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Gonçalves C, Baptista R, Tufano J, Blazevich AJ, Vieira A. Error in jump height estimation using the flight time method: simulation of the effect of ankle position between takeoff and landing. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17704. [PMID: 39224829 PMCID: PMC11368081 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
During vertical jump evaluations in which jump height is estimated from flight time (FT), the jumper must maintain the same body posture between vertical takeoff and landing. As maintaining identical posture is rare during takeoff and landing between different jump attempts and in different individuals, we simulated the effect of changes in ankle position from takeoff to landing in vertical jumping to determine the range of errors that might occur in real-life scenarios. Our simulations account for changes in center of mass position during takeoff and landing, changes in ankle position, different subject statures (1.44-1.98 m), and poor to above-average jump heights. Our results show that using FT to estimate jump height without controlling for ankle position (allowing dorsiflexion) during the landing phase of the vertical jump can overestimate jump height by 18% in individuals of average stature and performing an average 30 cm jump or may overestimate by ≤60% for tall individuals performing a poor 10 cm jump, which is common for individuals jumping with added load. Nevertheless, as assessing jump heights based on FT is common practice, we offer a correction equation that can be used to reduce error, improving jump height measurement validity using the FT method allowing between-subject fair comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Gonçalves
- University of Brasília, Faculty of Physical Education, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Roberto Baptista
- University of Brasília, Faculty of Technology, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - James Tufano
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anthony J. Blazevich
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Amilton Vieira
- University of Brasília, Faculty of Physical Education, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
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Meng C, Yucheng T, Shu L, Yu Z. Effects of school-based high-intensity interval training on body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness and cardiometabolic markers in adolescent boys with obesity: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Pediatr 2022; 22:112. [PMID: 35232402 PMCID: PMC8886768 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-021-03079-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background With accumulating evidence suggesting that CVD has its origins in childhood obesity. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a real-world school-based high-intensity interval training intervention on body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness and cardiometabolic markers in obese boys aged 10 to 13 years. Methods Forty-five adolescent boys with obesity (age = 11.2 ± 0.7 years, BMI = 24.2 ± 1.0 kg/m2), were randomized to high-intensity interval training group (HIIT, n = 15), moderate-intensity continuous training group (MICT, n = 15), or a control group (CON, n = 15). The intervention groups performed three weekly exercise sessions over 12 weeks. HIIT group performed two sets of eight bouts of 15 s run at high-intensity [90 ~ 100% maximal aerobic speed (MAS)] separated by eight bouts of 15 s recovery run at low-intensity (50% MAS), MICT group performed 30 min run at moderate intensity (60 ~ 70% MAS) and CON group were instructed to continue their normal behaviors. All participants had indices of body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and cardiometabolic markers measured at baseline and post-intervention. Statistical differences between and within groups were determined by use of two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures. Results Following the school-based training program, BMI and body fat mass decreased (BMI: − 1.8 kg/m2 vs. – 1.2 kg/m2, P < 0.01; FM: − 1.6 kg, P < 0.05 vs. -3.7 kg, P < 0.01) in HIIT and MICT group, but there was no significant difference between the two interventions; \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{\mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{O}}_{2\mathrm{peak}}$$\end{document}V˙O2peak both increased significantly in two intervention groups, and the increment of HIIT group was significantly greater than that of MICT (6.1 mL/kg/min vs. 3.8 mL/kg/min, P < 0.01), Visceral adipose tissue was significant decrease in HIIT group (− 53 g vs. -17 g, P < 0.01) whilst the MICT group experienced a significant decrease in body fat percentage (− 3.1 ± 1.0 kg, P < 0.01), but there were no significant difference between the two interventions. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased only in HIIT group (− 17.2%, P < 0.05). Significant decrease in the usual index of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) occurred in HIIT and MICT groups (− 27.3 and − 28.6%, respectively; P < 0.05). Conclusions Our results demonstrated that high-intensity interval training based on running can be used to improve the physical health of obese adolescents in school. Further investigations involving a larger cohort of participants, taken from different schools, is recommended. Trial registration title Effect of High Intensity Interval Training on Obese Children and Adolescents, time 16/12/2017, IDChiCTR-IOR-17013992, websitehttp://www.chictr.org.cn
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Affiliation(s)
- Cao Meng
- Institute of Physical Education, Normal College, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nan Hai Road, Nan Shan district, Shenzhen, 518061, China. .,Institute of KEEP Collaborative Innovation, Shenzhen, 518061, China.
| | - Tang Yucheng
- Institute of Physical Education, Normal College, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nan Hai Road, Nan Shan district, Shenzhen, 518061, China.,Institute of KEEP Collaborative Innovation, Shenzhen, 518061, China
| | - Li Shu
- Institute of Physical Education, Normal College, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nan Hai Road, Nan Shan district, Shenzhen, 518061, China.,Institute of KEEP Collaborative Innovation, Shenzhen, 518061, China
| | - Zou Yu
- College of Education, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310058, China
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Souza AA, Bottaro M, Rocha VA, Lage V, Tufano JJ, Vieira A. Reliability and Test-Retest Agreement of Mechanical Variables Obtained During Countermovement Jump. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXERCISE SCIENCE 2020; 13:6-17. [PMID: 32148630 PMCID: PMC7039490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The countermovement jump (CMJ) is often used as performance measure and monitoring tool. Traditionally, jump height (JH) is most often studied and reported, but other variables (e.g. force, velocity, power) can also be obtained during CMJ testing on a force plate. The aim of this study was to determine the intra-rater reliability of mechanical variables obtained during CMJs. For this, 41 physically active men (24 ± 4 years) performed four CMJs on a force plate with an interval of 48 to 168 hours (test-retest design). Six variables were analyzed: 1) jump height (JH), 2) peak force (PF), 3) peak power (PP), 4) velocity at takeoff (VTO), 5) rate of force (RFD) and 6) power (RPD) development. Five variables showed to be reliable (i.e. CV < 10%), except RFD (CV of 12.9%). Although JH exhibited an acceptable level of reliability (r = 0.94 and CV = 5.8%), better scores were observed for PF, VTO, and PP (CV ranging from 2.5 to 5.1%). The PF showed the best reliability scores (r = 0.99 and CV = 2.5%) and RPD, a relatively unexamined variable compared to the others, showed an acceptable level of reliability (r = 0.96 and CV = 7.8%). Therefore, JH, PF, PP, VTO, and RPD demonstrated acceptable scores of reliability. PF seems to be the most appropriate variable to use when small changes in performance are expected. Future studies should investigate the importance of RPD for performance evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisson A Souza
- Strength Training Research Lab, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, BRAZIL
| | - Martim Bottaro
- Strength Training Research Lab, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, BRAZIL
| | - Valdinar A Rocha
- Strength Training Research Lab, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, BRAZIL
| | - Victor Lage
- Strength Training Research Lab, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, BRAZIL
| | - James J Tufano
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, PRAGUE, CZECH REPUBLIC
| | - Amilton Vieira
- Strength Training Research Lab, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, BRAZIL
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Petrigna L, Karsten B, Marcolin G, Paoli A, D’Antona G, Palma A, Bianco A. A Review of Countermovement and Squat Jump Testing Methods in the Context of Public Health Examination in Adolescence: Reliability and Feasibility of Current Testing Procedures. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1384. [PMID: 31787902 PMCID: PMC6853898 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the context of a public health physical fitness (PF) examination in adolescence, a countermovement jump (CMJ) and a squat jump (SJ) are two vertical jump (VJ) tests widely used to evaluate lower limb muscle strength and power, respectively. The main criticism of both the CMJ and SJ test is the lack of test standardization. Therefore, the objectives of this review are: (a) to gather information about both jumps; (b) to investigate whether it is possible to identify common procedures referred to in the CMJ and SJ technical execution, and (c) to design standard operating procedures (SOPs) to promote CMJ and SJ standardization in an adolescent population aged 12-18 years. METHODS The review partially adopted the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Statement (PRISMA). Due to growing attention in monitoring physical health through field tests in recent years, articles were collected using the PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases from January 2009 to July 2019. Original articles in which CMJ or SJ were used to assess the muscular strength in adolescents were eligible for further analysis. Articles written in English was imposed as a limit. RESULTS A total of 117 studies met the inclusion criteria. The description of the CMJ and SJ test procedures was different within the literature, with discrepancies in the jump technique, number of jumps, and measurement devices used. CONCLUSIONS A lack of method standardization for both the CMJ and the SJ test was identified. Based on the literature, SOPs for both VJs were proposed. These are useful in the context of public health PF examination in adolescents, as they facilitate an unbiased comparison of jump performance data between published studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Petrigna
- Ph.D. Program in Health Promotion and Cognitive Sciences, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Bettina Karsten
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, LUNEX International University of Health, Exercise and Sports, Differdange, Luxembourg
| | - Giuseppe Marcolin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Antonio Paoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Palma
- Ph.D. Program in Health Promotion and Cognitive Sciences, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Regional Sport School of CONI Sicilia, Italian National Olympic Committee, Sicilia, Italy
| | - Antonino Bianco
- Ph.D. Program in Health Promotion and Cognitive Sciences, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Regional Sport School of CONI Sicilia, Italian National Olympic Committee, Sicilia, Italy
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Brown T, Moore TH, Hooper L, Gao Y, Zayegh A, Ijaz S, Elwenspoek M, Foxen SC, Magee L, O'Malley C, Waters E, Summerbell CD. Interventions for preventing obesity in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019; 7:CD001871. [PMID: 31332776 PMCID: PMC6646867 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd001871.pub4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
EDITORIAL NOTE This Cochrane review is now out of date and should not be used for reference. It has been split into four age groups and updated. Please refer to the 5‐11 and 12‐18 age group Cochrane reviews which were published in May 2024: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD015328.pub2 https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD015330.pub2 The 2‐4 age group Cochrane review is planned for publication in September 2024. BACKGROUND Prevention of childhood obesity is an international public health priority given the significant impact of obesity on acute and chronic diseases, general health, development and well-being. The international evidence base for strategies to prevent obesity is very large and is accumulating rapidly. This is an update of a previous review. OBJECTIVES To determine the effectiveness of a range of interventions that include diet or physical activity components, or both, designed to prevent obesity in children. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, PsychINFO and CINAHL in June 2015. We re-ran the search from June 2015 to January 2018 and included a search of trial registers. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of diet or physical activity interventions, or combined diet and physical activity interventions, for preventing overweight or obesity in children (0-17 years) that reported outcomes at a minimum of 12 weeks from baseline. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors independently extracted data, assessed risk-of-bias and evaluated overall certainty of the evidence using GRADE. We extracted data on adiposity outcomes, sociodemographic characteristics, adverse events, intervention process and costs. We meta-analysed data as guided by the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions and presented separate meta-analyses by age group for child 0 to 5 years, 6 to 12 years, and 13 to 18 years for zBMI and BMI. MAIN RESULTS We included 153 RCTs, mostly from the USA or Europe. Thirteen studies were based in upper-middle-income countries (UMIC: Brazil, Ecuador, Lebanon, Mexico, Thailand, Turkey, US-Mexico border), and one was based in a lower middle-income country (LMIC: Egypt). The majority (85) targeted children aged 6 to 12 years.Children aged 0-5 years: There is moderate-certainty evidence from 16 RCTs (n = 6261) that diet combined with physical activity interventions, compared with control, reduced BMI (mean difference (MD) -0.07 kg/m2, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.14 to -0.01), and had a similar effect (11 RCTs, n = 5536) on zBMI (MD -0.11, 95% CI -0.21 to 0.01). Neither diet (moderate-certainty evidence) nor physical activity interventions alone (high-certainty evidence) compared with control reduced BMI (physical activity alone: MD -0.22 kg/m2, 95% CI -0.44 to 0.01) or zBMI (diet alone: MD -0.14, 95% CI -0.32 to 0.04; physical activity alone: MD 0.01, 95% CI -0.10 to 0.13) in children aged 0-5 years.Children aged 6 to 12 years: There is moderate-certainty evidence from 14 RCTs (n = 16,410) that physical activity interventions, compared with control, reduced BMI (MD -0.10 kg/m2, 95% CI -0.14 to -0.05). However, there is moderate-certainty evidence that they had little or no effect on zBMI (MD -0.02, 95% CI -0.06 to 0.02). There is low-certainty evidence from 20 RCTs (n = 24,043) that diet combined with physical activity interventions, compared with control, reduced zBMI (MD -0.05 kg/m2, 95% CI -0.10 to -0.01). There is high-certainty evidence that diet interventions, compared with control, had little impact on zBMI (MD -0.03, 95% CI -0.06 to 0.01) or BMI (-0.02 kg/m2, 95% CI -0.11 to 0.06).Children aged 13 to 18 years: There is very low-certainty evidence that physical activity interventions, compared with control reduced BMI (MD -1.53 kg/m2, 95% CI -2.67 to -0.39; 4 RCTs; n = 720); and low-certainty evidence for a reduction in zBMI (MD -0.2, 95% CI -0.3 to -0.1; 1 RCT; n = 100). There is low-certainty evidence from eight RCTs (n = 16,583) that diet combined with physical activity interventions, compared with control, had no effect on BMI (MD -0.02 kg/m2, 95% CI -0.10 to 0.05); or zBMI (MD 0.01, 95% CI -0.05 to 0.07; 6 RCTs; n = 16,543). Evidence from two RCTs (low-certainty evidence; n = 294) found no effect of diet interventions on BMI.Direct comparisons of interventions: Two RCTs reported data directly comparing diet with either physical activity or diet combined with physical activity interventions for children aged 6 to 12 years and reported no differences.Heterogeneity was apparent in the results from all three age groups, which could not be entirely explained by setting or duration of the interventions. Where reported, interventions did not appear to result in adverse effects (16 RCTs) or increase health inequalities (gender: 30 RCTs; socioeconomic status: 18 RCTs), although relatively few studies examined these factors.Re-running the searches in January 2018 identified 315 records with potential relevance to this review, which will be synthesised in the next update. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Interventions that include diet combined with physical activity interventions can reduce the risk of obesity (zBMI and BMI) in young children aged 0 to 5 years. There is weaker evidence from a single study that dietary interventions may be beneficial.However, interventions that focus only on physical activity do not appear to be effective in children of this age. In contrast, interventions that only focus on physical activity can reduce the risk of obesity (BMI) in children aged 6 to 12 years, and adolescents aged 13 to 18 years. In these age groups, there is no evidence that interventions that only focus on diet are effective, and some evidence that diet combined with physical activity interventions may be effective. Importantly, this updated review also suggests that interventions to prevent childhood obesity do not appear to result in adverse effects or health inequalities.The review will not be updated in its current form. To manage the growth in RCTs of child obesity prevention interventions, in future, this review will be split into three separate reviews based on child age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Brown
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
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Wormack L, Brechtel L, Ubah C, Frazier A, Jackson CG, Nathaniel TI. A student-centered intervention program to educate and retain knowledge in stroke education and healthy habits. Prev Med Rep 2019; 14:100878. [PMID: 31065539 PMCID: PMC6495083 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2019.100878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of the stroke intervention programs was to increase knowledge in stroke awareness and healthy habits. Most of the existing school-based didactic stroke education intervention programs have not been very effective in improving learned information. We developed a student-centered or active learning educational pedagogy to improve the retention of learned knowledge on stroke issues and healthy habits. Middle school students, ages of 11 to 14 years attending a public school in the stroke belt were recruited to participate in an intervention program to raise stroke awareness and promote healthy habit. The impact of the intervention program on students' knowledge post-test and three weeks following the intervention was evaluated. Middle school students at all grade levels were aware of the cardinal symptoms of stroke, demonstrated basic knowledge of the salty foods in the post-test, and knowledge of learned information increased significantly after three weeks post intervention. The three weeks follow-up test revealed a significant increase in stroke knowledge among the 6th, 7th, and 8th grades [F (2,109) = 134.65, P = 0.001]. Post-hoc pair-wise comparisons analysis revealed a significant difference (P < 0.05) between the 6th, 7th, and 8th grades. In an active learning or a student-centered stroke and healthy life style educational program, middle school students perceived the intervention program as fun, instead of primarily educational and this allowed the learned information to be retained even three weeks after the intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Thomas I. Nathaniel
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville, 607 Grove Rd, Greenville, SC 29605, USA
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Ghahremani Moghadam M, Hejazi K. Effects of Eight Weeks of Aerobic Exercise on Markers of Oxidative Stress in Elderly Women. MEDICAL LABORATORY JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.29252/mlj.12.3.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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McKay M, Agus A, Cole J, Doherty P, Foxcroft D, Harvey S, Murphy L, Percy A, Sumnall H. Steps Towards Alcohol Misuse Prevention Programme (STAMPP): a school-based and community-based cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e019722. [PMID: 29525770 PMCID: PMC5879538 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the effectiveness of a combined classroom curriculum and parental intervention (the Steps Towards Alcohol Misuse Prevention Programme (STAMPP)), compared with alcohol education as normal (EAN), in reducing self-reported heavy episodic drinking (HED) and alcohol-related harms (ARHs) in adolescents. SETTING 105 high schools in Northern Ireland (NI) and in Scotland. PARTICIPANTS Schools were stratified by free school meal provision. Schools in NI were also stratified by school type (male/female/coeducational). Eligible students were in school year 8/S1 (aged 11-12 years) at baseline (June 2012). INTERVENTION A classroom-based alcohol education intervention, coupled with a brief alcohol intervention for parents/carers. PRIMARY OUTCOMES: (1) The prevalence of self-reported HED in the previous 30 days and (2) the number of self-reported ARHs in the previous 6 months. Outcomes were assessed using two-level random intercepts models (logistic regression for HED and negative binomial for number of ARHs). RESULTS At 33 months, data were available for 5160 intervention and 5073 control students (HED outcome), and 5234 and 5146 students (ARH outcome), respectively. Of those who completed a questionnaire at either baseline or 12 months (n=12 738), 10 405 also completed the questionnaire at 33 months (81.7%). Fewer students in the intervention group reported HED compared with EAN (17%vs26%; OR=0.60, 95% CI 0.49 to 0.73), with no significant difference in the number of self-reported ARHs (incident rate ratio=0.92, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.05). Although the classroom component was largely delivered as intended, there was low uptake of the parental component. There were no reported adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that STAMPP could be an effective programme to reduce HED prevalence. While there was no significant reduction in ARH, it is plausible that effects on harms would manifest later. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN47028486; Post-results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael McKay
- Public Health Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ashley Agus
- Northern Ireland Clinical Trials Unit, The Royal Hospitals, Belfast, UK
| | - Jonathan Cole
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Paul Doherty
- Northern Ireland Clinical Trials Unit, The Royal Hospitals, Belfast, UK
| | - David Foxcroft
- Psychology and Public Health, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Séamus Harvey
- Public Health Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
- School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, University of Bangor, Bangor, UK
| | - Lynn Murphy
- Northern Ireland Clinical Trials Unit, The Royal Hospitals, Belfast, UK
| | - Andrew Percy
- School of Social Sciences, Education, and Social Work, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Harry Sumnall
- Public Health Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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Effects of high-intensity interval training on body composition, aerobic and anaerobic performance and plasma lipids in overweight/obese and normal-weight young men. Biol Sport 2017; 34:385-392. [PMID: 29472742 PMCID: PMC5819474 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2017.69827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To examine the effects of short high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on body composition, physical performance and plasma lipids in overweight/obese compared to normal-weight young men. Nine overweight/obese and nine normal-weight men (control group) aged 17 to 20 years underwent a HIIT programme three times per week for eight weeks. Body composition, indices of aerobic [maximal aerobic velocity (MAV) and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max)] and anaerobic [squat jump (SJ), counter-movement jump (CMJ), five-jump test (FJT), 10-m and 30-m sprint] performances, as well as fasting plasma lipids, were assessed in the two groups at PRE and POST HIIT. The HIIT programme resulted in significant reductions in body mass (-1.62%, P=0.016, ES=0.11) and fat mass (-1.59%, P=0.021, ES=0.23) in obese, but not in normal-weight subjects. MAV (+5.55%, P=0.005, ES=0.60 and +2.96%, P=0.009, ES=0.82), VO2max (+5.27%, P=0.006, ES=0.63 and +2.88%, P=0.009, ES=0.41), FJT (+3.63%, P=0.005, ES=0.28 and +2.94%, P=0.009, ES=0.52), SJ (+4.92%, P=0.009, ES=0.25 and +6.94%, P=0.009, ES=0.70) and CMJ (+6.84%, P=0.014, ES=0.30 and +6.69%, P=0.002, ES=0.64) significantly increased in overweight/obese and normal-weight groups, respectively. 30-m sprint time significantly decreased in both groups (-1.77%, P=0.038, ES=0.12 and -0.72%, P=0.030, ES=0.16). Plasma total cholesterol (-11.8%, P=0.026, ES=0.96), LDL cholesterol (-11.9%, P=0.050, ES=0.77) and triglycerides (-21.3%, P=0.023, ES=1.08) significantly decreased in the obese group, but not in the normal-weight group. The eight-week HIIT programme resulted in a slight improvement in physical fitness and a significant decrease in plasma lipids in the obese. Short duration HIIT may contribute to an improved cardiometabolic profile in the obese.
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Utility of Body Mass Index, Waist-to-Height-Ratio and cardiorespiratory fitness thresholds for identifying cardiometabolic risk in 10.4–17.6-year-old children. Obes Res Clin Pract 2017; 11:567-575. [DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Logan GRM, Harris N, Duncan S, Plank LD, Merien F, Schofield G. Low-Active Male Adolescents: A Dose Response to High-Intensity Interval Training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 48:481-90. [PMID: 26484952 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is a potential alternative to traditionally recommended steady state exercise for providing health benefits in adolescents, yet its dose-response relationship in this cohort remains unclear, as does its translatability to real-world, nonclinical settings. The present study adopts a novel dose-response design to investigate the effects of undertaking 8 wk of HIIT on the cardiometabolic health of low-active male adolescents. METHODS Twenty-six male adolescents (age 16 ± 1 yr), identified as low active by nonparticipation in structured sport and physical education classes, were randomly assigned to one of five treatment groups. Corresponding with their group numbers (1-5), participants completed a number of HIIT "sets," which consisted of 4 repeated bouts of 20-s near-maximal exertion interspersed with 10-s passive recovery. Participants performed two HIIT sessions and one resistance training session each week for 8 wk. Baseline and follow-up health measures consisted of peak oxygen uptake (V˙O2peak) with an incremental ramp test to volitional exhaustion; body composition (including visceral fat mass, body fat, and lean tissue mass) with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry; and lipid profile, glucose, insulin, and interleukin-6 from blood analysis. All health outcomes were analyzed as percentage changes, and data were modeled using a quadratic function to explore dose-response relationships. RESULTS Significant improvements were observed for V˙O2peak (∼6%), body fat percentage (∼4%), visceral fat mass (∼10%), and waist circumference-to-height ratio (∼3%), but there was no clear effect of dose across groups. CONCLUSIONS Low-active adolescent males performing a single HIIT set twice weekly, in addition to one resistance training session, gained meaningful improvements in fitness and body composition. Performing additional HIIT sets provided no additional improvements to those of the lowest dose in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greig Robert Melrose Logan
- 1Auckland University of Technology, Human Potential Centre at AUT Millennium, Auckland, NEW ZEALAND; 2Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, NEW ZEALAND; 3AUT-Roche Diagnostics Laboratory, School of Applied Life Sciences, Auckland University, Auckland, NEW ZEALAND
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Approaches in Physical Activity: From Basic to Applied Research. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2016:6498624. [PMID: 28044134 PMCID: PMC5164899 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6498624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Buchan DS, Boddy LM, Despres JP, Grace FM, Sculthorpe N, Mahoney C, Baker JS. Utility of the hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype in the cardiometabolic risk assessment of youth stratified by body mass index. Pediatr Obes 2016; 11:292-8. [PMID: 26251875 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is unclear whether the hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype (HTWP) can be used to identify those at most risk of cardiometabolic disorders. OBJECTIVES The utility of the HTWP as a useful predictor of cardiometabolic risk in youth stratified by body mass index was assessed. METHODS Three hundred and eighty-seven children (12-17.5 years) were used within this cross-sectional study. Participants were classified as normal weight or overweight/obese according to the International Obesity Task Force criteria. The HTWP phenotype was defined as having a waist circumference ≥90th percentile for age and gender with concomitant triglyceride concentrations ≥1.24 mmol L(-1) . Cardiometabolic risk profiles were compared using MANCOVA. RESULTS Normal weight participants with the HTWP had significantly higher levels of C-reactive protein 2.6 ± 0.4 vs. 1.6 ± 0.3 mg L(-1) (P < 0.05) and cardiometabolic risk scores (1.3 ± 0.3 vs. -0.7 ± 0.2 and 2.1 ± 0.4 vs. -0.5 ± 0.2; both P < 0.05) compared with those of a normal weight without the HTWP. Overweight/obese participants with the HTWP had significantly higher C-reactive protein levels (3.5 ± 0.6 vs. 2.6 ± 0.5; P < 0.05) as well as both cardiometabolic risk scores (1.6 ± 0.6 vs. 0.9 ± 0.2 and 2.2 ± 0.6 vs. 0.8 ± 0.2; both P < 0.001) when compared with overweight/obese participants without the HTWP. CONCLUSIONS The HTWP may serve as a simple and clinically useful approach to identify youth at increased cardiometabolic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Buchan
- Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, Lanarkshire, UK
| | - L M Boddy
- The Physical Activity Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - J-P Despres
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval & Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Québec, Canada
| | - F M Grace
- Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, Lanarkshire, UK
| | - N Sculthorpe
- Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, Lanarkshire, UK
| | - C Mahoney
- Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, Lanarkshire, UK
| | - J S Baker
- Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, Lanarkshire, UK
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Martin R, Buchan DS, Baker JS, Young J, Sculthorpe N, Grace FM. Sprint interval training (SIT) is an effective method to maintain cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and glucose homeostasis in Scottish adolescents. Biol Sport 2015; 32:307-13. [PMID: 26681833 PMCID: PMC4672162 DOI: 10.5604/20831862.1173644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examined the physiological impact of a school based sprint interval training (SIT) intervention in replacement of standard physical education (SPE) class on cardio-respiratory fitness (CRF) and glucose homeostasis during the semester following summer vacation. Participants (n=49) were randomly allocated to either intervention (SIT; n=26, aged 16.9 ± 0.3 yrs) or control group who underwent standard physical education (SPE; n=23, aged 16.8 ± 0.6 yrs). CRF (VO2max) and glucose homeostasis were obtained prior-to and following 7 weeks of SIT exercise. Significant group x time interaction was observed for CRF (P < 0.01) with non-significant trends for fasting insulin (P= 0.08), and HOMA-IR (P=0.06). CRF decreased (P < 0.01) in SPE such that POST intervention CRF was significantly lower (P< 0.05) in SPE. Fasting plasma glucose (P < 0.01), insulin (P< 0.01) and HOMA-IR (P< 0.01) increased significantly amongst SPE. The main finding of the present study is that 7-weeks of SIT exercise is an effective method of maintaining (but not improving) CRF and fasting insulin homeostasis amongst school-going adolescents. SIT exercise demonstrates potential as a time efficient physiological adjunct to standard PE class in order to maintain CRF during the school term.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Martin
- Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Science, School of Sport & Science, University of the West of Scotland Hamilton, South Lanarkshire, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - D S Buchan
- Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Science, School of Sport & Science, University of the West of Scotland Hamilton, South Lanarkshire, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - J S Baker
- Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Science, School of Sport & Science, University of the West of Scotland Hamilton, South Lanarkshire, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - J Young
- Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Science, School of Sport & Science, University of the West of Scotland Hamilton, South Lanarkshire, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - N Sculthorpe
- Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Science, School of Sport & Science, University of the West of Scotland Hamilton, South Lanarkshire, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - F M Grace
- Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Science, School of Sport & Science, University of the West of Scotland Hamilton, South Lanarkshire, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Current Methodologies and Implications of Phase Identification of the Vertical Jump: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2015; 45:1311-1323. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-015-0350-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Apostolopoulos V, Borkoles E, Polman R, Stojanovska L. Physical and immunological aspects of exercise in chronic diseases. Immunotherapy 2014; 6:1145-57. [DOI: 10.2217/imt.14.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical inactivity and sedentary lifestyles are believed to be independent risk factors for the occurrence of numerous diseases, including, obesity, Type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, cancer and mental health, all leading to substantial morbidity and/or premature death. It has been found that regular exercise, is associated with better quality of life and health outcomes, and reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer. Here, we review the effects regular exercise has on mental health and well-being, on the immune system and in cancer, cardiovascular disease, autoimmunity and metabolic syndrome. Is exercise the new immunotherapy to treat diseases?
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention & Management, College of Health & Biomedicine, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, Victoria 8001, Australia
- VA Consulting Services, PO Box 6437, Melbourne, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Erika Borkoles
- College of Sport & Exercise Science, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, Victoria 8001, Australia
| | - Remco Polman
- College of Sport & Exercise Science, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, Victoria 8001, Australia
| | - Lily Stojanovska
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention & Management, College of Health & Biomedicine, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, Victoria 8001, Australia
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Fitness and adiposity are independently associated with cardiometabolic risk in youth. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:261698. [PMID: 23984329 PMCID: PMC3747435 DOI: 10.1155/2013/261698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose. The purpose of the study was to examine the independent associations of adiposity and cardiorespiratory fitness with clustered cardiometabolic risk. Methods. A cross-sectional sample of 192 adolescents (118 boys), aged 14–16 years, was recruited from a South Lanarkshire school in the West of Scotland. Anthropometry and blood pressure were measured, and blood samples were taken. The 20 m multistage fitness test was the indicator of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). A clustered cardiometabolic risk score was constructed from HDL-C (inverted), LDL-C, HOMA, systolic blood pressure, and triglycerides. Interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and adiponectin were also measured and examined relative to the clustered cardiometabolic risk score, CRF, and adiposity. Results. Although significant, partial correlations between BMI and waist circumference (WC) and both CRF and adiponectin were negative and weak to moderate, while correlations between the BMI and WC and CRP were positive but weak to moderate. Weak to moderate negative associations were also evident for adiponectin with CRP, IL-6, and clustered cardiometabolic risk. WC was positively associated while CRF was negatively associated with clustered cardiometabolic risk. With the additional adjustment for either WC or CRF, the independent associations with cardiometabolic risk persisted. Conclusion. WC and CRF are independently associated with clustered cardiometabolic risk in Scottish adolescents.
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Buchan DS, Ollis S, Young JD, Cooper SM, Shield JPH, Baker JS. High intensity interval running enhances measures of physical fitness but not metabolic measures of cardiovascular disease risk in healthy adolescents. BMC Public Health 2013; 13:498. [PMID: 23705968 PMCID: PMC3666892 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background With accumulating evidence suggesting that CVD has its origins in childhood, the purpose of this study was to examine whether a high intensity training (HIT) intervention could enhance the CVD risk profile of secondary school aged adolescents in a time efficient manner. Methods Participants in the study were adolescent school children (64 boys, 25 girls, 16.7 ± 0.6 years). The intervention group (30 boys, 12 girls) performed three weekly exercise sessions over 7 weeks with each session consisting of either four to six repeats of maximal sprint running within a 20 m area with 30 s recovery. The control group were instructed to continue their normal behaviour. All participants had indices of obesity, blood pressure and nine biochemical risk markers for cardiovascular disease recorded as well as four physical performance measures at baseline and post-intervention. Feedback was provided through informal discussion throughout the intervention period as well as post-intervention focus groups. Statistical differences between and within groups were determined by use of paired samples t-tests and ANCOVA. Results Significant enhancements (P ≤ 0.05) in vertical jump performance, 10 m sprint speed and cardiorespiratory fitness was evident in the intervention group whereas a significant decrease in both agility and vertical jump performance was evident in the control group. Participants in the intervention group also experienced a significant decrease in systolic blood pressure post-intervention. Limited changes occurred with respect to the biochemical markers although both groups did experience a significant increase in LDL post-intervention whilst the control group experienced a significant decrease in total cholesterol. No apparent differences were evident between groups post intervention for any of the biochemical markers. Feedback indicated that participants endorsed the use of the intervention as an effective means of exercise. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that high intensity exercise interventions may be used in the school setting for adolescents as a means of improving measures of physical fitness. Further investigations involving a larger cohort of participants, taken from different schools, is recommended. Trial registration NCT01027156
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan S Buchan
- Institute for Clinical Exercise and Health Science, School of Science, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, Scotland ML3 0JB, UK.
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Buchan DS, Ollis S, Thomas NE, Simpson A, Young JD, Cooper SM, Malina RM, Cockcroft JR, Baker JS. Prevalence of traditional and novel markers of cardiovascular disease risk in Scottish adolescents: socioeconomic effects. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2012; 37:829-39. [PMID: 22686348 DOI: 10.1139/h2012-052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Information on the health status and physical activity of Scottish adolescents is limited. This study examines the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in Scottish adolescents by socioeconomic status (SES). Participants were recruited from two high schools that differed in the SES of the students in attendance. The sample included 73 boys and 34 girls (16.4 ± 0.6 years). Variables included anthropometry, physical activity, physical fitness, blood pressure, diet, and 11 metabolic markers of CVD risk. Significant sex differences (P ≤ 0.01) were noted for stature, waist circumference, waist-hip ratio, physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular power, sprint speed, and several CVD risk factors: high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. Boys from a lower SES had significantly higher levels of glucose and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) but lower levels of adiponectin compared with boys from a higher SES. Girls from a lower SES had significantly (P ≤ 0.01) higher glucose and PAI-1 levels but lower levels of insulin and adiponectin than girls from a higher SES. High fat diets, low physical activity levels, and elevated CRP and total cholesterol levels were the CVD risk factors most commonly identified as being at-risk levels in this cohort, regardless of sex or SES. SES differences were not consistently apparent, but several CVD risk factors were identified as elevated in this sample of adolescents, regardless of sex or SES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan S Buchan
- School of Science and Technology, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, Scotland, UK.
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Buchan DS, Young JD, Simpson AD, Thomas NE, Cooper SM, Baker JS. The effects of a novel high intensity exercise intervention on established markers of cardiovascular disease and health in Scottish adolescent youth. J Public Health Res 2012; 1:155-7. [PMID: 25170459 PMCID: PMC4140358 DOI: 10.4081/jphr.2012.e24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED This study examined the effects of high intensity exercise on physical fitness components and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in youth. Forty-one participants (15-17 years) were divided into a control and an intervention (high intensity exercise, HIT) group. The HIT group (15 boys, 2 girls) performed three weekly sessions over seven weeks consisting of either four to six repeats of maximal sprint running with 20-30 s recovery. The control group (20 boys, 4 girls) continued their normal activity patterns. All participants had indices of obesity and blood pressure (BP) recorded in addition to four physical performance measures pre-and post-intervention: cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular power, sprint speed and agility. In the HIT group, significant improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness (P<0.01) and agility (P<0.05) were noted. Participants in the control group, meanwhile, experienced a significant decrease in counter movement jump performance. These findings demonstrate that brief, intense exercise interventions are useful for improving indices of physical fitness in a short period of time. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors gratefully acknowledge Ms. Maini Tulokas in the Social Insurance Institution for her skilled help in preparing the figures. FUNDING this study was financially supported by the Chief Scientist Office for Scotland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan S Buchan
- Institute of Clinical Exercise Science and Health, University of the West of Scotland , Hamilton, Scotland, UK
| | - John D Young
- Institute of Clinical Exercise Science and Health, University of the West of Scotland , Hamilton, Scotland, UK
| | - Alan D Simpson
- Institute of Clinical Exercise Science and Health, University of the West of Scotland , Hamilton, Scotland, UK
| | - Non E Thomas
- School of Human Sciences, Swansea University , Swansea, Wales
| | | | - Julien S Baker
- Institute of Clinical Exercise Science and Health, University of the West of Scotland , Hamilton, Scotland, UK
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Buchan DS, Ollis S, Thomas NE, Malina RM, Baker JS. School-based physical activity interventions: challenges and pitfalls. Child Care Health Dev 2012; 38:1-2. [PMID: 21651611 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2214.2011.01258.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Buchan DS, Ollis S, Thomas NE, Baker JS. Physical activity behaviour: an overview of current and emergent theoretical practices. J Obes 2012; 2012:546459. [PMID: 22778918 PMCID: PMC3388376 DOI: 10.1155/2012/546459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity research has been dominated by traditional cognitive rationale paradigms utilized within other domains. Though this approach to physical activity behavior has greatly enhanced our understanding of the key determinants, it has done little to eradicate the health problems we currently face. In order to achieve lasting change though, multilevel interventions may prove effective. Ecological perspectives have been proposed as an effective approach in combating current physical inactivity levels. Nevertheless, this approach is in its infancy and much has still to be learned. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the main behavioral models used within the physical activity domain while proposing the need for further models that will embrace the principles presented by ecological and complexity theories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan S. Buchan
- Health and Exercise Sciences, School of Science and Technology, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton ML3 0JB, UK
- *Duncan S. Buchan:
| | - Stewart Ollis
- Health and Exercise Sciences, School of Science and Technology, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton ML3 0JB, UK
| | - Non E. Thomas
- School of Human Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Julien S. Baker
- Health and Exercise Sciences, School of Science and Technology, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton ML3 0JB, UK
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Buchan DS, Ollis S, Young JD, Thomas NE, Cooper SM, Tong TK, Nie J, Malina RM, Baker JS. The effects of time and intensity of exercise on novel and established markers of CVD in adolescent youth. Am J Hum Biol 2011; 23:517-26. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.21166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Revised: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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