1
|
Kancherla V, Rhoads A, Conway KM, Suhl J, Langlois PH, Hoyt AT, Shaw GM, Evans SP, Moore CA, Luben TJ, Michalski A, Feldkamp ML, Romitti PA. Maternal periconceptional exposure to drinking water disinfection by-products and neural tube defects in offspring. Birth Defects Res 2024; 116:e2370. [PMID: 38888449 PMCID: PMC11295258 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.2370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Associations between maternal periconceptional exposure to disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water and neural tube defects (NTDs) in offspring are inconclusive, limited in part by exposure misclassification. METHODS Maternal interview reports of drinking water sources and consumption from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study were linked with DBP concentrations in public water system monitoring data for case children with an NTD and control children delivered during 2000-2005. DBPs analyzed were total trihalomethanes, the five most common haloacetic acids combined, and individual species. Associations were estimated for all NTDs combined and selected subtypes (spina bifida, anencephaly) with maternal periconceptional exposure to DBPs in public water systems and with average daily periconceptional ingestion of DBPs accounting for individual-level consumption and filtration information. Mixed effects logistic regression models with maternal race/ethnicity and educational attainment at delivery as fixed effects and study site as a random intercept were applied. RESULTS Overall, 111 case and 649 control children were eligible for analyses. Adjusted odds ratios for maternal exposure to DBPs in public water systems ranged from 0.8-1.5 for all NTDs combined, 0.6-2.0 for spina bifida, and 0.7-1.9 for anencephaly; respective ranges for average daily maternal ingestion of DBPs were 0.7-1.1, 0.5-1.5, and 0.6-1.8. Several positive estimates (≥1.2) were observed, but all confidence intervals included the null. CONCLUSIONS Using community- and individual-level data from a large, US, population-based, case-control study, we observed statistically nonsignificant associations between maternal periconceptional exposure to total and individual DBP species in drinking water and NTDs and subtypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V. Kancherla
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - A. Rhoads
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - K. M. Conway
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - J. Suhl
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - P. H. Langlois
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Science, University of Texas School of Public Health – Austin Campus, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - A. T. Hoyt
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - G. M. Shaw
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - S. P. Evans
- Division of Birth Defects and Infant Disorders, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - C. A. Moore
- Goldbelt Professional Services LLC, Chesapeake, Virginia, USA
| | - T. J. Luben
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - A. Michalski
- New York State Department of Health, Bureau of Environmental and Occupational Epidemiology, Albany, New York, USA
| | - M. L. Feldkamp
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - P. A. Romitti
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Koley S, Dash S, Khwairakpam M, Kalamdhad AS. Perspectives and understanding on the occurrence, toxicity and abatement technologies of disinfection by-products in drinking water. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 351:119770. [PMID: 38096765 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Disinfection by-products (DBPs) are one of the significant emerging contaminants that have caught the attention of researchers worldwide due to their pervasiveness. Their presence in drinking water, even in shallow concentrations (in levels of parts per billion), poses considerable health risks. Therefore, it is crucial to understand their kinetics to understand better their formation and persistence in the water supply systems. This manuscript demonstrates different aspects of research carried out on DBPs in the past. A systematic approach was adopted for the bibliographical research that started with choosing appropriate keywords and identifying the most relevant manuscripts through the screening process. This follows a quantitative assessment of the extracted literature sample, which included the most productive and influential journal sources, the most widely used keywords, the most influential authors active in the research domain, the most cited articles, and the countries most actively engaged in the research field. Critical observations on the literature sample led to the qualitative assessment, wherein the past and current research trends were observed and reported. Finally, we identified the essential gaps in the available literature, which further led to recommending the course ahead in the research domain. This study will prove fruitful for young and established researchers who are or wish to work in this emerging field of research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumona Koley
- Centre for the Environment, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India.
| | - Siddhant Dash
- Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering and Sciences, SRM University-AP, Andhra Pradesh, 522502, India; Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterey, Monterrey, 64849, Nuevo Leon, Mexico.
| | - Meena Khwairakpam
- School of Agro and Rural Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Ajay S Kalamdhad
- Centre for the Environment, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India; School of Agro and Rural Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India; Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kaufman JA, Wright JM, Evans A, Rivera-Núñez Z, Meyer A, Reckhow DA, Narotsky MG. Risks of obstructive genitourinary birth defects in relation to trihalomethane and haloacetic acid exposures: expanding disinfection byproduct mixtures analyses using relative potency factors. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2024; 34:34-46. [PMID: 37700034 PMCID: PMC10961607 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-023-00595-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are teratogens based on toxicological evidence. Conventional use of predominant DBPs as proxies for complex mixtures may result in decreased ability to detect associations in epidemiological studies. OBJECTIVE We assessed risks of obstructive genitourinary birth defects (OGDs) in relation to 12 DBP mixtures and 13 individual component DBPs. METHODS We designed a nested registry-based case-control study (210 OGD cases; 2100 controls) in Massachusetts towns with complete quarterly 1999-2004 data on four trihalomethanes (THMs) and five haloacetic acids (HAAs). We estimated temporally-weighted average DBP exposures for the first trimester of pregnancy. We estimated adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for OGD in relation to individual DBPs, unweighted mixtures, and weighted mixtures based on THM/HAA relative potency factors (RPF) from animal toxicology data for full-litter resorption, eye defects, and neural tube defects. RESULTS We detected elevated aORs for OGDs for the highest of bromodichloromethane (aOR = 1.75; 95% CI: 1.15-2.65), dibromochloromethane (aOR = 1.71; 95% CI: 1.15-2.54), bromodichloroacetic acid (aOR = 1.56; 95%CI: 0.97-2.51), chlorodibromoacetic acid (aOR = 1.97, 95% CI: 1.23-3.15), and tribromoacetic acid (aOR = 1.90; 95%CI: 1.20-3.03). Across unweighted mixture sums, the highest aORs were for the sum of three brominated THMs (aOR = 1.74; 95% CI: 1.15-2.64), the sum of six brominated HAAs (aOR = 1.43; 95% CI: 0.89-2.31), and the sum of nine brominated DBPs (aOR = 1.80; 95% CI: 1.05-3.10). Comparing eight RPF-weighted to unweighted mixtures, the largest aOR differences were for two HAA metrics, which both were higher with RPF weighting; other metrics had reduced or minimally changed ORs in RPF-weighted models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John A Kaufman
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - J Michael Wright
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Amanda Evans
- St. Elizabeth Physicians, Bellevue Primary Care, Bellevue, KY, USA
| | - Zorimar Rivera-Núñez
- Rutgers School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Amy Meyer
- Oak Ridge Institute of Science and Education, hosted by Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Michael G Narotsky
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang M, Deng YL, Liu C, Lu WQ, Zeng Q. Impacts of disinfection byproduct exposures on male reproductive health: Current evidence, possible mechanisms and future needs. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 331:138808. [PMID: 37121289 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are a class of ubiquitous chemicals in drinking water and inevitably result in widespread human exposures. Potentially adverse health effects of DBP exposures, including reproductive and developmental outcomes, have been increasing public concerns. Several reviews have focused on the adverse pregnancy outcomes of DBPs. This review summarized current evidence on male reproduction health upon exposure to DBPs from toxicological and epidemiological literature. Based on existing experimental studies, there are sufficient evidence showing that haloacetic acids (HAAs) are male reproductive toxicants, including reduced epididymal weight, decreased semen parameters and sperm protein 22, and declined testosterone levels. However, epidemiological evidence remains insufficient to support a link of DBP exposures with adverse male reproductive outcomes, despite that blood and urinary DBP biomarkers are associated with decreased semen quality. Eight potential mechanisms, including germ/somatic cell dysfunction, oxidative stress, genotoxicity, inflammation, endocrine hormones, folate metabolism, epigenetic alterations, and gut microbiota, are likely involved in male reproductive toxicity of DBPs. We also identified knowledge gaps in toxicological and epidemiological studies to enhance future needs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, And State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yan-Ling Deng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, And State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Chong Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, And State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Wen-Qing Lu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, And State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Qiang Zeng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, And State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abd-Allah ER, Fouad NY, Ghareeb AEWE, Eldebss TMA. Chloroacetonitrile reduces rat prenatal bone length and induces oxidative stress, apoptosis, and DNA damage in rat fetal liver. Birth Defects Res 2023; 115:614-632. [PMID: 36751045 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.2155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
One of the disinfection byproducts of chlorinating drinking water is chloroacetonitrile (CAN). Thirty-six female rats were used and distributed equally into four groups. The low dose treated group received CAN at a dose of 5.5 mg/kg body weight/day (1/40 LD50 ) orally from the 6th to 12th day of gestation. The high dose treated group received 11 mg/kg body weight/day (1/20 LD50 ) of CAN orally for the same period, the vehicle control group received 1 mL of corn oil, and the water control group received 1 mL of distilled water orally for the same period. High dose exposure to CAN significantly reduced gravid uterine weight, fetal body weights, and length, and caused obvious skeletal deformities, weak mineralization. Fetal tibial growth plates displayed histopathologic changes. Induced oxidative stress and redox imbalance in fetal liver tissues was evidenced by significantly decreased in catalase and superoxide dismutase activity, and elevated malondialdehyde levels. Histopathological, glycogen content changes, and DNA damage were observed in the fetal liver of high dose treated group. Additionally, administration of high dose of CAN induced apoptosis, evidenced by increased caspase-3 concentration in fetal liver. Thus, extensive exposure to CAN induces poor pregnancy outcomes. CAN levels in water should be monitored regularly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Entsar R Abd-Allah
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Egypt
| | - Nourhan Y Fouad
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Taha M A Eldebss
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yang X, Wang C, Zheng Q, Liu Q, Wawryk NJP, Li XF. Emerging Disinfection Byproduct 2,6-Dichlorobenzoquinone-Induced Cardiovascular Developmental Toxicity of Embryonic Zebrafish and Larvae: Imaging and Transcriptome Analysis. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:45642-45653. [PMID: 36530307 PMCID: PMC9753109 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have observed the potential association of water disinfection byproduct (DBP) exposure with cardiac defects. Aromatic DBPs represent a significant portion of total DBPs, but their effects on cardiovascular development are unclear. In this study, we examined the effects of an aromatic DBP, 2,6-dichlorobenzoquinone (DCBQ), on the cardiovascular development of zebrafish embryos. After exposure to 2, 4, and 8 μM DCBQ, morphological images of growing zebrafish embryos clearly showed cardiovascular malformation. Fluorescent images of transgenic zebrafish strains with fluorescently labeled heart and blood vessels show that DCBQ exposure resulted in deformed atrium-ventricle looping, degenerated abdomen and trunk vessels, pericardial edema, and decreased blood flow. Furthermore, the expression of the marker gene myl7 (essential for the differentiation and motility of cardiomyocytes) was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by DCBQ exposure. Finally, transcriptome analysis found that in the 4 μM DCBQ exposure group, the numbers of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were 113 (50 upregulated and 63 downregulated) at 24 hpf, 2123 (762 upregulated and 1361 downregulated) at 48 hpf, and 61 (11 upregulated and 50 downregulated) at 120 hpf; in the 8 μM DCBQ exposure group, the number of DEGs was 1407 (647 upregulated and 760 downregulated) at 120 hpf. The FoxO signaling pathway was significantly altered. The in vivo results demonstrate the effects of 2,6-DCBQ (0-8 μM) on cardiovascular development, contributing to the understanding of the developmental toxicity of aromatic DBP halobenzoquinones (HBQs).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- Hubei
Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic
Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Chang Wang
- Hubei
Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic
Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
- Division
of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory
Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Qi Zheng
- Hubei
Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic
Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Qiongyu Liu
- Hubei
Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic
Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Nicholas J. P. Wawryk
- Division
of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory
Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Xing-Fang Li
- Division
of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory
Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Prosekov AY, Gorelkina AK, Timoshchuk IV, Golubeva NS, Ivanova LA, Mikhaylova ES. Extraction of Organic Pollutants by Crushed Carbon Sorbents. COKE AND CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3103/s1068364x22700284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
|
8
|
Weng H, Wang C, Ye T, Xu Z, Sun H, Lin H, Deng WJ, Wu F, Hong H. Precursor characteristics of mono-HAAs during chlorination and cytotoxicity of mono-HAAs on HEK-293T cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 301:134689. [PMID: 35469898 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Monohaloacetic acids (mono-HAAs), a class of disinfection by-products widely occurred in drinking water, receives significant attention due to their extremely high toxicity. Many studies on the biological toxicity of mono-HAAs have been reported, yet the toxic effects of mono-HAAs on human renal cells (kidney is one of the target organs for disinfection by-products) has not been involved. Studies on organic precursors for mono-HAAs formation were also very limited due to their lower levels as compared to di-HAAs and tri-HAAs. Based on this, the formation of mono-HAAs after chlorination of some typical source water samples and their relationship with water quality parameters were investigated. Meanwhile, the cytotoxicity of monochloroacetic acid (MCAA), monobromoacetic acid (MBAA), and monoiodoacetic acid (MIAA) were tested using human embryonic kidney cells (HEK-293 T cells). The results showed that the levels of mono-HAAs formed during chlorination of source water samples were between 0.44 and 0.87 μg/L. Formation of MBAA positively (p < 0.05) correlated with bromide ion and dissolved organic carbon, but negatively (p < 0.01) correlated with SUVA254 (specific UV absorbance at 254 nm), while formation of MCAA was only positively (p < 0.05) related with SUVA254. These results suggested that although MCAA and MBAA both belong to the mono-HAAs, the characteristics of their organic precursors differ significantly. MCAA precursors have high aromaticity and are more hydrophobic, yet MBAA precursors have low aromaticity and are more hydrophilic. The half-lethal concentrations (LC50) of MCAA, MBAA, and MIAA on HEK293T cells were 1196-1211 μM, 16.07-18.96 μM, and 6.08-6.17 μM, respectively. An in-depth analysis showed that the cytotoxicity of mono-HAAs on HEK 293 T cells could not be explained by the parameters concerning cellular uptake (e.g., logP and pKa), but the SN2 reaction of C-X bond with cellular molecules (e.g., glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, etc) may be the relevant cause for the cytotoxicity of mono-HAAs on HEK 293 T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Weng
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Chuantian Wang
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Ting Ye
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Zeqiong Xu
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Hongjie Sun
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Hongjun Lin
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Wen-Jing Deng
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, N.T, Hong Kong
| | - Fuyong Wu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, PR China
| | - Huachang Hong
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gonsioroski A, Laws M, Mourikes VE, Neff A, Drnevich J, Plewa MJ, Flaws JA. Iodoacetic acid exposure alters the transcriptome in mouse ovarian antral follicles. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 117:46-57. [PMID: 35725088 PMCID: PMC9972181 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Iodoacetic acid (IAA) is an unregulated water disinfection byproduct that is an ovarian toxicant. However, the mechanisms of action underlying IAA toxicity in ovarian follicles remain unclear. Thus, we determined whether IAA alters gene expression in ovarian follicles in mice. Adult female mice were dosed with water or IAA (10 or 500 mg/L) in the water for 35-40 days. Antral follicles were collected for RNA-sequencing analysis and sera were collected to measure estradiol. RNA-sequencing analysis identified 1063 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the 10 and 500 mg/L IAA groups (false discovery rate FDR < 0.1), respectively, compared to controls. Gene Ontology Enrichment analysis showed that DEGs were involved with RNA processing and regulation of angiogenesis (10 mg/L) and the cell cycle and cell division (500 mg/L). Pathway Enrichment analysis showed that DEGs were involved in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and protein kinase B (PI3K-Akt), gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), estrogen, and insulin signaling pathways (10 mg/L). Pathway Enrichment analysis showed that DEGs were involved in the oocyte meiosis, GnRH, and oxytocin signaling pathways (500 mg/L). RNA-sequencing analysis identified 809 DEGs when comparing the 500 and 10 mg/L IAA groups (FDR < 0.1). DEGs were related to ribosome, translation, mRNA processing, oxidative phosphorylation, chromosome, cell cycle, cell division, protein folding, and the oxytocin signaling pathway. Moreover, IAA exposure significantly decreased estradiol levels (500 mg/L) compared to control. This study identified key candidate genes and pathways involved in IAA toxicity and can help to further understand the molecular mechanisms of IAA toxicity in ovarian follicles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andressa Gonsioroski
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Mary Laws
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Vasiliki E Mourikes
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Alison Neff
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Jenny Drnevich
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Michael J Plewa
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Department of Crop Sciences and the Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Jodi A Flaws
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Säve-Söderbergh M, Toljander J, Donat-Vargas C, Åkesson A. Drinking Water Disinfection by-Products and Congenital Malformations: A Nationwide Register-Based Prospective Study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2021; 129:97012. [PMID: 34585603 PMCID: PMC8480150 DOI: 10.1289/ehp9122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drinking water chlorination by-products have been associated with adverse reproductive outcomes, although the findings for congenital malformations are still inconclusive. OBJECTIVE We conducted a nationwide register-based prospective study to assess whether first trimester maternal exposure to the four most common trihalomethanes [total trihalomethanes (TTHM)] via municipal drinking water was associated with risk of congenital malformation among newborns. METHODS We included all births during 2005-2015 (live and stillbirths) of mothers residing in Swedish localities having >10,000 inhabitants, two or fewer operating water works, and sufficient municipal TTHM monitoring data. Individual maternal first trimester exposure was obtained by linking TTHM measurements to residential information, categorized into no chlorination and <5, 5-15, and >15μg TTHM/L. We also made chlorination treatment-specific analyses (exclusive use of chloramine or hypochlorite). Outcomes and covariates were obtained via linkage to health care and administrative registers. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated by logistic regression. RESULTS Based on 623,468 births and a prevalence of congenital malformation of ∼2 cases/100 births, we observed associations between TTHM exposure in areas using chloramine and malformations of the nervous system (OR=1.82; 95% CI: 1.07, 3.12), urinary system (OR=2.06; 95% CI: 1.53, 2.78), genitals (OR=1.77; 95% CI: 1.38, 2.26), and limbs (OR=1.34; 95% CI: 1.10, 1.64), comparing the highest exposed category with the unexposed. No associations were observed in areas using exclusively hypochlorite as the primary water treatment method. By contrast, for malformations of the heart, a significant inverse association was observed only in areas using hypochlorite. DISCUSSION TTHM exposure was associated with the increased risk of malformations of the nervous system, urinary system, genitals, and limbs in areas exclusively using chloramine. An association between chloramine-related chlorination by-products and congenital malformations has not previously been highlighted and needs further attention. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP9122.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melle Säve-Söderbergh
- Science Division, Swedish Food Agency, Uppsala, Sweden
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Carolina Donat-Vargas
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados (IMDEA)-Alimentación, Campus of International Excellence, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid + Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEI UAM+CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Agneta Åkesson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Endocrine-Disrupting Compounds: An Overview on Their Occurrence in the Aquatic Environment and Human Exposure. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13101347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) as emerging contaminants have accumulated in the aquatic environment at concentration levels that have been determined to be significant to humans and animals. Several compounds belong to this family, from natural substances (hormones such as estrone, 17-estradiol, and estriol) to synthetic chemicals, especially pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and plastic-derived compounds (phthalates, bisphenol A). In this review, we discuss recent works regarding EDC occurrence in the aquatic compartment, strengths and limitations of current analytical methods used for their detection, treatment technologies for their removal from water, and the health issues that they can trigger in humans. Nowadays, many EDCs have been identified in significant amounts in different water matrices including drinking water, thus increasing the possibility of entering the food chain. Several studies correlate human exposure to high concentrations of EDCs with serious effects such as infertility, thyroid dysfunction, early puberty, endometriosis, diabetes, and obesity. Although our intention is not to explain all disorders related to EDCs exposure, this review aims to guide future research towards a deeper knowledge of EDCs’ contamination and accumulation in water, highlighting their toxicity and exposure risks to humans.
Collapse
|
12
|
Maternal Exposure to Disinfection By-Products and Risk of Hypospadias in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study (2000-2005). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17249564. [PMID: 33371304 PMCID: PMC7766973 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17249564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to estimate the association between 2nd and 3rd degree hypospadias and maternal exposure to disinfection by-products (DBPs) using data from a large case-control study in the United States. Concentration estimates for total trihalomethanes (TTHMs), the sum of the five most prevalent haloacetic acids (HAA5), and individual species of each were integrated with data on maternal behaviors related to water-use from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study (NBDPS) to create three different exposure metrics: (1) household DBP concentrations; (2) estimates of DBP ingestion; (3) predicted uptake (i.e., internal dose) of trihalomethanes (THMs) via ingestion, showering, and bathing. The distribution of DBP exposure was categorized as follows: (Q1/referent) < 50%; (Q2) ≥ 50% to < 75%; and (Q3) ≥ 75%. Logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Generally, null associations were observed with increasing TTHM or HAA5 exposure. An increased risk was observed among women with household bromodichloromethane levels in the second quantile (aOR: 1.8; 95% CI: 1.2, 2.7); however, this association did not persist after the inclusion of individual-level water-use data. Findings from the present study do not support the hypothesis that maternal DBP exposures are related to the occurrence of hypospadias.
Collapse
|
13
|
Martinelli M, Palmieri A, Carinci F, Scapoli L. Non-syndromic Cleft Palate: An Overview on Human Genetic and Environmental Risk Factors. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:592271. [PMID: 33195260 PMCID: PMC7606870 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.592271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial and mesenchymal cells involved in early embryonic facial development are guided by complex regulatory mechanisms. Any factor perturbing the growth, approach and fusion of the frontonasal and maxillary processes could result in orofacial clefts that represent the most common craniofacial malformations in humans. The rarest and, probably for this reason, the least studied form of cleft involves only the secondary palate, which is posterior to the incisive foramen. The etiology of cleft palate only is multifactorial and involves both genetic and environmental risk factors. The intention of this review is to give the reader an overview of the efforts made by researchers to shed light on the underlying causes of this birth defect. Most of the scientific papers suggesting potential environmental and genetic causes of non-syndromic cleft palate are summarized in this review, including genome-wide association and gene–environment interaction studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Martinelli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Annalisa Palmieri
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Carinci
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luca Scapoli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Endocrine Disruptors in Water and Their Effects on the Reproductive System. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21061929. [PMID: 32178293 PMCID: PMC7139484 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21061929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic contaminants in water can impose risks to reproductive health. Most of these compounds are known to be endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). EDCs can impact the endocrine system and subsequently impair the development and fertility of non-human animals and humans. The source of chemical contamination in water is diverse, originating from byproducts formed during water disinfection processes, release from industry and livestock activity, or therapeutic drugs released into sewage. This review discusses the occurrence of EDCs in water such as disinfection byproducts, fluorinated compounds, bisphenol A, phthalates, pesticides, and estrogens, and it outlines their adverse reproductive effects in non-human animals and humans.
Collapse
|
15
|
Kakuta T, Nakanishi R, Ogoshi T, Yamagishi TA. Halogen-sensitive solvatochromism based on a phenolic polymer of tetraphenylethene. RSC Adv 2020; 10:12695-12698. [PMID: 35497621 PMCID: PMC9051309 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra02055a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we describe the successful preparation of a methylene-bonded tetraphenylethene polymer using a phenolic-resin synthesis protocol. Our novel phenolic polymer showed solvatochromism in response to halogenated organic solvents. Solvatochromism is induced by halogen/π interactions between the polymer and the organic halide. Herein, we describe novel phenolic polymer showed solvatochromism in response to halogenated organic solvents through halogen/π interactions.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Kakuta
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology
- Kanazawa University
- Kanazawa 920-1192
- Japan
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI)
| | - Ryota Nakanishi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology
- Kanazawa University
- Kanazawa 920-1192
- Japan
| | - Tomoki Ogoshi
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI)
- Kanazawa University
- Kanazawa 920-1192
- Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering
| | - Tada-aki Yamagishi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology
- Kanazawa University
- Kanazawa 920-1192
- Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gonsioroski A, Meling DD, Gao L, Plewa MJ, Flaws JA. Iodoacetic acid inhibits follicle growth and alters expression of genes that regulate apoptosis, the cell cycle, estrogen receptors, and ovarian steroidogenesis in mouse ovarian follicles. Reprod Toxicol 2019; 91:101-108. [PMID: 31693920 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The reaction between disinfectants and organic matter or inorganic matter in source water generates disinfection by-products (DBPs) such as iodoacetic acid (IAA). DBPs are associated with health effects such as bladder cancer and adverse reproductive outcomes, but the effects of IAA on the ovary are not well known. This study determined whether IAA exposure affects ovarian follicle growth, steroidogenesis, and expression of apoptotic factors, cell cycle regulators, estrogen receptors, and steroidogenic factors in vitro. IAA exposure significantly decreased follicle growth, expression of cell cycle stimulators, and the proliferation marker Ki67. In contrast, IAA increased expression of the cell cycle inhibitor Cdkn1a. Moreover, IAA exposure increased expression of pro-apoptotic factors, whereas it decreased expression of anti-apoptotic factors. IAA exposure also altered expression of steroidogenic factors and estrogen receptors, disrupting steroidogenesis. These data demonstrate that IAA exposure inhibits follicle growth, decreases cell proliferation, and alters steroidogenesis in mouse ovarian follicles in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daryl D Meling
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Liying Gao
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Michael J Plewa
- Department of Crop Sciences and the Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jodi A Flaws
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Associations Between Disinfection By-Product Exposures and Craniofacial Birth Defects. J Occup Environ Med 2019; 60:109-119. [PMID: 29023340 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000001191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine associations between craniofacial birth defects (CFDs) and disinfection by-product (DBP) exposures, including the sum of four trihalomethanes (THM4) and five haloacetic acids (HAA5) (ie, DBP9). METHODS We calculated first trimester adjusted odds ratios (aORs) for different DBPs in a matched case-control study of 366 CFD cases in Massachusetts towns with complete 1999 to 2004 THM and HAA data. RESULTS We detected elevated aORs for cleft palate with DBP9 (highest quintile aOR = 3.52; 95% CI: 1.07, 11.60), HAA5, trichloroacetic acid (TCAA), and dichloroacetic acid. We detected elevated aORs for eye defects with TCAA and chloroform. CONCLUSION This is the first epidemiological study of DBPs to examine eye and ear defects, as well as HAAs and CFDs. The associations for cleft palate and eye defects highlight the importance of examining specific defects and DBPs beyond THM4.
Collapse
|
18
|
Dulgheroff FF, Peixoto AB, Petrini CG, Caldas TMRDC, Ramos DR, Magalhães FO, Araujo E. Fetal structural anomalies diagnosed during the first, second and third trimesters of pregnancy using ultrasonography: a retrospective cohort study. SAO PAULO MED J 2019; 137:391-400. [PMID: 31939566 PMCID: PMC9745821 DOI: 10.1590/1516-3180.2019.026906082019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of congenital abnormalities in general populations is approximately 3-5%. One of the most important applications of obstetric ultrasound is in detection of fetal structural defects. OBJECTIVE To assess fetal structural anomalies diagnosed using ultrasound in the three trimesters of pregnancy. DESIGN AND SETTING Retrospective cohort study at the Mário Palmério University Hospital of the University of Uberaba (Universidade de Uberaba, UNIUBE), from March 2014 to December 2016. METHODS Ultrasound data at gestational weeks 11-13 + 6, 20-24 and 32-36 were recorded to identify fetal anomalies in each trimester and in the postnatal period. The primary outcome measurements were sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value for detection of fetal anomalies and their prevalence. RESULTS The prevalence of anomalies detected using ultrasound was 2.95% in the prenatal period and 7.24% in the postnatal period. The fetal anomalies most frequently diagnosed using ultrasound in the three trimesters were genitourinary tract anomalies, with a prevalence of 27.8%. Cardiac anomalies were diagnosed more often in the postnatal period, accounting for 51.0% of all cases. High specificity, negative predictive value and accuracy of ultrasound were observed in all three trimesters of pregnancy. CONCLUSION Ultrasound is safe and has utility for detecting fetal anomalies that are associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. However, the low sensitivity of ultrasound for detecting fetal anomalies in unselected populations limits its utility for providing reassurance to examiners and to pregnant women with normal results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Felix Dulgheroff
- MD. Physician, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mário Palmério Hospital Universitário (MPHU), School of Medicine, Universidade de Uberaba (UNIUBE), Uberaba (MG), Brazil.
| | - Alberto Borges Peixoto
- MD, PhD. Adjunct Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mário Palmério Hospital Universitário (MPHU), School of Medicine, Universidade de Uberaba (UNIUBE), Uberaba (MG); and Adjunct Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba (MG), Brazil.
| | - Caetano Galvão Petrini
- MD. Physician, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Mário Palmério Hospital Universitário (MPHU), School of Medicine, Universidade de Uberaba (UNIUBE), Uberaba (MG), Brazil.
| | - Taciana Mara Rodrigues da Cunha Caldas
- MD. Physician, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mário Palmério Hospital Universitário (MPHU), School of Medicine, Universidade de Uberaba (UNIUBE), Uberaba (MG), Brazil.
| | - Daniela Rocha Ramos
- MD. Medical Resident, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mário Palmério Hospital Universitário (MPHU), School of Medicine, Universidade de Uberaba (UNIUBE), Uberaba (MG), Brazil.
| | - Fernanda Oliveira Magalhães
- MD, PhD. Adjunct Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Mário Palmério Hospital Universitário (MPHU), School of Medicine, Universidade de Uberaba (UNIUBE), Uberaba (MG), Brazil.
| | - Edward Araujo
- MD, PhD. Associate Professor, Department of Obstetrics, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo (SP), Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Weyer P, Rhoads A, Suhl J, Luben TJ, Conway KM, Langlois PH, Shen D, Liang D, Puzhankara S, Anderka M, Bell E, Feldkamp ML, Hoyt AT, Mosley B, Reefhuis J, Romitti PA. Drinking water disinfection byproducts and risk of orofacial clefts in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Birth Defects Res 2019; 110:1027-1042. [PMID: 30133956 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal exposure to drinking water disinfection byproducts (DBP)s may contribute to orofacial cleft (OFC) development, but studies are sparse and beset with limitations. METHODS Population-based, maternal interview reports of drinking water filtration and consumption for 680 OFC cases (535 isolated) and 1826 controls were linked with DBP concentration data using maternal residential addresses and public water system monitoring data. Maternal individual-level exposures to trihalomethanes (THM)s and haloacetic acids (HAA)s (µg/L of water consumed) were estimated from reported consumption at home, work, and school. Compared to no exposure, associations with multisource maternal exposure <1/2 or ≥1/2 the Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCL)s for total THMs (TTHM)s and HAAs (HAA5) or Maximum Contaminant Level Goals (MCLG)s for individual THMs and HAAs (if non-zero) were estimated for all OFCs and isolated OFCs, cleft palate (CP), and cleft lip ± cleft palate (CL/P) using logistic regression analyses. RESULTS Compared to controls, associations were near or below unity for maternal TTHM, HAA5, and individual THM exposures with all OFCs and isolated OFCs, CP, and CL/P. Associations also were near or below unity for individual HAAs with statistically significant, inverse associations observed with each OFC outcome group except CL/P. CONCLUSIONS This study examined associations for maternal reports of drinking water filtration and consumption and maternal DBP exposure from drinking water with OFCs in offspring. Associations observed were near or below unity and mostly nonsignificant. Continued, improved research using maternal individual-level exposure data will be useful in better characterizing these associations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Weyer
- Center for Health Effects of Environmental Contamination, Office of the Vice President for Research and Economic Development, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Anthony Rhoads
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Jonathan Suhl
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Thomas J Luben
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Kristin M Conway
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Peter H Langlois
- Birth Defects Epidemiology and Surveillance Branch, Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin, Texas
| | - Dereck Shen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Dong Liang
- Environmental Statistics Collaborative, Chesapeake Biological Laboratories, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Solomons, Maryland
| | - Soman Puzhankara
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Marlene Anderka
- Center for Birth Defects Research and Prevention at the Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Erin Bell
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Rensselaer, New York
| | - Marcia L Feldkamp
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Adrienne T Hoyt
- Birth Defects Epidemiology and Surveillance Branch, Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin, Texas
| | - Bridget Mosley
- Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Jennita Reefhuis
- Division of Congenital and Developmental Disorders, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Paul A Romitti
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Williams AL, Bates CA, Pace ND, Leonhard MJ, Chang ET, DeSesso JM. Impact of chloroform exposures on reproductive and developmental outcomes: A systematic review of the scientific literature. Birth Defects Res 2018; 110:1267-1313. [PMID: 30350414 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We assessed the animal and epidemiological data to determine if chloroform exposure causes developmental and/or reproductive toxicity. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Initial scoping identified developmental toxicity as the primary area of concern. At levels producing maternal toxicity in rats and mice, chloroform caused decrements in fetal weights and associated delays in ossification. In a single mouse inhalation study, exposure to a high concentration of chloroform was associated with small fetuses and increased cleft palate. However, oral exposure of mice to chloroform at a dose 4 times higher was negative for cleft palate; multiple inhalation studies in rats were also negative. Epidemiologic data on low birth weight and small for gestational age were generally equivocal, preventing conclusions from being drawn for humans. The animal data also show evidence of very early (peri-implantation) total litter losses at very high exposure levels. This effect is likely maternally mediated rather than a direct effect on the offspring. Finally, the epidemiologic data indicate a possible association of higher chloroform exposure with lower risk of preterm birth (<37 weeks gestation). CONCLUSIONS The available animal data suggest that exposures lower than those causing maternal toxicity should be without developmental effects in the offspring. Also, most studies in humans rely on group-level geographic exposure data, providing only weak epidemiologic evidence for an association with development outcomes and fail to establish a causal role for chloroform in the induction of adverse developmental outcomes at environmentally relevant concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - John M DeSesso
- Exponent, Inc., Alexandria, Virginia.,Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wright JM, Evans A, Kaufman JA, Rivera-Núñez Z, Narotsky MG. Disinfection By-Product Exposures and the Risk of Specific Cardiac Birth Defects. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2017; 125:269-277. [PMID: 27518881 PMCID: PMC5289901 DOI: 10.1289/ehp103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies suggest that women exposed to disinfection by-products (DBPs) have an increased risk of delivering babies with cardiovascular defects (CVDs). OBJECTIVE We examined nine CVDs in relation to categorical DBP exposures including bromoform, chloroform, dibromochloromethane (DBCM), bromodichloromethane (BDCM), monobromoacetic acid (MBAA), dichloroacetic acid (DCAA), trichloroacetic acid (TCAA), and summary DBP measures (HAA5, THMBr, THM4, and DBP9). METHODS We calculated adjusted odds ratios (aORs) in a case-control study of birth defects in Massachusetts with complete quarterly 1999-2004 trihalomethane (THM) and haloacetic acid (HAA) data. We randomly matched 10 controls each to 904 CVD cases based on week of conception. Weight-averaged aggregate first-trimester DBP exposures were assigned to individuals based on residence at birth. RESULTS We detected associations for tetralogy of Fallot and the upper exposure categories for TCAA, DCAA, and HAA5 (aOR range, 3.34-6.51) including positive exposure-response relationships for DCAA and HAA5. aORs consistent in magnitude were detected between atrial septal defects and bromoform (aOR = 1.56; 95% CI: 1.01, 2.43), as well as DBCM, chloroform, and THM4 (aOR range, 1.26-1.67). Ventricular septal defects (VSDs) were associated with the highest bromoform (aOR = 1.85; 95% CI: 1.20, 2.83), MBAA (aOR = 1.81; 95% CI: 0.85, 3.84), and DBCM (aOR = 1.54; 95% CI: 1.00, 2.37) exposure categories. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first birth defect study to develop multi-DBP adjusted regression models as well as the first CVD study to evaluate HAA exposures and the second to evaluate bromoform exposures. Our findings, therefore, inform exposure specificity for the consistent associations previously reported between THM4 and CVDs including VSDs. Citation: Wright JM, Evans A, Kaufman JA, Rivera-Núñez Z, Narotsky MG. 2017. Disinfection by-product exposures and the risk of specific cardiac birth defects. Environ Health Perspect 125:269-277; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP103.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. Michael Wright
- National Center for Environmental Assessment (NCEA), Office of Research and Development (ORD), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Address correspondence to J.M. Wright, U.S. EPA, National Center for Environmental Assessment, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr. (MS-A110), Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Telephone: (513) 569-7922. E-mail:
| | - Amanda Evans
- School of Osteopathic Medicine, Campbell University, Lillington, North Carolina, USA
| | - John A. Kaufman
- ASPPH/EPA Environmental Health Fellowship Program, hosted by NCEA, ORD, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Zorimar Rivera-Núñez
- Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Michael G. Narotsky
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, ORD, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Foster WG, Evans JA, Little J, Arbour L, Moore A, Sauve R, Andrés León J, Luo W. Human exposure to environmental contaminants and congenital anomalies: a critical review. Crit Rev Toxicol 2016; 47:59-84. [PMID: 27685638 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2016.1211090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Congenital anomalies are an important cause of infant mortality and disability. Developmental exposure to environmental contaminants is thought to increase the risk for congenital anomalies. Herein, we describe a critical review of the literature conducted between February and March 2014 yielding 3057 references from which 97 unique relevant articles published from 2003 through 2014 were evaluated. Common congenital anomalies including hypospadias, cryptorchidism, anogenital distance (AGD), congenital heart defects and oral clefts were well represented in the literature whereas other outcomes such as neural tube defects, limb deficiency defects and gastroschisis were rarely described. While definitions used for congenital anomalies and methods of ascertainment were usually consistent across studies, inconsistencies were frequently found in grouping of different congenital heart defects. Despite strong links between some congenital anomalies and parental occupation, these studies are unable to provide clear insight into the specific chemicals responsible owing to lack of direct measures of exposure. In comparison, data are mixed for contaminant exposures at concentrations representative of results from contemporary biomonitoring studies. Of the environmental contaminants studied, the association between phthalate exposures and developmental abnormalities of the male reproductive tract received the greatest attention. Important limitations of the literature studied relate to adequacy of sample size, absence of or weaknesses in exposure assessment methodologies, failure to account for biological plausibility and grouping of congenital anomalies with divergent mechanisms. We conclude that the literature is inadequate at this time to support a conclusion that exposure to environmental contaminants are or are not associated with increased risks for congenital anomalies in the general population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Warren G Foster
- a Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology , McMaster University , Hamilton , Ontario , Canada
| | - Jane A Evans
- b Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics , University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada
| | - Julian Little
- c School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Ontario , Canada
| | - Laura Arbour
- d Department of Medical Genetics , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada
| | - Aideen Moore
- e Department of Paediatrics , University of Toronto and the Hospital for Sick Children , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
| | - Reg Sauve
- f Department of Community Health Sciences , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta , Canada
| | - Juan Andrés León
- g Maternal, Child and Youth Health Surveillance and Epidemiology Division , Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention, Public Health Agency of Canada , Ottawa , Ontario , Canada
| | - Wei Luo
- g Maternal, Child and Youth Health Surveillance and Epidemiology Division , Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention, Public Health Agency of Canada , Ottawa , Ontario , Canada
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Jeong CH, Gao L, Dettro T, Wagner ED, Ricke WA, Plewa MJ, Flaws JA. Monohaloacetic acid drinking water disinfection by-products inhibit follicle growth and steroidogenesis in mouse ovarian antral follicles in vitro. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 62:71-6. [PMID: 27151372 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Water disinfection greatly reduced the incidence of waterborne diseases, but the reaction between disinfectants and natural organic matter in water leads to the formation of drinking water disinfection by-products (DBPs). DBPs have been shown to be toxic, but their effects on the ovary are not well defined. This study tested the hypothesis that monohalogenated DBPs (chloroacetic acid, CAA; bromoacetic acid, BAA; iodoacetic acid, IAA) inhibit antral follicle growth and steroidogenesis in mouse ovarian follicles. Antral follicles were isolated and cultured with either vehicle or DBPs (0.25-1.00mM of CAA; 2-15μM of BAA or IAA) for 48 and 96h. Follicle growth was measured every 24h and the media were analyzed for estradiol levels at 96h. Exposure to DBPs significantly inhibited antral follicle growth and reduced estradiol levels compared to controls. These data demonstrate that DBP exposure caused ovarian toxicity in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clara H Jeong
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Liying Gao
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Tyler Dettro
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Wagner
- Department of Crop Sciences and the Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - William A Ricke
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Michael J Plewa
- Department of Crop Sciences and the Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jodi A Flaws
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sallout B, Obedat N, Shakeel F, Mansoor A, Walker M, Al-Badr A. Prevalence of major congenital anomalies at King Fahad Medical City in Saudi Arabia: a tertiary care centre-based study. Ann Saudi Med 2015; 35:343-51. [PMID: 26506967 PMCID: PMC6074375 DOI: 10.5144/0256-4947.2015.343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The prevalence of major congenital anomalies in Saudi Arabia is a largely understudied area. Knowing the prevalence of birth defects and their trends is important in identifying potential factors that are either causative or preventative. Early antenatal diagnosis of major congenital anomalies is important for possible termination of pregnancy, fetal or neonatal. We determined the prevalence of major congenital anomalies in our hospital population since implementation of an improved screening system. PATIENTS AND METHODS This single-centre prospective cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital in Riyadh. A total of 63452 obstetrical ultrasound examinations were performed for 30632 female Saudi obstetric patients from the period of January 2007 to December 2012. RESULTS A total of 1598 fetuses were diagnosed with major congenital anomalies, including 1064 (66.6 %) fetuses with isolated major anomalies and 534 (33.4%) fetuses with non-isolated major anomalies. The antenatal prevalence of congenital anomalies was 52.1 per 1000 pregnancies. The median maternal age at diagnosis was 29 years. The median gestational age at diagnosis was 30 weeks of gestation. Two hundred and eighty five cases (17.85%) had a previous family history of similar anomalies. The most commonly diagnosed anomalies involved the genitourinary system (652 cases). The birth prevalence of major congenital anomalies was 46.5 per 1000 live births. CONCLUSION The prevalence of major congenital anomalies in our hospital population appears to be higher than international prevalences, with a high recurrence rate. Environmental, nutritional and social factors may be contributing to this phenomenon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nail Obedat
- Dr. Nail Obedat, Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Ultrasound Unit,, Women's Specialized Hospital,, King Fahad Medical City,, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Andra SS, Charisiadis P, Karakitsios S, Sarigiannis DA, Makris KC. Passive exposures of children to volatile trihalomethanes during domestic cleaning activities of their parents. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 136:187-195. [PMID: 25460636 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Domestic cleaning has been proposed as a determinant of trihalomethanes (THMs) exposure in adult females. We hypothesized that parental housekeeping activities could influence children's passive exposures to THMs from their mere physical presence during domestic cleaning. In a recent cross-sectional study (n = 382) in Cyprus [41 children (< 18 y) and 341 adults (≥ 18 y)], we identified 29 children who met the study's inclusion criteria. Linear regression models were applied to understand the association between children sociodemographic variables, their individual practices influencing ingestion and noningestion exposures to ΣTHMs, and their urinary THMs levels. Among the children-specific variables, age alone showed a statistically significant inverse association with their creatinine-adjusted urinary ΣTHMs (rS = -0.59, p < 0.001). A positive correlation was observed between urinary ΣTHMs (ng g(-1)) of children and matched-mothers (rS = 0.52, p = 0.014), but this was not the case for their matched-fathers (rS = 0.39, p = 0.112). Time spent daily by the matched-mothers for domestic mopping, toilet and other cleaning activities using chlorine-based cleaning products was associated with their children's urinary THMs levels (rS = 0.56, p = 0.007). This trend was not observed between children and their matched-fathers urinary ΣTHMs levels, because of minimum amount of time spent by the latter in performing domestic cleaning. The proportion of variance of creatinine-unadjusted and adjusted urinary ΣTHMs levels in children that was explained by the matched-mothers covariates was 76% and 74% (p < 0.001), respectively. A physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model adequately predicted urinary chloroform excretion estimates, being consistent with the corresponding measured levels. Our findings highlighted the influence of mothers' domestic cleaning activities towards enhancing passive THMs exposures of their children. The duration of such activities could be further tested as a valid indicator of children's THMs body burden.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Syam S Andra
- Water and Health Laboratory, Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health in association with Harvard School of Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus; Harvard-Cyprus Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pantelis Charisiadis
- Water and Health Laboratory, Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health in association with Harvard School of Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Spyros Karakitsios
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, Bldg. D, Rm 318, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; Chemical Process and Energy Resources Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, 57001 Thessaloniki-Thermi, Greece
| | - Denis A Sarigiannis
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, Bldg. D, Rm 318, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; Chemical Process and Energy Resources Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, 57001 Thessaloniki-Thermi, Greece
| | - Konstantinos C Makris
- Water and Health Laboratory, Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health in association with Harvard School of Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Andra SS, Charisiadis P, Makris KC. Obesity-mediated association between exposure to brominated trihalomethanes and type II diabetes mellitus: an exploratory analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 485-486:340-347. [PMID: 24747242 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.03.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
With the exception of chloroform, the rest of trihalomethanes (THM), the so-called brominated THM (Br-THM) are composed of bromine-substituted molecules with increased lipophilicity and potency to biological tissues. The THM are formed within disinfected tap water and their health effects, under research, range from cancer to adverse reproductive outcomes. However, the association between human exposures to Br-THM and the risk of developing type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and metabolic co-morbidities, such as obesity and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis has never been previously explored. The objective of this exploratory analysis was to address obesity-mediated associations between urinary concentrations of brominated THM and incidences of T2DM in a Cypriot adult population (n=326). First morning urine voids were collected once during summer and another time during winter while a detailed questionnaire was administered to participants. Creatinine-adjusted urinary Br-THM analyte concentrations were significantly (p<0.05) higher in T2DM cases when compared with those in healthy individuals. Multivariate logistic regression models adjusted for potential confounders showed that participants with ≥30 kg m(-2) BMI were at a higher T2DM risk (OR=8.42, 95% CI: 1.97, 45.5; p<0.01) when compared with that of normal weight participants (<25 kg m(-2)). About 4 times higher risk for developing T2DM was observed for individuals in the upper tertile of urinary Br-THM levels (OR=3.99, 95% CI: 1.07, 19.7; p<0.05) when compared with the lower tertile participants. Among the participants with BMI≥25 kg m(-2), urinary Br-THM levels were significantly (p<0.001) higher in diabetics than in healthy individuals. Ingestion and non-ingestion exposures to Br-THM deserve careful consideration in relevant epidemiological studies, as a possible environmental risk factor of T2DM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Syam S Andra
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health in association with Harvard School of Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus; Harvard-Cyprus Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pantelis Charisiadis
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health in association with Harvard School of Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Konstantinos C Makris
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health in association with Harvard School of Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Charisiadis P, Andra SS, Makris KC, Christodoulou M, Christophi CA, Kargaki S, Stephanou EG. Household cleaning activities as noningestion exposure determinants of urinary trihalomethanes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 48:770-780. [PMID: 24266582 DOI: 10.1021/es404220z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Previous epidemiological studies linking drinking water total trihalomethanes (THM) with pregnancy disorders or bladder cancer have not accounted for specific household cleaning activities that could enhance THM exposures. We examined the relation between household cleaning activities (washing dishes/clothes, mopping, toilet cleaning, and washing windows/surfaces) and urinary THM concentrations accounting for water sources, uses, and demographics. A cross-sectional study (n = 326) was conducted during the summer in Nicosia, Cyprus, linking household addresses to the geocoded public water pipe network, individual household tap water, and urinary THM measurements. Household tap water THM concentrations ranged between 3-129 μg L(-1), while the median (Q1, Q3) creatinine-adjusted urinary THM concentration in females (669 ng g(-1) (353, 1377)) was significantly (p < 0.001) higher than that in males (399 ng g(-1), (256, 681)). Exposure assessment, based on THM exposure equivalency units, showed that hand dishwashing, mopping, and toilet cleaning significantly (p < 0.001) increased urinary THM levels. The effect of dishwashing by females ≥36 y of age remained significant, even after adjusting for potential confounders. No significant (p > 0.05) association was observed between ingestion-based THM exposure equivalency units and urinary THM. Noningestion routes of THM exposures during performance of routine household cleaning activities were shown for the first time to exert a major influence on urinary THM levels. It is warranted that future pregnancy-birth cohorts include monitoring of noningestion household THM exposures in their study design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Charisiadis
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health in association with Harvard School of Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology , Irenes 95, Limassol, 3041, Cyprus
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Evans AM, Wright JM, Meyer A, Rivera-Núñez Z. Spatial variation of disinfection by-product concentrations: exposure assessment implications. WATER RESEARCH 2013; 47:6130-6140. [PMID: 23993731 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The use of public water system (PWS) average trihalomethane (THM) and haloacetic acid (HAA) concentrations as surrogates of "personal" exposures in epidemiological studies of disinfection by-products (DBPs) may result in exposure misclassification bias from various sources of measurement error including intra-system variation of DBPs. Using 2000-2004 data from 107 PWSs in Massachusetts, we assessed two approaches for characterizing DBP spatial variability by identifying PWSs with low spatial variability (LSV) and examining differences in LSV across DBP groups and by type of source water and primary disinfectant. We also used spatial differences to examine the association between THM concentrations and indices of social disadvantage; however, we found no correlations or statistically significant differences based on the available data. We observed similar patterns for the percentage of quarterly sampling dates with LSV across different types of source water for all DBPs but not across disinfectants. We found there was little overlap between sites classified as having LSV across different DBP groups. In the main analysis, we found moderate correlations between both approaches (φ(THM4) = 0.55; φ(BrTHM) = 0.64; φ(HAA5) = 0.67); although Method 1 (based on concentration differences between samples) may be better suited for identifying PWSs for inclusion in epidemiological studies because it is more easily adapted to study-specific exposure gradients than Method 2 (based on categorical exposure percentiles). These data reinforce the need to consider different exposure assessment approaches when examining the spatial variation of multiple DBP surrogates as they can represent different DBP mixtures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Evans
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, 26 West Martin Luther King Blvd (MS-A110), Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Padula AM, Tager IB, Carmichael SL, Hammond SK, Yang W, Lurmann FW, Shaw GM. Traffic-related air pollution and selected birth defects in the San Joaquin Valley of California. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 97:730-5. [PMID: 24108522 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Birth defects are a leading cause of infant morbidity and mortality. Studies suggest associations between environmental contaminants and some structural anomalies, although evidence is limited and several anomalies have not been investigated previously. METHODS We used data from the California Center of the National Birth Defects Prevention Study and the Children's Health and Air Pollution Study to estimate the odds of 26 congenital birth defect phenotypes with respect to quartiles of seven ambient air pollutant and traffic exposures in California during the first 2 months of pregnancy, 1997 to 2006 (874 cases and 849 controls). We calculated odds ratios (adjusted for maternal race/ethnicity, education, and vitamin use; aOR) for 11 phenotypes that had at least 40 cases. RESULTS Few odds ratios had confidence intervals that did not include 1.0. Odds of esophageal atresia were increased for the highest versus lowest of traffic density (aOR = 2.8, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-7.4) and PM10 exposure (aOR 4.9; 95% CI, 1.4-17.2). PM₁₀ was associated with a decreased risk of hydrocephaly (aOR= 0.3; 95% CI, 0.1-0.9) and CO with decreased risk of anotia/microtia (aOR = 0.4; 95% CI, 0.2-0.8) and transverse limb deficiency (aOR = 0.4; 95% CI, 0.2-0.9), again reflecting highest versus lowest quartile comparisons. CONCLUSION Most analyses showed no substantive association between air pollution and the selected birth defects with few exceptions of mixed results.
Collapse
|
30
|
Padula AM, Tager IB, Carmichael SL, Hammond SK, Lurmann F, Shaw GM. The association of ambient air pollution and traffic exposures with selected congenital anomalies in the San Joaquin Valley of California. Am J Epidemiol 2013; 177:1074-85. [PMID: 23538941 PMCID: PMC3697063 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kws367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital anomalies are a leading cause of infant mortality and are important contributors to subsequent morbidity. Studies suggest associations between environmental contaminants and some anomalies, although evidence is limited. We aimed to investigate whether ambient air pollutant and traffic exposures in early gestation contribute to the risk of selected congenital anomalies in the San Joaquin Valley of California, 1997-2006. Seven exposures and 5 outcomes were included for a total of 35 investigated associations. We observed increased odds of neural tube defects when comparing the highest with the lowest quartile of exposure for several pollutants after adjusting for maternal race/ethnicity, education, and multivitamin use. The adjusted odds ratio for neural tube defects among those with the highest carbon monoxide exposure was 1.9 (95% confidence interval: 1.1, 3.2) compared with those with the lowest exposure, and there was a monotonic exposure-response across quartiles. The highest quartile of nitrogen oxide exposure was associated with neural tube defects (adjusted odds ratio = 1.8, 95% confidence interval: 1.1, 2.8). The adjusted odds ratio for the highest quartile of nitrogen dioxide exposure was 1.7 (95% confidence interval: 1.1, 2.7). Ozone was associated with decreased odds of neural tube defects. Our results extend the limited body of evidence regarding air pollution exposure and adverse birth outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Padula
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 1265 Welch Road, Stanford, CA 94305-5415, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wei X, Chen X, Wang X, Zheng W, Zhang D, Tian D, Jiang S, Ong CN, He G, Qu W. Occurrence of regulated and emerging iodinated DBPs in the Shanghai drinking water. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59677. [PMID: 23555742 PMCID: PMC3608560 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Drinking water chlorination plays a pivotal role in preventing pathogen contamination against water-borne disease. However, chemical disinfection leads to the formation of halogenated disinfection by products (DBPs). Many DBPs are highly toxic and are of health concern. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive measurements of DBPs, including iodoacetic acid (IAA), iodoform (IF), nine haloacetic acids and four trihalomethanes in drinking waters from 13 water plants in Shanghai, China. The results suggested that IAA and IF were found in all the water treatment plants, with maximum levels of 1.66 µg/L and 1.25 µg/L for IAA and IF, respectively. Owing to deterioration of water quality, the Huangpu River has higher IAA and IF than the Yangtze River. Our results also demonstrated that low pH, high natural organic matter, ammonia nitrogen, and iodide in source waters increased IAA and IF formation. Compared to chlorine, chloramines resulted in higher concentration of iodinated DBP, but reduced the levels of trihalomethanes. This is the first study to reveal the widespread occurrence of IAA and IF in drinking water in China. The data provide a better understanding on the formation of iodinated disinfection byproducts and the findings should be useful for treatment process improvement and disinfection byproducts controls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wei
- Key Laboratory of the Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Grazuleviciene R, Kapustinskiene V, Vencloviene J, Buinauskiene J, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ. Risk of congenital anomalies in relation to the uptake of trihalomethane from drinking water during pregnancy. Occup Environ Med 2013; 70:274-82. [PMID: 23404756 PMCID: PMC3607117 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2012-101093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Congenital anomalies have been inconsistently associated with maternal crude estimated exposure to drinking water trihalomethane (THM). We investigated the relationship between individual THM uptake during the first trimester of pregnancy and congenital anomalies. METHODS We estimated maternal THM uptake for 3074 live births using residential tap water concentrations, drinking water ingestion, showering and bathing, and uptake factors of THM in the blood. Multiple logistic regression was used to investigate the association of THM exposure with congenital anomalies. RESULTS We observed no statistically significant relationships between congenital anomalies and the total THM internal dose. We found little indication of a dose-response relationship for brominated THM and congenital heart anomalies. The relationship was statistically significant for bromodichloromethane (BDCM) (OR=2.16, 95% CI 1.05 to 4.46, highest vs lowest tertile) during the first month of pregnancy. During the first trimester of pregnancy, the probability of developing heart anomalies increased for every 0.1 μg/d increase in the BDCM and for every 0.01 μg/d increase in the internal dibromochloromethane (DBCM) dose (OR 1.70, 95% CI 1.09 to 2.66, and OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.54, respectively). A dose-response relationship was evident for musculoskeletal anomalies and DBCM exposure during the first and second months of pregnancy, while BDCM exposure tended to increase the risk of urogenital anomalies. CONCLUSIONS This study shows some evidence for an association between the internal dose of THM and the risk of congenital anomalies. In particular, increased prenatal exposure to brominated THM might increase the risk of congenital heart and musculoskeletal anomalies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Regina Grazuleviciene
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vytauto DidŽiojo universitetas, Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Dadvand P, Grellier J, Martinez D, Vrijheid M. Environmental risk factors of pregnancy outcomes: a summary of recent meta-analyses of epidemiological studies. Environ Health 2013; 12:6. [PMID: 23320899 PMCID: PMC3582445 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-12-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various epidemiological studies have suggested associations between environmental exposures and pregnancy outcomes. Some studies have tempted to combine information from various epidemiological studies using meta-analysis. We aimed to describe the methodologies used in these recent meta-analyses of environmental exposures and pregnancy outcomes. Furthermore, we aimed to report their main findings. METHODS We conducted a bibliographic search with relevant search terms. We obtained and evaluated 16 recent meta-analyses. RESULTS The number of studies included in each reported meta-analysis varied greatly, with the largest number of studies available for environmental tobacco smoke. Only a small number of the studies reported having followed meta-analysis guidelines or having used a quality rating system. Generally they tested for heterogeneity and publication bias. Publication bias did not occur frequently.The meta-analyses found statistically significant negative associations between environmental tobacco smoke and stillbirth, birth weight and any congenital anomalies; PM2.5 and preterm birth; outdoor air pollution and some congenital anomalies; indoor air pollution from solid fuel use and stillbirth and birth weight; polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) exposure and birth weight; disinfection by-products in water and stillbirth, small for gestational age and some congenital anomalies; occupational exposure to pesticides and solvents and some congenital anomalies; and agent orange and some congenital anomalies. CONCLUSIONS The number of meta-analyses of environmental exposures and pregnancy outcomes is small and they vary in methodology. They reported statistically significant associations between environmental exposures such as environmental tobacco smoke, air pollution and chemicals and pregnancy outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Nieuwenhuijsen
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona, 08003, Spain
- Municipal Institute of Medical Research (IMIM-Hospital del Mar), Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona, 08003, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Payam Dadvand
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona, 08003, Spain
- Municipal Institute of Medical Research (IMIM-Hospital del Mar), Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona, 08003, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - James Grellier
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona, 08003, Spain
- Municipal Institute of Medical Research (IMIM-Hospital del Mar), Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona, 08003, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Martinez
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona, 08003, Spain
- Municipal Institute of Medical Research (IMIM-Hospital del Mar), Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona, 08003, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martine Vrijheid
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona, 08003, Spain
- Municipal Institute of Medical Research (IMIM-Hospital del Mar), Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona, 08003, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Righi E, Bechtold P, Tortorici D, Lauriola P, Calzolari E, Astolfi G, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Fantuzzi G, Aggazzotti G. Trihalomethanes, chlorite, chlorate in drinking water and risk of congenital anomalies: a population-based case-control study in Northern Italy. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2012; 116:66-73. [PMID: 22578809 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2012.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological evidence of an association between disinfection by-products (DBPs) exposure via drinking water and reproductive outcomes is still inconclusive. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the association between trihalomethanes (THMs), chlorite and chlorate exposure and congenital anomalies. METHODS A case-control study was carried out in Emilia-Romagna Region (Italy). Data on 1917 different congenital anomalies (neural tube, cardiac, diaphragm and abdominal wall, oesophagus, cleft lip and palate, respiratory, urinary tract and chromosomal anomalies) observed in the period 2002-2005 were extracted from the Regional Malformation Registry. Four controls (newborns without anomalies) were randomly selected form the Regional Birth Register and frequency matched to cases according to pregnancy period. The network supplying water during the first trimester of pregnancy was identified on the basis of mother's address: DBPs data, technical and structural information were linked to each subject. RESULTS Overall, THMs exposure was very low (mean: 3.8±3.6 μg/l), and no risk excess was observed. Chlorite and chlorate values were fairly high (mean: 427±184 μg/l and 283±79 μg/l, respectively). Women exposed to chlorite level >700 μg/l were at higher risk of newborns with renal defects (OR: 3.30; 95% IC: 1.35-8.09), abdominal wall defects (OR: 6.88; 95% IC: 1.67-28.33) and cleft palate (OR: 4.1; 95% IC: 0.98-16.8); women exposed to chlorate level >200 μg/l were at higher risk of newborns with obstructive urinary defects (OR: 2.88; 95% IC: 1.09-7.63), cleft palate (OR: 9.60; 95% IC:1.04-88.9) and spina bifida (OR: 4.94; 95% IC:1.10-22). CONCLUSIONS This was the first study showing an excess risk of different congenital anomalies related to chlorite and chlorate exposure via drinking water: further research is needed to confirm the observed relationships in large datasets, specifically for chlorate, an unregulated DBP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Righi
- Departiment of Public Health Sciences, University of Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Rivera-Núñez Z, Wright JM, Blount BC, Silva LK, Jones E, Chan RL, Pegram RA, Singer PC, Savitz DA. Comparison of trihalomethanes in tap water and blood: a case study in the United States. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2012; 120:661-7. [PMID: 22281753 PMCID: PMC3346785 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1104347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies have used various measures to characterize trihalomethane (THM) exposures, but the relationship of these indicators to exposure biomarkers remains unclear. OBJECTIVES We examined temporal and spatial variability in baseline blood THM concentrations and assessed the relationship between these concentrations and several exposure indicators (tap water concentration, water-use activities, multiroute exposure metrics). METHODS We measured water-use activity and THM concentrations in blood and residential tap water from 150 postpartum women from three U.S. locations. RESULTS Blood ΣTHM [sum of chloroform (TCM), bromodichloromethane (BDCM), dibromo-chloromethane (DBCM), and bromoform (TBM)] concentrations varied by site and season. As expected based on variable tap water concentrations and toxicokinetic properties, the proportion of brominated species (BDCM, DBCM, and TBM) in blood varied by site (site 1, 24%; site 2, 29%; site 3, 57%) but varied less markedly than in tap water (site 1, 35%; site 2, 75%; site 3, 68%). The blood-water ΣTHM Spearman rank correlation coefficient was 0.36, with correlations higher for individual brominated species (BDCM, 0.62; DBCM, 0.53; TBM, 0.54) than for TCM (0.37). Noningestion water activities contributed more to the total exposure metric than did ingestion, but tap water THM concentrations were more predictive of blood THM levels than were metrics that incorporated water use. CONCLUSIONS Spatial and temporal variability in THM concentrations was greater in water than in blood. We found consistent blood-water correlations across season and site for BDCM and DBCM, and multivariate regression results suggest that water THM concentrations may be an adequate surro-gate for baseline blood levels.
Collapse
|
36
|
Colman J, Rice GE, Wright JM, Hunter ES, Teuschler LK, Lipscomb JC, Hertzberg RC, Simmons JE, Fransen M, Osier M, Narotsky MG. Identification of developmentally toxic drinking water disinfection byproducts and evaluation of data relevant to mode of action. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 254:100-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2008] [Revised: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
37
|
Parvez S, Rivera-Núñez Z, Meyer A, Wright JM. Temporal variability in trihalomethane and haloacetic acid concentrations in Massachusetts public drinking water systems. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2011; 111:499-509. [PMID: 21316653 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2010.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Previous epidemiological studies in Massachusetts have reported a risk of adverse health outcomes in relation to disinfection by-product (DBP) exposures. Measurement error due to the use of indirect exposure surrogates can lead to misclassification bias in epidemiological studies; therefore, it is important to characterize exposure variability in these populations to assess the potential for exposure misclassification. We used 19,944 trihalomethane (THM) samples and 9291 haloacetic acid (HAA) samples collected in 201 public water systems (PWSs) in Massachusetts to examine temporal variability under different drinking water sources and disinfection types. Annual and seasonal variability was also examined in 46 PWSs with complete quarterly THM4 (i.e., the sum of 4 individual THMs) data from 1995 to 2004 and 19 PWSs with complete HAA5 (i.e., the sum of 5 individual HAAs) data from 2001 to 2004. The quarterly ratio of THM4 and HAA5 and correlations between THM4, HAA5 and individual DBP species were examined to determine the adequacy of using different exposure surrogates in epidemiological studies. Individual PWSs were used to examine monthly variability in relation to quarterly averages. Based on all available matched samples (n=9003) from 1995 to 2004 data, we found a correlation of 0.52 for THM4 and HAA5. The correlation was stronger among the 62 ground water systems (r(s)=0.62) compared to the 81 surface water (r(s)=0.45) and 40 mixed water (r(s)=0.39) systems. Mean THM4 levels were fairly stable over the 10-year study period for 46 PWSs including 39 PWSs that did not change disinfection. Large reductions (∼40 μg/L) in mean THM4 data were found among seven systems that switched from chlorination to alternative disinfectants. As expected, the highest mean THM4 values were detected for Quarter 3, while the lowest values were found in Quarter 1. The highest HAA5 values were detected in Quarters 2 and 3 and the lowest was found in Quarter 4. Data from four systems showed mean differences up to 66 μg/L (67% change) in successive months and by 46 μg/L compared to quarterly mean concentrations. Although longer-term disinfection by-product temporality may be minimal in this study population, the use of monthly average concentrations for exposure assessment may be needed for some PWSs to minimize misclassification of narrow critical periods of exposure in epidemiological studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Parvez
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, 1299 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Iszatt N, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Nelson P, Elliott P, Toledano MB. Water consumption and use, trihalomethane exposure, and the risk of hypospadias. Pediatrics 2011; 127:e389-97. [PMID: 21220402 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2009-3356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hypospadias is a congenital anomaly that affects up to 70 in 10 000 males. Ingestion of drinking-water-disinfection byproducts such as trihalomethanes (THMs) has been associated with hypospadias in a small sample. We examined risk of hypospadias and exposure to THMs through water consumption and use. METHODS Between September 2000 and March 2003, we interviewed mothers of 471 boys with hypospadias and 490 controls in southeast England about maternal water consumption, dishwashing, showering, bathing and swimming. We obtained residential THM concentrations from the water companies and linked them by using Geographical Information Systems, which provided data on 468 case-subjects and 485 controls. RESULTS THM exposures, except for ingestion of ≥ 6 μg/day of bromodichloromethane (odds ratio [OR]: 1.65 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02-2.69]), were not associated with risk of hypospadias. Elevated risk of hypospadias was associated with estimates of consumption of cold tap water at home (OR: 1.71 [95% CI: 1.07-2.76]), total water (OR: 1.70 [95% CI: 1.09-2.67]), bottled water (OR: 1.64 [95% CI: 1.09-2.48]), and total fluid (OR: 1.55 [95% CI: 1.01-2.39]) for the highest versus the lowest categories; the first 2 showed dose-response trends. CONCLUSIONS Evidence for an association between maternal water consumption and risk of hypospadias did not seem to be explained by THM exposure. Factors that influence maternal water consumption or other contaminants in tap or bottled water might explain this finding. It is important that women maintain an adequate fluid intake during pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Iszatt
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Martinez D, Grellier J, Bennett J, Best N, Iszatt N, Vrijheid M, Toledano MB. Chlorination disinfection by-products in drinking water and congenital anomalies: review and meta-analyses. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s1413-81232010000800015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to review epidemiologic evidence of the association between exposure to chlorination disinfection by-products (DBPs) and congenital anomalies. All epidemiologic studies that evaluated a relationship between an index of DBP exposure and risk of congenital anomalies were analyzed. For all congenital anomalies combined, the meta-analysis gave a statistically significant excess risk for high versus low exposure to water chlorination or TTHM (17%; 95% CI, 3-34) based on a small number of studies. The meta-analysis also suggested a statistically significant excess risk for ventricular septal defects (58%; 95% CI, 21-107), but based on only three studies, and there was little evidence of an exposure-response relationship. It was observed no statistically significant relationships in the other meta-analyses and little evidence for publication bias, except for urinary tract defects and cleft lip and palate. Although some individual studies have suggested an association between chlorination disinfection by-products and congenital anomalies, meta-analyses of all currently available studies demonstrate little evidence of such association.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark J. Nieuwenhuijsen
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Spain; Municipal Institute of Medical Research, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Spain; Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - David Martinez
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Spain; Municipal Institute of Medical Research, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Martine Vrijheid
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Spain; Municipal Institute of Medical Research, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Firth J, Balraj V, Muliyil J, Roy S, Rani LM, Chandresekhar R, Kang G. Point-of-use interventions to decrease contamination of drinking water: a randomized, controlled pilot study on efficacy, effectiveness, and acceptability of closed containers, Moringa oleifera, and in-home chlorination in rural South India. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2010; 82:759-65. [PMID: 20439952 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess water contamination and the relative effectiveness of three options for point-of-use water treatment in South India, we conducted a 6-month randomized, controlled intervention trial using chlorine, Moringa oleifera seeds, a closed valved container, and controls. One hundred twenty-six families participated. Approximately 70% of public drinking water sources had thermotolerant coliform counts > 100/100 mL. Neither M. oleifera seeds nor containers reduced coliform counts in water samples from participants' homes. Chlorine reduced thermotolerant coliform counts to potable levels, but was less acceptable to participants. Laboratory testing of M. oleifera seeds in water from the village confirmed the lack of reduction in coliform counts, in contrast to the improvement seen with Escherichia coli seeded distilled water. This discrepancy merits further study, as M. oleifera was effective in reducing coliform counts in other studies and compliance with Moringa use in this study was high.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Firth
- Warren Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
|
42
|
Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Grellier J, Smith R, Iszatt N, Bennett J, Best N, Toledano M. The epidemiology and possible mechanisms of disinfection by-products in drinking water. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2009; 367:4043-4076. [PMID: 19736233 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2009.0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This paper summarizes the epidemiological evidence for adverse health effects associated with disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water and describes the potential mechanism of action. There appears to be good epidemiological evidence for a relationship between exposure to DBPs, as measured by trihalomethanes (THMs), in drinking water and bladder cancer, but the evidence for other cancers including colorectal cancer is inconclusive and inconsistent. There appears to be some evidence for an association between exposure to DBPs, specifically THMs, and little for gestational age/intrauterine growth retardation and, to a lesser extent, pre-term delivery, but evidence for relationships with other outcomes such as low birth weight, stillbirth, congenital anomalies and semen quality is inconclusive and inconsistent. Major limitations in exposure assessment, small sample sizes and potential biases may account for the inconclusive and inconsistent results in epidemiological studies. Moreover, most studies have focused on total THMs as the exposure metric, whereas other DBPs appear to be more toxic than the THMs, albeit generally occurring at lower levels in the water. The mechanisms through which DBPs may cause adverse health effects including cancer and adverse reproductive effects have not been well investigated. Several mechanisms have been suggested, including genotoxicity, oxidative stress, disruption of folate metabolism, disruption of the synthesis and/or secretion of placental syncytiotrophoblast-derived chorionic gonadotropin and lowering of testosterone levels, but further work is required in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Nieuwenhuijsen
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona-PRBB (Office 183.05), , C. Doctor Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Martinez D, Grellier J, Bennett J, Best N, Iszatt N, Vrijheid M, Toledano MB. Chlorination disinfection by-products in drinking water and congenital anomalies: review and meta-analyses. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2009; 117:1486-93. [PMID: 20019896 PMCID: PMC2790500 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0900677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to review epidemiologic evidence, provide summary risk estimates of the association between exposure to chlorination disinfection by-products (DBPs) and congenital anomalies, and provide recommendations for future studies. DATA SOURCES AND EXTRACTION We included all published epidemiologic studies that evaluated a relationship between an index of DBP exposure (treatment, water source, DBP measurements, and both DBP measurements and personal characteristics) and risk of congenital anomalies. When three or more studies examined the same exposure index and congenital anomaly, we conducted a meta-analysis to obtain a summary risk estimate comparing the highest exposure group with the lowest exposure group. When five or more studies examined total trihalomethane (TTHM) exposure and a specific congenital anomaly, we conducted a meta-analysis to obtain exposure-response risk estimates per 10 microg/L TTHM. DATA SYNTHESIS For all congenital anomalies combined, the meta-analysis gave a statistically significant excess risk for high versus low exposure to water chlorination or TTHM [17%; 95% confidence interval (CI), 3-34] based on a small number of studies. The meta-analysis also suggested a statistically significant excess risk for ventricular septal defects (58%; 95% CI, 21-107), but this was based on only three studies, and there was little evidence of an exposure-response relationship. We observed no statistically significant relationships in the other meta-analyses. We found little evidence for publication bias, except for urinary tract defects and cleft lip and palate. CONCLUSION Although some individual studies have suggested an association between chlorination disinfection by-products and congenital anomalies, meta-analyses of all currently available studies demonstrate little evidence of such an association.
Collapse
|
44
|
Hrudey SE. Chlorination disinfection by-products, public health risk tradeoffs and me. WATER RESEARCH 2009; 43:2057-92. [PMID: 19304309 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2009.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2008] [Revised: 02/05/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2009] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Since 1974 when trihalomethanes (THMs) were first reported as disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water, there has been an enormous research effort directed at understanding how DBPs are formed in the chlorination or chloramination of drinking water, how these chlorination DBPs can be minimized and whether they pose a public health risk, mainly in the form of cancer or adverse reproductive outcomes. Driven by continuing analytical advances, the original DBPs, the THMs, have been expanded to include over 600 DBPs that have now been reported in drinking water. The historical risk assessment context which presumed cancer could be mainly attributed to exposure to environmental carcinogens played a major role in defining regulatory responses to chlorination DBPs which, in turn, strongly influenced the DBP research agenda. There are now more than 30 years of drinking water quality, treatment and health effects research, including more than 60 epidemiology studies on human populations, directed at the chlorination DBP issue. These provide considerable scope to reflect on what we know now, how our understanding has changed, what those changes mean for public health risk management overall and where we should look to better understand and manage this issue in the future.
Collapse
|
45
|
Current awareness in prenatal diagnosis. Prenat Diagn 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pd.2094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
46
|
|