1
|
Zielinski MJ, Smith MS, Stahman A. Custodial and perinatal care patterns of women who received prenatal care while incarcerated in the Arkansas state prison system, 2014-2019. HEALTH & JUSTICE 2024; 12:16. [PMID: 38613729 PMCID: PMC11015593 DOI: 10.1186/s40352-024-00268-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extraordinary growth in women's incarceration over the past several decades has resulted in calls for expansion of research into their unique needs and experiences, including those related to pregnancy and perinatal care. However, while research into the health outcomes of women who are incarcerated while pregnant has grown, research on women's custodial and perinatal care patterns has remained nearly non-existent. Here, we sought to describe (1) the characteristics of the population of women who came to be incarcerated in a state prison system during pregnancy and (2) the characteristics of women's custodial and perinatal care patterns during and after incarceration. METHODS We conducted a retrospective chart review of the population of women who received perinatal care while incarcerated in the Arkansas state prison system over a 5-year period from June 2014 to May 2019. Electronic medical records and state prison records were merged to form our study population. Data were from 212 women (Mage = 28.4 years; 75.0% non-Latina White) with a singleton pregnancy who received at least one obstetric care visit while incarcerated. RESULTS Drug-related convictions were the most common crimes leading to women's incarceration while pregnant, and violent crime convictions were rare. Nearly half (43.4%) of women who gave birth in custody did so within 90 days of admission and the great majority (80.4%) released within 1-year of giving birth, including 13.3% who released within 30 days. DISCUSSION The frequency with which women who became incarcerated while pregnant released from prison either prior to or shortly after giving birth was a striking, novel finding of this study given the implications for perinatal care disruption among a high-risk population and the harms of forced separation from infants within hours of birth. CONCLUSIONS Diversionary programs for pregnant women convicted of crimes, particularly in states without current access, are urgently needed and should be a priority for future policy work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Zielinski
- Psychiatric Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham Street, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
| | - Mollee Steely Smith
- Psychiatric Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham Street, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Alleigh Stahman
- Psychiatric Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham Street, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Farhoudi B, Shahmohamadi E, SeyedAlinaghi S, Rostam Afshar Z, Mirzapour P, Nadji S, Golsoorat Pahlaviani F, Tashakorian M, Hackett D. Sexual and reproductive history of female prisoners in Iran: a health care needs analysis. Int J Prison Health 2023; 19:591-598. [PMID: 37143342 DOI: 10.1108/ijph-12-2022-0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE According to estimates, there are approximately 714,000 female prisoners in the world. A considerable proportion are pregnant, of childbearing age at the time of incarceration and may experience numerous reproductive health concerns. The purpose of this study is to examine the demographics and sexual and reproductive history of female prisoners in Iran. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH Four hundred and thirty-four female prisoners (mean age: 39.0 ± 9.9) serving sentences at Qarchak prison, Iran, completed a questionnaire. The participants were recruited between October 2017 and September 2018 using a convenient sampling method. The questionnaire captured sociodemographic characteristics and sexual and reproductive history. FINDINGS Most respondents had 7-12 years of formal education, were housewives (69.9%), were either married (41.6%) or divorced (41.8%) and were literate (91.3%). History of drug use among the respondents was 34.7%. Most respondents had regular menstruation (63.5%) and were pre-menopausal (86.1%). Natural birth control was preferred (39.7%) compared to other methods, such as condoms (18%) and oral contraceptive pills (8.4%). Spontaneous and induced abortions were reported by 17.8% and 16.4% of respondents, respectively. There was 5.9% of respondents that reported having a history of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) before incarceration, with HPV the most common (12.7%). RESEARCH LIMITATIONS/IMPLICATIONS This study has limitations, including the problem of following up with prisoners to shorten the average length of their imprisonment, which can leave many issues in the field of women's health and their follow-up incomplete. Prison health care workers should also follow up on women's health and pregnancy hygiene after their release because there is usually a high prevalence of STIs in prisoners. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS The findings highlight the importance of improving the quality of women's health care and pregnancy-related care in prisons. Additionally, the importance of having a health protocol for incarcerated women in Iran. Other programs should also be implemented for women prisoners to eliminate the discrimination they may face in prison. ORIGINALITY/VALUE The international community has attempted to develop care guidelines for pregnant prisoners, particularly for prenatal and mental health services. However, currently in Iran no such guidelines have been developed. To date no research has explored the sexual health among female prisoners of this country. The aim of the present study was to examine the demographics and sexual and reproductive history of female prisoners in Iran. A secondary aim was to identify the health care needs of female prisoners in Iran.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Farhoudi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Amiralmomenin Hospital, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elnaz Shahmohamadi
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohreh Rostam Afshar
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pegah Mirzapour
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - SeyedAlireza Nadji
- Virology Research Center, National Institutes of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Golsoorat Pahlaviani
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrzad Tashakorian
- Health and Treatment Directorate of Prisons and Security and Corrective Measures Organization, Tehran, Iran
| | - Daniel Hackett
- Physical Activity, Lifestyle, Ageing and Wellbeing Faculty Research Group, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hessami K, Hutchinson-Colas JA, Chervenak FA, Shamshirsaz AA, Zargarzadeh N, Norooznezhad AH, Grünebaum A, Bachmann GA. Prenatal care and pregnancy outcome among incarcerated pregnant individuals in the United States: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Perinat Med 2022:jpm-2022-0412. [PMID: 36394545 DOI: 10.1515/jpm-2022-0412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the risk of inadequate prenatal care and pregnancy outcome among incarcerated pregnant individuals in the United States. PubMed/MedLine, Embase, ClinicalTrials.gov and Web of Science were searched from inception up to March 30th, 2022. Studies were included if they reported the risk of inadequate prenatal care and/or pregnancy outcomes among incarcerated pregnant individuals in the United States jails or prisons. Adequacy of prenatal care was quantified by Kessner index. The random-effects model was used to pool the mean differences or odds ratios (OR) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using RevMan software. Nine studies were included in the final review. A total of 11,534 pregnant individuals, of whom 2,544 were incarcerated while pregnant, and 8,990 who were matched non-incarcerated pregnant individuals serving as control group, were utilized. Compared to non-incarcerated pregnancies, incarcerated pregnant individuals were at higher risk of inadequate prenatal care (OR 2.99 [95% CI: 1.60, 5.61], p<0.001) and were more likely to have newborns with low birthweight (OR 1.66 [95% CI: 1.19, 2.32], p=0.003). There was no significant difference between incarcerated and matched control pregnancies in the rates of preterm birth and stillbirth. The findings of the current systematic review and meta-analysis suggest that incarcerated pregnant individuals have an increased risk of inadequate prenatal care. Considering the limited number of current studies, further research is indicated to both assess whether the risk of inadequate prenatal care has negative impact on prenatal outcomes for this population and to determine the steps that can be taken to enhance prenatal care for all pregnant individuals incarcerated in the United States prisons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamran Hessami
- Maternal Fetal Care Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Juana A Hutchinson-Colas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Health Institute, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Frank A Chervenak
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alireza A Shamshirsaz
- Maternal Fetal Care Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nikan Zargarzadeh
- Maternal Fetal and Neonatal Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Amos Grünebaum
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gloria A Bachmann
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Health Institute, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wilson SH, Marsh LN, Zielinski M, Corbett A, Siegler A, Shlafer R. Enhanced Perinatal Programs for People in Prisons: A Summary of Six States' Programs. JOURNAL OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE 2022; 83:101965. [PMID: 37441170 PMCID: PMC10338033 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2022.101965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine enhanced perinatal support programs for pregnant and postpartum people in six state prisons, describe the service components offered by each program, and discuss similarities and differences of services offered between programs. Methods In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with each program's site lead(s) in order to collect information regarding each program's historical context, conception, and key aspects of the implementation of service components offered at each site. Results Program components fell into five broad categories: group-based education and support, one-on-one support, labor and birth support, lactation facilitation and support, and other support services. Results highlight similarities and differences within and across programs and common themes that govern program success. Conclusions This study provides an initial understanding of the variation in enhanced perinatal programming in six state prisons and offers insights for other states interested in establishing these types of programs. These programs implemented individual components piecemeal to fit site-specific context and needs, instead of adopting the entirety of another program model. Programs' success was largely dependent upon collaboration between program facilitators and partnering prison sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie H. Wilson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - L. Noël Marsh
- Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Melissa Zielinski
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Amanda Corbett
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Anne Siegler
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Rebecca Shlafer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Knittel AK, Ferguson EG, Balasubramanian V, Carda-Auten J, DiRosa E, Rosen DL. " We don't wanna birth it here": A qualitative study of Southern jail personnel approaches to pregnancy. WOMEN & CRIMINAL JUSTICE 2022; 33:349-362. [PMID: 37873022 PMCID: PMC10588771 DOI: 10.1080/08974454.2022.2040693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Each year, approximately 55,000 pregnant people are incarcerated in US jails. To learn about pregnancy and postpartum care in jails, we analyzed 34 qualitative interviews with jail personnel from facilities in five Southeastern US states. Themes included jail processes unique to pregnancy and burden on jails produced by liability and limited resources. Societal attitudes such as stigma, distrust of pregnant people, and a focus on fetal well-being were also important themes. Jail-community partnerships may mitigate the effects of scarce resources and improve jail perinatal care. Better community safety nets that decrease contact with jails are needed to improve pregnancy outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea K. Knittel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Ella G. Ferguson
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | - Jessica Carda-Auten
- Division of Global health and Infectious Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Elena DiRosa
- Division of Global health and Infectious Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - David L. Rosen
- Division of Global health and Infectious Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Howland MA, Kotlar B, Davis L, Shlafer RJ. Depressive Symptoms among Pregnant and Postpartum Women in Prison. J Midwifery Womens Health 2021; 66:494-502. [PMID: 34260138 DOI: 10.1111/jmwh.13239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Women in prison experience high rates of mental and physical health problems, and pregnant and postpartum women in prison may be particularly vulnerable. Very few studies have examined depressive symptoms among women who are pregnant and give birth in prison. We assessed depressive symptoms longitudinally from pregnancy into the postpartum period in a sample of 58 women who gave birth in prison. We also considered whether incarceration-related factors (length of time incarcerated while pregnant, remaining length of sentence to serve after birth) were associated with depressive symptoms. METHODS Data were collected as part of an ongoing evaluation of a prison-based pregnancy and parenting support program at one women's state prison. At prenatal and postpartum visits with their doula, women completed the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), a measure of depressive symptom severity. RESULTS More than one-third of our sample of women who were incarcerated and gave birth in custody met criteria for moderate to severe depression on the PHQ-9 during pregnancy or the postpartum period. Women who faced longer periods of incarceration following birth and separation from their newborns reported higher levels of postpartum depressive symptoms. DISCUSSION Findings have implications for practice and policy aimed at supporting the mental health needs of women who are pregnant in prison, particularly those women who give birth in custody and are separated from their newborns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariann A Howland
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota -Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Bethany Kotlar
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Laurel Davis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Rebecca J Shlafer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shlafer R, Saunders JB, Boraas CM, Kozhimannil KB, Mazumder N, Freese R. Maternal and neonatal outcomes among incarcerated women who gave birth in custody. Birth 2021; 48:122-131. [PMID: 33368480 PMCID: PMC8246999 DOI: 10.1111/birt.12524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the United States, the population of incarcerated women has increased by more than 600% since the 1980s. With this rise, correctional facilities have faced new challenges meeting the health care needs of women, especially those who are pregnant. This retrospective cohort study sought to describe five indicators of maternal and neonatal health among women who gave birth in custody, and to compare outcomes among incarcerated women who did and did not receive enhanced pregnancy support. METHODS We used deidentified electronic health records (EHRs) to examine maternal and neonatal birth outcomes (ie, mode of birth, low birthweight, preterm birth, APGAR score, NICU admission) among women who gave birth in custody. Regression models examined differences in outcomes between women who received enhanced pregnancy support-group prenatal education and one-on-one doula visits-and a historical control group of women who received standard prenatal care. RESULTS Adverse maternal and neonatal birth outcomes in this sample were rare. No differences in outcomes were found between incarcerated women who received enhanced pregnancy support and the historical control group. CONCLUSIONS Despite evidence for the benefits of enhanced pregnancy support in the general population, this study did not find differences in outcomes between incarcerated women who did and did not receive support. Integrated data from prison and hospital records are innovative, but effect measurement is limited by sample size. Future research should include primary data collection on maternal, neonatal, and dyadic outcomes longitudinally and across prisons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Shlafer
- Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent HealthDepartment of PediatricsUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMNUSA
| | - Jennifer B. Saunders
- Division of Health Policy and ManagementSchool of Public HealthUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMNUSA
| | - Christy M. Boraas
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women’s HealthMedical SchoolUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMNUSA
| | - Katy B. Kozhimannil
- Division of Health Policy and ManagementSchool of Public HealthUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMNUSA
| | | | - Rebecca Freese
- Biostatistical Design and Analysis CenterClinical and Translational Science InstituteUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMNUSA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
The Benefits of Doula Support for Women Who Are Pregnant in Prison and Their Newborns. SPRINGERBRIEFS IN PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67599-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
9
|
Abstract
The population of women within carceral systems is growing rapidly. A portion of these individuals are pregnant and will deliver while incarcerated. Although shackling laws for pregnant persons have improved, incarcerated patients are forced to labor without the support of anyone but a carceral officer and their medical staff. We believe access to continuous labor support is critical for all pregnant persons. Carceral systems and their affiliated hospitals have the opportunity to change policies to reflect that continuous labor support is a basic human right and should be permitted for incarcerated pregnant persons in labor, either through a doula program or a selected person of choice.
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the number of admissions of pregnant people to U.S. jails and the outcomes of pregnancies that end in custody. METHODS We prospectively collected pregnancy data from six U.S. jails, including the five largest jails, on a monthly basis for 12 months. Jails reported de-identified, aggregate numbers of pregnant people admitted, births, preterm births, cesarean deliveries, miscarriages, induced abortions, ectopic pregnancies, and maternal and newborn deaths. RESULTS There were 1,622 admissions of pregnant people in 12 months in the selected jails. The highest 1-day count of pregnant people at a single jail was 65. The majority of these admissions involved the release of a pregnant person. Of the 224 pregnancies that ended in jail, 144 (64%) were live births, 41 (18%) were miscarriages, 33 (15%) were induced abortions, and four were ectopic (1.8%). One third of the births were cesarean deliveries and 8% were preterm. There were two stillbirths, one newborn death, and no maternal deaths. CONCLUSION About 3% of admissions of females to U.S. jails are of pregnant people; extrapolating study results to national female jail admission rates suggests nearly 55,000 pregnancy admissions in 1 year. It is feasible to track pregnancy statistics about this overlooked group.
Collapse
|
11
|
Alirezaei S, Roudsari RL. Promoting Health Care for Pregnant Women in Prison: A Review of International Guidelines. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF NURSING AND MIDWIFERY RESEARCH 2020; 25:91-101. [PMID: 32195153 PMCID: PMC7055189 DOI: 10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_169_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are standard guidelines for the provision of health care for pregnant women in prisons. There is no single guide to meet all the specific needs of imprisoned women. In this study, the related international guidelines were reviewed to reveal the existing gaps. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this narrative review, studies published from May 2010 to January 2019 were reviewed through investigating databases including PubMed, Scopus, the Cochrane Library database as well as Science Direct Google Scholar using keywords: Guideline AND Prison AND Pregnancy AND Prenatal Care. The contents of the guidelines were subjected to analogy comparison. RESULTS 13 guidelines were included in the study. Of these, 10 guidelines were related to the organizations deployed in the USA, two guidelines to the United Nations and the World Health Organization, and one guideline to the United Kingdom. The most comprehensive care coverage of pregnant women was suggested, at the first level, by Birth Champion and in the second level by the Federal Bureau of Prisons. The care recommended in the guidelines was classified into four general categories of health care, safety and security, education and counseling, as well as miscellaneous issues. Most of the care items mentioned in the guidelines were related to the issue of safety and security of pregnant women. CONCLUSIONS There are currently gaps in the guidelines in many aspects including maternal and fetal health assessments, mental health care, and also ethical and communication issues. It is essential to upgrade the guidelines provided for imprisoned women to promote their health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Alirezaei
- PhD Student in Reproductive Health, Student Research Committee, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Robab Latifnejad Roudsari
- Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Goshin LS, Sissoko DRG, Stringer KL, Sufrin C, Byrnes L. Stigma and US Nurses' Intentions to Provide the Standard of Maternal Care to Incarcerated Women, 2017. Am J Public Health 2020; 110:S93-S99. [PMID: 31967890 PMCID: PMC6987942 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2019.305408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Objectives. To examine relationships among actionable drivers and facilitators of stigma and nurses' intentions to provide the standard of maternal care recommended by the Association of Women's Health, Obstetric, and Neonatal Nurses (AWHONN) for incarcerated women.Methods. We conducted a Web-based survey of perinatal nurses in the United States (n = 665; participation rate 98.0%; completion rate 95.3%) in July through September 2017. We used multivariable logistic regression to predict higher than median intentions to provide the standard of care.Results. Lower stigmatizing individual attitudes and institutional norms and higher perceived autonomy when caring for an incarcerated woman were significantly associated with higher care intentions. Knowledge of the AWHONN position statement on the standard of care or their own state's shackling laws was not associated with higher care intentions.Conclusions. We documented significant associations among actionable drivers and facilitators of stigma and the intentions of a key health care provider group to deliver the standard of maternal care to incarcerated women. Individual- and institutional-level stigma-reduction interventions may increase the quality of maternal care and improve perinatal outcomes for women who give birth while incarcerated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorie S Goshin
- Lorie S. Goshin, D. R. Gina Sissoko, and Lorraine Byrnes are with the Hunter-Bellevue School of Nursing, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York. Kristi L. Stringer is with the Social Intervention Group, Columbia University School of Social Work, Columbia University, New York, NY. Carolyn Sufrin is with the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics and the Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - D R Gina Sissoko
- Lorie S. Goshin, D. R. Gina Sissoko, and Lorraine Byrnes are with the Hunter-Bellevue School of Nursing, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York. Kristi L. Stringer is with the Social Intervention Group, Columbia University School of Social Work, Columbia University, New York, NY. Carolyn Sufrin is with the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics and the Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Kristi L Stringer
- Lorie S. Goshin, D. R. Gina Sissoko, and Lorraine Byrnes are with the Hunter-Bellevue School of Nursing, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York. Kristi L. Stringer is with the Social Intervention Group, Columbia University School of Social Work, Columbia University, New York, NY. Carolyn Sufrin is with the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics and the Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Carolyn Sufrin
- Lorie S. Goshin, D. R. Gina Sissoko, and Lorraine Byrnes are with the Hunter-Bellevue School of Nursing, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York. Kristi L. Stringer is with the Social Intervention Group, Columbia University School of Social Work, Columbia University, New York, NY. Carolyn Sufrin is with the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics and the Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Lorraine Byrnes
- Lorie S. Goshin, D. R. Gina Sissoko, and Lorraine Byrnes are with the Hunter-Bellevue School of Nursing, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York. Kristi L. Stringer is with the Social Intervention Group, Columbia University School of Social Work, Columbia University, New York, NY. Carolyn Sufrin is with the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics and the Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Baker B. Perinatal Outcomes of Incarcerated Pregnant Women: An Integrative Review. JOURNAL OF CORRECTIONAL HEALTH CARE 2019; 25:92-104. [DOI: 10.1177/1078345819832366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Baker
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sufrin C, Beal L, Clarke J, Jones R, Mosher WD. Pregnancy Outcomes in US Prisons, 2016-2017. Am J Public Health 2019; 109:799-805. [PMID: 30897003 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2019.305006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To collect national data on pregnancy frequencies and outcomes among women in US state and federal prisons. METHODS From 2016 to 2017, we prospectively collected 12 months of pregnancy statistics from a geographically diverse sample of 22 state prison systems and the Federal Bureau of Prisons. Prisons reported numbers of pregnant women, births, miscarriages, abortions, and other outcomes. RESULTS Overall, 1396 pregnant women were admitted to prisons; 3.8% of newly admitted women and 0.6% of all women were pregnant in December 2016. There were 753 live births (92% of outcomes), 46 miscarriages (6%), 11 abortions (1%), 4 stillbirths (0.5%), 3 newborn deaths, and no maternal deaths. Six percent of live births were preterm and 30% were cesarean deliveries. Distributions of outcomes varied by state. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed that the majority of prison pregnancies ended in live births or miscarriages. Our findings can enable policymakers, researchers, and public health practitioners to optimize health outcomes for incarcerated pregnant women and their newborns, whose health has broad sociopolitical implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Sufrin
- Carolyn Sufrin and Lauren Beal are with the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. Carolyn Sufrin is also with the Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Jennifer Clarke is with the Rhode Island Department of Corrections, Cranston. Rachel Jones is with the Guttmacher Institute, New York, NY. William D. Mosher is with the Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - Lauren Beal
- Carolyn Sufrin and Lauren Beal are with the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. Carolyn Sufrin is also with the Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Jennifer Clarke is with the Rhode Island Department of Corrections, Cranston. Rachel Jones is with the Guttmacher Institute, New York, NY. William D. Mosher is with the Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - Jennifer Clarke
- Carolyn Sufrin and Lauren Beal are with the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. Carolyn Sufrin is also with the Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Jennifer Clarke is with the Rhode Island Department of Corrections, Cranston. Rachel Jones is with the Guttmacher Institute, New York, NY. William D. Mosher is with the Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - Rachel Jones
- Carolyn Sufrin and Lauren Beal are with the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. Carolyn Sufrin is also with the Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Jennifer Clarke is with the Rhode Island Department of Corrections, Cranston. Rachel Jones is with the Guttmacher Institute, New York, NY. William D. Mosher is with the Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - William D Mosher
- Carolyn Sufrin and Lauren Beal are with the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. Carolyn Sufrin is also with the Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Jennifer Clarke is with the Rhode Island Department of Corrections, Cranston. Rachel Jones is with the Guttmacher Institute, New York, NY. William D. Mosher is with the Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Baldwin A, Sobolewska A, Capper T. Pregnant in prison: An integrative literature review. Women Birth 2018; 33:41-50. [PMID: 30559007 DOI: 10.1016/j.wombi.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnant women in prisons are recognised as a marginalised group. However, there is a limited understanding of the women's unique maternity needs and how correctional institutions and maternity service providers respond to these needs. AIM The aims of the review are threefold. METHOD An integrative literature review was undertaken. A comprehensive search strategy using seven electronic databases resulted in the retrieval of 363 articles. Of them, 32 peer-reviewed studies met the final selection criteria and were included in this review which utilised the Critical Appraisal Skills Program tools and adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses flowchart. Thematic analysis identified universal themes. FINDINGS Three dominant themes emerged related to the experience of pregnant women in prison: (1) risks and vulnerability factors; (2) prison enablers and supports; and (3) prison barriers. Extant research on risks and vulnerability factors is disproportionate to research examining how prisons can enable or obstruct responding to the women's perinatal needs. Limited research on the midwifery support available to the women in prison is available. Significantly, only two out of 32 reviewed papers include research directly conducted with the pregnant women in prison. CONCLUSION Pregnant women in prisons have complex needs. More research is required to understand how prisons can enhance the pregnancy experience by engaging pregnant women in prisons as research participants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adele Baldwin
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Sciences, CQUniversity, 6 Finsbury Place, Townsville, Queensland, 4810, Australia.
| | - Agnieszka Sobolewska
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Sciences, CQUniversity, 160 Ann St, Brisbane City, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Tanya Capper
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Sciences, CQUniversity, 160 Ann St, Brisbane City, QLD, 4000, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Dowell CM, Mejia GC, Preen DB, Segal L. Determinants of infant mortality for children of women prisoners: a longitudinal linked data study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2018; 18:202. [PMID: 29859058 PMCID: PMC5984779 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-018-1840-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is limited information on the determinants of infant mortality outcomes for the children of women prisoners. This study aimed to explore determinants of infant mortality for Indigenous and non-Indigenous children, with a specific focus on maternal imprisonment during pregnancy as a risk factor. METHODS Using linked administrative data we obtained a longitudinal sample of 42,674 infants born in Western Australia between October 1985 and June 2013. Data were analysed by maternal contact with corrective services, including; (i) imprisonment during pregnancy, (ii) imprisonment before (but not during) pregnancy, (iii) imprisonment after birth, (iv) community-based correctional orders (but no imprisonment), and (v) no corrections record. Infant mortality rates were calculated. Univariate and multivariate log-binomial regression was undertaken to identify key demographic and pregnancy-related risk factors for infant mortality. Risk factor prevalence was calculated for infants by maternal corrections history. RESULTS 430 Indigenous and 116 non-Indigenous infants died aged 0-12 months. For singletons, infant mortality rates were highest in Indigenous infants with mothers imprisoned during pregnancy (32.1 per 1000) and non-Indigenous infants whose mothers were first imprisoned after birth (14.2 per 1000). For all Indigenous children, the strongest determinants of infant mortality were: abruptio placentae and other placental disorders (RR = 2.85; 95%CI 1.46-5.59; p = 0.002), maternal imprisonment during pregnancy (RR = 2.55; 95%CI 1.69-3.86; p < 0.001), and multiple gestation (RR = 2.29; 95% CI1.51-3.46; p < 0.001). Indigenous and non-Indigenous infants with mothers imprisoned at any time, and particularly before or during pregnancy, experienced higher prevalence of key pregnancy risk factors. CONCLUSIONS This is the first comprehensive study of the determinants of infant mortality for children of women prisoners. Infants with any maternal corrections history, including community-based orders or imprisonment outside of pregnancy, had increased infant mortality. Indigenous infants whose mothers were imprisoned during pregnancy were at particular risk. There was a low incidence of infant death in the non-Indigenous sample which limited the investigation of the impact of the specific aspects of maternal corrections history on infant mortality. Non-Indigenous Infants whose mothers were imprisoned before or during pregnancy experienced higher prevalence of pregnancy risk factors than infants of mothers first imprisoned after birth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin McMillen Dowell
- Health Economics and Social Policy Group, Centre for Population Health Research, Sansom Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA 5001 Australia
| | - Gloria C. Mejia
- Health Economics and Social Policy Group, Centre for Population Health Research, Sansom Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA 5001 Australia
| | - David B. Preen
- Centre for Health Services Research, School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA Australia
| | - Leonie Segal
- Health Economics and Social Policy Group, Centre for Population Health Research, Sansom Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA 5001 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Baldwin A, Capper T, Rogers L, Wood E. From the Ground Up: Improving Pregnancy and Birth Experiences Through the Provision of Extraordinary Learning Opportunities in Australia. JOURNAL OF FORENSIC NURSING 2018; 14:80-87. [PMID: 29698361 DOI: 10.1097/jfn.0000000000000200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A collaborative project formally titled "Working together to improve pregnancy and birth experiences for women and provide extraordinary learning opportunities for midwifery students" was launched in April 2017, after several years of consultation and planning. The opportunity to adopt an integrated response to the needs of incarcerated pregnant women and the learning needs of midwifery students was identified and supported by the university offering a graduate-entry midwifery program, a women's correctional center, and a health service in a regional area of Australia. Incarcerated women who are pregnant require pregnancy, birth, and postnatal support distinct from their clinical care, while at the same time, midwifery students need to recruit pregnant women for continuity-of-care experiences. This article presents an overview of the implementation of the pilot project. It also discusses the project team and the challenges and successes of and unanticipated opportunities for practice modification and change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adele Baldwin
- Author Affiliations: School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Sciences, Central Queensland University
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Domingues RMSM, Leal MDC, Pereira APE, Ayres B, Sánchez AR, Larouzé B. Prevalence of syphilis and HIV infection during pregnancy in incarcerated women and the incidence of congenital syphilis in births in prison in Brazil. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2017; 33:e00183616. [PMID: 29166489 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00183616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of syphilis and HIV infection during pregnancy, the mother to child transmission of syphilis and the incidence of congenital syphilis in incarcerated women in Brazil; to compare these rates to those observed in pregnant women outside of jail; and to verify the maternal factors associated with syphilis infection during pregnancy in free and incarcerated women. We used data from two nationwide studies conducted during the period 2011-2014. The Birth in Brazil study included 23,894 free women cared for in 266 hospitals. The Maternal and Infant Health in Prisons study included 495 incarcerated pregnant women or mothers living with their children, according to a census conducted in 33 female prisons. The same case definitions and data collection methods were used in both studies. The chi-square test was used to compare the characteristics of incarcerated and free women with a significance of 0.05. For incarcerated women, the estimated prevalence of syphilis during pregnancy was 8.7% (95%CI: 5.7-13.1) and for HIV infection 3.3% (95%CI: 1.7-6.6); the estimated mother to child transmission of syphilis was 66.7% (95%CI: 44.7-83.2) and the incidence of congenital syphilis was 58.1 per 1,000 living newborns (95%CI: 40.4-82.8). Incarcerated women had a greater prevalence of syphilis and HIV infection during pregnancy, lower quality of antenatal care and higher levels of social vulnerability. Syphilis infection showed to be an indicator of social vulnerability in free women, but not in incarcerated women. Health initiatives in prison are necessary to reduce healthcare inequalities and should include adequate antenatal and birth care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria do Carmo Leal
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | | | - Barbara Ayres
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Alexandra Roma Sánchez
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Bernard Larouzé
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, IPLESP UMRS 1132, F75012 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Martinez-Merino N, Martín-González N, Usabiaga O, Martos-Garcia D. Physical activity practiced by incarcerated women: A systematic review. Health Care Women Int 2017; 38:1152-1169. [DOI: 10.1080/07399332.2017.1368515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nagore Martinez-Merino
- Physical and Sport Education Department, Faculty of Education & Sport, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Nerian Martín-González
- PhD student at the Physical and Sport Department, University of the Basque Country, UPV-EHU, Faculty of Sport & Education, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Oidui Usabiaga
- Lecturer at the Physical and Sport Department, Faculty of Sport & Education, University of the Basque Country, UPV-EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Daniel Martos-Garcia
- Department of Teaching of Music Plastic and Corporal Expression, Faculty of Teacher Training, University of Valencia, València, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kelsey CM, Medel N, Mullins C, Dallaire D, Forestell C. An Examination of Care Practices of Pregnant Women Incarcerated in Jail Facilities in the United States. Matern Child Health J 2017; 21:1260-1266. [DOI: 10.1007/s10995-016-2224-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
21
|
Bard E, Knight M, Plugge E. Perinatal health care services for imprisoned pregnant women and associated outcomes: a systematic review. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2016; 16:285. [PMID: 27680206 PMCID: PMC5041517 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-016-1080-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Women are an increasing minority of prisoners worldwide, and most are of childbearing age. Prisons offer unique opportunities for improving the pregnancy outcomes of these high-risk women, and no systematic review to date has looked at their care. This systematic review identified studies describing models of perinatal health care for imprisoned women which report maternal and child health and care outcomes. Methods We systematically searched for literature published between 1980 and April 2014. Studies were eligible if they included a group of imprisoned pregnant women, a description of perinatal health care and any maternal or infant health or care outcomes. Two authors independently extracted data. We described relevant outcomes in prisons (including jails) under models of care we termed PRISON, PRISON+ and PRISON++, depending on the care provided. Where outcomes were available on a comparison group of women, we calculated odds ratios with 95 % confidence intervals. Results Eighteen studies were reported, comprising 2001 imprisoned pregnant women. Fifteen were in the US, two in the UK and one in Germany. Nine contained a comparison group of women comprising 849 pregnant women. Study quality was variable and outcome reporting was inconsistent. There was some evidence that women in prisons receiving enhanced prison care, PRISON+, were less likely to have inadequate prenatal care (15.4 % vs 30.7 %, p < 0 · 001), preterm delivery (6.4 % vs 19.0 %, p = 0 · 001) or caesarean delivery (12.9 % vs 26.5 %, p = 0 · 005) compared to women in prisons receiving usual care (PRISON). Women participating in two PRISON++ interventions, that is, interventions which included not only enhanced care in prisons but also coordination of community care on release, demonstrated reductions in long term recidivism rates (summary OR 0 · 37, 95 % CI 0 · 19–0 · 70) compared to pregnant women in the same prisons who did not participate in the intervention. Conclusions Enhanced perinatal care can improve both short and long-term outcomes but there is a lack of data. Properly designed programmes with rigorous evaluation are needed to address the needs of this vulnerable population. The cost to mothers, children and to society of failing to address these important public health issues are likely to be substantial. Trial registration PROSPERO registration: CRD42012002384.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Bard
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust/Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK.
| | - Marian Knight
- National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit (NPEU), University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Emma Plugge
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Shlafer RJ, Gerrity E, Duwe G. Pregnancy and Parenting Support for Incarcerated Women: Lessons Learned. Prog Community Health Partnersh 2016; 9:371-8. [PMID: 26548788 DOI: 10.1353/cpr.2015.0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are more than 200,000 incarcerated women in U.S. prisons and jails, and it is estimated that 6% to 10% are pregnant. Pregnant incarcerated women experience complex risks that can compromise their health and the health of their offspring. OBJECTIVES Identify lessons learned from a community-university pilot study of a prison-based pregnancy and parenting support program. METHODS A community-university-corrections partnership was formed to provide education and support to pregnant incarcerated women through a prison-based pilot program. Evaluation data assessed women's physical and mental health concerns and satisfaction with the program. Between October 2011 and December 2012, 48 women participated. LESSONS LEARNED We learned that providing services for pregnant incarcerated women requires an effective partnership with the Department of Corrections, adaptations to traditional community-based participatory research (CBPR) approaches, and resources that support both direct service and ongoing evaluation. CONCLUSIONS Effective services for pregnant incarcerated women can be provided through a successful community- university-corrections partnership.
Collapse
|
23
|
Mukherjee S, Pierre-Victor D, Bahelah R, Madhivanan P. Mental Health Issues Among Pregnant Women in Correctional Facilities: A Systematic Review. Women Health 2014; 54:816-42. [DOI: 10.1080/03630242.2014.932894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
24
|
|
25
|
Shlafer RJ, Hellerstedt WL, Secor-Turner M, Gerrity E, Baker R. Doulas' Perspectives about Providing Support to Incarcerated Women: A Feasibility Study. Public Health Nurs 2014; 32:316-26. [PMID: 24980835 DOI: 10.1111/phn.12137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To document the logistical feasibility of a doula program for pregnant incarcerated women and to assess doulas' perceptions of their achievements. DESIGN AND SAMPLE Six doulas provided written case notes ("birth stories") about their experiences with 18 pregnant women in one Midwestern state prison. MEASURES The birth stories were analyzed by two coders to identify major themes related to doulas' perceptions about providing support to incarcerated women. Analyses involved coder consensus about major themes and doula affirmation of findings. RESULTS All doulas reported that they met key objectives for a successful relationship with each of their clients. Key themes were their ability to empower clients, establish a trusting relationship, normalize the delivery, and support women as they were separated from their newborns. CONCLUSIONS The intervention was logistically feasible, suggesting that doulas can adapt their practice for incarcerated women. Doulas may need specific training to prepare themselves for institutional restrictions that may conflict with the traditional roles of doula care. It may be important for doulas to understand the level of personal and professional resources they may have to expend to support incarcerated women if they are separated from their infants soon after delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Shlafer
- Division of General Pediatrics & Adolescent Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Wendy L Hellerstedt
- Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Erica Gerrity
- Isis Rising - Everyday Miracles, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Rae Baker
- Isis Rising - Everyday Miracles, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Masho SW, Bishop DL, Keyser-Marcus L, Varner SB, White S, Svikis D. Least explored factors associated with prenatal smoking. Matern Child Health J 2014; 17:1167-74. [PMID: 22903305 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-012-1103-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Poor pregnancy and birth outcomes are major problems in the United States, and maternal smoking during pregnancy has been identified as one of the most preventable risk factors associated with these outcomes. This study examines less explored risk factors of smoking among underserved African American pregnant women. A cross-sectional survey was conducted at an outpatient obstetrics-gynecology clinic of an inner-city university hospital in Virginia from March 2009 through January 2011 in which pregnant women (N = 902) were interviewed at their first prenatal care visit. Survey questions included items related to women's sociodemographic characteristics as well as their pregnancy history; criminal history; receipt of social services; child protective services involvement; insurance status; and history of substance abuse, domestic violence, and depression. Multiple logistic regression was conducted to calculate odds ratios and 95 % confidence intervals depicting the relationship between these factors and smoking during pregnancy. The analysis reported that maternal age [OR = 1.08, 95 % CI = 1.05-1.12], less than high school education [OR = 4.30, 95 % CI = 2.27-8.14], unemployed [OR = 2.33, 95 % CI = 1.35-4.04], criminal history [OR = 1.66, 95 % CI = 1.05-2.63], receipt of social services [OR = 2.26, 95 % CI = 1.35-3.79] alcohol use [OR = 2.73, 95 % CI = 1.65-4.51] and illicit drug use [OR = 1.97, 95 % CI = 1.04-3.74] during pregnancy were statistically significant risk factors associated with smoking during pregnancy. In addition to the well known risk factors, public health professionals should be aware that criminal history and receipt of social services are important factors associated with smoking during pregnancy. Social service providers such as WIC and prisons and jails may offer a unique opportunity for education and cessation interventions during the preconception or interconception period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saba W Masho
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, VCU Institute of Women's Health, VCU Center on Health Disparities, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0212, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Foley L, Papadopoulos I. Perinatal mental health services for black and ethnic minority women in prison. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.12968/bjom.2013.21.8.553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
28
|
Ferszt GG, Hickey JE, Seleyman K. Advocating for pregnant women in prison: the role of the correctional nurse. JOURNAL OF FORENSIC NURSING 2013; 9:105-110. [PMID: 24158132 DOI: 10.1097/jfn.0b013e318281056b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
On any given day, approximately 6%-10% of women who are incarcerated in prisons and jails in the United States are pregnant. Although incarcerated pregnant women have been identified as a high-risk group because of compromised physical and emotional health when they enter these settings, their specific healthcare needs are frequently unmet or partially met during their imprisonment. Stressors imposed by prison life and separation from their newborn at birth often exacerbate existing mental health issues including posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety, and insomnia. Nurses in correctional settings play a strategic role in improving the health care of this population by promoting teamwork, incorporating standards of care, and advocating for changes in policies. Collaboration with the warden, physician or nurse practitioner, correctional officers, and social workers can lead to positive changes in health outcomes. Given the national emphasis on gender responsive treatment in prisons and jails, a window of opportunity exists to be a voice for these women and make significant changes in health care for this largely underserved [corrected] population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ginette G Ferszt
- Author Affiliations: 1College of Nursing, University of Rhode Island; 2Rhode Island Department of Corrections
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Sufrin CB, Autry AM, Harris KL, Goldenson J, Steinauer JE. County jail as a novel site for obstetrics and gynecology resident education. J Grad Med Educ 2012; 4:346-50. [PMID: 23997880 PMCID: PMC3444189 DOI: 10.4300/jgme-d-11-00203.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obstetrics and gynecology residents benefit from providing care to diverse patient populations and increasing their awareness of the social determinants of health. OBJECTIVES To describe and evaluate an outpatient rotation for obstetrics and gynecology residents at a county jail. METHODS A comprehensive curriculum incorporating Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) core competencies was designed for all first-year residents to rotate weekly at the local county jail during their 6-week ambulatory care block. Residents completed an anonymous online evaluation and wrote a reflective essay at the end of the rotation. Data for patient visits were tabulated. RESULTS All 9 first-year residents completed the rotation and the evaluation. Seventy-eight percent of patient visits were for gynecologic services, predominantly family planning. Residents reported that the rotation overall was a positive experience, emphasizing the unique intersection between psychosocial issues and health care in the jail setting. Rotation objectives that satisfied the 6 ACGME competencies were met. DISCUSSION Providing care to incarcerated women through a structured curriculum is a novel way to encourage obstetrics and gynecology residents to consider the social determinants of health and for residents to cultivate their counseling skills. The rotation also included a wide breadth and depth of clinical diagnoses and procedures. Obstetrics and gynecology residency programs should consider a curriculum in reproductive health for incarcerated women.
Collapse
|
30
|
Plugge E, Douglas N, Fitzpatrick R. Changes in health-related quality of life following imprisonment in 92 women in England: a three month follow-up study. Int J Equity Health 2011; 10:21. [PMID: 21612600 PMCID: PMC3130658 DOI: 10.1186/1475-9276-10-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the considerable changes in the provision of health care to prisoners in the UK there is little published literature that attempts to examine broader aspects of health and the impact of imprisonment on these, focusing instead on disease specific areas. This is surprising given that one of the main drivers behind the changes was the need for improvements in the quality of care; examining changes in health outcomes should be an important part of monitoring service developments. This study assessed the health-related quality of life of women on entry into prison and examined changes during a period of three months imprisonment. Methods This was a prospective longitudinal study involving 505 women prisoners in England. The SF-36 was contained within a questionnaire designed to examine many aspects of imprisoned women's health. Participants completed this questionnaire within 72 hours of entering prison. The researchers followed up all participants who were still imprisoned three months later. Results The study achieved good response rates: 82% of women agreed to participate initially (n = 505), and 93% of those still imprisoned participating three months later (n = 112). At prison entry, women prisoners have lower mental component summary score (MCS) and physical component summary score (PCS) compared to women within the general population. The mental well-being of those 112 women still imprisoned after three months improved over this period of imprisonment, although remained poorer than that of the general population. The PCS did not improve significantly and remained significantly lower than that of the general population. Multivariate analyses showed that the only independent predictor of change in component score was the score at baseline. Conclusions The results highlight the poor health-related quality of life of women prisoners and highlight the scale of the challenge faced by those providing health care to prisoners. They also draw attention to the major health disadvantages of women offenders compared to women in general. While recent reforms may improve health services for prisoners, broader inequalities in the health of women are a more complex challenge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Plugge
- Department of Public Health, University of Oxford.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
More than 10 million people are incarcerated worldwide; this number has increased by about a million in the past decade. Mental disorders and infectious diseases are more common in prisoners than in the general population. High rates of suicide within prison and increased mortality from all causes on release have been documented in many countries. The contribution of prisons to illness is unknown, although shortcomings in treatment and aftercare provision contribute to adverse outcomes. Research has highlighted that women, prisoners aged 55 years and older, and juveniles present with higher rates of many disorders than do other prisoners. The contribution of initiatives to improve the health of prisoners by reducing the burden of infectious and chronic diseases, suicide, other causes of premature mortality and violence, and counteracting the cycle of reoffending should be further examined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seena Fazel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Hollowell J, Oakley L, Kurinczuk JJ, Brocklehurst P, Gray R. The effectiveness of antenatal care programmes to reduce infant mortality and preterm birth in socially disadvantaged and vulnerable women in high-income countries: a systematic review. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2011; 11:13. [PMID: 21314944 PMCID: PMC3050773 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2393-11-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infant mortality has shown a steady decline in recent years but a marked socioeconomic gradient persists. Antenatal care is generally thought to be an effective method of improving pregnancy outcomes, but the effectiveness of specific antenatal care programmes as a means of reducing infant mortality in socioeconomically disadvantaged and vulnerable groups of women has not been rigorously evaluated. METHODS We conducted a systematic review, focusing on evidence from high income countries, to evaluate the effectiveness of alternative models of organising or delivering antenatal care to disadvantaged and vulnerable groups of women vs. standard antenatal care. We searched Medline, Embase, Cinahl, PsychINFO, HMIC, CENTRAL, DARE, MIDIRS and a number of online resources to identify relevant randomised and observational studies. We assessed effects on infant mortality and its major medical causes (preterm birth, congenital anomalies and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)) RESULTS: We identified 36 distinct eligible studies covering a wide range of interventions, including group antenatal care, clinic-based augmented care, teenage clinics, prenatal substance abuse programmes, home visiting programmes, maternal care coordination and nutritional programmes. Fifteen studies had adequate internal validity: of these, only one was considered to demonstrate a beneficial effect on an outcome of interest. Six interventions were considered 'promising'. CONCLUSIONS There was insufficient evidence of adequate quality to recommend routine implementation of any of the programmes as a means of reducing infant mortality in disadvantaged/vulnerable women. Several interventions merit further more rigorous evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Hollowell
- National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Tobacco-smoking prevalence has been decreasing in many high-income countries, but not in prison. We provide a summary of recent data on smoking in prison (United States, Australia, and Europe), and discuss examples of implemented policies for responding to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), their health, humanitarian, and ethical aspects. We gathered data through a systematic literature review, and added the authors' ongoing experience in the implementation of smoking policies outside and inside prisons in Australia and Europe. Detainees' smoking prevalence varies between 64 per cent and 91.8 per cent, and can be more than three times as high as in the general population. Few data are available on the prevalence of smoking in women detainees and staff. Policies vary greatly. Bans may either be 'total' or 'partial' (smoking allowed in cells or designated places). A comprehensive policy strategy to reduce ETS needs a harm minimization philosophy, and should include environmental restrictions, information, and support to detainees and staff for smoking cessation, and health staff training in smoking cessation.
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
The number of incarcerated women in the United States is steadily increasing with 9% giving birth while serving time. Mothers and babies are routinely separated immediately and during most of the postpartum period. This qualitative study examines the impact of this policy by exploring the nature and meaning of the mother-infant bonding experience when the mothers know separation is coming. Twelve incarcerated postpartum mothers were interviewed during the early postpartum period about their antepartum and postpartum relationships with their babies. Qualitative data analysis produced four relational themes: (a) "a love connection," (b) "everything was great until I birthed," (c) "feeling empty and missing a part of me," and (d) "I don't try to think too far in advance." Results of this qualitative study provide information to professionals exploring gender-sensitive prison policies for the growing female population.
Collapse
|