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Li WL, Shunthirasingham C, Wong F, Smyth SA, Pajda A, Alexandrou N, Hung H, Huo CY, Bisbicos T, Alaee M, Pacepavicius G, Marvin C. Assessing Contributions of Synthetic Musk Compounds from Wastewater Treatment Plants to Atmospheric and Aquatic Environments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:5524-5533. [PMID: 38466636 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c00840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
The high environmental concentrations, persistence, and toxicity of synthetic musk compounds (SMCs) necessitate a better grasp of their fate in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). To investigate the importance of WWTPs as pathways of SMCs to the environment, air and wastewater samples were collected at four WWTPs in Ontario, Canada. Polycyclic musks (PCMs) were present at higher concentrations than nitro musks (NMs) and macrocyclic musks (MCMs). Three PCMs [galaxolide (HHCB), tonalide (AHTN), and iso-E super (OTNE)] were the most abundant compounds (0.30-680 ng/m3 in air, 0.40-15 μg/L in influent, and 0.007-6.0 μg/L in effluent). Analyses of multiyear data suggest that risk management measures put in place have been effective in reducing the release of many SMCs into the environment. The highest removal efficiency, up to almost 100% of some SMCs, was observed for the plant with the longest solid retention time. A fugacity-based model was established to simulate the transport and fate of SMCs in the WWTP, and good agreement was obtained between the measured and modeled values. These findings indicate that the levels of certain SMCs discharged into the atmospheric and aquatic environments were substantial, potentially resulting in exposure to both humans and wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Long Li
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin St, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada
- College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Chubashini Shunthirasingham
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin St, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Fiona Wong
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin St, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Shirley Anne Smyth
- Science and Risk Assessment Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Artur Pajda
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin St, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Nick Alexandrou
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin St, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Hayley Hung
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin St, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Chun-Yan Huo
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin St, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada
- College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Tommy Bisbicos
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Mehran Alaee
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Grazina Pacepavicius
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Chris Marvin
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada
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Chen W, Oh JS, Lim JE, Moon HB. Occurrence, time trends, and human exposure of siloxanes and synthetic musk compounds in indoor dust from Korean homes. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 266:115538. [PMID: 37806134 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Siloxanes and synthetic musk compounds (SMCs) have been widely used as additives in household and personal care products. Humans are easily exposed to siloxanes and SMCs originating from these products through ingestion and dermal absorption of indoor dust. In the present study, indoor dust samples were analyzed for 19 siloxanes (cyclic and linear) and 12 SMCs (polycyclic, macrocyclic, and nitro musks) to assess their occurrence, time trends over time, source, and health risks. A total of 18 siloxanes and 10 SMCs were detected in all indoor dust samples obtained from 2011⎯2021, indicating widespread and long-term contamination. Higher detection frequencies and concentrations were associated with siloxanes and SMCs with higher use and strong resistance against degradation processes. Indoor dust samples were dominated by linear siloxanes (L11-L13), 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta-(g)-2-benzopyran (HHCB), musk ketone (MK), and 7-acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6-hexamethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (AHTN). The frequent use of household and personal care products is likely an important source of siloxane and SMC contamination in indoor environments. The concentrations of siloxanes and SMCs in indoor dust increased from 2011 to 2021, particularly, those of linear siloxanes, reflecting the impact of regulatory actions addressing cyclic siloxanes. The profiles of siloxanes remained stable throughout the study period, whereas those of SMCs shifted from nitro to polycyclic musks. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of siloxanes and SMCs arising from ingestion were greater than from dermal absorption of indoor dust. The EDIs of siloxanes and SMCs associated with indoor dust indicated that children are exposed to these pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenming Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, Hainan 571158, China
| | - Jin-Su Oh
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Eun Lim
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea.
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Tkalec Ž, Runkel AA, Kosjek T, Horvat M, Heath E. Contaminants of emerging concern in urine: a review of analytical methods for determining diisocyanates, benzotriazoles, benzothiazoles, 4-methylbenzylidene camphor, isothiazolinones, fragrances, and non-phthalate plasticizers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:95106-95138. [PMID: 37597142 PMCID: PMC10482756 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29070-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Human biomonitoring (HBM) frameworks assess human exposure to hazardous chemicals. In this review, we discuss and summarize sample preparation procedures and analytical methodology for six groups of chemicals of emerging concern (CECs), namely diisocyanates, benzotriazoles, benzothiazoles, 4-methylbenzylidene camphor, isothiazolinones, fragrances, and non-phthalate plasticizers, which are increasingly detected in urine, however, are not yet widely included in HBM schemes, despite posing a risk to human health. The sample preparation procedures depend largely on the chemical group; however, solid-phase extraction (SPE) is most often used due to the minimized sample handling, lower sample volume, and generally achieving lower limits of quantification (LOQs) compared to other extraction techniques. In terms of sample analysis, LC-based methods generally achieve lower limits of quantification (LOQs) compared to GC-based methods for the selected six groups of chemicals owing to their broader chemical coverage. In conclusion, since these chemicals are expected to be more frequently included in future HBM studies, it becomes evident that there is a pressing need for rigorous quality assurance programs to ensure better comparability of data. These programs should include the reporting of measurement uncertainty and facilitate inter-laboratory comparisons among the reporting laboratories. In addition, high-resolution mass spectrometry should be more commonly employed to enhance the specificity and selectivity of the applied analytical methodology since it is underrepresented in HBM. Furthermore, due to the scarcity of data on the levels of these CECs in urine, large population HBM studies are necessary to gain a deeper understanding of the associated risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Žiga Tkalec
- Department of Environmental Sciences (O2), Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Agneta Annika Runkel
- Department of Environmental Sciences (O2), Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tina Kosjek
- Department of Environmental Sciences (O2), Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Milena Horvat
- Department of Environmental Sciences (O2), Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ester Heath
- Department of Environmental Sciences (O2), Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Interpretation the olfactory perception of musk tibetene, muscone and dihydrocivetone on the human musk olfactory receptor OR5AN1 via an advanced statistical physics modeling. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Arruda V, Simões M, Gomes IB. The impact of synthetic musk compounds in biofilms from drinking water bacteria. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 436:129185. [PMID: 35739716 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Musk fragrances have been detected in drinking water (DW) at trace concentrations. However, their impact on the microbial quality of DW has been disregarded. This work provides a pioneer evaluation of the effects of two synthetic musks contaminants, tonalide (AHTN) and galaxolide (HHCB), in microbial biofilms formed on two different surfaces, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and stainless steel AISI 316 (SS316). Three bacterial species isolated from DW (Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Burkholderia cepacia and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia), were used to develop 7-day-old single and mixed species biofilms. The impact of musks was assessed directly on biofilms but also on the bacteria motility, biofilm formation ability and biofilm susceptibility to chlorination. AHTN musk caused the most remarkable effects by increasing the cellular density and viability of mixed biofilms, and the extracellular polysaccharides content of biofilms on SS316. Most of the alterations caused by the direct exposure of biofilms to musks were observed when SS316 was used as an adhesion surface. In contrast, the ability to form biofilms and their susceptibility to chlorine were more affected for bacteria from HHCB-exposed biofilms on PVC. The overall results demonstrate that the presence of musks at residual concentrations influences DW bacterial dynamics, with the potential to impact the DW quality and safety. The type of plumbing material may further impact the effects of musks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitória Arruda
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel Simões
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Inês B Gomes
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
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Kotha S, Agrawal A, Tangella Y. Synthesis of mixed musks via Eschenmoser-Tanabe fragmentation, enyne metathesis and Diels-Alder reaction as key steps. RSC Adv 2022; 12:14278-14281. [PMID: 35558836 PMCID: PMC9092383 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01458k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Musk analogues containing different macrocyclic ring systems as well as different annulated ring systems were synthesised by a simple and useful strategy. This strategy includes Eschenmoser-Tanabe fragmentation, enyne metathesis and Diels-Alder reaction as key steps. Starting from easily available (n) macrocyclic ketones, (n + 3) macrocyclic systems were assembled using the basic organic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sambasivarao Kotha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai Mumbai 400076 Maharashtra India
| | - Arpit Agrawal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai Mumbai 400076 Maharashtra India
| | - Yellaiah Tangella
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai Mumbai 400076 Maharashtra India
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Sousa S, Maia ML, Delerue-Matos C, Calhau C, Domingues VF. The role of adipose tissue analysis on Environmental Pollutants Biomonitoring in women: The European scenario. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150922. [PMID: 34655625 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Humans are exposed every day to assorted environmental pollutants namely, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), organochlorine pesticides (OCP), brominated flame-retardants (BFR), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), synthetic musks, heavy metals (e.g. cadmium) and plastic additives (e.g. bisphenol A, BPA). Besides environmental persistence, biomagnification and bioaccumulative properties, these pollutants are classified as endocrine disruptors (EDs), metabolic disruptors, neurologic disruptors. These compounds affect the normal function of several mechanisms in the human body being linked to human health issues as cancer development (e.g. breast, uterine and endometrial), miscarriage, birth defects, premature delivery and infertility. In order to prevent future health issue of women and possible progeny, the assessment of EDs accumulated is essential, particularly in adipose tissue. These samples have been referred as the ideal matrix to establish over time accumulation and long-term exposure of persistent and non-persistent lipophilic EDs. However, the invasive sample collection procedure and methodology processing discourages the usage of this matrix for biomonitoring studies. In this review, a Web of Science search without any publishing year restriction on the analysis in adipose tissue of PCB, OCP, BPA, cadmium, BFR and synthetic musks was performed. A total of 313 studies were found, 158 were European studies from which the studies with data on women EDs accumulation were selected for detailed analysis (n = 90). The results were structured and presented in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The present paper is an overview on the existent EDs analytical methods and levels accumulated in women adipose tissue, with the correspondent health implications across Europe. The limits of detection and quantification were compared and a discussion with results obtained about the presence of ED was performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sousa
- REQUIMTE/LAQV-GRAQ, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; Center for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Maria Luz Maia
- REQUIMTE/LAQV-GRAQ, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; Center for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Cristina Delerue-Matos
- REQUIMTE/LAQV-GRAQ, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Conceição Calhau
- Center for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal; Nutrição e Metabolismo NOVA Medical School Faculdade de Ciências Médicas Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Valentina F Domingues
- REQUIMTE/LAQV-GRAQ, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
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Li X, Zhao Y, Chen B, Zhu Z, Kang Q, Husain T, Zhang B. Inhalation and ingestion of Synthetic musks in pregnant women: In silico spontaneous abortion risk evaluation and control. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 158:106911. [PMID: 34619532 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic musks (SMs) are odor additives commonly used in the personal care products. Their wide existence in the environment and the recently reported adverse impact on the production and activity of progesterone and estrogen have raised pregnancy red flags and even lead to a pregnancy loss. Apart from the suggestion of limiting SM contact and exposure, effective abortion risk control measures for SMs remain to be blank. Facing the above challenges, this study tried to establish a new theoretical circumvention strategy to reduce the abortion risk of SMs to pregnant women by designing the supplementary diet plan and environmentally friendly SMs derivatives using molecular docking and three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) models. According to the supplementary diet plan, the diet combination of vitamin E, vitamin B2, niacin, vitamin A, and vitamin B6 were confirmed to not only provide essential nutrients for human health, but also reduce the abortion risk in pregnant women in daily life. The multi-activity (binding ability of SMs with progesterone-estrogen) 3D-QSAR model was constructed to screen SMs derivatives. The LibDock score, a parameter reflecting the binding ability between SMs' Derivative-24 with progesterone-estrogen, decreased as much as 137.67% compared with its precursor galaxolide (HHCB). The 3D-QSAR models assisted screening indicated that Derivative-24 had lower environmental impacts (i.e., bioconcentration and mobility) and improved functional properties (odor stability, musky scent, and odor intensity). The integration of the optimum candidate, Derivative-24, with optimum three supplementary diet plans exhibited a much lower abortion risk than HHCB, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed theoretical circumvention strategy as a comprehensive abortion risk control measure. It also shed light on the design of new pharmaceutical and personal care products using advanced computing tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Li
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1B 3X5, Canada.
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Bing Chen
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1B 3X5, Canada.
| | - Zhiwen Zhu
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1B 3X5, Canada.
| | - Qiao Kang
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1B 3X5, Canada.
| | - Tahir Husain
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1B 3X5, Canada.
| | - Baiyu Zhang
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1B 3X5, Canada.
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Košnář Z, Mercl F, Chane AD, Pierdonà L, Míchal P, Tlustoš P. Occurrence of synthetic polycyclic and nitro musk compounds in sewage sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 801:149777. [PMID: 34428658 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic musk compounds (SMCs) are widely used as fragrances that can be released from different sources and through the sewer system, finally reaching wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). In this study, 6 synthetic polycyclic and 5 nitro musk compounds were screened in 55 sewage sludge (SS) samples from 43 different WWTPs in the Czech Republic, and the effect of WWTP technology parameters on SMC content in SS was assessed. Galaxolide and Tonalide were predominant synthetic polycyclic musk compounds (SPMCs) detected in all SS tested and accounted for 99.5% of the average content of sludge SMCs (5518 μg/kg dw). The amount of synthetic nitro musk compounds (SNMCs) in SS samples was negligible. The Tonalide content in SS correlated significantly with the WWTP design capacity (r = 0.32, P < 0.05). The significant correlation between chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency and SMCs (r = -0.37, P < 0.05) partly suggests the recalcitrance of SMCs, mainly of Celestolide, Galaxolide and Tonalide, to biodegradation in WWTPs. A statistically lower SNMC content was found in anaerobically digested sludges than in aerobic ones. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between the digestion technology as well as the temperature of anaerobic digestion on the SPMC content in sewage sludge. The wastewater (WW) load percentage or WW hydraulic retention time had no influence on the SMC content in the resulting SS. Musk compounds did not change over time when the SS samples were analysed with a gap of two years, suggesting that sewage sludge for soil applications only needs to be analysed for musk compounds once a year. Our study indicates that the currently common WWTP technologies have only very limited potential to affect the accumulation of musk compounds in sewage sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdeněk Košnář
- Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Praha, Suchdol, Czech Republic.
| | - Filip Mercl
- Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Praha, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Abraham Demelash Chane
- Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Praha, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Lorenzo Pierdonà
- Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Praha, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Míchal
- Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Praha, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Tlustoš
- Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Praha, Suchdol, Czech Republic
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Maia ML, Delerue-Matos C, Calhau C, Domingues VF. Validation and Evaluation of Selected Organic Pollutants in Shrimp and Seawater Samples from the NW Portuguese Coast. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26195774. [PMID: 34641318 PMCID: PMC8510022 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of coastal regions has contributed to the intensification of environmental contamination, which can accumulate in aquatic biota, such as shrimps. These crustaceans, besides being delicious and being a good source of nutrients, can also accumulate environmental pollutants. Amongst others, these include organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs), brominated flame retardants (BFRs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and synthetic musks (SMs). These pollutants, classified as endocrine disruptors, are related to adverse effects in humans and since one of the major routes of exposition is ingestion, this is a cause for concern regarding their presence in food. The aim of the present study was to quantify the presence of environmental pollutants in shrimp samples and in the water from their habitat along the northwest Portuguese coast. In seawater samples, only two OCPs (lindane and DDD) and one BFR (BTBPE) were detected, and in shrimp samples, one OCP (DDD) and three SMs (HHCB, AHTN and ketone) were found. Bioaccumulation and the risk assessment of dietary exposure of SMs in shrimp samples were investigated. It was observed that all shrimp samples analyzed significantly presented bioaccumulation of the three SMs found. Concentrations of SMs detected in shrimp samples do not present a health risk for the adult Portuguese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luz Maia
- REQUIMTE/LAQV-GRAQ, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Politécnico do Porto, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal; (M.L.M.); (C.D.-M.)
- Center for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Cristina Delerue-Matos
- REQUIMTE/LAQV-GRAQ, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Politécnico do Porto, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal; (M.L.M.); (C.D.-M.)
| | - Conceição Calhau
- Center for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal;
- Nutrição e Metabolismo, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Valentina Fernandes Domingues
- REQUIMTE/LAQV-GRAQ, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Politécnico do Porto, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal; (M.L.M.); (C.D.-M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-22-834-0500
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Martín-Pozo L, Gómez-Regalado MDC, Moscoso-Ruiz I, Zafra-Gómez A. Analytical methods for the determination of endocrine disrupting chemicals in cosmetics and personal care products: A review. Talanta 2021; 234:122642. [PMID: 34364451 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Personal care products (PCPs) and cosmetics are indispensable product in our daily routine. Their widespread use makes them a potential route of exposure for certain contaminants to which human would not be normally exposed. One of these contaminants includes endocrine disrupting chemicals, molecules capable of mimicking the body's natural hormones and interfering with the endocrine system. Some of them are ingredients included in the product's formulation, such as UV-filters (sunscreens), phthalates (plasticizers and preservatives), synthetic musks (fragrances), parabens and other antimicrobial agents (antimicrobial preservatives). Others are non-intended added substances that may result from the manufacturing process or migration from the plastic packaging, as with bisphenols and perfluorinated compounds. Some of these endocrine disruptors have been restricted or even banned in cosmetics and PCPs given the high risk they pose to health. Thus, the development of fast, sensitive and precise methods for the identification and quantification of these compounds in cosmetics is a substantial need in order to ensure consumer safety and provide insight into the real risk of human exposure. The present work aims at reviewing the more recently developed analytical methods published in the literature for the determination of endocrine disrupting chemicals in cosmetics and PCPs using chromatographic techniques, with a focus on sample treatment and the quality of analytical parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Martín-Pozo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, E-18071, Granada, Spain.
| | | | - Inmaculada Moscoso-Ruiz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, E-18071, Granada, Spain; Department of Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, E-18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Alberto Zafra-Gómez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, E-18071, Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs, E-18016, Granada, Spain.
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12
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Katuri GP, Fan X, Kosarac I, Siddique S, Kubwabo C. Synthetic Musk Compounds in Human Biological Matrices: Analytical Methods and Occurrence-A Review. J AOAC Int 2021; 104:368-383. [PMID: 33283860 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsaa154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Extensive use of synthetic musk compounds (SMs) in numerous consumer and personal care products has resulted in direct human exposures via dermal absorption, inhalation of contaminated dust and volatilized fragrances, and oral ingestion of contaminated foods and liquids. SMs and their metabolites are lipophilic, hence commonly detected in various biological matrices such as blood, breast milk, and adipose tissue. Appropriate analytical techniques are needed to detect and quantify SMs in biological matrices to assess their potential effects on human health. Different methods to process and analyze SMs in biological matrices, including sample-pretreatment, solvent extraction, cleanup, and instrumental analysis, are presented in this review. The concentration levels of selected musk compounds in biological samples from different countries/regions are summarized. Finally, research gaps and questions pertaining to the analysis of SMs are identified and suggestions made for future research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guru Prasad Katuri
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa Ontario, Canada
| | - Xinghua Fan
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa Ontario, Canada
| | - Ivana Kosarac
- Science Division, Tobacco Control Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa Ontario, Canada
| | - Shabana Siddique
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa Ontario, Canada
| | - Cariton Kubwabo
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa Ontario, Canada
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13
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Occurrence and Sources of Synthetic Musk Fragrances in the Sewage Treatment Plants and the Han River, Korea. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13040392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Levels of synthetic musk fragrances (SMFs) and various personal care products (PCPs) were measured in the Han River and its tributaries in Seoul, Korea. The most abundant SMF in all river and PCP samples was 4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethyl-1,3,4,7-tetrahydrocyclopenta(g)sochromene (HHCB), followed by 1-(3,5,5,6,8,8-hexamethyl-6,7-dihydronaphthalen-2-yl)ethanone (AHTN), musk ketone (MK), and 1,1,2,3,3-pentamethyl-2,5,6,7-tetrahydroinden-4-one (DPMI). The most abundant SMF in both PCPs and the Han River samples was HHCB, followed by AHTN. Moving from upstream to downstream in the Han River, the median SMF concentration was 6.756, 2.945, 0.304, and 0.141 μg/L in the sewage treatment plant (STP) influents, effluents, tributaries, and mainstream, respectively, implying that effective SMF removal was achieved during the sewage treatment process, followed by dilution in the receiving water. Four STPs using advanced biological treatment processes had removal efficiencies of 58.5%, 56.8%, and 38.1% for HHCB, AHTN, and MK, respectively. The highest SMF concentrations in the tributaries were observed at locations close to the STPs. Our study confirmed that the main source of SMFs in the receiving water were sewage effluents containing untreated SMFs, which largely originate from household PCPs, especially hair care products (e.g., shampoo) and perfumes.
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Sousa S, Pestana D, Faria G, Vasconcelos F, Delerue-Matos C, Calhau C, Domingues VF. Method development for the determination of Synthetic Musks and Organophosphorus Pesticides in Human Adipose Tissue. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 191:113598. [PMID: 32947168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic musks and organophosphorus pesticides represent a potential risk to the human health since exposure can lead to distinct types of carcinogenesis and endocrine disorders. These are lipophilic compounds as such, prone to deposit and persist in fat tissues, mainly in adipose tissue. Very few studies have reported on the occurrence and accumulation profile of these contaminants in human adipose tissue. Analytical methods for the detection and quantification of synthetic musks and organophosphorus pesticides in adipose tissue are lacking. In this study, the efficacy of different extraction with ultrasonic homogenizer and dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE) clean-up methods were evaluated in human adipose tissue. The relative sample clean-up was assessed by measurement of total lipid content. The quantification of four synthetic musks and six organophosphorus pesticides were performed by gas chromatography (GC) mass spectrometry (MS) and flame photometric detection (FPD), respectively. The d-SPE clean-up with 50 mg PSA, 150 mg MgSO4, 100 mg C18EC and 50 mg Z-Sep provided the most effective clean-up, removing the greatest amount of interfering substances including lipids and simultaneously ensuring good chromatographic separation and recoveries. Method detection limits were between 4 to 9 ng/g for synthetic musk and 1 to 7 ng/g for organophosphorus pesticides in adipose tissue. The proposed method was applied to adipose tissue of obese patients and positive samples were confirmed with GC tandem mass spectrometry. Galaxolide was found in all the samples tested with concentrations ranging from 0.08 to 0.5 μg/g of adipose tissue. No other synthetic musk studied was detected. Organophosphorus pesticides were not found in the analysed samples. The developed analytical procedures were successful and can easily be applied to biomonitoring these compounds in human adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sousa
- REQUIMTE/LAQV-GRAQ, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; Center for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Diogo Pestana
- Center for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal; Nutrição e Metabolismo NOVA Medical School Faculdade de Ciências Médicas Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Gil Faria
- Nutrição e Metabolismo NOVA Medical School Faculdade de Ciências Médicas Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; General Surgery Department, S. João Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Vasconcelos
- REQUIMTE/LAQV-GRAQ, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Maranhão, CEP 65700-000 Areal, Bacabal/Maranhão, Brasil
| | - Cristina Delerue-Matos
- REQUIMTE/LAQV-GRAQ, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Conceição Calhau
- Center for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal; Nutrição e Metabolismo NOVA Medical School Faculdade de Ciências Médicas Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Valentina Fernandes Domingues
- REQUIMTE/LAQV-GRAQ, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
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Katuri GP, Fan X, Siddique S, Kubwabo C, Kosarac I, Harris SA, Foster WG. A Selective and Sensitive Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for Quantitation of Synthetic Musks in Human Serum. J AOAC Int 2020; 103:1461-1468. [PMID: 33247738 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsaa051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synthetic musk compounds are widely used as fragrances in many consumer products; however, information on human exposure and health effects is limited. Also, analytical methods for their quantification in biological matrices are limited. OBJECTIVE In this study, an integrated method was developed and validated for the analysis of selected synthetic musk compounds in human serum. METHOD The method is based on liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), sample clean-up by solid-phase extraction (SPE), and separation and detection by gas chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). RESULTS The method demonstrated good recoveries (86-105%) and high sensitivity, with low method detection limits (MDLs) ranging from 0.04 to 0.17 µg/L. The method was applied to the analysis of 10 synthetic musk compounds in 40 serum samples collected from Canadian women aged 20-44 years (20 individual samples collected in 2014 and 20 pooled samples collected in 2006). The most commonly detected compound was Galaxolide (HHCB), with median concentrations of 0.59 µg/L in samples collected in 2006, and 0.34 µg/L for samples collected in 2014. Musk ketone (MK) was not detected in any of the samples collected in 2006, but was detected in 60% of the samples collected in 2014 with a median concentration of 0.29 µg/L. Tonalide (AHTN) was detected in only one sample above its MDL (0.12 µg/L). CONCLUSIONS This is the first study in Canada to report levels of synthetic musks in human. The data generated from this study has been used in risk screening assessment by Environment and Climate Change Canada and Health Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guru Prasad Katuri
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xinghua Fan
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shabana Siddique
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cariton Kubwabo
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ivana Kosarac
- Office of Research and Surveillance, Tobacco Control Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Shelley A Harris
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Warren G Foster
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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16
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Maia ML, Sousa S, Correia-Sá ML, Delerue-Matos C, Calhau C, Domingues VF. Organochlorine pesticides, brominated flame retardants, synthetic musks and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in shrimps. An overview of occurrence and its implication on human exposure. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04870. [PMID: 32964162 PMCID: PMC7490540 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Shrimps are widely distributed in coastal areas, estuaries and rivers. Although this shellfish is a good source of nutrients, it can also accumulate environmental contaminants, such as organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), brominated flame retardants (BFRs), synthetic musks (SMs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Due to their bioaccumulative properties, these pollutants are endocrine disruptors. In this review, an overview of the world's shrimp market, pollutants legislation and values found in shrimp samples will be discussed. Shrimps analysed from all continents showed the presence of contaminants, Asia being the continent with the highest values reported. The concentration values reached a maximum of 26100 ng/g wet weight (ww) for OCPs, of 226.45 ng/g ww for BFRs, of 12.1 ng/g ww for SMs and of 50650 ng/g ww for PAHs. Exposure data and risk, taken from different studies, are very variable and indicate that shrimp's consumption may represent a risk especially in certain geographic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luz Maia
- REQUIMTE/LAQV-GRAQ, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal.,Center for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems (Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias e Serviços de Saúde -CINTESIS), Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Sousa
- REQUIMTE/LAQV-GRAQ, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal.,Center for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems (Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias e Serviços de Saúde -CINTESIS), Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Luísa Correia-Sá
- REQUIMTE/LAQV-GRAQ, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina Delerue-Matos
- REQUIMTE/LAQV-GRAQ, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Conceição Calhau
- Center for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems (Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias e Serviços de Saúde -CINTESIS), Porto, Portugal.,Nutrition and Metabolism, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Valentina Fernandes Domingues
- REQUIMTE/LAQV-GRAQ, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
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Balci E, Genisoglu M, Sofuoglu SC, Sofuoglu A. Indoor air partitioning of Synthetic Musk Compounds: Gas, particulate matter, house dust, and window film. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 729:138798. [PMID: 32361436 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Due to diversity of contaminants indoors and complexity in the physical structure of particulate matter, partition process of chemicals affects indoor concentration distribution. Synthetic Musk Compounds (SMCs) are ubiquitously found in household and personal care products, thus, in the environment. Exposure to SMCs is important for human health, therefore, their partitioning in indoor environmental media is a key issue. In this study, gas - particle, house dust, and window film partitioning of SMCs were investigated in an indoor micro-environment. In a sealed and unoccupied room, a polycyclic and nitro musk mixture was left for volatilization for an hour. Then, samples were collected using XAD-2 sandwiched between two PUF plugs, glass-fiber filter, and wipes for gas, PM10, window-film, house dust phases, respectively, for 145 h. Collected samples were analyzed using a GC-MS. Results demonstrated that SMC concentrations decreased over time, non-linearly. Six of the SMCs partitioned to PM10 with at least 10% at beginning of the experiment, whereas the number of compounds dropped to two at the end, showing that SMCs may partition well between the two phases but they tend to be in the gas phase. They were also detected in the film and dust phases but a decrease pattern similar to gas-particle was not observed. Spearman correlations indicate that the dust and film-associated concentrations were governed by similar processes but PM-associated concentrations were not. SMCs may be found in all phases, mainly in house dust in terms of mass among the studied media and unaccounted surface reservoirs. Therefore, their partitioning between indoor media has key implications for human exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esin Balci
- Izmir Institute of Technology, Dept. of Environmental Engineering, Urla, Turkey
| | - Mesut Genisoglu
- Izmir Institute of Technology, Dept. of Environmental Engineering, Urla, Turkey
| | - Sait C Sofuoglu
- Izmir Institute of Technology, Dept. of Environmental Engineering, Urla, Turkey
| | - Aysun Sofuoglu
- Izmir Institute of Technology, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Urla, Turkey.
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18
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Li W, Wang S, Li J, Wang X, Cui L, Chen J, Liu Z. Antioxidative enzyme activities in the Rhodeinae sinensis Gunther and Macrobrachium nipponense and multi-endpoint assessment under tonalide exposure. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 199:110751. [PMID: 32446104 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tonalide or acetyl hexamethyl tetralin (AHTN) is used as a fragrance additive in various household products. Recently, AHTN has drawn attention owing to its negative health effects on aquatic organisms. Data on AHTN toxicity toward aquatic species are limited. Therefore, this study tested the oxidative stress induced by AHTN exposure on the Rhodeinae sinensis Gunther and Macrobrachium nipponense. In this study, malonaldehyde (MDA) content and the activities of acetyl cholinesterase (AchE), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and catalase (CAT) in R. sinensis Gunther were tested after 30 days of exposure to 30.093, 34.005, 38.426, 43.421, 49.067, 55.444, 62.652, 70.800, and 80.000 μg/L AHTN, respectively. The MDA, AchE, SOD, GST and CAT in M. nipponense were tested after 40 days of exposure to 60.000, 72.000, 86.400, 103.680, 124.416, 149.299, 179.159, 214.991, and 257.989 μg/L AHTN, respectively. In addition, an integrated biomarker response (IBR) index was utilised to evaluate the integrated toxic effects of AHTN on R. sinensis Gunther and M. nipponense. Finally, the predicted no-effect concentrations (PNECs) of AHTN, based on reproduction, biochemistry, survival, chronic toxicity, and acute toxicity endpoints were derived. The results indicated that low concentrations of AHTN can induce significant changes of oxidative stress biomarkers. The no observed effect concentrations (NOECs) of SOD, GST, AchE, CAT, and MDA were 103.680, 72.000, <60.000, 72.000, and <60.000 μg/L for R. sinensis Gunther and 38.426, 43.421, 30.093, 30.093, and 38.426 μg/L for M. nipponense, respectively. The IBR calculation results showed that 149.299 μg/L AHTN caused the highest toxic effect on R. sinensis Gunther after 30 days of exposure, whereas 70.797 μg/L AHTN caused the greatest damage to M. nipponense after 40 days of exposure. The PNECs of AHTN based on the non-traditional endpoints of biochemistry and reproduction were 0.00145 μg/L and 0.000395 μg/L, respectively, which were significantly lower than the PNEC of 2.636 μg/L for traditional endpoint survival. Therefore, the protection of aquatic organisms based on non-traditional toxicity endpoints should be considered in ecological risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; The College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Shanghong Wang
- The College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Ji Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Xiaonan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Liang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Jin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Zhengtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
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19
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An Insight into Ingredients of Toxicological Interest in Personal Care Products and A Small–Scale Sampling Survey of the Greek Market: Delineating a Potential Contamination Source for Water Resources. WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w11122501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Wastewater is not a waste but a valuable resource that should be reused. Nevertheless, it should be devoid of physical, chemical, and microbiological parameters that can harm the consumer. Along with the multitude of possible pollutants found in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), emerging pollutants, such as Personal Care Products (PCPs), have arisen. The present research examines some of the main ingredients commonly found in PCPs, focusing on their toxicological profile on their occurrence in WWTPs influents and effluents worldwide and on their persistence and biodegradability. A small-scale market sampling of PCPs was performed in Athens, Greece, in June 2019, and their individual ingredients were recorded, coded according to their main activity, scanned for the presence of ingredients of important toxicological profile, and finally analyzed for the presence of other candidates of toxicological interest. Results show that some ingredients of concern (i.e., parabens and triclosan) are a decreasing trend. On the other hand, information on the presence of synthetic musks and perfume synthesis is scarce and encumbered by brand protection. Finally, UV filters are numerous, and they are used in various combinations, while other ingredients of toxicological interest are also present. Since the reclaimed water may well be used to cover irrigation needs in Greek areas with water deficiency or to enrich bodies of surface water, it is important to know what PCP ingredients are on the rise in the market, to monitor their presence in WWTPs influents and effluents and to extend research on their environmental fate and behavior.
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Elpa DP, Prabhu GRD, Wu SP, Tay KS, Urban PL. Automation of mass spectrometric detection of analytes and related workflows: A review. Talanta 2019; 208:120304. [PMID: 31816721 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The developments in mass spectrometry (MS) in the past few decades reveal the power and versatility of this technology. MS methods are utilized in routine analyses as well as research activities involving a broad range of analytes (elements and molecules) and countless matrices. However, manual MS analysis is gradually becoming a thing of the past. In this article, the available MS automation strategies are critically evaluated. Automation of analytical workflows culminating with MS detection encompasses involvement of automated operations in any of the steps related to sample handling/treatment before MS detection, sample introduction, MS data acquisition, and MS data processing. Automated MS workflows help to overcome the intrinsic limitations of MS methodology regarding reproducibility, throughput, and the expertise required to operate MS instruments. Such workflows often comprise automated off-line and on-line steps such as sampling, extraction, derivatization, and separation. The most common instrumental tools include autosamplers, multi-axis robots, flow injection systems, and lab-on-a-chip. Prototyping customized automated MS systems is a way to introduce non-standard automated features to MS workflows. The review highlights the enabling role of automated MS procedures in various sectors of academic research and industry. Examples include applications of automated MS workflows in bioscience, environmental studies, and exploration of the outer space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Decibel P Elpa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rd., Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Gurpur Rakesh D Prabhu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rd., Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Pao Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rd., Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan.
| | - Kheng Soo Tay
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pawel L Urban
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan; Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.
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21
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Li AJ, Feldman SM, McNally RK, Kannan K. Distribution of Organohalogen and Synthetic Musk Compounds in Breast Adipose Tissue of Breast Cancer Patients in Ulster County, New York, USA. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 77:68-78. [PMID: 30949744 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-019-00621-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We determined the concentrations of 98 halogenated organic compounds and synthetic musks in breast fat tissues of 50 breast cancer patients (age range: 34-77 years) collected during 1996-1998 in Ulster County, New York, USA. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polybrominated biphenyl 153 (PBB-153), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and synthetic musk compounds (SMCs) were analyzed in breast fat tissues, and 46 analytes were found at a detection frequency of ≥ 65% and at concentrations in the decreasing order of OCPs > PCBs > SMCs > PBDEs > PBB-153. PCBs (median: 323 ng/g wet wt) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs, median: 293 ng/g wet wt) were the major compounds found in breast fat tissues. Among PCB congeners, hexa- and hepta-chlorobiphenyls (60% of total PCBs) were the abundant ones. p,p'-DDE accounted for more than 99% of the total DDT concentrations. The concentrations of SMCs and PBDEs were 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than those of PCBs and DDTs. 1,3,4,6,7,8-Hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta-r-2-benzopyran (median: 33 ng/g wet wt) was the most abundant SMC, whereas BDE-47 (median: 4.5 ng/g wet wt) was the most dominant PBDE congener present in breast tissues. A significant correlation (p < 0.05) between women's age and concentrations of DDTs, chlordanes, hexachlorobenzene and PCBs in breast tissues was found. Concentrations of PCBs, PBDEs, OCPs, and SMCs were not significantly different between malignant and benign tumor cases. This study adds baseline information on target tissue burdens of persistent organic contaminants in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adela Jing Li
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY, 12201-0509, USA
| | - Sheldon M Feldman
- Department of Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, The University Hospital for the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, 10461-2374, USA
| | - Richard K McNally
- Pathology for Kingston Benedictine Hospital, Kingston, NY, 12401, USA
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY, 12201-0509, USA.
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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Wong F, Robson M, Melymuk L, Shunthirasingham C, Alexandrou N, Shoeib M, Luk E, Helm P, Diamond ML, Hung H. Urban sources of synthetic musk compounds to the environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:74-88. [PMID: 30575830 DOI: 10.1039/c8em00341f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and potential sources of synthetic musk compounds (SMCs) in the urban and surrounding environment were investigated. We analyzed air, soils and surface waters from a wide array of land-use types and urban densities including air from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), indoor, urban, rural, and remote Arctic sites; surface waters from urban and rural tributaries; and effluents of three WWTPs. In air, the median sum concentration of six selected polycyclic musks (Σ6PCMs) (i.e., galaxolide, tonalide, cashmeran, celestolide, phantolide, traseolide) were the highest from WWTP on-site > indoor > urban > WWTP off-site > rural. SMCs were not found in remote Arctic air indicating low potential for long-range atmospheric transport. SMCs were not found in soils, likely because of their high volatility and fast biodegradation rate. Galaxolide (HHCB) and tonalide (AHTN) were the two most abundant SMCs in air, tributaries and WWTP effluents. Σ6PCM concentrations in air taken along urban-rural transects and in tributary water were positively correlated with population density. In WWTP on-site air, trace levels of the toxic nitro-musks, namely musk xylene and musk ketone were detected and macrocyclic musks accounted for ∼10% of the total SMCs measured. In WWTP effluents, the concentrations of Σ6PCMs were proportional to the population served. We conclude that sources of SMCs to the outdoor urban environment and hence the surrounding region, originate from releases from indoor air, and temperature-dependent volatilization from WWTPs during treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Wong
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada.
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Trabalón L, Alves RN, Castro Ó, Nadal M, Borrull F, Pocurull E, Marques A. Preliminary assessment of galaxolide bioaccessibility in raw and cooked FISH. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 122:33-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.09.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Li X, Chu Z, Yang J, Li M, Du M, Zhao X, Zhu ZJ, Li Y. Synthetic Musks: A Class of Commercial Fragrance Additives in Personal Care Products (PCPs) Causing Concern as Emerging Contaminants. ADVANCES IN MARINE BIOLOGY 2018; 81:213-280. [PMID: 30471657 DOI: 10.1016/bs.amb.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic musks (SMs) are promising fragrance additives used in personal care products (PCPs). The widespread presence of SMs in environmental media remains a serious risk because of their harmful effects. Recently, the environmental hazards of SMs have been widely reported in various environmental samples including those from coastal and marine regions. This paper provides a systematic review of SMs, including their classification, synthetic routes, analysis and occurrence in environmental samples, fate and toxicity in the environment, as well as the associated risk assessment and pollution control. Research gaps and future opportunities were also identified with the hope of raising interest in this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Li
- The Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Zhenhua Chu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiawen Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
| | - Minghao Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
| | - Meijin Du
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwen Joy Zhu
- The Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada.
| | - Yu Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China.
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Abstract
Endocrine disruption has been gathering increasing attention in the past 25 years as a possible new threat for health and safety. Exposure to endocrine disruptor has been progressively linked with a growing number of increasing disease in the human population. The mechanics through which endocrine disruptors act are not yet completely clear, however a number of pathways have been identified. A key concern is the cumulative and synergic effects that endocrine disruptors could have when mixed in consumer products. We reviewed the available literature to identify known or potential endocrine disruptors, as well as endocrine active substances that could contribute to cumulative effects, in topical consumer products. The number of endocrine actives used daily in consumer products is staggering and even though most if not all are used in concentrations that are considered to be safe, we believe that the possibility of combined effects in mixtures and non-monotonic dose/response is enough to require further precautions. A combined in vitro approach based on existing, validated OECD test methods is suggested to screen consumer products and mixtures for potential interaction with estrogen and androgen hormone receptors, in order to identify products that could have cumulative effects or support their safety concerning direct endocrine disruption capabilities.
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Qu L, Zhao C, Wang C, Gu S, Zhang M, Deng X, Song W. A Novel Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Assay for Assessing Musk Ambrette-Induced Toxicity. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2018; 101:80-85. [PMID: 29846757 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-018-2363-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Musk ambrette (4-tert-butyl-3-methoxy-2,6-dinitrotoluene) is a nitro musk, a cheap substitute for natural musk and a potential environmental pollutant based on its persistence, accumulation in human organisms. We investigated the acute toxicity of musk ambrette using wild-type AB and transgenic Tg(fli1a:EGFP)y1 zebrafish. Different concentrations were delivered to zebrafish by direct soaking from 6 to 72 h post-fertilization (hpf). The LC50 of musk ambrette was 76.4 µg mL-1. As musk ambrette concentration increased, zebrafish embryos showed developmental delays (50 µg mL-1, 22 hpf), pericardial edema (5 µg mL-1, 48 hpf), circulatory disturbances, curved body axis (1 µg mL-1, 72 hpf) and death (100 µg mL-1, 22 hpf). Target organ toxicity was evaluated by a zebrafish angiogenesis model. Musk ambrette induced cardiovascular morphological changes, vessel permeability variation, angiogenic changes and cardiotoxicity (10 µg mL-1, 48 hpf). The disappearance of caudal vein plexus confirmed the vascular development toxicity. Musk ambrette negatively affects early life-stage survival and demonstrates various toxicities in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shanghai, 200135, China
| | - Chaomin Zhao
- Shanghai Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shanghai, 200135, China
| | - Chuanxian Wang
- Shanghai Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shanghai, 200135, China
| | - Shuqing Gu
- Shanghai Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shanghai, 200135, China
| | - Minchao Zhang
- Shanghai Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shanghai, 200135, China
| | - Xiaojun Deng
- Shanghai Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shanghai, 200135, China
| | - Weimin Song
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Abstract
Over recent years, many environmental pollutant chemicals have been shown to possess the ability to interfere in the functioning of the endocrine system and have been termed endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). These compounds exist in air as volatile or semi-volatile compounds in the gas phase or attached to particulate matter. They include components of plastics (phthalates, bisphenol A), components of consumer goods (parabens, triclosan, alkylphenols, fragrance compounds, organobromine flame retardants, fluorosurfactants), industrial chemicals (polychlorinated biphenyls), products of combustion (polychlorinated dibenzodioxins/furans, polyaromatic hydrocarbons), pesticides, herbicides, and some metals. This review summarizes current knowledge concerning the sources of EDCs in air, measurements of levels of EDCs in air, and the potential for adverse effects of EDCs in air on human endocrine health.
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Tavera Busso I, Tames F, Silva JA, Ramos S, Homem V, Ratola N, Carreras H. Biomonitoring levels and trends of PAHs and synthetic musks associated with land use in urban environments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 618:93-100. [PMID: 29127872 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are some of the most studied organic compounds in urban environments, due to their known adverse effects on human health and persistence in environmental matrices. During the last decade, new groups of organic compounds with an intensive use worldwide such as synthetic musks have been raising the interest of the scientific community given their toxicity and health effects. However, literature is still scarce in studies dealing with their concentration in the environment, especially in developing countries, where they are even more rare or non-existing at all. We employed leaves of Ligustrum lucidum to assess the concentrations of PAHs and synthetic musks in different land use areas in Cordoba city, therefore contributing with environmental information in Argentina. We found higher levels of PAHs in urban and industrial areas than in the peri-urban sampling sites, naphthalene being one of the dominant PAHs in all sampling areas. Regarding synthetic musk fragrances, polycyclic musks were the most contributing compounds and the highest levels found in industrial areas as well. A high environmental risk could be expected due to the frequent occurrence of galaxolide in addition to the high hazardous potential of phantolide, which was present in 50% of the samples. The results of the present study indicate that leaves of an urban ubiquitous tree can be used to assess the spatial behavior of both "classic" and "emerging" organic pollutants, allowing an assessment of urban air quality in areas where common air sampling devices are unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Tavera Busso
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, CONICET and Chemistry Department, FCEFyN, Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, Av. Velez Sarsfield, 1611, X5016 GCA Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Florencia Tames
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, CONICET and Chemistry Department, FCEFyN, Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, Av. Velez Sarsfield, 1611, X5016 GCA Cordoba, Argentina
| | - José Avelino Silva
- LEPABE-Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Ramos
- LEPABE-Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Vera Homem
- LEPABE-Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Ratola
- LEPABE-Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Hebe Carreras
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, CONICET and Chemistry Department, FCEFyN, Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, Av. Velez Sarsfield, 1611, X5016 GCA Cordoba, Argentina.
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29
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Abstract
Arylamines and nitroarenes are intermediates in the production of pharmaceuticals, dyes, pesticides, and plastics and are important environmental and occupational pollutants. N-Hydroxyarylamines are the toxic common intermediates of arylamines and nitroarenes. N-Hydroxyarylamines and their derivatives can form adducts with hemoglobin (Hb-adducts), albumin, DNA, and tissue proteins in a dose-dependent manner. Most of the arylamine Hb-adducts are labile and undergo hydrolysis in vitro, by mild acid or base, to form the arylamines. According to current knowledge of arylamine adduct-formation, the hydrolyzable fraction is derived from the reaction products of the arylnitroso derivatives that yield arylsulfinamide adducts with cysteine. Hb-adducts are markers for the bioavailability of N-hydroxyarylamines. Hb-adducts of arylamines and nitroarenes have been used for many biomonitoring studies for over 30 years. Hb-adducts reflect the exposure history of the last four months. Biomonitoring of urinary metabolites is a less invasive process than biomonitoring blood protein adducts, and urinary metabolites have served as short-lived biomarkers of exposure to these hazardous chemicals. However, in case of intermittent exposure, urinary metabolites may not be detected, and subjects may be misclassified as nonexposed. Arylamines and nitroarenes and/or their metabolites have been measured in urine, especially to monitor the exposure of workers. This review summarizes the results of human biomonitoring studies involving urinary metabolites and Hb-adducts of arylamines and nitroarenes. In addition, studies about the relationship between Hb-adducts and diseases are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Sabbioni
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Toxicology , Casella Postale 108, CH-6780 Airolo, Switzerland.,Alpine Institute of Chemistry and Toxicology , CH-6718 Olivone, Switzerland.,Walther-Straub-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität , D-80336 München, Germany
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30
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Fragrance compounds: The wolves in sheep’s clothings. Med Hypotheses 2017; 102:106-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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31
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Rocco L, Mottola F, Santonastaso M, Saputo V, Cusano E, Costagliola D, Suero T, Pacifico S, Stingo V. Anti-genotoxic ability of α-tocopherol and Anthocyanin to counteract fish DNA damage induced by musk xylene. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2015; 24:2026-2035. [PMID: 26407710 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-015-1538-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Many compounds released into the environment are able to interact with genetic material. The main purpose of genetic toxicology is to investigate the adverse effects of genotoxic molecules such as reduced fitness, changes in gene frequencies and their impact on genetic diversity in populations following genotoxic exposure. However, the ecological effects of many genotoxic compounds remain poorly understood. The aim of this research was to evaluate the genotoxic activity of an artificial musk (musk xylene, MX) and the potential anti-genotoxicity against this chemical compound of two antioxidant substances (α-tocopherol and an anthocyanins enriched extract). The studies were performed both in vivo and in vitro, using the teleost Danio rerio and the DLEC (Dicentrarchus labrax embryonic cells) cell line. We carried out the exposure to these substances at different times. DNA and cell damage and their possible repair were detected by various experimental approaches: DNA strand breaks (Comet Assay), degree of apoptosis (Diffusion Assay) and molecular alterations at the genomic level (RAPD-PCR technique). Data were collected and analyzed for statistical significance using the Student's t test. The results of this study showed that MX exhibited a genotoxic activity even after short exposure times. The anti-genotoxicity experiments evidenced that both α-tocopherol and Anthocyanin were able to contrast the genotoxic effects induced by MX, both in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Rocco
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples, Via Vivaldi 43, Caserta, Italy.
| | - Filomena Mottola
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples, Via Vivaldi 43, Caserta, Italy
| | - Marianna Santonastaso
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples, Via Vivaldi 43, Caserta, Italy
| | - Valentina Saputo
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples, Via Vivaldi 43, Caserta, Italy
| | - Elena Cusano
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples, Via Vivaldi 43, Caserta, Italy
| | - Domenico Costagliola
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples, Via Vivaldi 43, Caserta, Italy
| | - Teresa Suero
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples, Via Vivaldi 43, Caserta, Italy
| | - Severina Pacifico
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples, Via Vivaldi 43, Caserta, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Stingo
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples, Via Vivaldi 43, Caserta, Italy
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Homem V, Silva E, Alves A, Santos L. Scented traces--Dermal exposure of synthetic musk fragrances in personal care products and environmental input assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 139:276-287. [PMID: 26150197 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.06.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic musks are organic compounds used as fragrance and fixative additives in several personal care products. Until now, little is known about their occurrence and distribution in these household commodities. However, this information is essential to perform a human dermal exposure assessment. Therefore, this study gives an overview on the levels of 12 synthetic musks in 140 personal care products from 7 different categories (body and hair wash, toilet soaps, shaving products, dentifrice products, deodorants/antiperspirants, moisturizers and perfumes). They were analysed by QuEChERS extraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Detection limits were found between 0.01ngg(-1) (galaxolide) and 5.00ngg(-1) (musk xylene). Higher average concentrations of total synthetic musks were detected in perfumes (5245.05μgg(-1)) and shampoos (487.67μgg(-1)) for adults. Galaxolide, exaltolide and cashmeran were the most detected compounds. Combining these results with the daily usage amounts, an average daily dermal exposure of 75.69μgkgbw(-1)day(-1) for adults and 15.54μgkgbw(-1)day(-1) for babies/children was achieved. The main contributors for adult and babies/children dermal exposure were perfumes and lotions, respectively. About 40% of the adult daily dermal exposure is related to exaltolide, 30% galaxolide, and 15% tonalide, while for babies/children 96% occurs due to exaltolide. An estimate of the amount of musks discharged "down-the-drain" into the wastewater treatment systems through the use of toiletries was also performed. An average emission per capita of 6.7mgday(-1) was determined and galaxolide and exaltolide were the predominant musks in the effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Homem
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Eduardo Silva
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Arminda Alves
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Lúcia Santos
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
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33
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Gribble MO, Bandeen-Roche K, Fox MA. Determinants of exposure to fragranced product chemical mixtures in a sample of twins. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:1466-86. [PMID: 25633034 PMCID: PMC4344677 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120201466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Fragranced product chemical mixtures may be relevant for environmental health, but little is known about exposure. We analyzed results from an olfactory challenge with the synthetic musk fragrance 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethyl-cyclopento-γ-2-benzopyran (HHCB), and a questionnaire about attitudes toward chemical safety and use of fragranced products, in a sample of 140 white and 17 black twin pairs attending a festival in Ohio. Data for each product were analyzed using robust ordered logistic regressions with random intercepts for “twin pair” and “sharing address with twin”, and fixed effects for sex, age, education, and “ever being bothered by fragrances”. Due to the small number of black participants, models were restricted to white participants except when examining racial differences. Overall patterns of association were summarized across product-types through random-effects meta-analysis. Principal components analysis was used to summarize clustering of product use. The dominant axis of variability in fragranced product use was “more vs. less”, followed by a distinction between household cleaning products and personal care products. Overall, males used fragranced products less frequently than females (adjusted proportionate odds ratio 0.55, 95% confidence interval 0.33, 0.93). This disparity was driven by personal care products (0.42, 95% CI: 0.19, 0.96), rather than household cleaning products (0.79, 95% CI: 0.49, 1.25) and was particularly evident for body lotion (0.12, 95% CI: 0.05, 0.27). Overall usage differed by age (0.64, 95% CI: 0.43, 0.95) but only hand soap and shampoo products differed significantly. “Ever being bothered by fragrance” had no overall association (0.92, 95% CI: 0.65, 1.30) but was associated with laundry detergent use (0.46, 95% CI: 0.23, 0.93). Similarly, black vs. white differences on average were not significant (1.34, 95% CI: 0.55, 3.28) but there were apparent differences in use of shampoo (0.01, 95% CI: 0.00, 0.69), body lotion (4.67, 95% CI: 1.18, 18.47), and perfume (6.22, 95% CI:1.08, 35.89). There was no overall association with thinking about product risks (0.90, 95% CI: 0.79, 1.02), nor with inability to smell HHCB (0.84, 95% CI: 0.63, 1.12). Exposure to fragranced products may differ demographically. The relevance for health disparities should be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew O Gribble
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Karen Bandeen-Roche
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Mary A Fox
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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