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Wang F, Song H, Xu F, Xu J, Wang L, Yang F, Zhu Y, Tan G. Role of hepatitis B virus non-structural protein HBx on HBV replication, interferon signaling, and hepatocarcinogenesis. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1322892. [PMID: 38188582 PMCID: PMC10767994 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1322892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B, a global health concern caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV), infects nearly 2 billion individuals worldwide, as reported by the World Health Organization (WHO). HBV, a hepatotropic DNA virus, predominantly targets and replicates within hepatocytes. Those carrying the virus are at increased risk of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, resulting in nearly 900,000 fatalities annually. The HBV X protein (HBx), encoded by the virus's open reading frame x, plays a key role in its virulence. This protein is integral to viral replication, immune modulation, and liver cancer progression. Despite its significance, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying HBx remain elusive. This review investigates the HBx protein's roles in HBV replication, interferon signaling regulation, and hepatocellular carcinoma progression. By understanding the complex interactions between the virus and its host mediated by HBx, we aim to establish a solid foundation for future research and the development of HBx-targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Department of Hepatology, Center for Pathogen Biology and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Hongxiao Song
- Department of Hepatology, Center for Pathogen Biology and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Fengchao Xu
- Department of Hepatology, Center for Pathogen Biology and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Health Examination Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Le Wang
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yujia Zhu
- Department of Hepatology, Center for Pathogen Biology and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Guangyun Tan
- Department of Hepatology, Center for Pathogen Biology and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Zhang L, Wang S, Zhang Y, Li F, Yu C. Sulforaphane alleviates lung ischemia‑reperfusion injury through activating Nrf‑2/HO‑1 signaling. Exp Ther Med 2023; 25:265. [PMID: 37206558 PMCID: PMC10189751 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.11964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and inflammation are both involved in the pathogenesis of lung ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Sulforaphane (SFN) is a natural product with cytoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. The present study hypothesized that SFN may protect against lung I/R injury via the regulation of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory-related pathways. A rat model of lung I/R injury was established, and rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: Sham group, I/R group, and SFN group. It was shown that SFN protected against a pathological inflammatory response via inhibition of neutrophil accumulation and in the reduction of the serum levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α. SFN treatment also significantly inhibited lung reactive oxygen species production, decreased the levels of 8-OH-dG and malondialdehyde, and reversed the decrease in the antioxidant activities of the enzymes catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase in the lungs of the I/R treated rats. In addition, SFN ameliorated I/R-induced lung apoptosis in rats by suppressing Bax and cleaved caspase-3 levels and increased Bcl-2 expression. Furthermore, SFN treatment activated an Nrf2-related antioxidant pathway, as indicated by the increased nuclear transfer of Nrf2 and the downstream HO-1 and NADPH quinone oxidoreductase-1. In conclusion, these findings suggested that SFN protected against I/R-induced lung lesions in rats via activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and the accompanied anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, Shandong 264001, P.R. China
| | - Shuxian Wang
- Department of Respiratory, Yantai Beihai Hospital, Yantai, Shandong 265701, P.R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Emergency, Tai'an Central Hospital, Tai'an, Shandong 271000, P.R. China
| | - Fenghuan Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, Shandong 264001, P.R. China
| | - Chaoxiao Yu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, Shandong 264001, P.R. China
- Correspondence to: Dr Chaoxiao Yu, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Yantaishan Hospital, 10,087 Keji Road, Laishan, Yantai, Shandong 264001, P.R. China
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Zhuang J, Jiang Z, Chen D, Li J, Crabbe MJC, Qiu M, Zheng Y, Qu W. Thyroid-Disrupting Effects of Exposure to Fipronil and Its Metabolites from Drinking Water Based on Human Thyroid Follicular Epithelial Nthy-ori 3-1 Cell Lines. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:6072-6084. [PMID: 37022920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c08627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Fipronil is a broad-spectrum insecticide used for plants and poultry. Owing to its widespread use, fipronil and its metabolites (fipronil sulfone, fipronil desulfinyl, and fipronil sulfide), termed FPM, can be frequently detected in drinking water and food. Fipronil can affect the thyroid function of animals, but the effects of FPM on the human thyroid remain unclear. We employed human thyroid follicular epithelial Nthy-ori 3-1 cells to examine combined cytotoxic responses, thyroid-related functional proteins including the sodium-iodide symporter (NIS), thyroid peroxidase (TPO), deiodinases I-III (DIO I-III), and the nuclear factor erythroid-derived factor 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) pathway induced by FPM of 1-1000-fold concentrations detected in school drinking water collected from a heavily contaminated area of the Huai River Basin. Thyroid-disrupting effects of FPM were evaluated by examining biomarkers of oxidative stress and thyroid function and tetraiodothyronine (T4) levels secreted by Nthy-ori 3-1 cells after FPM treatment. FPM activated the expression of NRF2, HO-1 (heme oxygenase 1), TPO, DIO I, and DIO II but inhibited NIS expression and increased the T4 level of thyrocytes, indicating that FPM can disrupt the function of human thyrocytes through oxidative pathways. Given the adverse impact of low FPM concentrations on human thyrocytes, supportive evidence from rodent studies, and the critical importance of thyroid hormones on development, the effects of FPM on the neurodevelopment and growth of children warrant priority attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of the Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhiqiang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of the Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dawei Chen
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Jingguang Li
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
| | - M James C Crabbe
- Wolfson College, Oxford University, Oxford OX2 6UD, U.K
- Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Science & Technology, University of Bedfordshire, Luton LU1 3JU, U.K
| | - Meiyue Qiu
- Key Laboratory of the Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuxin Zheng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Weidong Qu
- Key Laboratory of the Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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Ashouri S, Khor SS, Hitomi Y, Sawai H, Nishida N, Sugiyama M, Kawai Y, Posuwan N, Tangkijvanich P, Komolmit P, Tsuiji M, Shotelersuk V, Poovorawan Y, Mizokami M, Tokunaga K. Genome-Wide Association Study for Chronic Hepatitis B Infection in the Thai Population. Front Genet 2022; 13:887121. [PMID: 35769989 PMCID: PMC9234442 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.887121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify novel host genetic variants that predispose to hepatitis B virus (HBV) persistence, we performed the first genome-wide association study in the Thai population involving 318 cases of chronic hepatitis B and 309 healthy controls after quality control measures. We detected the genome-wide significant association of the HLA class II region (HLA-DPA1/DPB1, rs7770370, p-value = 7.71 × 10−10, OR = 0.49) with HBV chronicity. Subsequent HLA allele imputation revealed HLA-DPA1*01:03 (Pc = 1.21 × 10−6, OR = 0.53), HLA-DPB1*02:01 (Pc = 2.17 × 10−3, OR = 0.50), and HLA-DQB1*06:09 (Pc = 2.17 × 10−2, OR = 0.07) as protective alleles, and HLA-DPA1*02:02 (Pc = 6.32 × 10−5, OR = 1.63), HLA-DPB1*05:01 (Pc = 1.13 × 10−4, OR = 1.72), HLA-DPB1*13:01 (Pc = 4.68 × 10−2, OR = 1.60), and HLA-DQB1*03:03 (Pc = 1.11 × 10−3, OR = 1.84) as risk alleles for HBV persistence. We also detected suggestive associations in the PLSCR1 (rs35766154), PDLIM5 (rs62321986), SGPL1 (rs144998273), and MGST1 (rs1828682) loci. Among single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the PLSCR1 locus, rs1061307 was identified as the primary functional variant by in silico/in vitro functional analysis. In addition to replicating the association of the HLA class II region, we detected novel candidate loci that provide new insights into the pathophysiology of chronic hepatitis B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeideh Ashouri
- Genome Medical Science Project, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Toyama, Tokyo,Japan
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Saeideh Ashouri, ; Katsushi Tokunaga,
| | - Seik-Soon Khor
- Genome Medical Science Project, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Toyama, Tokyo,Japan
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Hitomi
- Department of Microbiology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromi Sawai
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nao Nishida
- Genome Medical Science Project, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masaya Sugiyama
- Genome Medical Science Project, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yosuke Kawai
- Genome Medical Science Project, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Toyama, Tokyo,Japan
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nawarat Posuwan
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Pathum Thani, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pisit Tangkijvanich
- Center of Excellence in Hepatitis and Liver Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Piyawat Komolmit
- Center of Excellence in Liver Diseases, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
- Liver Fibrosis and Cirrhosis Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Makoto Tsuiji
- Department of Microbiology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Vorasuk Shotelersuk
- Department of Pediatrics, Center of Excellence for Medical Genomics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yong Poovorawan
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Masashi Mizokami
- Genome Medical Science Project, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Katsushi Tokunaga
- Genome Medical Science Project, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Toyama, Tokyo,Japan
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Saeideh Ashouri, ; Katsushi Tokunaga,
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Li B, Li Y, Li S, Li H, Liu L, Xu Y. Inhibition of Protease Activated Receptor 2 Attenuates HBx-Induced Inflammation and Mitochondria Oxidative Stress. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:961-973. [PMID: 35299854 PMCID: PMC8921841 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s343864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of the global public problems. Among the known infection cases, HBV X protein (HBx) is one of the key inducements of viral replication and host infection. This study was aimed to uncover the role of protease activated receptor 2 (PAR2) on HBx-induced liver injury. METHODS A PAR2-KO mouse model expressing HBx was constructed using hydrodynamics-based in vivo gene transfection method. In addition, pcDNA3.1-HBx was used to over-express HBx in LO2 cells. The effects of HBx overexpression on inflammation and mitochondria oxidative stress were evaluated. RESULTS We found that PAR2 protein level was increased by HBx overexpression. The enforced HBx inhibited LO2 cells apoptosis. Meanwhile, HBx induced inflammation reactions through promoting the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, and CXCL-2. Overexpressed HBx also resulted in mitochondria oxidative stress by upregulation of ROS level and downregulation of MMP and ATP. However, in FSLLRY-NH2 (PAR2 antagonist) treated LO2 cells or PAR2-KO mice, PAR2 blockade reversed the above adverse effects of HBx on liver cells or tissues. CONCLUSION Inhibition of PAR2 may suppress inflammation and mitochondria oxidative stress caused by HBx, pointing out the potential application values of PAR2 antagonist on the treatment of HBV infection in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- Laboratory of Immunology and Pathogenic Biology, Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou City, Liaoning Province, 121001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yonggang Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou City, Liaoning Province, 121001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuhua Li
- Laboratory of Immunology and Pathogenic Biology, Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou City, Liaoning Province, 121001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Li
- Laboratory of Immunology and Pathogenic Biology, Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou City, Liaoning Province, 121001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Liu
- Laboratory of Immunology and Pathogenic Biology, Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou City, Liaoning Province, 121001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yao Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou City, Liaoning Province, 121001, People’s Republic of China
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In vitro neuroprotective effects of allicin on Alzheimer’s disease model of neuroblastoma cell line. JOURNAL OF SURGERY AND MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.28982/josam.1068336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Li M, Ning J, Huang H, Jiang S, Zhuo D. Allicin protects against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury by attenuating oxidative stress and apoptosis. Int Urol Nephrol 2021; 54:1761-1768. [PMID: 34825305 PMCID: PMC9184421 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-021-03014-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Studies have demonstrated that allicin may play critical roles in the procession of ischemia–reperfusion(I/R) injury. The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effects of allicin on renal I/R injury by attenuating oxidative stress and apoptosis. Methods To establish a model of renal I/R, the right kidney underwent 12 h reperfusion after 45 min ischemia, allicin was administered intraperitoneally at concentrations of 40, 50 or 60 mg/kg. NRK-52E cells were treated with allicin at concentrations of 1, 3 or 5 μM in 24 h hypoxia/ 6 h reoxygenation(H/R) treatments. Indicators of HE, oxidative stress, apoptosis were measured to evaluate the effect of aliicin on renal I/R injury. Results Allicin protected renal I/R injury by ameliorating histological injury and decreasing the oxidative stress in renal tissues. Meanwhile, allicin significantly downregulated the expression of Bax and caspase-3, upregulated the expression of Bcl-2 in I/R renal tissues and H/R treated NRK-52E cells. Conclusions Allicin may exert anti-apoptotic and antioxidative effects to promote renal function recovery in I/R renal tissues and H/R treated NRK-52E cells. Taken together, allicin may be a potential novel therapy option for future renal injury protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maolin Li
- Department of Urology, Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinzhuo Ning
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Houbao Huang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, 241002, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuchuan Jiang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, 241002, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Zhuo
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, 241002, People's Republic of China.
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Siddiqui ZI, Azam SA, Khan WH, Afroz M, Farooqui SR, Amir F, Azmi MI, Anwer A, Khan S, Mehmankhah M, Parveen S, Kazim SN. An in vitro Study on the Role of Hepatitis B Virus X Protein C-Terminal Truncation in Liver Disease Development. Front Genet 2021; 12:633341. [PMID: 33777103 PMCID: PMC7994528 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.633341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus X protein C-terminal 127 amino acid truncation is often found expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissue samples. The present in vitro study tried to determine the role of this truncation mutant in the hepatitis B-related liver diseases such as fibrosis, cirrhosis, HCC, and metastasis. HBx gene and its 127 amino acid truncation mutant were cloned in mammalian expression vectors and transfected in human hepatoma cell line. Changes in cell growth/proliferation, cell cycle phase distribution, expression of cell cycle regulatory genes, mitochondrial depolarization, and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level were analyzed. Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged version of HBx and the truncation mutant were also created and the effects of truncation on HBx intracellular expression pattern and localization were studied. Effect of time lapse on protein expression pattern was also analyzed. The truncation mutant of HBx is more efficient in inducing cell proliferation, and causes more ROS production and less mitochondrial depolarization as compared with wild type (wt) HBx. In addition, gene expression is altered in favor of carcinogenesis in the presence of the truncation mutant. Furthermore, mitochondrial perinuclear aggregation is achieved earlier in the presence of the truncation mutant. Therefore, HBx C-terminal 127 amino acid truncation might be playing important roles in the development of hepatitis B-related liver diseases by inducing cell proliferation, altering gene expression, altering mitochondrial potential, inducing mitochondrial clustering and oxidative stress, and changing HBx expression pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaheenul Islam Siddiqui
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.,Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Ali Azam
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Wajihul Hasan Khan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Masarrat Afroz
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Sabihur Rahman Farooqui
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Fatima Amir
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Md Iqbal Azmi
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Ayesha Anwer
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Saniya Khan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Mahboubeh Mehmankhah
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Shama Parveen
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Syed Naqui Kazim
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
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Jabeen K, Malik U, Mansoor S, Shahzad S, Zahid S, Javed A. Effect of oxidative stress and calcium deregulation on FAM26F (CALHM6) expression during hepatitis B virus infection. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:228. [PMID: 33639860 PMCID: PMC7913464 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-05888-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Family with sequence similarity 26, member F (FAM26F) is an important innate immunity modulator playing a significant role in diverse immune responses, however, the association of FAM26F expression with HBV infection is not yet known. Thus, the current study aims to explore the differential expression of FAM26F in vitro in HepAD38 and HepG2 cell lines upon HBV infection, and in vivo in HBV infected individuals. The effects of antioxidant and calcium inhibitors on the regulation of FAM26F expression were also evaluated. The expression of FAM26F was simultaneously determined with well-established HBV infection markers: IRF3, and IFN-β. Methods The expression of FAM26F and marker genes was analyzed through Real-time qPCR and western blot. Results Our results indicate that the differential expression of FAM26F followed the same trend as that of IRF3 and IFN-β. The in vitro study revealed that, in both HBV infected cell lines, FAM26F expression was significantly down-regulated as compared to uninfected control cells. Treatment of cells with N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), EGTA-AM, BAPTA-AM, and Ru360 significantly upregulated the expression of FAM26F in both the cell lines. Moreover, in in vivo study, FAM26F expression was significantly downregulated in all HBV infected groups as compared to controls (p = 0.0007). The expression was higher in the HBV recovered cases, probably due to the decrease in infection and increase in the immunity of these individuals. Conclusion Our study is the first to show the association of FAM26F with HBV infection. It is proposed that FAM26F expression could be an early predictive marker for HBV infection, and thus is worthy of further investigation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-021-05888-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehkshan Jabeen
- Genomics Research Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Uzma Malik
- Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12 Campus, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Mansoor
- Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12 Campus, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Shaheen Shahzad
- Genomics Research Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Saadia Zahid
- Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12 Campus, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Aneela Javed
- Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12 Campus, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
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10
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Bhukya PL, C VK, Lole KS. Transcriptome analysis of hepatoma cells transfected with Basal Core Promoter (BCP) and Pre-Core (PC) mutant hepatitis B virus full genome construct. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 33595430 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with Basal Core Promoter (BCP) (A1762T/G1764A) and Pre-Core (PC) (G1896A) hepatitis B virus HBeAg mutants are associated with severe liver injury. We analysed host cell responses in HepG2/C3A, hepatoma cells transfected with infectious clones developed from genotype D wild type (WT) and BCP/PC mutant (MT) viruses isolated from an acute resolved and an acute liver failure hepatitis B case respectively. Cells transfected with MT virus construct showed ~55 % apoptosis and with WT ~30 % apoptosis at 72 h. To determine possible roles of HBe and HBx proteins in apoptosis, we cloned these genes and co-transfected cells with WT+HBe/HBx or MT+HBe/HBx constructs. Co-expression of HBe protein improved cell viability significantly in both WT and MT virus constructs, indicating an important role of HBe in protecting cells. RNA sequencing analysis carried out at 12 and 72 h post-transfection with WT virus construct showed enrichment of innate/adaptive immune response-activating signal transduction, cell survival and amino acid/nucleic acid biosynthetic pathways at 12 and 72 h. By contrast, MT virus construct showed enrichment in host defence pathways and some biosynthetic pathways at the early time point (12 h), and inflammatory response, secretary granule, regulation of membrane potential and stress response regulatory pathways at the late time point (72 h). There was a significant down-regulation of genes involved in endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial functions and metabolism with MT construct and this possibly led to induction of apoptosis in cells. Considering rapid apoptotic changes in cells transfected with MT construct, it can be speculated that HBeAg plays a crucial role in cell survival. It enhances induction of metabolic and synthetic pathways and facilitates management of cellular stress that is induced due to hepatitis B virus infection/replication.
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Saxena R, Saribas S, Jadiya P, Tomar D, Kaminski R, Elrod JW, Safak M. Human neurotropic polyomavirus, JC virus, agnoprotein targets mitochondrion and modulates its functions. Virology 2021; 553:135-153. [PMID: 33278736 PMCID: PMC7847276 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
JC virus encodes an important regulatory protein, known as Agnoprotein (Agno). We have recently reported Agno's first protein-interactome with its cellular partners revealing that it targets various cellular networks and organelles, including mitochondria. Here, we report further characterization of the functional consequences of its mitochondrial targeting and demonstrated its co-localization with the mitochondrial networks and with the mitochondrial outer membrane. The mitochondrial targeting sequence (MTS) of Agno and its dimerization domain together play major roles in this targeting. Data also showed alterations in various mitochondrial functions in Agno-positive cells; including a significant reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential, respiration rates and ATP production. In contrast, a substantial increase in ROS production and Ca2+ uptake by the mitochondria were also observed. Finally, findings also revealed a significant decrease in viral replication when Agno MTS was deleted, highlighting a role for MTS in the function of Agno during the viral life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshu Saxena
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, MERB-757, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Sami Saribas
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, MERB-757, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Pooja Jadiya
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, USA
| | - Dhanendra Tomar
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, USA
| | - Rafal Kaminski
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, MERB-757, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - John W Elrod
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, USA
| | - Mahmut Safak
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, MERB-757, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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12
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Chidambaranathan-Reghupaty S, Fisher PB, Sarkar D. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): Epidemiology, etiology and molecular classification. Adv Cancer Res 2020; 149:1-61. [PMID: 33579421 PMCID: PMC8796122 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 398] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the primary malignancy of hepatocytes, is a diagnosis with bleak outcome. According to National Cancer Institute's SEER database, the average five-year survival rate of HCC patients in the US is 19.6% but can be as low as 2.5% for advanced, metastatic disease. When diagnosed at early stages, it is treatable with locoregional treatments including surgical resection, Radio-Frequency Ablation, Trans-Arterial Chemoembolization or liver transplantation. However, HCC is usually diagnosed at advanced stages when the tumor is unresectable, making these treatments ineffective. In such instances, systemic therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) becomes the only viable option, even though it benefits only 30% of patients, provides only a modest (~3months) increase in overall survival and causes drug resistance within 6months. HCC, like many other cancers, is highly heterogeneous making a one-size fits all option problematic. The selection of liver transplantation, locoregional treatment, TKIs or immune checkpoint inhibitors as a treatment strategy depends on the disease stage and underlying condition(s). Additionally, patients with similar disease phenotype can have different molecular etiology making treatment responses different. Stratification of patients at the molecular level would facilitate development of the most effective treatment option. With the increase in efficiency and affordability of "omics"-level analysis, considerable effort has been expended in classifying HCC at the molecular, metabolic and immunologic levels. This review examines the results of these efforts and the ways they can be leveraged to develop targeted treatment options for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saranya Chidambaranathan-Reghupaty
- C. Kenneth and Dianne Wright Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Paul B Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Devanand Sarkar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States.
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13
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Li D, Song Y, Wang Y, Guo Y, Zhang Z, Yang G, Wang G, Xu C. Nos2 deficiency enhances carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in aged mice. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2020; 23:600-605. [PMID: 32742597 PMCID: PMC7374991 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2020.39528.9380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective(s): As a multifunctional molecule, NO has different effects on liver injury. The present work aimed to investigate the effects of Nos2 knockout (KO) on acute liver injury in aged mice treated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Materials and Methods: The acute liver injury model was produced by CCl4 at 10 ml/kg body weight in 24-month-old Nos2 KO mice and wild type (WT) mice groups. The histological changes, transaminase and glutathione (GSH) contents, and the expressions of liver function genes superoxide dismutase (SOD2) and butyrylcholinesterase (BCHE), as well as apoptosis- and inflammation-associated genes were detected at 0, 6, 16, 20, 28, and 48 hr, respectively. Results: Compared with WT aged mice, there are more fat droplets in liver tissues of Nos2 KO aged mice, and the serum levels of ALT and AST were elevated in the KO group; in addition, there was a decrease in the expression of SOD2 and BCHE and GSH content at multiple time-points. Furthermore, the expression of apoptosis protein CASPASE-3 was elevated from 20 to 48 hr, the same as CASPASE-9 at 28 and 48 hr and pro-apoptotic protein BAX at 6 and 28 hr, while the expression of apoptosis inhibitory protein BCL2 declined at 6 and 28 hr; at the same time the mRNA expressions of genes related to inflammation were increased at different extents in liver extracts of Nos2 KO aged mice. Conclusion: Nos2 KO exacerbated liver injury probably by elevated oxidative stress, apoptosis and inflammation response in CCl4-induced aged mice liver intoxication model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deming Li
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis.,Henan center for outstanding overseas scientists of pulmonary fibrosis, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,College of Life Science, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,Institute of Biomedical Science, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Pulmonary Fibrosis (111 Project), Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Yaping Song
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis.,Henan center for outstanding overseas scientists of pulmonary fibrosis, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,College of Life Science, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,Institute of Biomedical Science, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Pulmonary Fibrosis (111 Project), Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Yahao Wang
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis.,Henan center for outstanding overseas scientists of pulmonary fibrosis, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,College of Life Science, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,Institute of Biomedical Science, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Pulmonary Fibrosis (111 Project), Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Yuedong Guo
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis.,Henan center for outstanding overseas scientists of pulmonary fibrosis, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,College of Life Science, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,Institute of Biomedical Science, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Pulmonary Fibrosis (111 Project), Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Zhaoke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis.,Henan center for outstanding overseas scientists of pulmonary fibrosis, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,College of Life Science, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,Institute of Biomedical Science, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Pulmonary Fibrosis (111 Project), Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Ganggang Yang
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis.,Henan center for outstanding overseas scientists of pulmonary fibrosis, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,College of Life Science, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,Institute of Biomedical Science, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Pulmonary Fibrosis (111 Project), Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Gaiping Wang
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis.,Henan center for outstanding overseas scientists of pulmonary fibrosis, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,College of Life Science, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,Institute of Biomedical Science, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Pulmonary Fibrosis (111 Project), Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Cunshuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis.,Henan center for outstanding overseas scientists of pulmonary fibrosis, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,College of Life Science, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,Institute of Biomedical Science, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Pulmonary Fibrosis (111 Project), Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
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Hepatitis B virus X protein promotes liver cell pyroptosis under oxidative stress through NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Inflamm Res 2020; 69:683-696. [PMID: 32347316 PMCID: PMC7261280 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-020-01351-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) is a pivotal factor for HBV-induced hepatitis. Herein, we sought to investigate HBx-mediated NLR pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation and pyroptosis under oxidative stress. Methods The effect of HBx on the NLRP3 inflammasome was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, and immunofluorescence in hepatic HL7702 cells. Pyroptosis was evaluated by western blotting, lactate dehydrogenase release, propidium iodide staining, and transmission electron microscopy. NLRP3 expression in the inflammasome from liver tissues was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Results In hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-stimulated HL7702 cells, HBx triggered the release of pro-inflammatory mediators apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-18, and high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1); activated NLRP3; and initiated pro-inflammatory cell death (pyroptosis). HBx localized to the mitochondria, where it induced mitochondrial damage and production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mitoROS). Treatment of HL7702 cells with a mitoROS scavenger attenuated HBx-induced NLRP3 activation and pyroptosis. Expression levels of NLRP3, ASC, and IL-1β in liver tissues from patients were positively correlated with HBV DNA concentration. Conclusions The NLRP3 inflammasome was activated by elevated mitoROS levels and mediated HBx-induced liver inflammation and hepatocellular pyroptosis under H2O2-stress conditions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00011-020-01351-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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15
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GPR43 regulates HBV X protein (HBx)-induced inflammatory response in human LO2 hepatocytes. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 123:109737. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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16
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Li D, Ni S, Miao KS, Zhuang C. PI3K/Akt and caspase pathways mediate oxidative stress-induced chondrocyte apoptosis. Cell Stress Chaperones 2019; 24:195-202. [PMID: 30543056 PMCID: PMC6363634 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-018-0956-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrocyte apoptosis is closely related to the development and progression of osteoarthritis (OA); however, the underlying mechanisms remain enigmatic. Previous studies have confirmed that cell apoptosis is one of the main pathological alterations during oxidative stress, and chondrocyte apoptosis induced by oxidative stress plays an important role in the development of OA. Rat chondrocytes exposed to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were used as the experimental oxidative stress model. We assessed cell viability, cell apoptosis, levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO) production, gene relative expression level of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and expressions of iNOS, PI3K, phospho-Akt, caspase-9, and caspase-3. With the rising of intracellular ROS and increasing iNOS synthesis, producing a large amount of NO in chondrocytes, H2O2 decreased the cell viability and induced cell apoptosis of chondrocytes. Furthermore, the levels of caspase-9 and caspase-3 protein expression were significantly elevated as well as the level of p-Akt protein expression when induced by oxidative stress. These findings suggest that oxidative stress-induced chondrocyte apoptosis occurred via activating both PI3K/Akt and caspase pathways in the early stage in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Su Ni
- Laboratory of Clinical Orthopedics, The Affiliated Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Kai-Song Miao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Chao Zhuang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213003, China.
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17
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Feng J, Feng L, Zhang G. Mitochondrial damage in hippocampal neurons of rats with epileptic protein expression of Fas and caspase-3. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:2483-2489. [PMID: 30210599 PMCID: PMC6122536 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy model in rats was established to observe the behavior and pathological changes, and to detect mitochondrial dysfunction, exploring its possible molecular mechanisms. The epileptic status of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats was induced by intraperitoneal injection of lithium chloride, and the change of behavior was recorded. Electroencephalogram (EEG) was used to measure the abnormal discharge of neurons in rats. The brain tissue was fixed with polyformaldehyde and the paraffin sections were prepared, and the damage of the hippocampal neurons was observed with Nissl staining. Mitochondrial ATP and mitochondrial DNA were examined to assess mitochondrial dysfunction. Finally, qPCR and western blot analysis were used to detect mRNA and protein expression of fatty acid synthetase (Fas), Fas ligand (FasL) and caspase-3 in rat hippocampal neurons. The correlation between the mitochondrial dysfunction of rat hippocampal neurons and Fas and caspase-3 was analyzed. Compared with the normal group rats, the model group showed typical seizures, which were determined by the Racine attack score. EEG of the hippocampus of the model group was recorded in cluster in model group rats. Nissl staining showed a different degree of damage to the hippocampal neurons in the model group compared with normal rats. The mitochondrial ATP content and DNA content of rat hippocampal neurons in the model group were significantly lower than that of normal rats (P<0.01). The qPCR and western blot results showed that the mRNA and protein expression levels of Fas, FasL and caspase-3 were significantly increased in the hippocampus of rat model group (P<0.01). The expression level of Fas and caspase-3 in hippocampal tissues of rats was negatively correlated with mitochondrial DNA content. In conclusion, seizures cause damage of neuron mitochondria in rat hippocampus leading to death of hippocampal neurons, the mitochondrial damage of hippocampal neurons in epileptic rats was closely related to the expression of Fas and caspase-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqiang Feng
- Department of Neurology, Daqing Longnan Hospital, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163453, P.R. China
| | - Lifang Feng
- Department of Family Practice, Binzhou People's Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong 256600, P.R. China
| | - Guiru Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250022, P.R. China
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18
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Glingston RS, Deb R, Kumar S, Nagotu S. Organelle dynamics and viral infections: at cross roads. Microbes Infect 2018; 21:20-32. [PMID: 29953921 PMCID: PMC7110583 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites of the host cells. A commonly accepted view is the requirement of internal membranous structures for various aspects of viral life cycle. Organelles enable favourable intracellular environment for several viruses. However, studies reporting organelle dynamics upon viral infections are scant. In this review, we aim to summarize and highlight modulations caused to various organelles upon viral infection or expression of its proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sahaya Glingston
- Organelle Biology and Cellular Ageing Lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Rachayeeta Deb
- Organelle Biology and Cellular Ageing Lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Viral Immunology Lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India.
| | - Shirisha Nagotu
- Organelle Biology and Cellular Ageing Lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India.
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19
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Li C, Miao R, Liu S, Wan Y, Zhang S, Deng Y, Bi J, Qu K, Zhang J, Liu C. Down-regulation of miR-146b-5p by long noncoding RNA MALAT1 in hepatocellular carcinoma promotes cancer growth and metastasis. Oncotarget 2018; 8:28683-28695. [PMID: 28404923 PMCID: PMC5438683 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs play an important role in liver cancer genesis and progression. In this study, we identified down-regulation of miR-146b-5p associated with tumor growth, metastasis and poor survival in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. miR-146b-5p could suppress proliferation, migration, and invasion and induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Remarkably, TNF receptor associated factor 6 (TRAF6) was confirmed as a direct target of miR-146b-5p in HCC and miR-146b-5p exerted the tumor suppression roles through inhibiting the phosphorylation of Akt mediated by TRAF6. Furthermore, we identified long non-coding RNA MALAT1 as a molecular sponge of miR-146b-5p to down-regulate its expression in HCC. In general, our results indicate that miR-146b-5p inhibits tumor growth and metastasis of HCC by targeting TRAF6 mediated Akt phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Runchen Miao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Sushun Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yong Wan
- Department of Geriatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Simin Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yan Deng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jianbin Bi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Kai Qu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jingyao Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
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Oxidative stress, a trigger of hepatitis C and B virus-induced liver carcinogenesis. Oncotarget 2018; 8:3895-3932. [PMID: 27965466 PMCID: PMC5354803 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Virally induced liver cancer usually evolves over long periods of time in the context of a strongly oxidative microenvironment, characterized by chronic liver inflammation and regeneration processes. They ultimately lead to oncogenic mutations in many cellular signaling cascades that drive cell growth and proliferation. Oxidative stress, induced by hepatitis viruses, therefore is one of the factors that drives the neoplastic transformation process in the liver. This review summarizes current knowledge on oxidative stress and oxidative stress responses induced by human hepatitis B and C viruses. It focuses on the molecular mechanisms by which these viruses activate cellular enzymes/systems that generate or scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and control cellular redox homeostasis. The impact of an altered cellular redox homeostasis on the initiation and establishment of chronic viral infection, as well as on the course and outcome of liver fibrosis and hepatocarcinogenesis will be discussed The review neither discusses reactive nitrogen species, although their metabolism is interferes with that of ROS, nor antioxidants as potential therapeutic remedies against viral infections, both subjects meriting an independent review.
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21
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Yang Y, Wang X, Zhang Y, Yuan W. Hepatitis B virus X protein and proinflammatory cytokines synergize to enhance TRAIL-induced apoptosis of renal tubular cells by upregulation of DR4. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 97:62-72. [PMID: 29432906 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Persistent infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) may lead to HBV-associated glomerulonephritis (HBV-GN). Presence of HBV-DNA and -RNA in renal tubular epithelial cells (RTECs) suggests direct virus-induced injury. Increase in proinflammatory cytokines is also observed under these conditions. Apoptosis by tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of HBV-infections. However, the effects of HBV X protein (HBx) on TRAIL-induced apoptosis of RTECs especially under certain inflammatory conditions remain obscure. Here, we show that HBx synergizes with proinflammatory cytokines to significantly increase TRAIL-induced apoptosis of RTECs. HBx markedly up-regulates death receptor-4 (DR4) expression by enhancing the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in the presence of proinflammatory cytokines. Dramatic increase in DR4 expression leads to the sensitization of RTECs to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, in patients with HBV-GN, DR4 expression in the kidneys is significantly elevated and is positively correlated with the HBx and proinflammatory cytokines expression. These findings provide a novel insight into the underlying mechanisms of renal tubule lesions induced by HBx in HBV-GN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitong Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Yueyue Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Weijie Yuan
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China.
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22
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Liang H, Zhang Z, He L, Wang Y. CXCL16 regulates cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury. Oncotarget 2017; 7:31652-62. [PMID: 27191747 PMCID: PMC5077966 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) is characterized by tubular cell apoptosis and inflammation. However, the molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. We found that CXCL16 was induced in renal tubular epithelial cells in response to cisplatin-induced AKI. Therefore, we investigated whether CXCL16 played a role in cisplatin–induced tubular cell apoptosis and inflammation. Wild-type and CXCL16 knockout mice were administrated with vehicle or cisplatin at 20 mg/kg by intraperitoneal injection. CXCL16 knockout mice had lower blood urea nitrogen and less tubular damage following cisplatin-induced AKI as compared with wild-type mice. Genetic disruption of CXCL16 reduced tubular epithelial cell apoptosis and decreased caspase-3 activation. Furthermore, CXCL16 deficiency inhibited infiltration of macrophages and T cells into the kidneys following cisplatin treatment, which was associated with reduced expression of the proinflammatory cytokines in the kidneys. Taken together, our results indicate that CXCL16 plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of cisplatin–induced AKI through regulation of apoptosis and inflammation and maybe a novel therapeutic target for cisplatin-induced AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Liang
- Selzman Institute for Kidney Health and Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America.,Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Foshan Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Foshan, China
| | - Zhengmao Zhang
- Selzman Institute for Kidney Health and Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Liqun He
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanlin Wang
- Selzman Institute for Kidney Health and Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America.,Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases and Renal Section, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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Siddiqui ZI, Farooqui SR, Azam SA, Afroz M, Wajid S, Parveen S, Kazim SN. A comparative study of hepatitis B virus X protein mutants K130M, V131I and KV130/131MI to investigate their roles in fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. J Viral Hepat 2017; 24:1121-1131. [PMID: 28654219 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genomic mutations A1762T, G1764A and AG1762/1764TA cause production of HBV X protein (HBx) mutants, namely K130M, V131I and KV130/131MI. These mutations are important biomarkers for the development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in chronic HBV patients. This study comparatively analyses the impact of intracellular expression of HBx mutants on HCC cell line Huh7. It was found that expression of KV130/131MI induced: cell proliferation, altered expression of cell cycle regulatory genes in favour of cell proliferation, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and mitochondrial depolarization. KV130/131MI may be directly involved in host cell proliferation and hepatocarcinogenesis via altering expression of cell cycle regulatory genes. KV130/131MI may also play pivotal roles in fibrosis and cirrhosis via inducing ROS production and mitochondrial depolarization. Furthermore, these might be the possible reasons for higher occurrence of AG1762/1764TA as compared to A1762T and G1764A in cirrhosis and HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z I Siddiqui
- Hepatitis Research Lab, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - S R Farooqui
- Hepatitis Research Lab, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - S A Azam
- Hepatitis Research Lab, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - M Afroz
- Hepatitis Research Lab, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - S Wajid
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - S Parveen
- Hepatitis Research Lab, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - S N Kazim
- Hepatitis Research Lab, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
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Interference of Apoptosis by Hepatitis B Virus. Viruses 2017; 9:v9080230. [PMID: 28820498 PMCID: PMC5580487 DOI: 10.3390/v9080230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) causes liver diseases that have been a consistent problem for human health, leading to more than one million deaths every year worldwide. A large proportion of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cases across the world are closely associated with chronic HBV infection. Apoptosis is a programmed cell death and is frequently altered in cancer development. HBV infection interferes with the apoptosis signaling to promote HCC progression and viral proliferation. The HBV-mediated alteration of apoptosis is achieved via interference with cellular signaling pathways and regulation of epigenetics. HBV X protein (HBX) plays a major role in the interference of apoptosis. There are conflicting reports on the HBV interference of apoptosis with the majority showing inhibition of and the rest reporting induction of apoptosis. In this review, we described recent studies on the mechanisms of the HBV interference with the apoptosis signaling during the virus infection and provided perspective.
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25
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Cao L, Quan XB, Zeng WJ, Yang XO, Wang MJ. Mechanism of Hepatocyte Apoptosis. J Cell Death 2016; 9:19-29. [PMID: 28058033 PMCID: PMC5201115 DOI: 10.4137/jcd.s39824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte apoptosis plays important roles in both the removal of external microorganisms and the occurrence and development of liver diseases. Different conditions, such as virus infection, fatty liver disease, hepatic ischemia reperfusion, and drug-induced liver injury, are accompanied by hepatocyte apoptosis. This review summarizes recent research on the mechanism of hepatocyte apoptosis involving the classical extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. We emphasized the major causes of apoptosis according to the characteristics of different liver diseases. Several concerns regarding future research and clinical application are also raised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cao
- Research Center on Aging and Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi-Bing Quan
- Research Center on Aging and Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Jiao Zeng
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Ou Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ming-Jie Wang
- Research Center on Aging and Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Popkov VA, Zorova LD, Korvigo IO, Silachev DN, Jankauskas SS, Babenko VA, Pevzner IB, Danilina TI, Zorov SD, Plotnikov EY, Zorov DB. Do Mitochondria Have an Immune System? BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2016; 81:1229-1236. [PMID: 27908248 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297916100217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The question if mitochondria have some kind of immune system is not trivial. The basis for raising this question is the fact that bacteria, which are progenitors of mitochondria, do have an immune system. The CRISPR system in bacteria based on the principle of RNA interference serves as an organized mechanism for destroying alien nucleic acids, primarily those of viral origin. We have shown that mitochondria are also a target for viral attacks, probably due to a related organization of genomes in these organelles and bacteria. Bioinformatic analysis performed in this study has not given a clear answer if there is a CRISPR-like immune system in mitochondria. However, this does not preclude the possibility of mitochondrial immunity that can be difficult to decipher or that is based on some principles other than those of CRISPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Popkov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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Gao WY, Li D, Cai DE, Huang XY, Zheng BY, Huang YH, Chen ZX, Wang XZ. Hepatitis B virus X protein sensitizes HL-7702 cells to oxidative stress-induced apoptosis through modulation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Oncol Rep 2016; 37:48-56. [PMID: 27840960 PMCID: PMC5355673 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.5225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a leading cause of liver cirrhosis and cancer. Among the pathogenic factors of HBV, HBV X protein (HBx) is attracting increased attention. Although it is documented that HBx is a multifunctional regulator that modulates cell inflammation and apoptosis, the exact mechanism remains controversial. In the present study, we explored the effect of HBx on oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in normal liver cell line, HL-7702. Our results showed that the existence of HBx affected mitochondrial biogenesis by modulating the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP). Notably, this phenomenon was associated with a pronounced translocation of Bax from the cytosol to the mitochondria during the period of exposure to oxidative stress with a release of cytochrome c and activation of cleaved caspase-3 and PARP. Moreover, MPTP blockage with cyclosporin A prevented the translocation of Bax, and inhibited oxidative stress-induced apoptotic killing in the HBx-expressing HL-7702 cells. Our findings suggest that HBx exhibits pro-apoptotic effects upon normal liver cells following exposure to oxidative stress by modulating the MPTP gateway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yu Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - De-En Cai
- Graduate School, Fujian Medical University, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Yun Huang
- Graduate School, Fujian Medical University, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Bi-Yun Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Yue-Hong Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Xin Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Zhong Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
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Qiu Y, Wang DM, Lin ZN. Hepatitis B virus X protein and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2016; 24:1040-1047. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v24.i7.1040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is closely related to chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and liver cancer. China is a country with a high prevalence of HBV infection, where the infection rate is up to 60%-70%, bringing great threat and harm to public health. What's worse is that HBV infection is the main etiology factor of primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the underlying mechanisms of virus-induced tumor formation remain controversial. Numerous studies indicate that HBV X protein (HBx) plays a prominent role in HBV-induced liver cell damage, hepatitis, liver fibrosis and malignant transformation, and is related to liver cancer induced by environmental exposure factors. As a multifunctional regulatory protein, HBx regulates a variety of cell signal transduction pathways, including the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. ER stress refers to the dysfunction of the ER, and misfolded or unfolded proteins gather in the ER. It is noteworthy that the expression of HBx can induce or effect ER stress, although the molecular mechanism remains unclear. This review summarizes the role of HBx in ER stress pathways, providing clues for the liver injury induced by HBV infection.
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Protective Role of Sirtuin3 (SIRT3) in Oxidative Stress Mediated by Hepatitis B Virus X Protein Expression. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150961. [PMID: 26950437 PMCID: PMC4780820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aim The hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is accompanied by the induction of oxidative stress, especially mediated by HBV X protein (HBx). Oxidative stress has been implicated in a series of pathological states, such as DNA damage, cell survival and apoptosis. However, the host factor by which cells protect themselves under this oxidative stress is poorly understood. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study, we first confirmed that HBV infection significantly induced oxidative stress. Moreover, viral protein HBx plays a major role in the oxidative stress induced by HBV. Importantly, we found that mitochondrial protein SIRT3 overexpression could decrease reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by HBx while SIRT3 knockdown increased HBx-induced ROS. Importantly, SIRT3 overexpression abolished oxidative damage of HBx-expressing cells as evidenced by γH2AX and AP sites measurements. In contrast, SIRT3 knockdown promoted HBx-induced oxidative damage. In addition, we also observed that oxidant H2O2 markedly promoted HBV replication while the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) inhibited HBV replication. Significantly, SIRT3 overexpression inhibited HBV replication by reducing cellular ROS level. Conclusions/Significance Collectively, these data suggest HBx expression induces oxidative stress, which promotes cellular oxidative damage and viral replication during HBV pathogenesis. Mitochondrial protein SIRT3 protected HBx expressing-cells from oxidative damage and inhibited HBV replication possibly by decreased cellular ROS level. These studies shed new light on the physiological significance of SIRT3 on HBx-induced oxidative stress, which can contribute to the liver pathogenesis.
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Tornesello ML, Buonaguro L, Buonaguro FM. An overview of new biomolecular pathways in pathogen-related cancers. Future Oncol 2016; 11:1625-39. [PMID: 26043216 DOI: 10.2217/fon.15.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer molecular pathways are combinations of metabolic processes deregulated in neoplastic cells. Besides pathways specific to tissues from which cancers originate, common neoplastic traits are present among most tumors. Hanahan and Weinberg have described the most critical 'hallmarks' shared by many cancer types. In recent years, cancer stem cell specific properties and pathways have also been identified. Other altered pathways are peculiar of cancer type and cancer stage, even in different cancer stem cell types. In pathogen-related tumors, the alteration of inflammatory and immunologic response along with impairment of cell cycle control represents key molecular events of tumor progression. This article summarizes the recent discoveries of new altered pathways in cancer and their importance in cancer diagnosis and tailored therapies.
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Upregulation of NETO2 expression correlates with tumor progression and poor prognosis in colorectal carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:1006. [PMID: 26699544 PMCID: PMC4690429 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-2018-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropilin and tolloid-like 2 (NETO2) has been found to be overexpressed in different human cancers, but its expression pattern and clinical relevance in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) remains unknown. METHODS Real-time quantitative PCR, western blot and immunohistochemistry analyses were used to analyze the expression of NETO2 in CRC clinical samples. The correlation of NETO2 expression with clinicopathologic features was estimated in a cohort containing 292 patients with primary CRC. Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were used to assess the prognostic value of NETO2 expression in CRC. RESULTS The expression of NETO2 was frequently upregulated in CRC clinical samples at both the mRNA and protein levels, and its upregulation was significantly correlated with poor tumor differentiation (p = 0.013), advanced local invasion (p = 0.049), increased lymph node metastasis (p = 0.009), advanced TNM stage (p = 0.041) and increased patient death (p = 0.001). Kaplan-Meier analysis of the complete study cohort revealed that patients with high-NETO2 tumors had a significantly shorter disease-specific survival (DSS) than those with low-NETO2 tumors (p < 0.001). Importantly, high levels of NETO2 protein predicted poor DSS for patients with early stage tumors (p = 0.027) and for those with advanced stage tumors (p = 0.020). Furthermore, multivariate analyses indicated that increased NETO2 expression was an independent unfavorable prognostic factor for patients with early stage tumors (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.937, 95% CI = 1.107-3.390, p = 0.021) as well as patients with advanced stage tumors (HR = 2.241, 95% CI = 1.245-4.035, p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that NETO2 upregulation could serve as a potential biomarker for the prediction of advanced tumor progression and unfavorable prognosis in patients with CRC.
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A20 suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma proliferation and metastasis through inhibition of Twist1 expression. Mol Cancer 2015; 14:186. [PMID: 26538215 PMCID: PMC4634191 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-015-0454-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aberrant expression of A20 has been reported in several human malignancies including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, its clinical relevance and potential role in HCC remain unknown. Methods Quantitative PCR, Western blots and immunohistochemistry analyses were used to quantify A20 expression in HCC samples and cell lines. The correlation of A20 expression with clinicopathologic features was analyzed in a cohort containing 143 patients with primary HCC. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to evaluate the association between A20 expression and patient survival. Functional studies were performed to determine the effects of A20 on proliferation and metastasis of HCC cells in vitro and in vivo. Results Expression of A20 was increased in HCC tissues and cell lines. Increased expression of A20 was negatively correlated with the tumor size, TNM stage, tumor thrombus formation, capsular invasion and serum AFP levels. Patients with higher A20 expression had a prolonged disease-free survival and overall survival than those with lower A20 expression. Forced expression of A20 significantly inhibited the proliferative and invasive properties of HCC cells both in vitro and in vivo, whereas knockdown of A20 expression showed the opposite effects. Further studies revealed that expression of A20 was inversely correlated with Twist1 levels and NF-κB activity in HCC tissues and cell lines. A20-induced suppression of proliferation and migration of HCC cells were mainly mediated through inhibition of Twist1 expression that was regulated at least partly by A20-induced attenuation of NF-κB activity. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that A20 plays a negative role in the development and progression of HCC probably through inhibiting Twist1 expression. A20 may serve as a novel prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target for HCC patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12943-015-0454-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Overexpression of SULT2B1b is an independent prognostic indicator and promotes cell growth and invasion in colorectal carcinoma. J Transl Med 2015; 95:1005-18. [PMID: 26121319 PMCID: PMC4558402 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2015.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant expression of cytosolic sulfotransferase 2B1b (SULT2B1b) has been reported in several human malignancies. However, the expression pattern and clinical significance of SULT2B1b in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) remains unknown. Real-time quantitative PCR, western blot, and immunohistochemistry analyses were used to determine SULT2B1b expression in CRC clinical samples and CRC-derived cell lines. Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional regression analyses were used to evaluate the association between SULT2B1b expression and patient survival in two independent cohorts of 485 patients with CRC. Gain- and loss-of-function approaches were employed to investigate the role of SULT2B1b in regulation of CRC cell growth and invasion. We found that SULT2B1b expression was frequently upregulated in CRC clinical samples and CRC-derived cell lines and was significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis and TNM stage in both the training and validation cohorts. Patients with higher intratumoral SULT2B1b expression had a significantly shorter disease-specific survival (DSS) and disease-free survival (DFS) than those with lower expression. Importantly, increased expression of SULT2B1b significantly predicted poor DSS and DFS and was an independent unfavorable prognostic indicator for stage II patients in both cohorts. Functional studies revealed that overexpression of SULT2B1b promoted CRC cell growth and invasion in vitro. Conversely, knockdown of SULT2B1b inhibited these processes. In conclusion, our findings suggest that SULT2B1b expression correlates with disease progression and metastasis and may serve as a novel prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target for patients with CRC.
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Hu L, Chen HY, Han T, Yang GZ, Feng D, Qi CY, Gong H, Zhai YX, Cai QP, Gao CF. Downregulation of DHRS9 expression in colorectal cancer tissues and its prognostic significance. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:837-45. [PMID: 26254099 PMCID: PMC4841860 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3880-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR family) member 9 (DHRS9) is aberrantly expressed in colorectal cancer (CRC), but its prognostic value is unknown. The aim of the work was to investigate the prognostic significance of DHRS9 expression in CRC. We found that DHRS9 was frequently downregulated in CRC clinical samples at both the messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels. Decreased expression of DHRS9 was significantly correlated with increased lymph node metastasis (p = 0.032), advanced tumor–node–metastasis (TNM) stage (p = 0.021), increased disease recurrence (p = 0.001), and death (p = 0.014). Kaplan–Meier analysis indicated that low DHRS9 expression predicted poor disease-free survival (p = 0.003) and disease-specific survival (p = 0.021). Cox multivariate analysis revealed that reduced expression of DHRS9 was an independent unfavorable prognostic indicator for CRC. Furthermore, combination of DHRS9 with TNM stage was a more powerful predictor of poor prognosis than either of the two parameters alone. Our results suggest that decreased expression of DHRS9 correlates with tumor progression and may serve as a potential prognostic biomarker in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Hu
- Anal-Colorectal Surgery Institute, 150th Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, China.
| | - Hai-Yang Chen
- Department of Oncology, 150th Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, China
| | - Tao Han
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Center of People's Liberation Army, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, Shenyang, China
| | - Guang-Zhen Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, 150th Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, China
| | - Dan Feng
- Department of Oncology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen-Ye Qi
- Anal-Colorectal Surgery Institute, 150th Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, China
| | - Hui Gong
- Anal-Colorectal Surgery Institute, 150th Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, China
| | - Yan-Xia Zhai
- Anal-Colorectal Surgery Institute, 150th Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, China
| | - Qing-Ping Cai
- Department of Gastrointestine Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Chun-Fang Gao
- Anal-Colorectal Surgery Institute, 150th Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, China.
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Delatte B, Jeschke J, Defrance M, Bachman M, Creppe C, Calonne E, Bizet M, Deplus R, Marroquí L, Libin M, Ravichandran M, Mascart F, Eizirik DL, Murrell A, Jurkowski TP, Fuks F. Genome-wide hydroxymethylcytosine pattern changes in response to oxidative stress. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12714. [PMID: 26239807 PMCID: PMC4523844 DOI: 10.1038/srep12714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The TET enzymes convert methylcytosine to the newly discovered base hydroxymethylcytosine. While recent reports suggest that TETs may play a role in response to oxidative stress, this role remains uncertain, and results lackin vivomodels. Here we show a global decrease of hydroxymethylcytosine in cells treated with buthionine sulfoximine, and in mice depleted for the major antioxidant enzymesGPx1 and 2. Furthermore, genome-wide profiling revealed differentially hydroxymethylated regions in coding genes, and intriguingly in microRNA genes, both involved in response to oxidative stress. These results thus suggest a profound effect ofin vivooxidative stress on the global hydroxymethylome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Delatte
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, ULB, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jana Jeschke
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, ULB, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Matthieu Defrance
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, ULB, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Martin Bachman
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Creppe
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, ULB, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emilie Calonne
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, ULB, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Martin Bizet
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, ULB, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rachel Deplus
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, ULB, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laura Marroquí
- ULB, Center for Diabetes Research, Faculty of Medicine, ULB, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Myriam Libin
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Mucosal Immunity, Faculty of Medicine, ULB, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Françoise Mascart
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Mucosal Immunity, Faculty of Medicine, ULB, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Decio L Eizirik
- ULB, Center for Diabetes Research, Faculty of Medicine, ULB, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Adele Murrell
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Tomasz P Jurkowski
- Institute of Biochemistry, Stuttgart University, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - François Fuks
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, ULB, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
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Zhang H, Huang C, Wang Y, Lu Z, Zhuang N, Zhao D, He J, Shi L. Hepatitis B Virus X Protein Sensitizes TRAIL-Induced Hepatocyte Apoptosis by Inhibiting the E3 Ubiquitin Ligase A20. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127329. [PMID: 25993287 PMCID: PMC4439114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection causes hepatocyte death and liver damage, which may eventually lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer. Hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) is a key antigen that is critically involved in HBV-associated liver diseases. However, the molecular basis for its pathogenesis, particularly in liver damage, has not been well defined. Herein, we report that HBx was able to enhance the susceptibility of hepatocytes to TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis. Increased sensitivity to TRAIL was associated with HBx-induced upregulation of miR-125a, which, in turn, suppressed the expression of its putative target gene, A20 E3 ligase. Importantly, we demonstrate that the defective expression of A20 impaired the K63-linked polyubiquitination of caspase-8, which reciprocally enhanced the activation of caspase-8, the recruitment of Fas-associated death domain (FADD), and the formation of death-inducing signaling complex (DISC), thereby promoting HBx-mediated apoptotic signaling. Accordingly, antagonizing miR-125a or ectopically expressing A20 in hepatocytes abolished the pro-apoptotic effect of HBx. Conversely, the overexpression of miR-125a or knockdown of A20 mimicked HBx to enhance TRAIL susceptibility in hepatocytes. Thus, we establish, for the first time, a miR-125a/A20-initiated and caspase-8-targeted mechanism by which HBx modulates apoptotic signaling and increases hepatic susceptibility to the damaging agent, which might provide novel insight into HBV-related liver pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhang
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Key Lab of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310036, China
| | - Changxin Huang
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310036, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Key Lab of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310036, China
| | - Zhe Lu
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Key Lab of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310036, China
| | - Ningtong Zhuang
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Key Lab of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310036, China
| | - Dongjiu Zhao
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Key Lab of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310036, China
| | - Jianqin He
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Liyun Shi
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Key Lab of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310036, China
- * E-mail:
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Yang GZ, Hu L, Cai J, Chen HY, Zhang Y, Feng D, Qi CY, Zhai YX, Gong H, Fu H, Cai QP, Gao CF. Prognostic value of carbonic anhydrase VII expression in colorectal carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:209. [PMID: 25885898 PMCID: PMC4406128 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1216-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of human cancers. Carbonic anhydrase VII (CA7), a member of the CA gene family, was recently demonstrated to be expressed in several human tissues including colon. Nevertheless, the expression and clinical relevance of CA7 in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) has not been investigated. METHODS Real-time PCR, western blot, and immunohistochemistry analyses were used to determine CA7 expression in CRC clinical samples. The correlation of CA7 expression with clinicopathologic features was assessed in 228 patients from Luoyang, China (training cohort) and validated in 151 patients from Shanghai, China (validation cohort). Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional regression analyses were used to estimate the association between CA7 expression and patients' survival. RESULTS CA7 expression was frequently downregulated in CRC tissues at both the mRNA and protein levels. Reduced expression of CA7 was significantly correlated with poor differentiation, positive lymph node metastasis, advanced TNM stage and unfavorable clinical outcome not only in the training cohort but also in the validation set. Survival analysis indicated that patients with lower CA7 expression had a significantly shorter disease-specific survival (DSS) than those with higher CA7 expression. Importantly, further stage-based analyses revealed that decreased CA7 expression significantly predicted poor DSS and was an independent adverse prognostic indicator for patients with early stage tumors in both cohorts. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that decreased expression of CA7 correlates with disease progression and predicts poor prognosis in CRC, especially for patients with early stage tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Zhen Yang
- Anal-Colorectal Surgery Institute, 150th Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, China. .,Department of Clinical Laboratory, 150th Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, China.
| | - Liang Hu
- Anal-Colorectal Surgery Institute, 150th Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, China.
| | - Jian Cai
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, 150th Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, China.
| | - Hai-Yang Chen
- Department of Oncology, 150th Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- Anal-Colorectal Surgery Institute, 150th Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, China.
| | - Dan Feng
- Department of Oncology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Chen-Ye Qi
- Anal-Colorectal Surgery Institute, 150th Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, China.
| | - Yan-Xia Zhai
- Anal-Colorectal Surgery Institute, 150th Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, China.
| | - Hui Gong
- Anal-Colorectal Surgery Institute, 150th Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, China.
| | - Hao Fu
- Anal-Colorectal Surgery Institute, 150th Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, China.
| | - Qing-Ping Cai
- Department of Gastrointestine Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Chun-Fang Gao
- Anal-Colorectal Surgery Institute, 150th Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, China.
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Hepatitis B virus regulates apoptosis and tumorigenesis through the microRNA-15a-Smad7-transforming growth factor beta pathway. J Virol 2014; 89:2739-49. [PMID: 25540364 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02784-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection causes chronic hepatitis in hundreds of millions of people worldwide, which can eventually lead to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Previously, we found that HBV mRNAs can absorb microRNA-15a (miR-15a) to affect apoptosis through the Bcl-2 pathway. We asked whether HBV could inhibit apoptosis and promote tumorigenesis through different pathways. In this study, we found that the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) pathway-inhibitory factor Smad7 is a novel target of miR-15a. We demonstrated that HBV can upregulate the level of Smad7 by downregulating miR-15a. Furthermore, we examined the level of Smad7 in liver samples from HBV-infected HCC patients and found that HBV mRNAs are positively correlated with the level of Smad7. By taking the approach of using immunoblotting and luciferase reporter assays, we revealed that HBV can abrogate TGF-β signaling via upregulating Smad7. By using annexin V staining and caspase 3/7 activity assays, we found that HBV can inhibit TGF-β-induced apoptosis of HepG2 cells. We also showed that HBV can promote tumor growth in BALB/c nude mice through upregulating the expression of Smad7. In conclusion, we demonstrated that HBV can upregulate Smad7 expression and inhibit TGF-β signaling, which makes the cells resistant to TGF-β-induced apoptosis and promotes tumorigenesis. IMPORTANCE Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection causes chronic hepatitis, which can eventually lead to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). TGF-β signaling is closely linked to liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and subsequent HCC progression and plays a unique role in the pathogenesis of HCC. At the early stage of tumor formation, TGF-β functions as a tumor suppressor that inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis. Previously, we found that HBV mRNAs can sponge off miR-15a to affect apoptosis through the Bcl-2 pathway. In this study, we identified that the TGF-β-inhibitory factor Smad7 is a novel target of miR-15a. We reveal that HBV can abrogate TGF-β signaling via upregulating Smad7, inhibit TGF-β-induced apoptosis, as well as promote tumor development. Our study provides evidence to support the idea that viral RNAs can exert their functions as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) toward microRNA and participate in important cellular processes.
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Abstract
Gene mutation's role in initiating carcinogenesis has been controversial, but it is consensually accepted that both carcinogenesis and cancer metastasis are gene-regulated processes. MTA1, a metastasis-associated protein, has been extensively researched, especially regarding its role in cancer metastasis. In this review, I try to elucidate MTA1's role in both carcinogenesis and metastasis from a different angle. I propose that MTA1 is a stress response protein that is upregulated in various stress-related situations such as heat shock, hypoxia, and ironic radiation. Cancer cells are mostly living in a stressful environment of hypoxia, lack of nutrition, and immune reaction attacks. To cope with all these stresses, MTA1 expression is upregulated, plays a role of master regulator of gene expression, and helps cancer cells to survive and migrate out of their original dwelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-An Wang
- State Key Lab for Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, Xi'an, China,
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40
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Zhang XD, Wang Y, Ye LH. Hepatitis B virus X protein accelerates the development of hepatoma. Cancer Biol Med 2014; 11:182-90. [PMID: 25364579 PMCID: PMC4197427 DOI: 10.7497/j.issn.2095-3941.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The chronic infection of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is closely related to the occurrence and development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Accumulated evidence has shown that HBV X protein (HBx protein) is a multifunctional regulator with a crucial role in hepatocarcinogenesis. However, information on the mechanism by which HBV induces HCC is lacking. This review focuses on the pathological functions of HBx in HBV-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. As a transactivator, HBx can modulate nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and transcription factor AP-2. Moreover, HBx can affect regulatory non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) including microRNAs and long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), such as miRNA-205 and highly upregulated in liver cancer (HULC), respectively. HBx is also involved in epigenetic modification, including methylation and acetylation. HBx interacts with various signal-transduction pathways, such as protein kinase B/Akt, Wnt/β-catenin, signal transducer and activator of transcription, and NF-κB pathways. Moreover, HBx affects cellular fate by shifting the balance toward cell survival. HBx may lead to the loss of apoptotic functions or directly contributes to oncogenesis by achieving transforming functions, which induce hepatocarcinogenesis. Additionally, HBx can modulate apoptosis and immune response by direct or indirect interaction with host factors. We conclude that HBx hastens the development of hepatoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dong Zhang
- 1 Department of Cancer Research, 2 Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- 1 Department of Cancer Research, 2 Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Li-Hong Ye
- 1 Department of Cancer Research, 2 Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Higgs MR, Chouteau P, Lerat H. 'Liver let die': oxidative DNA damage and hepatotropic viruses. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:991-1004. [PMID: 24496828 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.059485-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic infections by the hepatotropic viruses hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are major risk factors for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It is estimated that more than 700,000 individuals per year die from HCC, and around 80 % of HCC is attributable to HBV or HCV infection. Despite the clear clinical importance of virus-associated HCC, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely elusive. Oxidative stress, in particular DNA lesions associated with oxidative damage, play a major contributory role in carcinogenesis, and are strongly linked to the development of many cancers, including HCC. A large body of evidence demonstrates that both HBV and HCV induce hepatic oxidative stress, with increased oxidative DNA damage being observed both in infected individuals and in murine models of infection. Here, we review the impact of HBV and HCV on the incidence and repair of oxidative DNA damage. We begin by giving a brief overview of oxidative stress and the repair of DNA lesions induced by oxidative stress. We then review in detail the evidence surrounding the mechanisms by which both viruses stimulate oxidative stress, before focusing on how the viral proteins themselves may perturb the cellular response to oxidative DNA damage, impacting upon genome stability and thus hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin R Higgs
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Hervé Lerat
- INSERM U955, Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France
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He X, Song W, Liu C, Chen S, Hua J. Rapamycin inhibits acrolein-induced apoptosis by alleviating ROS-driven mitochondrial dysfunction in male germ cells. Cell Prolif 2014; 47:161-71. [PMID: 24483236 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Acrolein (Acr) is a highly reactive α, β-unsaturated aldehyde, which can induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Several factors, including lipid peroxidation, clinical use of cyclophosphamide, fried foods, automobile exhausts, smoking and aging can increase its concentration in blood serum. Mounting evidence has suggested that Acr-induced ROS might reduce quality of sperm. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine reproductive toxicity of Acr-caused ROS in vitro and find a means to alleviate it. MATERIALS AND METHODS We investigated the effects of Acr on male germ cell (MGC)-derived GC-1 cells in vitro. Dihydroethidium and DCFH-DA fluorescent dyes were used to determine generation of intracellular ROS. RESULTS We found that Acr induced ROS generation, which was accompanied by reduced Bcl2/Bax ratio, substantial decline in mitochondrial membrane potential, and further promoted apoptosis of MGCs. Furthermore, Rapamycin was capable of alleviating Acr-induced ROS, reducing ROS-induced apoptosis by increasing ratio of Bcl2/Bax mRNA and proteins, and protecting MGC mitochondrial membranes. CONCLUSION Rapamycin inhibited Acr-induced apoptosis by alleviating ROS-driven mitochondrial dysfunction in MGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- X He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Key Lab for Animal Biotechnology of Agriculture Ministry of China, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
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Anand SK, Tikoo SK. Viruses as modulators of mitochondrial functions. Adv Virol 2013; 2013:738794. [PMID: 24260034 PMCID: PMC3821892 DOI: 10.1155/2013/738794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are multifunctional organelles with diverse roles including energy production and distribution, apoptosis, eliciting host immune response, and causing diseases and aging. Mitochondria-mediated immune responses might be an evolutionary adaptation by which mitochondria might have prevented the entry of invading microorganisms thus establishing them as an integral part of the cell. This makes them a target for all the invading pathogens including viruses. Viruses either induce or inhibit various mitochondrial processes in a highly specific manner so that they can replicate and produce progeny. Some viruses encode the Bcl2 homologues to counter the proapoptotic functions of the cellular and mitochondrial proteins. Others modulate the permeability transition pore and either prevent or induce the release of the apoptotic proteins from the mitochondria. Viruses like Herpes simplex virus 1 deplete the host mitochondrial DNA and some, like human immunodeficiency virus, hijack the host mitochondrial proteins to function fully inside the host cell. All these processes involve the participation of cellular proteins, mitochondrial proteins, and virus specific proteins. This review will summarize the strategies employed by viruses to utilize cellular mitochondria for successful multiplication and production of progeny virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev K. Anand
- Vaccine & Infection Disease Organization-International Vaccine Center (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7E 5E3
- Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7E 5E3
| | - Suresh K. Tikoo
- Vaccine & Infection Disease Organization-International Vaccine Center (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7E 5E3
- Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7E 5E3
- School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7E 5E3
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44
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Duan CH, Tai S. Role of hepatitis B virus X protein in hepatocarcinogenesis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2013; 21:2397-2402. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v21.i24.2397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer in the world and the third most common cause of cancer-related death. Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has been identified as a major risk factor for HCC. Evidence suggests that the HBV X protein (HBx) plays a crucial role in the carcinogenesis of HCC. HBx is a multifunctional regulator that plays a key role in the occurrence, development, invasion and metastasis of cancers. Due to its important roles in the development of HCC, the research on the HBx protein has become a hot topic in recent years. This review describes the latest advances in understanding the role of the HBx protein in hepatocarcinogenesis.
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45
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Wang X, Zhou Y, Zhu N, Yuan WJ. Effects of hepatitis B virus X gene on apoptosis and expression of immune molecules of human proximal tubular epithelial cells. Arch Virol 2013; 158:2479-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1759-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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46
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Song J, Chen Q, Xing D. Enhanced apoptotic effects by downregulating Mcl-1: evidence for the improvement of photodynamic therapy with Celecoxib. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:1491-504. [PMID: 23524145 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Tumor cells exposed to sub-lethal photodynamic therapy (PDT) cause cellular rescue responses that lead to resistance to the therapy, including expression of angiogenic factors and survival molecules. However, the mechanisms contributing to the resistance are yet to be fully understood. Here, we show for the first time that Mcl-1, an anti-apoptotic protein, plays an important role in protecting cells from PDT-induced apoptosis. In contrast to the reduction in the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl, sub-lethal PDT induces an increase in Mcl-1 expression. Silencing Mcl-1 sensitizes tumor cells to PDT-induced apoptosis, and ectopic expression of Mcl-1 significantly delays Bax translocation to mitochondria and inhibits caspase-3 activity following PDT. Mcl-1 expression is associated closely with activated AKT signaling following PDT. AKT can regulate Mcl-1 expression through GSK-3β and NF-κB at the protein and transcriptional levels, respectively. Inhibition of AKT by Wortmannin or siRNA significantly reduces the levels of Mcl-1 mRNA and protein and enhances PDT-induced apoptosis. Treatment with Celecoxib, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), is shown to downregulate Mcl-1 expression, and enhances PDT-induced apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo. This down-regulation is closely related to the inhibition effect of Celecoxib on the AKT/GSK-3β pathway, and was blocked upon addition of GSK-3β inhibitor LiCl or the proteasome inhibitor MG132. These results suggest that Mcl-1 is a potential target for improving the antitumor efficiency of PDT. A loss in Mcl-1 by inhibiting AKT promotes PDT-induced apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway. This also provides a novel rationale for utilizing Celecoxib to improve the efficacy of PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Song
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
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47
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Liu W, Chen JR, Hsu CH, Li YH, Chen YM, Lin CY, Huang SJ, Chang ZK, Chen YC, Lin CH, Gong HY, Lin CC, Kawakami K, Wu JL. A zebrafish model of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma by dual expression of hepatitis B virus X and hepatitis C virus core protein in liver. Hepatology 2012; 56:2268-76. [PMID: 22729936 DOI: 10.1002/hep.25914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The mechanisms that mediate the initiation and development of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) associated with hepatitis B and C virus (HBV and HCV, respectively) infection remain largely unclear. In this study we conditionally coexpressed hepatitis B virus X (HBx) and hepatitis C virus core (HCP) proteins in zebrafish livers, which caused fibrosis and consequently contributed to ICC formation at the age of 3 months. Suppressing the transgene expression by doxycycline (Dox) treatment resulted in the loss of ICC formation. The biomarker networks of zebrafish ICC identified by transcriptome sequencing and analysis were also frequently involved in the development of human neoplasms. The profiles of potential biomarker genes of zebrafish ICC were similar to those of human cholangiocarcinoma. Our data also showed that the pSmad3L oncogenic pathway was activated in HBx and HCP-induced ICC and included phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated proteinbase (MAPK) and p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK1/2), indicating the association with transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) signaling pathway in ICC. Bile duct proliferation, fibrosis, and ICC were markedly reduced by knockdown of TGF-β1 by in vivo morpholinos injections. CONCLUSION These results reveal that TGF-β1 plays an important role in HBx- and HCP-induced ICC development. This in vivo model is a potential approach to study the molecular events of fibrosis and ICC occurring in HBV and HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangta Liu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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Rawat S, Clippinger AJ, Bouchard MJ. Modulation of apoptotic signaling by the hepatitis B virus X protein. Viruses 2012; 4:2945-72. [PMID: 23202511 PMCID: PMC3509679 DOI: 10.3390/v4112945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, an estimated 350 million people are chronically infected with the Hepatitis B Virus (HBV); chronic infection with HBV is associated with the development of severe liver diseases including hepatitis and cirrhosis. Individuals who are chronically infected with HBV also have a significantly higher risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) than uninfected individuals. The HBV X protein (HBx) is a key regulatory HBV protein that is important for HBV replication, and likely plays a cofactor role in the development of HCC in chronically HBV-infected individuals. Although some of the functions of HBx that may contribute to the development of HCC have been characterized, many HBx activities, and their putative roles during the development of HBV-associated HCC, remain incompletely understood. HBx is a multifunctional protein that localizes to the cytoplasm, nucleus, and mitochondria of HBV‑infected hepatocytes. HBx regulates numerous cellular signal transduction pathways and transcription factors as well as cell cycle progression and apoptosis. In this review, we will summarize reports in which the impact of HBx expression on cellular apoptotic pathways has been analyzed. Although various effects of HBx on apoptotic pathways have been observed in different model systems, studies of HBx activities in biologically relevant hepatocyte systems have begun to clarify apoptotic effects of HBx and suggest mechanisms that could link HBx modulation of apoptotic pathways to the development of HBV-associated HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhartha Rawat
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genetics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA;
| | - Amy J. Clippinger
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Michael J. Bouchard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
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Yang CL, Jiang FQ, Xu F, Jiang GX. ADAM10 overexpression confers resistance to doxorubicin-induced apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2012; 33:1535-41. [PMID: 22581584 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-012-0405-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoresistance represents a major obstacle to successful treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10) is known to be frequently upregulated in many cancers. We aimed to determine the biological function of ADAM10 in the chemoresistance of HCC cells. Overexpression of ADAM10 in three HCC cell lines (HepG2, Hep3B, and Huh7) conferred protection against doxorubicin-induced apoptosis, as determined by Annexin V staining. Western blot analysis revealed that ADAM10-overexpressing cells had a significantly lower amount of cleaved caspase-3 and an elevated expression of myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1), a prosurvival member of the Bcl-2 family. Conversely, RNA interference-mediated silencing of endogenous ADAM10 potentiated doxorubicin-induced apoptosis in HepG2 and Hep3B cells, which was coupled with increased cleavage of caspase-3 and decreased expression of Mcl-1. Ectopic expression of ADAM10 resulted in a marked increase in the phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) and Akt. Most interestingly, the pretreatment with the PI3-K inhibitor LY294002 significantly enhanced doxorubicin-induced apoptosis and diminished the Mcl-1 expression in ADAM10-overexpressing Huh7 cells. Our data provide evidence that ADAM10 plays an important role in modulating the chemosensitivity of HCC cells, which, at least partially, involves the activation of the PI3-K/Akt pathway. ADAM10 may be a promising target for the improvement of chemotherapeutic efficacy in HCC.
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50
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Polvani S, Tarocchi M, Galli A. PPARγ and Oxidative Stress: Con(β) Catenating NRF2 and FOXO. PPAR Res 2012; 2012:641087. [PMID: 22481913 PMCID: PMC3317010 DOI: 10.1155/2012/641087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Revised: 11/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome-proliferator activator receptor γ (PPARγ) is a nuclear receptor of central importance in energy homeostasis and inflammation. Recent experimental pieces of evidence demonstrate that PPARγ is implicated in the oxidative stress response, an imbalance between antithetic prooxidation and antioxidation forces that may lead the cell to apoptotic or necrotic death. In this delicate and intricate game of equilibrium, PPARγ stands out as a central player devoted to the quenching and containment of the damage and to foster cell survival. However, PPARγ does not act alone: indeed the nuclear receptor is at the point of interconnection of various pathways, such as the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), Wnt/β-catenin, and forkhead box proteins O (FOXO) pathways. Here we reviewed the role of PPARγ in response to oxidative stress and its interaction with other signaling pathways implicated in this process, an interaction that emerged as a potential new therapeutic target for several oxidative-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Polvani
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Clinical Pathophysiology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy
| | - Mirko Tarocchi
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Clinical Pathophysiology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy
| | - Andrea Galli
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Clinical Pathophysiology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy
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