electrical resistance, and an increase in sodium fluorescein permeability and in bacterial transmigration, was observed. Finally, we established RNA-Seq of sorted, infected iPSC-BECs, providing expression data of Nm-responsive host genes. Altogether, this model provides novel insights into Nm pathogenesis, including an impact of Nm on barrier properties and tight junction complexes, and suggests that the paracellular route may contribute to Nm traversal of BECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara F Martins Gomes
- Institute of Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alexander J Westermann
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Würzburg, Germany
| | - Till Sauerwein
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,ZB MED, Information Centre for Life Sciences, Cologne, Germany.,TH Köln, University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Information Science and Communication Studies, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tobias Hertlein
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Konrad U Förstner
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,ZB MED, Information Centre for Life Sciences, Cologne, Germany.,TH Köln, University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Information Science and Communication Studies, Cologne, Germany
| | - Knut Ohlsen
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marco Metzger
- Chair Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Translational Center Regenerative Therapies (TLC-RT), Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eric V Shusta
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Brandon J Kim
- Institute of Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Antje Appelt-Menzel
- Chair Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Translational Center Regenerative Therapies (TLC-RT), Würzburg, Germany
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24
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Wang X, Zhao H, Ni J, Pan J, Hua H, Wang Y. Identification of suitable reference genes for gene expression studies in rat skeletal muscle following sciatic nerve crush injury. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:4377-4387. [PMID: 30942461 PMCID: PMC6472138 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is a molecular biological method used to assess gene expression characterized by high simplicity, effectiveness, specificity and sensitivity. The selection of a suitable reference gene for normalization is critical for the accuracy of quantitative results. Peripheral nerve injury is a common clinical disorder that affects multiple tissues and organs, including peripheral nerves, neurons and the innervated muscles. Numerous genes are differentially expressed in skeletal muscles during muscle denervation and reinnervation following peripheral nerve injury. The identification of a suitable reference gene in innervated muscles following nerve injury may improve the understanding of the alterations in gene expression in the processes of peripheral nerve repair and regeneration. Therefore, in the present study, by using a rat sciatic nerve crush model, the expression levels of various housekeeping genes were examined. In particular, the expression levels of 13 housekeeping genes, including 18S ribosomal RNA, actin β, ankyrin repeat domain 27, cyclophilin A, GAPDH, hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1 (HPRT1), mitochondrial ribosomal protein L10, phosphoglycerate kinase 1, RPTOR independent companion of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2, TATA-box binding protein, ubiquitin C, UBX domain protein 11 and tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein ζ, were investigated in gastrocnemius muscles. The geNorm and NormFinder analyses suggested that the expression level of HPRT1 was particularly stable in gastrocnemius muscles following rat sciatic nerve crush injury. Therefore, HPRT1 may be used as a reference gene for the normalization of gene expression data generated by RT-qPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co‑innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Hualong Zhao
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, Yancheng Teachers' University, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224051, P.R. China
| | - Jun Ni
- Department of Rehabilitation, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Jiacheng Pan
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co‑innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Hao Hua
- Department of Medicine, Xinglin College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Yaxian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co‑innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
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25
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Upregulation of 24(R/S),25-epoxycholesterol and 27-hydroxycholesterol suppresses the proliferation and migration of gastric cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 504:892-898. [PMID: 30224060 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common cancers and is the second-leading cause of cancer-associated morbidity worldwide. Oxysterols are oxidized derivatives of cholesterol that may be important in many biological processes, but the levels and roles of oxysterols in gastric tumours remain to be elucidated. The levels of cholesterol, oxysterols and sulfated oxysterols in human gastric tumour tissues, adjacent normal mucosal tissues, cancerous gastric juice and gastric juice obtained from healthy subjects were detected by LC-MS. It was found that the levels of 24(R/S),25-EC and 27HC in human gastric tumour tissues and cancerous gastric juice were significantly increased compared with those of adjacent normal mucosal tissues and gastric juice from healthy subjects. Compared with normal gastric mucosal tissue, the levels of sulfated 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC3S) and the ratio of 25HC3S/25HC were decreased in human gastric tumour tissues, which might be related to the dramatically decreased SULT2A1 expression in gastric tumour tissue. Both 24(R/S),25-EC and 27HC suppressed gastric cancer proliferation, which was not altered by LXRα-siRNA treatment. The suppression of cell proliferation induced by 27HC was attenuated by LXRβ-siRNA, but the suppression of cell proliferation induced by 24(R/S),25-EC was intensified by LXRβ-siRNA. Both 24(R/S),25-EC and 27HC dramatically inhibited HGC-27 cell migration, which was attenuated by the co-transfection of cells with LXRα-siRNA and LXRβ-siRNA, but not LXRα-siRNA or LXRβ-siRNA alone. In conclusion, the accumulated 24(R/S),25-EC and 27HC in human gastric tumour tissues might play important roles in gastric cancer development.
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26
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Chambers DM, Moretti L, Zhang JJ, Cooper SW, Chambers DM, Santangelo PJ, Barker TH. LEM domain-containing protein 3 antagonizes TGFβ-SMAD2/3 signaling in a stiffness-dependent manner in both the nucleus and cytosol. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:15867-15886. [PMID: 30108174 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) signaling through SMAD2/3 is an important driver of pathological fibrosis in multiple organ systems. TGFβ signaling and extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness form an unvirtuous pathological circuit in which matrix stiffness drives activation of latent TGFβ, and TGFβ signaling then drives cellular stress and ECM synthesis. Moreover, ECM stiffness also appears to sensitize cells to exogenously activated TGFβ through unknown mechanisms. Here, using human fibroblasts, we explored the effect of ECM stiffness on a putative inner nuclear membrane protein, LEM domain-containing protein 3 (LEMD3), which is physically connected to the cell's actin cytoskeleton and inhibits TGFβ signaling. We showed that LEMD3-SMAD2/3 interactions are inversely correlated with ECM stiffness and TGFβ-driven luciferase activity and that LEMD3 expression is correlated with the mechanical response of the TGFβ-driven luciferase reporter. We found that actin polymerization but not cellular stress or LEMD3-nuclear-cytoplasmic couplings were necessary for LEMD3-SMAD2/3 interactions. Intriguingly, LEMD3 and SMAD2/3 frequently interacted in the cytosol, and we discovered LEMD3 was proteolytically cleaved into protein fragments. We confirmed that a consensus C-terminal LEMD3 fragment binds SMAD2/3 in a stiffness-dependent manner throughout the cell and is sufficient for antagonizing SMAD2/3 signaling. Using human lung biopsies, we observed that these nuclear and cytosolic interactions are also present in tissue and found that fibrotic tissues exhibit locally diminished and cytoplasmically shifted LEMD3-SMAD2/3 interactions, as noted in vitro Our work reveals novel LEMD3 biology and stiffness-dependent regulation of TGFβ by LEMD3, providing a novel target to antagonize pathological TGFβ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwight M Chambers
- From the Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
| | - Leandro Moretti
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, and
| | - Jennifer J Zhang
- From the Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
| | - Spencer W Cooper
- From the Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
| | - Davis M Chambers
- the College of Arts and Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303
| | - Philip J Santangelo
- From the Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
| | - Thomas H Barker
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, and
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Hildyard JC, Taylor-Brown F, Massey C, Wells DJ, Piercy RJ. Determination of qPCR Reference Genes Suitable for Normalizing Gene Expression in a Canine Model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. J Neuromuscul Dis 2018; 5:177-191. [DOI: 10.3233/jnd-170267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John C.W. Hildyard
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Comparative Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Frances Taylor-Brown
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Comparative Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Claire Massey
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Comparative Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Dominic J. Wells
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Richard J. Piercy
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Comparative Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
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Costa FB, Cortez AP, de Ávila RI, de Carvalho FS, Andrade WM, da Cruz AF, Reis KB, Menegatti R, Lião LM, Romeiro LAS, Noël F, Fraga CAM, Barreiro EJ, Sanz G, Rodrigues MF, Vaz BG, Valadares MC. The novel piperazine-containing compound LQFM018: Necroptosis cell death mechanisms, dopamine D 4 receptor binding and toxicological assessment. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 102:481-493. [PMID: 29579709 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.02.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Piperazine is a promising scaffold for drug development due to its broad spectrum of biological activities. Based on this, the new piperazine-containing compound LQFM018 (2) [ethyl 4-((1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)methyl)piperazine-1-carboxylate] was synthetized and some biological activities investigated. In this work, we described its ability to bind aminergic receptors, antiproliferative effects as well as the LQFM018 (2)-triggered cell death mechanisms, in K562 leukemic cells, by flow cytometric analyses. Furthermore, acute oral systemic toxicity and potential myelotoxicity assessments of LQFM018 (2) were carried out. LQFM018 (2) was originally obtained by molecular simplification from LASSBio579 (1), an analogue compound of clozapine, with 33% of global yield. Binding profile assay to aminergic receptors showed that LQFM018 (2) has affinity for the dopamine D4 receptor (Ki = 0.26 μM). Moreover, it showed cytotoxicity in K562 cells, in a concentration and time-dependent manner; IC50 values obtained were 399, 242 and 119 μM for trypan blue assay and 427, 259 and 50 μM for MTT method at 24, 48 or 72 h, respectively. This compound (427 μM) also promoted increase in LDH release and cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase. Furthermore, it triggered necrotic morphologies in K562 cells associated with intense cell membrane rupture as confirmed by Annexin V/propidium iodide double-staining. LQFM018 (2) also triggered mitochondrial disturb through loss of ΔΨm associated with increase of ROS production. No significant accumulation of cytosolic cytochrome c was verified in treated cells. Furthermore, it was verified an increase of expression of TNF-R1 and mRNA levels of CYLD with no involviment in caspase-3 and -8 activation and NF-κB in K562 cells. LQFM018 (2) showed in vitro myelotoxicity potential, but it was orally well tolerated and classified as UN GHS category 5 (LD50 > 2000-5000 mg/Kg). Thus, LQFM018 (2) seems to have a non-selective action considering hematopoietic cells. In conclusion, it is suggested LQFM018 (2) promotes cell death in K562 cells via necroptotic signaling, probably with involvement of dopamine D4 receptor. These findings open new perspectives in cancer therapy by use of necroptosis inducing agents as a strategy of reverse cancer cell chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Bettanin Costa
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Toxicologia Celular - FarmaTec, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Alane P Cortez
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Toxicologia Celular - FarmaTec, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Renato Ivan de Ávila
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Toxicologia Celular - FarmaTec, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Flávio S de Carvalho
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Toxicologia Celular - FarmaTec, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Wanessa M Andrade
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Toxicologia Celular - FarmaTec, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Andrezza F da Cruz
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Toxicologia Celular - FarmaTec, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Karinna B Reis
- Laboratório de Química Farmacêutica Medicinal (LQFM), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Menegatti
- Laboratório de Química Farmacêutica Medicinal (LQFM), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Luciano M Lião
- Laboratório de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Luiz Antônio S Romeiro
- Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - François Noël
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Bioquímica e Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto M Fraga
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Eliezer J Barreiro
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Germán Sanz
- Laboratório de Cromatografia e Espectrometria de Massas (LaCEM), Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Marcella F Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Cromatografia e Espectrometria de Massas (LaCEM), Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Boniek G Vaz
- Laboratório de Cromatografia e Espectrometria de Massas (LaCEM), Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Marize Campos Valadares
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Toxicologia Celular - FarmaTec, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
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de Campos RP, Schultz IC, de Andrade Mello P, Davies S, Gasparin MS, Bertoni APS, Buffon A, Wink MR. Cervical cancer stem-like cells: systematic review and identification of reference genes for gene expression. Cell Biol Int 2018; 42:139-152. [PMID: 28949053 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer affecting women worldwide. Among many factors, the presence of cancer stem cells, a subpopulation of cells inside the tumor, has been associated with a worse prognosis. Considering the importance of gene expression studies to understand the biology of cervical cancer stem cells (CCSC), this work identifies stable reference genes for cervical cancer cell lines SiHa, HeLa, and ME180 as well as their respective cancer stem-like cells. A literature review was performed to identify validated reference genes currently used to normalize RT-qPCR data in cervical cancer cell lines. Then, cell lines were cultured in regular monolayer or in a condition that favors tumor sphere formation. RT-qPCR was performed using five reference genes: ACTB, B2M, GAPDH, HPRT1, and TBP. Stability was assessed to validate the selected genes as suitable reference genes. The evaluation validated B2M, GAPDH, HPRT1, and TBP in these experimental conditions. Among them, GAPDH and TBP presented the lowest variability according to the analysis by Normfinder, Bestkeeper, and ΔCq methods, being therefore the most adequate genes to normalize the combination of all samples. These results suggest that B2M, GAPDH, HPRT1, and TBP are suitable reference genes to normalize RT-qPCR data of established cervical cancer cell lines SiHa, HeLa, and ME180 as well as their derived cancer stem-like cells. Indeed, GAPDH and TBP seem to be the most convenient choices for studying gene expression in these cells in monolayers or spheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael P de Campos
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Iago C Schultz
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Paola de Andrade Mello
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Laboratório de Análises Bioquímicas e Citológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90610-000, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Samuel Davies
- Laboratório de Análises Bioquímicas e Citológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90610-000, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Manuela S Gasparin
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Laboratório de Análises Bioquímicas e Citológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90610-000, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ana P S Bertoni
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Andréia Buffon
- Laboratório de Análises Bioquímicas e Citológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90610-000, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Márcia R Wink
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Identification of valid reference genes for mRNA and microRNA normalisation in prostate cancer cell lines. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1949. [PMID: 29386530 PMCID: PMC5792445 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19458-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
RT-qPCR offers high sensitivity, for accurate interpretations of qPCR results however, normalisation using suitable reference genes is fundamental. Androgens can regulate transcriptional expression including reference gene expression in prostate cancer. In this study, we evaluated ten mRNA and six non-protein coding RNA reference genes in five prostate cell lines under varied dihydrotestosterone (DHT) treatments. We validated the effects of DHT-treatments using media containing charcoal-stripped serum prior to DHT stimulation on the test samples by Western blot experiments. Reference gene expression stability was analysed using three programs (geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper), and the recommended comprehensive ranking is provided. Our results reveal that ACTB and GAPDH, and miR-16 and miR-1228-3p are the most suitable mRNA and miRNA reference genes across all cell lines, respectively. Considering prostate cancer cell types, ACTB/GAPDH and ACTB/HPRT1 are the most suitable reference gene combinations for mRNA analysis, and miR-16/miR-1228-3p and RNU6-2/RNU43 for miRNA analysis in AR+, and AR− and normal cell lines, respectively. Comparison of relative target gene (PCA3 and miR-141) expression reveals different patterns depending on reference genes used for normalisation. To our knowledge, this is the first report on validation of reference genes under different DHT treatments in prostate cancer cells. This study provides insights for discovery of reliable DHT-regulated genes in prostate cells.
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Selection of internal references for qRT-PCR assays of human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20171281. [PMID: 29180379 PMCID: PMC5741833 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20171281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Selecting internal references is important for normalizing the loading quantity of samples in quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). In the present study, a systematic evaluation of reference genes among nine hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines was conducted. After screening the microarray assay data of ten HCC cell lines, 19 candidate reference genes were preselected and then evaluated by qRT-PCR, together with ACTB, GAPDH, HPRT1 and TUBB The expression evenness of these candidate genes was evaluated using RefFinder. The stabilities of the reference genes were further evaluated under different experimental perturbations in Huh-7 and MHCC-97L, and the applicability of the reference genes was assessed by measuring the mRNA expression of CCND1, CCND3, CDK4 and CDK6 under sorafenib treatment in Huh-7. Results showed that TFG and SFRS4 are among the most reliable reference genes, and ACTB ranks third and acts quite well as a classical choice, whereas GAPDH, HPRT1 and TUBB are not proper reference genes in qRT-PCR assays among the HCC cell lines. SFRS4, YWHAB, SFRS4 and CNPY3 are the most stable reference genes of the MHCC-97L under the perturbations of chemotherapy, oxidative stress, starvation and hypoxia respectively, whereas YWHAB is the most stable one of Huh-7 under all perturbations. GAPDH is recommended as a reference gene under chemotherapy perturbations. YWHAB and UBE2B, TMED2 and TSFM, and GAPDH and TSFM are the two best reference genes under oxidative stress, starvation and hypoxia perturbations respectively. TSFM is stable in both cell lines across all the perturbations.
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32
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Xu W, Foster BA, Richards M, Bondioli KR, Shah G, Green CC. Characterization of prostate cancer cell progression in zebrafish xenograft model. Int J Oncol 2017; 52:252-260. [PMID: 29115578 PMCID: PMC5743385 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Early diagnosis of prostate cancer (PCa) is critical for the application of efficient treatment to PCa patients. However, the majority of PCas remains indolent from several months to several years before malignancy. Current diagnosis methods have limitations in their reliability and are inefficient in time cost. Thus, an efficient in vivo PCa cell xenograft model is highly desired for diagnostic studies in PCas. In the present study we present a standardized procedure to create a PCa cell xenograft model using zebrafish (Danio rerio) as the host. PC3-CTR cells, a cell line from adenocarcinoma with stable expression of calcitonin receptor (CRT), were subcutaneously injected into zebrafish larvae at 48 h post fertilization. The nursing conditions for the larvae were optimized with stable survival rates of post hatch and post PC3-CTR cell injection. In this system, the progression of PC3-CTR cells in vivo was evaluated by migration and proliferation of the cells. Massive migrations of PC3 cells in vivo were observed at post injection day (PID)3. The injected PC3-CTR cells eventually invaded the whole larval zebrafish at PID5. Quantification of PC3-CTR cell proliferation was done using quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis targeting the expression profiles of two PCa housekeeping genes, TATA-binding protein (TBP) and hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1 (HPRT1) encoding genes. The excessive proliferation of PC3 cells in vivo was detected with both qPCR assays. Expression levels of one non-coding gene, prostate cancer associated 3 gene (pca3), and two other genes encoding transient receptor potential ion channel Melastatin 8 (trpm8) and prostate-specific membrane antigen (psma), showed a significantly enhanced aggressiveness of PC3-CTR cells in vivo. The model established in the present study provides an improved in vivo model for the diagnosis of PCas efficiently. This PCa cell xenograft model can also serve as a tool for high throughput anti-PCa drug screening in therapeutic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Brittany A Foster
- Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | | | | | - Girish Shah
- School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana, Monroe, LA 71201, USA
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Ryu B, Kim CY, Oh H, Kim U, Kim J, Jung CR, Lee BH, Lee S, Chang SN, Lee JM, Chung HM, Park JH. Development of an alternative zebrafish model for drug-induced intestinal toxicity. J Appl Toxicol 2017; 38:259-273. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bokyeong Ryu
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine; Seoul National University; Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - C-Yoon Kim
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine; Konkuk University; Seoul 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Hanseul Oh
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine; Seoul National University; Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Ukjin Kim
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine; Seoul National University; Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Kim
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine; Seoul National University; Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Cho-Rok Jung
- Gene Therapy Research Unit; Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology; Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Hee Lee
- National Institute of Biological Resources; Incheon 22689 Republic of Korea
| | - Seungki Lee
- National Institute of Biological Resources; Incheon 22689 Republic of Korea
| | - Seo-Na Chang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine; Seoul National University; Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Min Lee
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine; Seoul National University; Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Min Chung
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine; Konkuk University; Seoul 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hak Park
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine; Seoul National University; Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
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Budge KM, Neal ML, Richardson JR, Safadi FF. Glycoprotein NMB: an Emerging Role in Neurodegenerative Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:5167-5176. [PMID: 28856541 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0707-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is characterized by severe neuronal loss leading to the cognitive and physical impairments that define various neurodegenerative diseases. Neuroinflammation is one hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases and can ultimately contribute to disease progression. Increased inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1 β), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) are associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and multiple sclerosis (MS). Unfortunately, current therapeutic options lack ability to stop or effectively slow progression of these diseases and are primarily aimed at alleviating symptoms. Thus, it is crucial to discover novel treatment candidates for neurodegenerative diseases. Glycoprotein nonmetastatic melanoma protein B (GPNMB) is a type-I transmembrane glycoprotein first identified in a melanoma cell line. GPNMB augments bone mineral deposition by stimulating osteoblast differentiation. Aside from its anabolic function in the bone, emerging evidence suggests that GPNMB has anti-inflammatory and reparative functions. GPNMB has also been demonstrated to be neuroprotective in an animal model of ALS, cerebral ischemia, and other disease models. Given these discoveries, GPNMB should be investigated as a potential therapeutic option for multiple neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Budge
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University (NEOMED), 4209 State Route 44, Rootstown, OH, 44224, USA.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Matthew L Neal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University (NEOMED), Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Jason R Richardson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University (NEOMED), Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Fayez F Safadi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University (NEOMED), 4209 State Route 44, Rootstown, OH, 44224, USA. .,School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA.
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35
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Lemma S, Avnet S, Salerno M, Chano T, Baldini N. Identification and Validation of Housekeeping Genes for Gene Expression Analysis of Cancer Stem Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149481. [PMID: 26894994 PMCID: PMC4760967 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The characterization of cancer stem cell (CSC) subpopulation, through the comparison of the gene expression signature in respect to the native cancer cells, is particularly important for the identification of novel and more effective anticancer strategies. However, CSC have peculiar characteristics in terms of adhesion, growth, and metabolism that possibly implies a different modulation of the expression of the most commonly used housekeeping genes (HKG), like b-actin (ACTB). Although it is crucial to identify which are the most stable HKG genes to normalize the data derived from quantitative Real-Time PCR analysis to obtain robust and consistent results, an exhaustive validation of reference genes in CSC is still missing. Here, we isolated CSC spheres from different musculoskeletal sarcomas and carcinomas as a model to investigate on the stability of the mRNA expression of 15 commonly used HKG, in respect to the native cells. The selected genes were analysed for the variation coefficient and compared using the popular algorithms NormFinder and geNorm to evaluate stability ranking. As a result, we found that: 1) Tata Binding Protein (TBP), Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein zeta polypeptide (YWHAZ), Peptidylprolyl isomerase A (PPIA), and Hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HMBS) are the most stable HKG for the comparison between CSC and native cells; 2) at least four reference genes should be considered for robust results; 3) the use of ACTB should not be recommended, 4) specific HKG should be considered for studies that are focused only on a specific tumor type, like sarcoma or carcinoma. Our results should be taken in consideration for all the studies of gene expression analysis of CSC, and will substantially contribute for future investigations aimed to identify novel anticancer therapy based on CSC targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Lemma
- Laboratory for Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Sofia Avnet
- Laboratory for Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Manuela Salerno
- Laboratory for Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Tokuhiro Chano
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Nicola Baldini
- Laboratory for Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Sharan RN, Vaiphei ST, Nongrum S, Keppen J, Ksoo M. Consensus reference gene(s) for gene expression studies in human cancers: end of the tunnel visible? Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2015; 38:419-31. [PMID: 26384826 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-015-0244-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene expression studies are increasingly used to provide valuable information on the diagnosis and prognosis of human cancers. Also, for in vitro and in vivo experimental cancer models gene expression studies are widely used. The complex algorithms of differential gene expression analyses require normalization of data against a reference or normalizer gene, or a set of such genes. For this purpose, mostly invariant housekeeping genes are used. Unfortunately, however, there are no consensus (housekeeping) genes that serve as reference or normalizer for different human cancers. In fact, scientists have employed a wide range of reference genes across different types of cancer for normalization of gene expression data. As a consequence, comparisons of these data and/or data harmonizations are difficult to perform and challenging. In addition, an inadequate choice for a reference gene may obscure genuine changes and/or result in erroneous gene expression data comparisons. METHODS In our effort to highlight the importance of selecting the most appropriate reference gene(s), we have screened the literature for gene expression studies published since the turn of the century on thirteen of the most prevalent human cancers worldwide. CONCLUSIONS Based on the analysis of the data at hand, we firstly recommend that in each study the suitability of candidate reference gene(s) should carefully be evaluated in order to yield reliable differential gene expression data. Secondly, we recommend that a combination of PPIA and either GAPDH, ACTB, HPRT and TBP, or appropriate combinations of two or three of these genes, should be employed in future studies, to ensure that results from different studies on different human cancers can be harmonized. This approach will ultimately increase the depth of our understanding of gene expression signatures across human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Sharan
- Radiation and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University (NEHU), Shillong, 793022, India.
| | - S Thangminlal Vaiphei
- Radiation and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University (NEHU), Shillong, 793022, India
| | - Saibadaiahun Nongrum
- Radiation and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University (NEHU), Shillong, 793022, India
| | - Joshua Keppen
- Radiation and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University (NEHU), Shillong, 793022, India
| | - Mandahakani Ksoo
- Radiation and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University (NEHU), Shillong, 793022, India
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Peczek L, Zuk K, Stec-Michalska K, Medrek M, Nawrot B. The influence of Helicobacter pylori eradication on the expression and methylation status of the FHIT gene in non-cancerous gastric mucosa of dyspeptic patients. J Dig Dis 2015; 16:385-94. [PMID: 25943773 DOI: 10.1111/1751-2980.12252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) eradication on the expression level of the FHIT gene and its methylation status in the gastric mucosa of dyspeptic patients with or without a family history of gastric cancer (FHGC). METHODS In all, 31 patients with H. pylori infection including 13 with FHGC were enrolled in the study. The effectiveness of H. pylori eradication were confirmed by UBT, RUT and multiplex PCR (the presence of selected H. pylori strains) for biopsy samples from the antrum and corpus. Histopathological assessment was also performed. The expression of FHIT mRNA was determined by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and the methylation status of the FHIT promoter was assessed by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS After H. pylori eradication, the improvement of inflammation from superficial gastritis to normal mucosa (G → N) was observed in 39% of the patients without FHGC and in 54% of those with FHGC. FHIT mRNA expression was increased in patients without FHGC after H. pylori eradication (P < 0.05), while there was no statistically significant change in gene methylation status after H. pylori eradication (P > 0.05). For the samples from those with FHGC, the FHIT mRNA expression was not significantly changed and the methylation status fluctuated evenly. CONCLUSIONS H. pylori eradication results in the improvement of gastric mucosal inflammation and histopathological non-atrophic changes. The FHIT gene expression is increased in patients without FHGC, which may contribute to the prevention of GC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Peczek
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - Karolina Zuk
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Marta Medrek
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Barbara Nawrot
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
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Kanematsu M, Futamura M, Takata M, Gaowa S, Yamada A, Morimitsu K, Morikawa A, Mori R, Hara H, Yoshida K. Clinical significance of glycoprotein nonmetastatic B and its association with HER2 in breast cancer. Cancer Med 2015; 4:1344-55. [PMID: 26077887 PMCID: PMC4567019 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoprotein nonmetastatic B (GPNMB) is a potential oncogene that is particularly expressed in melanoma and breast cancer (BC). To clarify its clinical significance in BC, we measured serum GPNMB in vivo and investigated its cross talk with human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2). GPNMB was expressed in four of six breast cell lines (SK-BR-3, BT-474, MDA-MD-231, and MDA-MD-157), two of six colorectal cell lines, and two of four gastric cancer (GC) cell lines. We established a GPNMB quantification system using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for these cell lines. We measured serum GPNMB in vivo in 162 consecutive BC patients and in 88 controls (50 colorectal cancer [CC] and 38 GC patients). The GPNMB concentration in BC, CC and GC was 8.163, 5.751 and 6.55 ng/mL, respectively. The GPNMB level was significantly higher in BC patients than in CC patients (P = 0.021). The HER2-rich subtype of BC patients had significantly higher GPNMB levels than other subtypes (vs. Luminal; P = 0.038; vs. DCIS; P = 0.0195). These high GPNMB levels decreased after treatment (surgery/chemotherapy). Next, we examined the relationship between GPNMB and HER2 in vitro using SK-BR3 and BT-474 (HER2-positive/GPNMB-positive) cells. GPNMB depletion by small interfering RNA (siRNA) increased both HER2 expression and phosphorylation. Trastuzumab (Tra) in combination with docetaxel promoted cell growth inhibition, and treatment with Tra or an Extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) inhibitor enhanced GPNMB expression. These results indicate that GPNMB might be a surrogate marker for BC and may cross talk with the HER2 signal pathway. GPNMB may therefore emerge as an important player in anti-HER2 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Kanematsu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Manabu Futamura
- Department of Breast and Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Masafumi Takata
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Siqin Gaowa
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Atsuko Yamada
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kasumi Morimitsu
- Department of Breast and Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Akemi Morikawa
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Mori
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hideaki Hara
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yoshida
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
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Kang W, Tong JHM, Lung RWM, Dong Y, Zhao J, Liang Q, Zhang L, Pan Y, Yang W, Pang JCS, Cheng ASL, Yu J, To KF. Targeting of YAP1 by microRNA-15a and microRNA-16-1 exerts tumor suppressor function in gastric adenocarcinoma. Mol Cancer 2015; 14:52. [PMID: 25743273 PMCID: PMC4342823 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-015-0323-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been reported to play an important role in tumorigenesis. In this study, the role of miR-15a and miR-16-1 in gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC) was investigated. Methods The expression of miR-15a and miR-16-1 in cell lines and primary tumors was examined by miRNA qRT-PCR. Proliferative assays, colony formation, cell invasion and migration, flow cytometry analysis and in vivo study were performed by ectopic expression of miR-15a and miR-16-1. The putative target genes of miR-15a and miR-16-1 were explored by TargetScan and further validated. Results We found that miR-15a and miR-16-1 were down-regulated in GAC cell lines and primary tumor samples compared with normal gastric epithelium. Functional study demonstrated that ectopic expression of miR-15a and miR-16-1 suppressed cell proliferation, monolayer colony formation, invasion and migration, and xenograft formation in vivo. In addition, miR-15a and miR-16-1 induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest which was further confirmed by Western blot and qRT-PCR of related cell cycle regulators. YAP1 was confirmed to be a functional target of miR-15a and miR-16-1 in GAC. YAP1 re-expression partly abrogated the inhibitory effect of miR-15a and miR-16-1 in GAC cells. In clinical samples, YAP1 protein expression shows negative correlation with miR-15a and miR-16-1 expression. Conclusion In conclusion, targeting YAP1 by tumor suppressor miRNA miR-15a and miR-16-1 plays inhibitory effect and this might have a therapeutic potential in GAC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12943-015-0323-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Kang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China. .,Institute of Digestive Disease, Partner State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China. .,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China. .,Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, PR China.
| | - Joanna H M Tong
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China. .,Institute of Digestive Disease, Partner State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China. .,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China.
| | - Raymond W M Lung
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China. .,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China.
| | - Yujuan Dong
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Partner State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China.
| | - Junhong Zhao
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Partner State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China.
| | - Qiaoyi Liang
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Partner State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China.
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China. .,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China.
| | - Yi Pan
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China. .,Institute of Digestive Disease, Partner State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China. .,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China.
| | - Weiqin Yang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China.
| | - Jesse C S Pang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China. .,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China.
| | - Alfred S L Cheng
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Partner State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China. .,Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, PR China. .,School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China.
| | - Jun Yu
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Partner State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China. .,Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, PR China. .,Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China.
| | - Ka Fai To
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China. .,Institute of Digestive Disease, Partner State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China. .,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China. .,Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, PR China.
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Liu LL, Zhao H, Ma TF, Ge F, Chen CS, Zhang YP. Identification of valid reference genes for the normalization of RT-qPCR expression studies in human breast cancer cell lines treated with and without transient transfection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117058. [PMID: 25617865 PMCID: PMC4305315 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is a powerful technique for examining gene expression changes during tumorigenesis. Target gene expression is generally normalized by a stably expressed endogenous reference gene; however, reference gene expression may differ among tissues under various circumstances. Because no valid reference genes have been documented for human breast cancer cell lines containing different cancer subtypes treated with transient transfection, we identified appropriate and reliable reference genes from thirteen candidates in a panel of 10 normal and cancerous human breast cell lines under experimental conditions with/without transfection treatments with two transfection reagents. Reference gene expression stability was calculated using four algorithms (geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and comparative delta Ct), and the recommended comprehensive ranking was provided using geometric means of the ranking values using the RefFinder tool. GeNorm analysis revealed that two reference genes should be sufficient for all cases in this study. A stability analysis suggests that 18S rRNA-ACTB is the best reference gene combination across all cell lines; ACTB-GAPDH is best for basal breast cancer cell lines; and HSPCB-ACTB is best for ER+ breast cancer cells. After transfection, the stability ranking of the reference gene fluctuated, especially with Lipofectamine 2000 transfection reagent in two subtypes of basal and ER+ breast cell lines. Comparisons of relative target gene (HER2) expression revealed different expressional patterns depending on the reference genes used for normalization. We suggest that identifying the most stable and suitable reference genes is critical for studying specific cell lines under certain circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Lin Liu
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resource, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resource, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Teng-Fei Ma
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resource, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Fei Ge
- Department of Endocrine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ce-Shi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ya-Ping Zhang
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resource, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- * E-mail:
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Evaluation of reference genes for expression studies in leukocytes from term human pregnancy. Placenta 2014; 36:240-5. [PMID: 25484264 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human labor is considered an inflammatory process modulated by systemic and local leukocytes that infiltrate into the maternal-fetal interface. The putative roles of these leukocytes are currently being studied with gene expression assays. Such assays are normalized by the expression of housekeeping genes. However, expression of housekeeping genes may vary depending on the cell type and/or the experimental conditions. The aim of this study was to analyze the expression stability of several housekeeping genes in leukocytes from term human pregnancies, considering both anatomical origin and presence of labor. METHODS We analyzed the gene expression of ACTB, B2M, GAPDH, GUSB, PGK1, RN18S1, TBP and UBC in leukocytes from maternal peripheral blood, placental blood and choriodecidua in women delivering at term with or without the presence of labor through real-time qPCR. Then we used geNorm to evaluate expression stability and pairwise variation. RESULTS The expression of all tested genes showed to be stable independent of the anatomical compartment and the absence or presence of labor. However, PGK1, GUSB and TBP showed to be the most stable and RN18S1 the least stable. Pairwise variation analyses showed that only two genes are needed for normalization yet the inclusion of a third improves its accuracy. DISCUSSION PGK1, GUSB and TBP are the most adequate reference genes for gene expression normalization in leukocytes from term pregnancies, regardless of their anatomical origin (maternal peripheral blood, placental blood or choriodecidua) or the presence or absence of labor. Our study is the first report on housekeeping gene stability in leukocytes from healthy pregnant women.
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Yan D, Zheng X, Tu L, Jia J, Li Q, Cheng L, Wang X. Knockdown of Merm1/Wbscr22 attenuates sensitivity of H460 non-small cell lung cancer cells to SN-38 and 5-FU without alteration to p53 expression levels. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:295-302. [PMID: 25352209 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Merm1/Wbscr22 is a novel metastasis promoter that has been shown to be involved in tumor metastasis, viability and apoptosis. To the best of our knowledge, there are currently no studies suggesting the possible correlation between the expression of Merm1/Wbscr22 in tumor cells and chemosensitivity to antitumor agents. In the present study, two human non-small cell lung cancer cell lines, H1299 and H460, were used to investigate whether Merm1/Wbscr22 affects chemosensitivity to antitumor agents, including cisplatin (CDDP), doxorubicin (ADM), paclitaxel (PTX), mitomycin (MMC), 7-Ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN-38; the active metabolite of camptothecin) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Merm1/Wbscr22 knockdown cell lines (H1299-shRNA and H460-shRNA) and negative control cell lines (H1299-NC and H460-NC) were established by stable transfection, and the efficiency of Merm1/Wbscr22 knockdown was confirmed by western blotting, immunofluorescence microscopy and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The results demonstrated that shRNA-mediated knockdown of Merm1/Wbscr22 did not affect cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. The H460 cells harboring wild type p53 were markedly more sensitive to all six antitumor agents as compared with the p53-null H1299 cells. Downregulation of Merm1/Wbscr22 did not affect H1299 sensitivity to any of the six antitumor agents, whereas attenuated H460 sensitivity to SN-38 and 5-FU, without significant alteration in p53 at both mRNA and protein levels, was identified. The reduced H460 sensitivity to SN-38 was further confirmed in vivo. SN-38 demonstrated significant tumor growth inhibitory activity in both H460 and H460‑NC tumor xenograft models, but only marginally suppressed the H460-shRNA xenograft tumor growth. Furthermore, CDDP (4, 10, 15 µg/ml)-resistant human non-small lung cancer cells A549 (A549-CDDPr-4, 10, 15) expressed significant amounts of Merm1/Wbscr22 protein, as compared with the parental A549 cells. In conclusion, shRNA-mediated knockdown of Merm1/Wbscr22 attenuates H460 sensitivity to SN-38 and 5-FU, suggesting Merm1/Wbscr22 is involved in chemosensitivity to SN-38 and 5-FU in H460 cells. No direct correlation between the p53 expression level and altered chemosensitivity was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Yan
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoliang Zheng
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, P.R. China
| | - Linglan Tu
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, P.R. China
| | - Jing Jia
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, P.R. China
| | - Qin Li
- Institute of Materia Medica, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, P.R. China
| | - Liyan Cheng
- Institute of Materia Medica, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoju Wang
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, P.R. China
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Kang W, Tong JHM, Lung RWM, Dong Y, Yang W, Pan Y, Lau KM, Yu J, Cheng AS, To KF. let-7b/g silencing activates AKT signaling to promote gastric carcinogenesis. J Transl Med 2014; 12:281. [PMID: 25288334 PMCID: PMC4196013 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-014-0281-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aberrant AKT activation contributes to gastric cancer cell survival and chemotherapy resistance, however its regulation is poorly understood. microRNAs have been established to be important regulators in gastric carcinogenesis. Here, we showed the functional role and putative target of let-7b and let-7g (let-7b/g) in gastric carcinogenesis. Methods The expression of let-7b/g in gastric cancer cell lines and primary tumors were evaluated by miRNA qRT-PCR. The putative target gene of let-7b/g was explored by TargetScan followed by further validation. Functional analyses including MTT proliferation, monolayer colony formation, cell invasion assays and in vivo study were performed in both ectopic expression and knockdown approaches. Results let-7b/g was found down-regulated in gastric cancer and its downregulation was associated with poor survival and correlated with lymph node metastasis. let-7b/g inhibited AKT2 expression by directly binding to its 3’UTR, reduced p-AKT (S473) activation and suppressed expression of the downstream effector pS6. AKT2 mRNA expression showed negative correlation with the expression of let-7b/g in primary tumors. Short interfering RNA (siRNA) mediated knockdown of AKT2 phenocopied the tumor-suppressive effects of let-7b/g. Moreover, AKT2 re-expression partly abrogated the growth-inhibitory effect of let-7b/g. Conclusion In conclusion, our findings reveal decreased let-7b/g contributes to aberrant AKT activation in gastric tumorigenesis and provide a potential therapeutic strategy for gastric cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-014-0281-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ka Fai To
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China.
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Rauh J, Jacobi A, Stiehler M. Identification of stable reference genes for gene expression analysis of three-dimensional cultivated human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells for bone tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2014; 21:192-206. [PMID: 25000821 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2014.0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The principles of tissue engineering (TE) are widely used for bone regeneration concepts. Three-dimensional (3D) cultivation of autologous human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) on porous scaffolds is the basic prerequisite to generate newly formed bone tissue. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) is a specific and sensitive analytical tool for the measurement of mRNA-levels in cells or tissues. For an accurate quantification of gene expression levels, stably expressed reference genes (RGs) are essential to obtain reliable results. Since the 3D environment can affect a cell's morphology, proliferation, and gene expression profile compared with two-dimensional (2D) cultivation, there is a need to identify robust RGs for the quantification of gene expression. So far, this issue has not been adequately investigated. The aim of this study was to identify the most stably expressed RGs for gene expression analysis of 3D-cultivated human bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs). For this, we analyzed the gene expression levels of n=31 RGs in 3D-cultivated human BM-MSCs from six different donors compared with conventional 2D cultivation using qRT-PCR. MSCs isolated from bone marrow aspirates were cultivated on human cancellous bone cube scaffolds for 14 days. Osteogenic differentiation was assessed by cell-specific alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and expression of osteogenic marker genes. Expression levels of potential reference and target genes were quantified using commercially available TaqMan(®) assays. mRNA expression stability of RGs was determined by calculating the coefficient of variation (CV) and using the algorithms of geNorm and NormFinder. Using both algorithms, we identified TATA box binding protein (TBP), transferrin receptor (p90, CD71) (TFRC), and hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1 (HPRT1) as the most stably expressed RGs in 3D-cultivated BM-MSCs. Notably, genes that are routinely used as RGs, for example, beta actin (ACTB) and ribosomal protein L37a (RPL37A), were among the least stable genes. We recommend the combined use of TBP, TFRC, and HPRT1 for the accurate and robust normalization of qRT-PCR data of 3D-cultivated human BM-MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Rauh
- University Center for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden, Germany
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Kim HJ, Na JI, Min BW, Na JY, Lee KH, Lee JH, Lee YJ, Kim HS, Park JT. Evaluation of Protein Expression in Housekeeping Genes across Multiple Tissues in Rats. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 48:193-200. [PMID: 25013417 PMCID: PMC4087132 DOI: 10.4132/koreanjpathol.2014.48.3.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Housekeeping genes, which show constant protein expression patterns between different tissue types, are very important in molecular biological studies as an internal control for protein research. Methods The protein expression profiles of seven housekeeping genes (HPRT1, PPIA, GYS1, TBP, YWHAZ, GAPDH and ACTB) in various rat tissues (cerebrum, cerebellum, cardiac ventricle and atrium, psoas muscle, femoral muscle, liver, spleen, kidney, and aorta) were analyzed by Western blot and compared by coefficient of variation (CV). Results HPRT1 was stably expressed (CV≤10%) in six tissues (cerebrum, cerebellum, ventricle, femoral muscle, spleen, and kidney), PPIA was stably expressed in five tissues (cerebrum, cerebellum, ventricle, spleen and kidney), YWHAZ was stably expressed in three tissues (cerebrum, cerebellum, and kidney), and GAPDH was stably expressed in four tissues (cerebrum, ventricle, psoas muscle, and kidney). In comparison, GYS1, TBP, and ACTB were found to have CV values over 10% in all tissues. Of the seven genes examined, four (HPRT1, PPIA, YWHAZ, and GAPDH) were found to be stably expressed across multiple organs, with low CV values (≤10%). Conclusions These results will provide fundamental information regarding internal controls for protein expression studies and can be used for analysis of postmortem protein degradation patterns in forensic medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jeong Kim
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jong In Na
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Byung Woo Min
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Joo Young Na
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Kyung Hwa Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jae Hyuk Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Young Jik Lee
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hyung Seok Kim
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jong Tae Park
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
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Development of an efficient qRT-PCR assay for quality control and cellular quantification of respiratory samples. J Clin Virol 2014; 60:270-5. [PMID: 24809729 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sample quality is a fundamental parameter for the successful diagnosis of respiratory viruses. This parameter depends upon the concentration of epithelial cells. Respiratory samples are usually heterogeneous, which makes relative quantification of the viral load, against the quantity of cells, the most suitable measurement. The quantification of viral load in the field of respiratory viruses is a vital piece of information. Quantification is required from RNA or DNA viral genomes extracted. OBJECTIVES To design (RT-)PCR assays for reference genes, which show stable expression during viral infection, to be used as cellular controls and cellular quantification tools. STUDY DESIGN Assays were designed for two reference genes: hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1 (HPRT1) and ubiquitin C (UBC). The glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene (GAPDH) was used as a reference for this study. The transcriptional activity of the three genes was studied during infection with respiratory syncytial virus and adenovirus. The HPRT1 q(RT-)PCR assay was used on clinical samples. RESULTS All the analysis methods concluded that the three reference genes were stably expressed during viral infection. The HPRT1 q(RT-)PCR assay indicated that the majority of clinical samples (n=301, 69%) had a cellular load of between 100 and 10,000 cells/PCR. The data showed that the concentration decreased as the age of patient increased. CONCLUSIONS A new tool has been developed and commercialized for quality control and evaluation of cellular concentration in respiratory samples.
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Hildyard JCW, Wells DJ. Identification and validation of quantitative PCR reference genes suitable for normalizing expression in normal and dystrophic cell culture models of myogenesis. PLOS CURRENTS 2014; 6. [PMID: 24634799 PMCID: PMC3948689 DOI: 10.1371/currents.md.faafdde4bea8df4aa7d06cd5553119a6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The coordinated differentiation of myoblasts to mature muscle is essential for muscle development and repair, and study of the myogenic program in health and disease is critical to the understanding and treatment of muscle pathologies. Use of quantitative RT-PCR to analyse gene expression in cell culture models of muscle differentiation can be highly informative, but data must be normalized to one or more suitable reference genes. Myogenesis is highly dynamic, thus identification of genes with stable expression throughout this process is challenging. Establishing a common set of reference genes suitable for measuring expression in both healthy and disease models would be of considerable advantage. We measured expression of 11 candidate normalization genes (Cdc40, Htatsf1, Ap3d1, Csnk2a2, Fbxw2, Fbxo38, Pak1ip1, Zfp91, GAPDH, ActB, 18S) in three cell culture models of myogenesis (C2C12 , H2K2B4, and the dystrophic line H2KSF1). Strong and weak normalization candidates were identified using the software packages Bestkeeper, geNorm and Normfinder, then validated against several known myogenic markers (MyoD, myogenin, MEF2C, dystrophin). Our data show that Csnk2a2 and Ap3d1 are suitable for normalizing gene expression during differentiation in both healthy and dystrophic cell-culture models, and that the commonly-used reference standards 18S, ActB and GAPDH are exceptionally poor candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C W Hildyard
- Department of Comparative and Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Dominic J Wells
- Department of Comparative and Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
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Conterato GMM, Quatrin A, Somacal S, Ruviaro AR, Vicentini J, Augusti PR, Sobieski R, Figueiredo C, dos Santos CMM, Pereira TCB, Bogo MR, Flores EMM, Emanuelli T. Acute exposure to low lead levels and its implications on the activity and expression of cytosolic thioredoxin reductase in the kidney. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2014; 114:476-84. [PMID: 24345272 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Renal thioredoxin reductase-1 (TrxR-1) activity is stimulated at lead doses lower than that necessary to inhibit δ-aminolevulinate dehydratase activity (δ-ALA-D), which is a classical early biomarker of lead effects. Thus, we hypothesized that the activity of TrxR-1 could be a more sensitive early indicator of lead effects than is δ-ALA-D. To evaluate this hypothesis, we assessed the blood and renal TrxR-1 activity and its gene expression along with biomarkers of oxidative damage, antioxidant enzyme activities and biomarkers of lead exposure in rats acutely exposed to lead. A histopathological analysis was performed to verify renal damage. The increase in renal TrxR-1 activity paralleled the increase in the blood and renal lead levels at 6, 24 and 48 hr after the exposure to 25 mg/kg lead acetate (p < 0.05), whereas its expression was increased 24 and 48 hr after exposure. These effects were not accompanied by oxidative or tissue damage in the kidneys. Blood TrxR-1 activity was not affected by lead exposure (up to 25 mg/kg). Erythrocyte δ-ALA-D activity was inhibited 6 hr after the exposure to 25 mg/kg lead acetate (p < 0.05) but recovered thereafter. Renal δ-ALA-D activity decreased 24 and 48 hr after the exposure to 25 mg/kg lead acetate. There were no changes in any parameters at lead acetate doses <25 mg/kg. Our results indicate that blood TrxR-1 activity is not a suitable indicator of lead effects. In contrast, the increase in renal TrxR-1 expression and activity is implicated in the early events of lead exposure, most likely as a protective cellular mechanism against lead toxicity.
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Sokolova TM, Shuvalov AN, Telkov MV, Kolodyazhnaya LV, Ershov FI. Ridostin induces transcription of a wide spectrum of interferon genes in human cells. Bull Exp Biol Med 2013; 156:213-6. [PMID: 24319751 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-013-2313-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The effects of Ridostin on the transcription of IFN family genes in human fibroblasts and lymphocytes were studied by quantitative real-time PCR. The degree of gene induction by Ridostin was most pronounced in fibroblasts, and was significantly higher than the induction by Kagocel: transcription of IFN-β, oligoadenylate synthetase, and double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase genes increased by about 2000, 100, and 20 times, respectively. In lymphocytes, Ridostin also activated a wide variety of IFN family genes, including genes of IFN-β, IFN-γ, and IFN-dependent enzymes, but this induction was less pronounced than in the fibroblasts. It was shown that gene response in lymphocyte from a child with cancer is reduced in comparison with that of adult healthy participant. Ridostin, and even more so Reaferon up-regulated activities of β-actin, glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, and β2-microglobulin genes, thus making impossible or limiting their use as constitutive stable reference genes (standards) in PCR-assays of IFN and their inductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Sokolova
- N. F. Gamalea Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation; D. I. Ivanoskii Institute of Virology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.
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Centanni M, Turroni S, Consolandi C, Rampelli S, Peano C, Severgnini M, Biagi E, Caredda G, De Bellis G, Brigidi P, Candela M. The enterocyte-associated intestinal microbiota of breast-fed infants and adults responds differently to a TNF-α-mediated pro-inflammatory stimulus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81762. [PMID: 24303069 PMCID: PMC3841132 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-evolved as an integral component of our immune system, the gut microbiota provides specific immunological services at different ages, supporting the immune education during our infancy and sustaining a well-balanced immunological homeostasis during the course of our life. In order to figure out whether this involves differences in the microbial groups primarily interacting with the host immune system, we developed a non-invasive HT29 cell-based minimal model to fingerprint the enterocyte-associated microbiota fraction in infants and adults. After depicting the fecal microbial community of 12 breast-fed infants and 6 adults by 16S rDNA amplicon pools 454 pyrosequencing, their respective HT29 cell-associated gut microbiota fractions were characterized by the universal phylogenetic array platform HTF-Microbi.Array, both in the presence and absence of a tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)-mediated pro-inflammatory stimulus. Our data revealed remarkable differences between the enterocyte-associated microbiota fractions in breast-fed infants and adults, being dominated by Bifidobacterium and Enterobacteriaceae the first and Bacteroides-Prevotella and Clostridium clusters IV and XIVa the second. While in adults TNF-α resulted in a profound impairment of the structure of the enterocyte-associated microbiota fraction, in infants it remained unaffected. Differently from the adult-type gut microbial community, the infant-type microbiota is structured to cope with inflammation, being co-evolved to prime the early immune response by means of transient inflammatory signals from gut microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Centanni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Turroni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Clarissa Consolandi
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies - Italian National Research Council, Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Rampelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Clelia Peano
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies - Italian National Research Council, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Severgnini
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies - Italian National Research Council, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Biagi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giada Caredda
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies - Italian National Research Council, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluca De Bellis
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies - Italian National Research Council, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Brigidi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Candela
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- * E-mail:
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