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Feng J, Khan A, Lau PWC, Huang WY. Parental role-modeling on 24-hour movement behaviors among preschoolers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14563. [PMID: 38268068 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Little is known about the association between parents' and children's 24-h movement behaviors during the pandemic. This cross-sectional study examined the association between the 24-h movement behaviors of parents and their preschoolers and investigated sex differences in this association. METHODS A total of 1740 preschoolers (4.5 ± 0.8 years old, 50.3% boys) and their parents (35.4 ± 4.9 years old, 24.3% males) in China participated in this study and provided valid and complete data. Parents completed an online survey or a written questionnaire in the period between October and December 2020. Preschoolers' and parents' movement behaviors (physical activity [PA], sedentary behavior [SB], screen time, and sleep) and demographic information were reported by the parents. Generalized linear models and logistic regression models were performed. RESULTS Positive associations were found between parents' and preschoolers' moderate-to-vigorous intensity PA (β = 0.28; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.20, 0.36), total PA (β = 0.21; 95% CI: 0.17, 0.24), and sleep (β = 0.05; 95% CI: 0.03, 0.06) with no apparent sex difference. No significant association was found between parents' and preschoolers' SB or screen time. Girls were more likely to meet all three 24-h movement guidelines when their parents met them (odds ratio = 2.38; 95% CI: 1.42, 4.01), but the relationship was not significant for boys. CONCLUSIONS Parental role-modeling was positively associated with children's PA and sleep. This finding suggests that supporting parents' movement behaviors has the potential to promote a healthy lifestyle among preschoolers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Feng
- Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Asaduzzaman Khan
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Patrick Wing Chung Lau
- Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
- Laboratory of Exercise Science and Health, BNU-HKBU United International College, Zhuhai, China
| | - Wendy Yajun Huang
- Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
- Dr Stephen Hui Research Centre for Physical Recreation and Wellness, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
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Figueira M, Santos AC, Gregório MJ, Araújo J. Changes in screen time from 4 to 7 years of age, dietary patterns and obesity: Findings from the Generation XXI birth cohort. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2023; 33:2508-2516. [PMID: 37580233 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2023.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Increased screen exposure is associated with unhealthy eating behaviours and obesity. Screen time (ST) changes from pre-school to school age, and associations with dietary patterns (DP) and obesity remain unknown. We, therefore, analysed ST changes from 4 to 7 years of age, associated factors, and the relation with DP and obesity. METHODS AND RESULTS We included 4531 children evaluated at 4 and 7 years, as part of the Generation XXI birth cohort (Porto, Portugal). ST was assessed for weekdays and weekend, and average daily time was estimated. Associations between covariates and ST changes, and between ST changes and 3 DP previously identified (Energy-dense foods, Snacking, and Healthier) were estimated by odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI), using adjusted multinomial regression models. From 4 to 7 years, 31.5% of the children decreased their ST, 21.8% increased, 16.5% maintained low (≤60 min), and 30.2% maintained high (61-120 min or >120 min) ST. After adjustment, lower maternal education (OR = 2.33, 95%CI:1.82-2.99) and lower family income (OR = 1.72, 95%CI:1.35-2.21) were associated with higher odds of increasing ST, while being a girl was associated with 35% decreased odds of increasing ST. Children that increased and those that maintained high ST showed greater odds of presenting a Snacking DP at 7 years (OR = 2.34, 95%CI:1.64-3.35) and (OR = 2.65, 95%CI:1.89-3.72), respectively. No statistically significant differences were found regarding changes in ST and the child's BMI. CONCLUSION Children increasing screen exposure during this period were more frequently from lower socioeconomic strata and presented unhealthier DP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Figueira
- EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Cristina Santos
- Departamento de Ciências da Saúde Pública e Forenses, e Educação Médica -Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria João Gregório
- Faculdade de Ciências da Nutrição e Alimentação da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Direção-Geral da Saúde, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana Araújo
- EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Departamento de Ciências da Saúde Pública e Forenses, e Educação Médica -Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), Porto, Portugal.
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Beck AL, Mora R, Joseph G, Perrin E, Cabana M, Schickedanz A, Fernandez A. A Multimethod Evaluation of the Futuros Fuertes Intervention to Promote Healthy Feeding, Screen Time, and Sleep Practices. Acad Pediatr 2023; 23:1351-1360. [PMID: 37211275 DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2023.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE 1) To evaluate the impact of the Futuros Fuertes intervention on infant feeding, screen time, and sleep practices and 2) To use qualitative methods to explore mechanisms of action. METHODS Low-income Latino infant-parent dyads were recruited from birth to 1 month and randomized to Futuros Fuertes or a financial coaching control. Parents received health education sessions from a lay health educator at well-child visits in the first year of life. Parents received two text messages per week that reinforced intervention content. We assessed infant feeding, screen time, and sleep practices via surveys. body mass index z-score (BMI-z) was measured at 6 and 12 months. Seventeen parents from the intervention arm participated in a semi-structured interview that explored parental experiences with the intervention. RESULTS There were n = 96 infant-parent dyads randomized. Fruit intake was higher in the intervention group at 15 months (1.1 vs 0.86 cups p = 0.05). Breastfeeding rates were higher in intervention participants at 6 months (84% vs 59% p = 0.02) and 9 months (81% vs 51% p = 0.008). Mean daily screen time was lower among intervention participants at 6 months (7 vs 22 min p = 0.003), 12 months (35 vs 52 min p = 0.03), and 15 months (60 vs 73 min p = 0.03). Major qualitative themes include 1) parental trust in intervention messaging 2) changes in feeding and screen time parenting practices, 3) text messages supported behavior change for parents and family members, and 4) varying effectiveness of intervention on different health behaviors. CONCLUSIONS Low-income Latino infants participating in the Futuros Fuertes intervention had modestly healthier feeding and screen time practices compared to control participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Beck
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine (AL Beck), University of California San Francisco.
| | - Rosa Mora
- School of Medicine (R Mora), University of California San Francisco
| | - Galen Joseph
- Department of Humanities and Social Medicine, School of Medicine (G Joseph), University of California San Francisco
| | - Eliana Perrin
- Department of Pediatrics, Schools of Medicine and Nursing (E Perrin), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md
| | - Michael Cabana
- Department of Pediatrics (M Cabana), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Adam Schickedanz
- Department of Pediatrics (A Schickedanz), University of California Los Angeles
| | - Alicia Fernandez
- Department of Medicine (A Fernandez), University of California San Francisco
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Zalewska A, Gałczyk M, Sobolewski M, Fernandes H. Internet Addiction and Physical Activity among Polish and Portuguese Students in the Final Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5204. [PMID: 37629246 PMCID: PMC10455946 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12165204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM The purpose of this study was to analyze the level of Internet addiction and physical activity, as well as the relationship between internet addiction and physical activity, among Polish and Portuguese students in the final year of the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS A web-based online survey was conducted among students in Poland and Portugal (398 respondents) aged between 17 and 26 in October 2022. The level of internet addiction was assessed by the Kimberly Young questionnaire in Polish and in Portuguese. The level of physical activity was measured by the international physical activity questionnaire in Polish and in Portuguese. RESULTS In the study population, the majority of the respondents were mildly addicted to the internet. The average level of addiction was reported by 9.3-23.5% of the respondents. The average level of internet addiction was higher among Portuguese students and among men. Those who had suffered from COVID-19 (especially more than once) and were more physically active showed a higher tendency towards internet addiction. CONCLUSIONS Internet addiction is a problem that has to be monitored and given more attention, particularly among male students. The results presented provide the first statistical insight into the problem of internet addiction among students in both countries and form the basis for further studies. They also highlight the severity of the problem and point to the need for early preventive and protective interventions against problematic internet use. It appears that effective strategies should include promoting the benefits of physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zalewska
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Lomza, 14 Akademicka St., 18-400 Lomza, Poland;
| | - Monika Gałczyk
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Lomza, 14 Akademicka St., 18-400 Lomza, Poland;
| | - Marek Sobolewski
- Plant of Quantitative Methods, Rzeszow University of Technology, al. Powstancow Warszawy 12, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland;
| | - Hélder Fernandes
- Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA: E), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal;
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Meri R, Hutton J, Farah R, DiFrancesco M, Gozman L, Horowitz-Kraus T. [Formula: see text] Higher access to screens is related to decreased functional connectivity between neural networks associated with basic attention skills and cognitive control in children. Child Neuropsychol 2023; 29:666-685. [PMID: 35957604 PMCID: PMC10619703 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2022.2110577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Screen-based media has become a prevailing part of children's lives. Different technologies provide limitless access to a wide range of content. This accessibility has immensely increased screen exposure among children, showing that this exposure is associated with decreased cognitive abilities. This study was designed to evaluate how the neurobiological correlates for different sub-components of screen exposure, such as level of access, content, and frequency, are related to different cognitive abilities. Resting-state functional MRI data were collected in 29 native English-speaking children (8-12 years old), in addition to cognitive-behavioral measures. Functional connectivity measures within and between several networks related to cognitive control and attention were calculated [fronto-parietal (FP), cingulo-opercular (CO), dorsal attention (DAN), ventral attention (VAN), salience, default mode (DMN), cerebellar networks]. Sub-components of screen exposure were measured using the Screen-Q questionnaire. Higher access to screens was related to lower functional connectivity between neural networks associated with basic attention skills and cognitive control (i.e., DAN and salience). In addition, higher levels of parent-child interaction during screen exposure were related to increased functional connectivity between networks related to cognitive control and learning (i.e., CO and cerebellar). These findings suggest that screen exposure may reduce the engagement of basic attention and modulation of cognitive control networks and that higher levels of parent-child interaction engage cognitive control networks. An enhanced understanding of these processes can provide an important scientific basis for future educational and medical approaches regarding screen exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raya Meri
- Educational Neuroimaging Group, Faculty of Education in Science and Technology, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - John Hutton
- Reading and Literacy Discovery Center, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Rola Farah
- Educational Neuroimaging Group, Faculty of Education in Science and Technology, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Mark DiFrancesco
- Reading and Literacy Discovery Center, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Leonid Gozman
- Faculty of Medicine – Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Tzipi Horowitz-Kraus
- Educational Neuroimaging Group, Faculty of Education in Science and Technology, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Sherrard A, Vang M, Tan CC. Children's media use and food approach behavior: Associations with temperament and food parenting. Appetite 2023; 182:106444. [PMID: 36592796 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Children's media use has been found to be associated with obesogenic eating and obesity risk. Children's temperament and food parenting have been found to be important factors associated with children's eating behavior. The current study examined whether children's temperament and food parenting moderated the associations between children's media use and children's food approach behaviors. Parents (n = 214) of children between 3- to 5- years old were recruited to complete an online survey. Findings showed that children's temperament (i.e., negative affectivity and effortful control) and food parenting (i.e., coercive control) moderated the relationship between children's media use and children's food approach behavior. The results suggest that children's temperament and food parenting play important roles in understanding the relationship among children's media use and children's eating behavior.
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Parrish KH, Smith MR, Moran L, Ruberry EJ, Lengua LJ. Tests of bidirectional relations of
TV
exposure and effortful control as predictors of adjustment in early childhood in the context of family risk factors. INFANT AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT 2022; 31. [DOI: 10.1002/icd.2314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krystal H. Parrish
- Department of Psychology University of Washington Seattle Washington USA
| | - Michele R. Smith
- Department of Psychology University of Washington Seattle Washington USA
| | - Lyndsey Moran
- Department of Psychology University of Washington Seattle Washington USA
| | - Erika J. Ruberry
- Department of Psychology University of Washington Seattle Washington USA
| | - Liliana J. Lengua
- Department of Psychology University of Washington Seattle Washington USA
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Liu Q, Li X. The Interactions of Media Use, Obesity, and Suboptimal Health Status: A Nationwide Time-Trend Study in China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182413214. [PMID: 34948822 PMCID: PMC8701945 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182413214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and suboptimal health status (SHS) have been global public health concerns in recent decades. A growing number of works have explored the relationships between media use and obesity, as well as SHS. This study aimed to examine the time trend of the associations between media use (including traditional media and new media) and obesity, as well as SHS. The data were derived from three national random samples of the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS), which was separately conducted in 2013, 2015, and 2017. In total, 34,468 respondents were included in this study, consisting of 16,624 males and 17,844 females, and the average age was 49.95 years old (SD = 16.72). It found that broadcast use and television use were positively associated with obesity and showed an increasing trend over time. Cellphone use emerged as a risk factor for obesity in 2017 and showed an increasing trend. By contrast, newspaper use, television use, and internet use were negatively associated with SHS, and television use showed a decreasing trend in the association with SHS, while internet and newspaper use showed an increasing trend. In conclusion, media use was positively associated with obesity while negatively associated with SHS. It showed a decreasing trend in the associations between traditional media use and obesity, while revealing an increasing trend in the associations between new media use and obesity, as well as SHS. The practical implications of the findings are discussed.
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Kristo AS, Çinar N, Kucuknil SL, Sikalidis AK. Technological Devices and Their Effect on Preschool Children's Eating Habits in Communities of Mixed Socioeconomic Status in Istanbul; a Pilot Cross-Sectional Study. Behav Sci (Basel) 2021; 11:bs11110157. [PMID: 34821618 PMCID: PMC8614987 DOI: 10.3390/bs11110157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of technological devices is increasing in all age groups, especially in preschool-aged children. However, there is a limiting number of studies investigating the relationship between the use of technological devices, eating behavior, and weight status in preschool children. The aim of this study was (1) to describe total usage of technological devices, (2) to evaluate level of exclusive use of such devices by children, (3) to investigate children’s eating behaviors and diet in relation to screen time and type. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 104 children aged 2–5 years in Küçükçekmece and Bakırköy, Istanbul. Data collection consisted of a validated parental questionnaire on demographics and the child’s use of technology and eating behavior, while associations in children were examined using logistic regression analysis. The analysis of the obtained data uncovered a strong association between children’s TV and tablet/smart phone use and the foods consumed by children when using these devices (p = 0.0001; p = 0.012). Also, there was a significant association between children’s eating habits and TV, and tablet/smart phone durations of use (p = 0.015; p = 0.025), but not with computer duration of use (p > 0.05). Obesity and associated health problems can arise as results of suboptimal eating behavior, such as the ones observed in our study, which are also intensified with an increased duration of use of technological devices. The attitude of families towards prudent use of technological equipment is of great importance in impacting present and future health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra S. Kristo
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, California Polytechnic State University, 1 Grand Ave., San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Nur Çinar
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Istanbul Yeni Yuzyil University, Yilanli Ayazma Yolu No 26, Istanbul 34010, Turkey; (N.Ç.); (S.L.K.)
| | - Stefanos L. Kucuknil
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Istanbul Yeni Yuzyil University, Yilanli Ayazma Yolu No 26, Istanbul 34010, Turkey; (N.Ç.); (S.L.K.)
- Balıklı Greek Hospital, Physiotherapy Clinic, Belgrad Kapi Yolu No 2, Istanbul 34020, Turkey
| | - Angelos K. Sikalidis
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, California Polytechnic State University, 1 Grand Ave., San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA;
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Oh Y, Kim Y, Joung YS. A Latent Profile Analysis of Problematic Media Device Use and Its Association With Executive Function and Behavioral Problem Among Children: A Population-Based Study. Psychiatry Investig 2021; 18:895-903. [PMID: 34517446 PMCID: PMC8473855 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2021.0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite the rapid increase in problematic media device use, relatively little is known about specific characteristics and extent of problematic media device and how they relate to different psychological features. METHODS Data extracted from the Panel Korea Study for the Child Cohort Study were used. At the age of 9 years, media device addiction severity was assessed using the K-scale, and children's behavioral outcomes were assessed using the Child Behavior Checklist. Among children with problematic media device use (n=339), we performed latent profile analysis using the K-scale to identify subtypes of problematic media device use, and then compared the child behavioral problems and executive function according to the different subtypes of problematic media device use. RESULTS Children with problematic media device use were divided into class 1 (n=51), class 2 (n=138), and class 3 (n=150). Compared with classes 2 and 3, class 1 had more severe problematic media device use, including daily activity disturbance, withdrawal, and tolerance. Class 1 had the most serious behavioral problems and executive function difficulties among classes. Class 2 had greater daily activity disturbance and tolerance than those of class 3, but executive function showed no significant difference between the two classes. In logistic regression analysis, behavioral problems except for somatization were more common in class 1 than in the control group. CONCLUSION Results suggest that problematic media device use is associated with significant behavioral problem and executive function difficulties and underscore the need for further clinical and research attention for these specific subgroup members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhye Oh
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, National Center for Mental Health, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmi Kim
- Department of Child Welfare and Counseling, Gukje Cyber University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo-Sook Joung
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Koran N, Berkmen B, Adalıer A. Mobile technology usage in early childhood: Pre-COVID-19 and the national lockdown period in North Cyprus. EDUCATION AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES 2021; 27:321-346. [PMID: 34393611 PMCID: PMC8344393 DOI: 10.1007/s10639-021-10658-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 has affected North Cyprus since the beginning of March 2020. On March 10th 2020, the council of ministers in North Cyprus announced a lockdown and listed some restrictions to prevent the spread of the virus; schools and entertainment centres were closed, and children had to spend most of their day at home. This study aims to examine the use of mobile technology before and during the COVID-19 lockdown period by children aged three to six, based on parents' opinions. This is a descriptive study with a sample of 319 parents. Data and demographic information were collected with a questionnaire and analysed with SPSS (24.0). Comparing the duration of mobile technology device usage before the pandemic and during the lockdown period, an increase is evident, as expected. Of note, when compared to the pre-pandemic period, it is found that there is a decrease in the rate of mobile technology device usage for video viewing during the lockdown period. The findings also suggest that children mostly first experienced mobile technology devices in some way before 36 months of age. This study has determined that most children do not have their own mobile technology device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihan Koran
- Faculty of Education, Elementary Education Department, Eastern Mediterranean University, North Cyprus Famagusta, via Mersin 10, Turkey
| | - Bengü Berkmen
- Faculty of Education, Department of Guidance and Psychological Counseling, Cyprus International University, North Cyprus Nicosia, via Mersin 10, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Adalıer
- Faculty of Education, Department of Computer Education and Instructional Technology, Cyprus International University, North Cyprus Nicosia, via Mersin 10, Turkey
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12
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Feng J, Zheng C, Sit CHP, Reilly JJ, Huang WY. Associations between meeting 24-hour movement guidelines and health in the early years: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:2545-2557. [PMID: 34176439 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1945183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review examined the compliance with the 24-h movement guidelines, and investigated its associations with health indicators for healthy children under 5 years of age. MEDLINE, PsycINFO, EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science and SPORTDiscus were searched for peer-reviewed studies and the last search was conducted on 27 October 2020. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scales were used to assess the quality of included studies. Eighteen articles including 8,943 participants from 11 countries were included. On average around 13% of the children met all three guidelines. Meta-analyses of the associations between meeting all three guidelines and adiposity yielded no significant results (r = - 0.03; 95% CI = - 0.12, 0.06; I2 = 51%; P = 0.48). Meeting more guidelines was associated with better psychosocial health (3/4 studies). Associations between meeting individual or combined guidelines and motor development yielded mixed results (2/2 studies), while no associations between meeting guidelines and cognitive development were observed (1 study). Compliance with all three guidelines was low. Further evidence is required to understand the associations between meeting the 24-h movement guidelines and health outcomes. Nevertheless, there was evidence of a dose-response relationship between meeting the guidelines and better psychosocial health in the early years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Feng
- Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, China
| | - Chen Zheng
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
| | - Cindy Hui-Ping Sit
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
| | - John J Reilly
- Physical Activity and Health Group, School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Wendy Yajun Huang
- Centre for Health and Exercise Science Research, Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, China
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13
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Vercammen KA, Frelier JM, Poole MK, Kenney EL. Obesity prevention in early care and education: a comparison of licensing regulations across Canadian provinces and territories. J Public Health (Oxf) 2021; 42:362-373. [PMID: 32090258 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdaa019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early care and education (ECE) settings represent an important point of intervention for childhood obesity prevention efforts. The objective of this paper was to compare ECE licensing regulations for each Canadian province/territory to evidence-based, obesity prevention standards. METHODS Two authors reviewed existing ECE regulations for each province/territory and examined whether the regulatory text supported standards for nutrition (n = 11), physical activity (n = 5) and screen time (n = 4). Provinces/territories were evaluated on the strength of regulatory language for each standard (i.e. fully, partially, or not addressed) and a total comprehensiveness score (maximum score of 20). ECE centres and homes were examined separately. RESULTS The majority of provinces/territories required providers to follow Canada's Food Guide, but few had regulations for specific foods or beverages. Most provinces/territories included standards related to written menus and drinking water, but the strength of these standards was weak. Many provinces/territories required physical activity and outdoor opportunities to be provided daily, but few included a time requirement. Only two provinces included any screen time standards. Total comprehensiveness scores averaged 5.7 for centres and 5.4 for homes. CONCLUSIONS Canadian provinces/territories have insufficient obesity prevention regulations in ECE settings, highlighting a potential point of intervention to prevent obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey A Vercammen
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Johannah M Frelier
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mary Kathryn Poole
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Erica L Kenney
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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Moreno MA, Gaus Q, Wilt M, Arseniev-Koehler A, Ton A, Adrian M, VanderStoep A. Displayed Depression Symptoms on Facebook at Two Time Points: Content Analysis. JMIR Form Res 2021; 5:e20179. [PMID: 34057422 PMCID: PMC8204233 DOI: 10.2196/20179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Depression is a prevalent and problematic mental disorder that often has an onset in adolescence. Previous studies have illustrated that depression disclosures on social media are common and may be linked to an individual’s experiences of depression. However, most studies have examined depression displays on social media at a single time point. Objective This study aims to investigate displayed depression symptoms on Facebook at 2 developmental time points based on symptom type and gender. Methods Participants were recruited from an ongoing longitudinal cohort study. The content analysis of text-based Facebook data over 1 year was conducted at 2 time points: time 1 (adolescence; age 17-18 years) and time 2 (young adulthood; ages 20-22 years). Diagnostic criteria for depression were applied to each post to identify the displayed depression symptoms. Data were extracted verbatim. The analysis included nonparametric tests for comparisons. Results A total of 78 participants’ Facebook profiles were examined, of which 40 (51%) were male. At time 1, 62% (48/78) of the adolescents had a Facebook profile, and 54% (26/78) displayed depression symptom references with an average of 9.4 (SD 3.1) references and 3.3 (SD 2.3) symptom types. Of the 78 participants, 15 (19%) females and 12 (15%) males displayed depression symptom references; these prevalence estimates were not significantly different by gender (P=.59). At time 2, 35 young adults displayed symptoms of depression with an average of 4.6 (SD 2.3) references and 2.4 (SD 1.3) symptom types. There were no differences in the prevalence of symptoms of depression displayed between males (n=19) and females (n=16; P=.63). Conclusions This content analysis study within an ongoing cohort study illustrates the differences in depression displays on Facebook by developmental stage and symptom. This study contributes to a growing body of literature by showing that using social media to observe and understand depression during the emerging adult developmental period may be a valuable approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Moreno
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Quintin Gaus
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Megan Wilt
- Department of Nursing, St Catherine University, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Alina Arseniev-Koehler
- Department of Sociology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Adrienne Ton
- Department of Nursing, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Molly Adrian
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Ann VanderStoep
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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Milk-Fat Intake and Differences in Abdominal Adiposity and BMI: Evidence Based on 13,544 Randomly-Selected Adults. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13061832. [PMID: 34072074 PMCID: PMC8228755 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the relationship between milk-fat intake and obesity, particularly abdominal obesity, in 13,544 U.S. adults. A lesser objective was to measure the degree to which the association was influenced by multiple potential confounding variables. This cross-sectional study used data from the 2011-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Quantity of milk-fat regularly consumed was the exposure variable. Sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD), a measure of abdominal obesity, and body mass index (BMI) were the outcome variables. Sagittal abdominal diameter is a strong predictor of visceral abdominal fat, when measured by computed tomography, and has been shown to predict cardiometabolic disorders better than BMI. After controlling for age, race, gender, physical activity, leisure computer use and gaming, alcohol habits, and cigarette use, significantly lower BMIs were associated with consistent non-fat and full-fat milk consumption (F = 4.1, p = 0.0063). A significantly lower SAD was associated only with regular consumption of non-fat milk (F = 5.0, p = 0.0019). No significant differences were detected between the other milk-fat groups or milk abstainers. In this nationally representative sample, only 19.6% of adults regularly consumed low-fat milk. In conclusion, consistent non-fat milk intake was predictive of lower levels of abdominal adiposity compared to consumption of higher levels of milk-fat.
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Kracht CL, Katzmarzyk PT, Staiano AE. Household chaos, family routines, and young child movement behaviors in the U.S. during the COVID-19 outbreak: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:860. [PMID: 33947357 PMCID: PMC8094982 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-10909-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The home environment is an important facilitator of young child movement behaviors, including physical activity (PA), sleep, and screen-time. Household chaos, characterized by crowding, noise, and disorder in the home, may hinder efforts to obtain adequate amounts of movement behaviors. The COVID-19 outbreak impacted many families, and social distancing during this time may create conditions for more household chaos. Family routines can help establish order in the home and encourage an appropriate balance of movement behaviors, such as less screen-time and more sleep. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between household chaos and young child movement behaviors during the COVID-19 outbreak in the United States, and the role of family routines in this relationship. METHODS A national online survey including 1836 mothers of preschoolers (3.0-5.9 years) was conducted during May 2020. Mothers reported demographic characteristics, household chaos, family routines, and the preschooler's movement behaviors during the outbreak. Mothers completed a household chaos questionnaire and were grouped into chaos categories (low, moderate/low, moderate/high, and high) for analysis. Linear regression was used to assess the association between chaos category, family routines, and movement behaviors with adjustment for covariates. RESULTS Mothers were 35.9 ± 4.1 years of age, middle income (47.8%), and preschoolers were 3.8 ± 0.8 years of age. Most mothers reported their preschooler was less physically active (38.9%), slept the same amount of time (52.1%), and increased their screen-time (74.0%) after the COVID-19 outbreak. Preschoolers in the high chaos households performed less total PA (β = - 0.36 days/week, 95% CI:-0.62 to - 0.09, p = 0.008), slept less (β = - 0.42 h, 95% CI:-0.59 to - 0.25, p = 0.001) and had more screen-time (β = 0.69 h, 95% CI:0.45 to 0.92, p = 0.001) compared to those in low chaos households. In most chaos categories, having a bed-time ritual was related to more child sleep, and mothers who viewed routines as "less/not important" reported more preschooler screen-time compared to mothers who viewed routines as "very important". CONCLUSION Promoting bed-time rituals and prioritizing routines, even somewhat, may be related to an improved balance of child movement behaviors. Innovative measures are needed to support families during periods of disruption such as that experienced in the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea L Kracht
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Peter T Katzmarzyk
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Amanda E Staiano
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA.
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17
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Paulus FW, Möhler E, Recktenwald F, Albert A, Mall V. Electronic Media and Early Childhood: A Review. KLINISCHE PADIATRIE 2021; 233:157-172. [PMID: 33662997 DOI: 10.1055/a-1335-4936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This review summarizes the state of knowledge of use of new media on the development in early childhood in 6 sections: descriptive utilization data, psychosocial and emotional development, cognition and language, motor development, nutrition and sleep, and influence of parental media consumption. METHODS The review is based on a literature search of this topic in peer-reviewed journals. We included 87 articles, books, and book chapters. The used literature data bases were ERIC, PsycARTICLES, PsycINFO and PSYNDEX. RESULTS Manifold studies describe in young children's utilization data the pervasive nature of digital exposure and impressive usage times and availability. They confirm adverse influences of electronic media use (television, video games) on children's emotional and behavioral problems and well-being, e. g. on physical activity, sleep and obesity. In general a positive effect in sense of knowledge transfer of age could be found for high quality educational media, however predominantly the impact of media use at younger age was negative. CONCLUSIONS High frequent media use in early childhood is likely to have a negative impact on psychosocial development, positive effects such as knowledge transfer may be seen beyond the age of 18 months. As parental media use is a strong predictor of child media habits, reducing parental media use and enhancing parent-child interactions might be important areas to address when trying to change the media behavior of young children. In view of the scarcity of studies for early childhood, it is advisable to use digital play and communication devices cautiously and restrictively in this vulnerable development phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank W Paulus
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine, Homburg, Germany
| | - Eva Möhler
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine, Homburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Recktenwald
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine, Homburg, Germany
| | - Amélie Albert
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine, Homburg, Germany
| | - Volker Mall
- Children Hospital, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
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Kracht CL, Redman LM, Casey PH, Krukowski RA, Andres A. Association between Home Environment in Infancy and Child Movement Behaviors. Child Obes 2021; 17:100-109. [PMID: 33471594 PMCID: PMC7984654 DOI: 10.1089/chi.2020.0319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: An adequate balance of movement behaviors, including physical activity (PA), sleep, and screen time, is important for preventing excess weight gain in children. This study examined the relationship between the infant home environment and movement behaviors later in life. Methods: Pregnant women were recruited for a cohort study related to maternal and child development. The home environment was assessed for developmental stimulation, organization, and toys by the Pediatric Review of Children's Environmental Support and Stimulation (PROCESS) questionnaire when the child was 6 months of age. At 2 years of age, mother-reported child screen time, and child PA and sleep duration were estimated by accelerometry. Child behaviors were compared with the 24-hour Movement Guidelines (≥180 minutes/day of total PA, 11-14 hours/day of sleep, and ≤1 hour/day of screen time). Logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between the home environment and movement behaviors, adjusting for maternal and child covariates. Results: Mother/child dyads (n = 141) were mainly white (84.4%), and middle (32.8%) or low income (48.9%). All children (100%) met the PA guideline, some met the sleep guideline (71.6%), fewer met the screen-time guideline (44.7%), and only one-third (34.0%) met all three guidelines. Children who met the screen-time guideline lived in homes with more developmental stimulation and toys (p < 0.05). Children who met all 3 guidelines lived in homes with more organization and toys (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The infant home environment was associated with appropriate amounts of movement behaviors at 2 years. Promoting organization (i.e., routines) and toys in infancy may help facilitate nonscreen-based habits and healthy development. The clinical trial registration number is NCT01131117.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Patrick H. Casey
- Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Rebecca A. Krukowski
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Aline Andres
- Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR, USA
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Chen S, Hong J, Wang G, Liu Y. Move More, Sit Less and Sleep Well: An analysis of WHO movement guidelines for children under 5 years of age. SPORTS MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2021; 3:54-57. [PMID: 35782674 PMCID: PMC9219289 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Insufficient physical activity (PA), prolonged sedentary behavior (SB) and inadequate sleep (SLP) are detrimental factors to population health. To address health issues caused by insufficient PA, excessive SB and poor SLP, the World Health Organization (WHO) updated PA and SB guidelines for all populations aged from 5 years to 65 years and older in 2020. For children under 5 years old, the WHO issued the first global guidelines for PA, SB and SLP (collectively refer to movement behaviors) in April 2019. The guidelines applied a holistic approach to promote health behaviors, filling the gap of no comprehensive global movement guidelines for young children. Although the guidelines for young children offer guidance for health promotion, some research and practice implications and other issues should be mentioned. This commentary includes considerations for the importance of the WHO guidelines for younger children, critical analysis of evidence for developing the guidelines, and recommendations for future research and practice. The aim of this paper is to further advance health research in younger populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitong Chen
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jintao Hong
- Shanghai Research Institute of Sports Science (Shanghai Anti-Doping Agency), Shanghai, China
| | - Guangxu Wang
- School of Physical Education and Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Physical Education and Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
- Shanghai Research Centre for Physical Fitness and Health of Children and Adolescents, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
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20
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Hwang I, Bang KS. [Effects of Program to Promote Obesity Prevention Behaviors on Pre-Schoolers: Focused on Kindergartener in Korea]. J Korean Acad Nurs 2021; 51:188-202. [PMID: 33993125 DOI: 10.4040/jkan.20217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to develop a program to promote obesity prevention behaviors for pre-schoolers and to confirm the effectiveness of the program in Korea. METHODS The program comprised 8 sessions for 4 weeks including combined classroom lectures and physical activities. A non-equivalent control group pre-post test study design was used, and seventy two children, aged 5 to 6 years (experimental group: 33, control group: 39) and their parents participated in the study. To examine the effectiveness of the program, children's knowledge, intake of sugar-added beverages and fruits & vegetables, time of outdoor play and screen time, and parental self-efficacy were measured. Data were analyzed with SPSS/WIN ver. 22.0 and R 4.0.2, using descriptive analysis, chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, the independent t-test, and Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). RESULTS The results showed that the experimental group reported significantly increased knowledge (p < .001) and longer time of outdoor play on weekends (p = .033). However, there were no significant differences in the intake of sugar-added beverages and fruits & vegetables, screen time, and parental self-efficacy in the two groups. CONCLUSION This study confirms the applicability of an obesity prevention intervention at kindergartens in Korea. The results can be used as basic data for the study of childhood obesity prevention in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inju Hwang
- Department of Nursing, Suwon Women's University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Kyung Sook Bang
- College of Nursing · The Research Institute of Nursing Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
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21
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Paulus FW, Hübler K, Mink F, Möhler E. Emotional Dysregulation in Preschool Age Predicts Later Media Use and Gaming Disorder Symptoms in Childhood. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:626387. [PMID: 34220565 PMCID: PMC8245768 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.626387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of early Emotional Dysregulation (ED) at preschool age as a risk factor or predictor of later media use behavior and Gaming Disorder (GD) in school age. Methods: 80 patients (63.7% male; mean age = 4.2, SD = 1.23) who had attended a special outpatient program for preschoolers at measuring point time t1 were contacted at measuring point time t2 (mean age = 9.2, SD = 2.03). At t1, the comprehensive clinical assessment comprised Child Behavior Checklist-Dysregulation Profile (CBCL-DP). At t2, parents completed a questionnaire on their children's media availability, usage times, and GD. Results: ED predicts a more intense use of digital media in the future. The daily average screen-use time at t2 varies significantly between the groups (148 min for children with ED at t1 and 85 min for children without ED at t1). The intensity of media use can be considered a significant predictor for the presence of a GD in dimensional assessment. When GD is classified categorically, according to the DSM-5 criteria, there is no significant correlation between ED and later GD diagnosis, neither between screen-use time and GD diagnosis. However, at dimensional level, preschool children with ED show significantly higher GD symptom scores at 9 years of age. Conclusion: ED at preschool age is strongly associated with time spent video gaming and GD symptoms 5 years later. Our results strongly indicate that emotion dysregulation in preschool children is a risk factor for later problematic video game playing behavior. This strengthens the concept of ED in the etiology of media use and provides potential targets for early GD prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank W Paulus
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany
| | - Karen Hübler
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany
| | - Fabienne Mink
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany
| | - Eva Möhler
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany
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Li C, Cheng G, Sha T, Cheng W, Yan Y. The Relationships between Screen Use and Health Indicators among Infants, Toddlers, and Preschoolers: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E7324. [PMID: 33036443 PMCID: PMC7579161 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17197324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that excessive screen time in early childhood is related to children's physical and mental health. This study aimed to review the relationships between screen media use and several health indicators in infants, toddlers, and preschoolers. A systematic search was conducted by two independent reviewers on PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane Library to identify the eligible studies, with an end date of 13 August 2019. Included studies (published in English) were peer-reviewed and met the determinate population (children aged 0-7 years with screen media exposure and related health outcomes). The AHRQ, NOS, and the Cochrane Handbook were used to evaluate the cross-sectional study, cohort study, and RCT, respectively. A meta-analysis and narrative syntheses were employed separately. Eighty studies (23 studies for meta-analysis) met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review. Strong evidence of the meta-analysis suggested that excessive screen time was associated with overweight/obesity and shorter sleep duration among toddlers and preschoolers. Excessive screen use was associated with various health indicators in physical, behavioral, and psychosocial aspects. Better-quality research on newer media devices, on various kinds of contents in young children, and on dose-response relationships between excessive screen use and health indicators are needed to update recommendations of screen use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; (C.L.); (G.C.)
| | - Gang Cheng
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; (C.L.); (G.C.)
| | - Tingting Sha
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Joint Degeneration and Injury, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China;
| | - Wenwei Cheng
- Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410000, China;
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; (C.L.); (G.C.)
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Kracht CL, Webster EK, Staiano AE. A natural experiment of state-level physical activity and screen-time policy changes early childhood education (ECE) centers and child physical activity. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:387. [PMID: 32209069 PMCID: PMC7092539 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-08533-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early childhood education (ECE) centers are an important place for preschool-aged children to obtain physical activity (PA). A U.S. state government (Louisiana) recently updated requirements for licensed centers' PA and screen-time policies, which allowed for assessment of 1) ECE center practices, environment, staff behaviors, and policies changes on child-level PA and 2) state level changes on the ECE center. METHODS ECE centers were assessed at the beginning of state licensing changes and 1-year later. The ECE centers were assessed via the Environmental Policy Assessment and Observation (EPAO) tool. The EPAO Sedentary Opportunities score, which primarily assesses television viewing time, was revised to reflect viewing non-television devices (e.g. tablets). Child-level PA was measured using accelerometry. For Aim 1, mixed models assessed ECE center changes and child PA with adjustment for demographic characteristics (fixed effects), baseline EPAO score (random effects), and clustering for center. For Aim 2, paired t-tests assessed ECE center environment differences between baseline and follow-up. RESULTS Nine ECE centers participated and 49 preschoolers provided complete measures at both time points. For Aim 1, increases in the EPAO revised-Sedentary Opportunities score (as in less non-television screen-time) resulted in increased child PA (p = 0.02). For Aim 2, ECE centers improved their EPAO Active Opportunities and Staff Behaviors score (p = 0.04 and p = 0.02 respectively). CONCLUSIONS ECE centers improved their environment after 1-year, resulting in additional child PA. Changes in ECE centers environment, possibly through policy, can positively influence children's PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea L Kracht
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - E Kipling Webster
- Institute of Public and Preventive Health, 1120 15th Street, CJ 2312, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Amanda E Staiano
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA.
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The Role of Recreational Online Activities in School-Based Screen Time Sedentary Behaviour Interventions for Adolescents: A Systematic and Critical Literature Review. Int J Ment Health Addict 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-019-00213-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractSedentary behaviours are highly associated with obesity and other important health outcomes in adolescence. This paper reviews screen time and its role within school-based behavioural interventions targeting adolescents between the years 2007 and 2019. A systematic literature review following PRISMA guidelines was conducted across five major databases to identify interventions targeting screen time—in addition to TV/DVD viewing. The review identified a total of 30 papers analysing 15 studies across 16 countries aiming at addressing reduction of recreational screen time (internet use and gaming) in addition to television/DVD viewing. All of the interventions focused exclusively on behaviour change, targeting in the majority both reduction of sedentary behaviours along with strategies to increase physical activity levels. A mix of intervention effects were found in the reviewed studies. Findings suggest aiming only for reduction in time spent on screen-based behaviour within interventions could be a limited strategy in ameliorating excessive screen use, if not targeted, in parallel, with strategies to address other developmental, contextual and motivational factors that are key components in driving the occurrence and maintenance of adolescent online behaviours. Additionally, it raises the need for a differential treatment and assessment of each online activity within the interventions due to the heterogeneity of the construct of screen time. Recommendations for enhancing the effectiveness of school-based sedentary behaviour interventions and implications for public policy are discussed.
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Model of goal directed behavior for limiting Latino preschoolers' television viewing: validity and reliability. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:185. [PMID: 32024491 PMCID: PMC7003399 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-8268-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Accurately measuring parents’ attitudes and beliefs regarding limiting their children’s TV viewing is important to inform the design and evaluation of effective interventions. This manuscript assesses the internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, and construct validity of the Model of Goal Directed Behavior (MGDB) scales among parents of Latino preschoolers to characterize Latino parents’ attitudes and beliefs toward limiting their preschoolers’ TV viewing. Method Participants included parents of Latino preschoolers in the United States, 3–5 years old (n = 186). Parents completed a socio-demographic survey and the 105-item MGDB questionnaire (Attitudes, Perceived Positive/Negative Behavioral Control, Subjective Norms, Positive and Negative Anticipated Emotions, Habits, Self-Efficacy, Desires, and Intentions surrounding their child’s TV viewing) which was used to measure internal consistency reliability and construct validity. A subsample of participants completed the questionnaire twice to measure test-retest reliability. Further, parents completed a 7-day TV viewing diary for their preschooler, and a TV parenting practices questionnaire as measures of convergent validity. Results Internal consistency reliability was generally acceptable for the MGDB scales (Cronbach’s alphas> 0.7), except for the Desires scale, which was revealed to have two factors and the Attitudes and Perceived Behavioral Control scales. Test-retest reliability over 2 months had negligible to moderate correlations (r’s = 0.28 to 0.61). Two structural equation models were conducted. One yielded acceptable model fit (x2 (97) = 113.65, p = .119) and the other had questionable model fit (x2 (97) = 125.39; p = .028). Testing convergent validity, only two MGDB scales (Habits and Self-Efficacy) were positively correlated with the TV parenting practices questionnaire (r’s = 0.33 to 0.51), and none were meaningfully correlated with preschoolers’ mean daily TV viewing. Conclusions Initial reliability and validity for some of the MGDB scales appear acceptable among parents of Latino preschoolers. Refinement of the instrument and testing among larger samples is necessary to fully evaluate psychometric properties. This instrument may be useful for characterizing Latino parents’ attitudes and beliefs toward limiting their preschoolers’ TV viewing and informing future TV reduction interventions. Trial registration Clinical Trials NCT01216306 Registered October 6, 2010.
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Kracht CL, Webster EK, Staiano AE. Sociodemographic Differences in Young Children Meeting 24-Hour Movement Guidelines. J Phys Act Health 2019; 16:908-915. [PMID: 31491748 PMCID: PMC7058481 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2019-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about variation in meeting the 24-Hour Movement Guidelines (including physical activity [PA], sleep, and screen time [ST]) in early childhood. The aim was to evaluate sociodemographic differences in meeting the 24-Hour Movement Guidelines. METHODS Parents of 3-4 year old children reported sociodemographic information and ST. Sleep and PA were measured using accelerometry, and height and weight were objectively measured. The 24-Hour Movement Guidelines include daily PA (total PA: ≥3 h; including ≥1 h of moderate to vigorous), sleep (10-13 h), and ST (≤1 h). Meeting guidelines by age, sex, race, poverty level, and weight status were assessed using chi-square and linear regression models. RESULTS Of 107 children, 57% were white and 26% lived in households at or below the poverty level. Most children met the PA (91.5%) and sleep (86.9%) guidelines, but few met ST (14.0%) or all 3 (11.3%) guidelines. African American children and children who lived at or below the poverty level were less likely to meet the sleep, ST, and all 3 guidelines compared with others (P < .01 for all). There were no other differences. CONCLUSION These results suggest future interventions should focus on reducing differences in movement, namely in sleep and ST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea L. Kracht
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808
| | - E. Kipling Webster
- Louisiana State University’s School of Kinesiology, 112 Long Fieldhouse, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803
| | - Amanda E. Staiano
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808
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Armstrong B, Trude ACB, Johnson C, Castelo RJ, Zemanick A, Haber-Sage S, Arbaiza R, Black MM. CHAMP: A cluster randomized-control trial to prevent obesity in child care centers. Contemp Clin Trials 2019; 86:105849. [PMID: 31525490 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2019.105849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Foundational elements of lifelong health are formed during the preschool years. Child care attendance has nearly doubled in the past 5 years making child care centers an ideal setting to establish healthy habits that prevent pediatric obesity. Despite the promising evidence of efficacy of child care-based obesity prevention interventions, limited attention has been directed to criteria needed for implementation at scale. There is potential to improve children's dietary and physical activity behaviors in diverse communities through theory-based, culturally appropriate, manualized interventions, delivered by child care staff. CHAMP (Creating Healthy Habits Among Maryland Preschoolers) is a 3-arm cluster randomized controlled childhood obesity prevention trial, aiming to improve motor skills, physical activity and willingness to try new foods among 864 preschoolers (age 3-5 years) enrolled in 54 child care centers in 10 Maryland counties. CHAMP is informed by social-cognitive and bioecological theories and based on an evidence-based program, The Food Friends®. The two intervention arms include: 1) child care-center based lessons (18-week gross motor and 12-week nutrition) administered by trained child care staff, and 2) a web-based intervention for caregivers in addition to center-based lessons. Evaluations are conducted among children, caregivers, and child care staff at fall enrollment, midline, and spring, following intervention completion. Analyses include linear mixed-models, accounting for clustering and repeated measures, incorporating center-arms as moderators. CHAMP will provide evidence-based information to inform wellness guidelines and policies that can be disseminated broadly, to ensure that child care centers provide opportunities for children to develop healthy eating, and physical activity habits. Trial Registration: NCT03111264; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03111264.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget Armstrong
- University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, United States of America
| | - Angela C B Trude
- University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, United States of America
| | - Candace Johnson
- University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, United States of America
| | - Romulus J Castelo
- University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, United States of America
| | - Amy Zemanick
- University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, United States of America
| | - Sophie Haber-Sage
- University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, United States of America
| | - Raquel Arbaiza
- University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, United States of America
| | - Maureen M Black
- University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, United States of America; RTI International, Department of Pediatrics, United States of America.
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Tucker JM, DeFrang R, Orth J, Wakefield S, Howard K. Evaluation of a Primary Care Weight Management Program in Children Aged 2⁻5 years: Changes in Feeding Practices, Health Behaviors, and Body Mass Index. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11030498. [PMID: 30818772 PMCID: PMC6471876 DOI: 10.3390/nu11030498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary care offers a promising setting for promoting parenting practices that shape healthy eating and physical activity behaviors of young children. This study assessed the impact of a parent-based, primary care intervention on the feeding habits, health behaviors, and body mass index (BMI) of 2⁻5 year olds with elevated or rapidly-increasing BMI. METHODS Four private pediatric offices in West Michigan were assigned as control (n = 2) or intervention (n = 2) sites based on patient load and demographics. Treatment families were recruited at well-child visits to receive physician health-behavior counseling and four visits with a registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN) over a 6-month period. Intervention outcomes were age- and sex-specific BMI metrics, including BMI z-scores and percent of the 95th percentile (%BMIp95), the Family Nutrition and Physical Activity survey (FNPA), and the Feeding Practices and Structure Questionnaire (FPSQ). RESULTS Of 165 enrolled families, 127 completed follow-up measures (77% retention). Mean (±SD) FNPA scores improved in treatment vs. control (4.6 ± 4.6 vs. 0.1 ± 4.2; p < 0.001), and screen time (h/day) decreased (-0.9 ± 1.8 vs. 0.3 ± 1.1; p < 0.001). Non-responsive feeding practices (i.e., reward for behavior (p = 0.006) and distrust in appetite (p < 0.015)) and structure-related feeding practices (structured meal timing (p < 0.001)) improved in treatment parents vs. controls. Reductions in child BMI measures did not differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS Families with preschool children participating in a low-intensity, primary care intervention improved obesogenic health behaviors, parent feeding habits, and child screen time, but not child adiposity. Future research should assess the sustainability of these family lifestyle improvements, and evaluate their future impact on the health and development of the children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared M Tucker
- Healthy Weight Center, Helen DeVos Children's Hospital, 35 Michigan, Suite 1800 MC232, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University, Life Sciences Bldg.1355 Bogue St., B240, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Renee DeFrang
- We Are For Children, LLC, 877 Forest Hill Ave SE, Grand Rapids, MI 49546, USA.
| | - Julie Orth
- We Are For Children, LLC, 877 Forest Hill Ave SE, Grand Rapids, MI 49546, USA.
| | - Susan Wakefield
- We Are For Children, LLC, 877 Forest Hill Ave SE, Grand Rapids, MI 49546, USA.
- Forest Hills Pediatrics, 877 Forest Hill Ave SE, Grand Rapids, MI 49546, USA.
| | - Kathleen Howard
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University, Life Sciences Bldg.1355 Bogue St., B240, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
- Forest Hills Pediatrics, 877 Forest Hill Ave SE, Grand Rapids, MI 49546, USA.
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Like father, like son. Physical Activity, Dietary Intake, and Media Consumption in Pre-School-Aged Children. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16030306. [PMID: 30678117 PMCID: PMC6388281 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16030306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
An imbalance between energy input and energy needs contributes to the growing incidence of overweight children. Pre-schoolers normally like to move, but even at this young age, they are already affected by a lack of physical activity and a high amount of screen time. Media consumption contributes to unhealthy diets and extends the length of time spent sitting. Longer periods of sitting are, independent of the level of activity, seen as a risk factor for the development of obesity. In the present study, 160 pre-schoolers and their parents (128 mothers, 121 fathers) were examined. The results show deviations from actual recommendations regarding physical activity, time spent sitting, dietary intake, and media consumption. Increased screen time was associated with a higher weight status among pre-school-aged children. To provide a healthy upbringing, prevention and intervention measures should be implemented on a behavioral and relational level.
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Screen viewing behavior and sleep duration among children aged 2 and below. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:59. [PMID: 30642299 PMCID: PMC6332844 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-6385-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Few studies have investigated the association between screen viewing (SV) and sleep duration among young children. This study aims to examine the association between total and device-specific SV and sleep duration among children aged 2 and below. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study of 714 Singaporean children aged 2 years and below. Parents were recruited during routine well-child clinic visits from two national polyclinics. In Singapore, all parents visit well-child clinics with their children at regular intervals for routine check-ups and vaccinations. Socio-demographic characteristics, duration of total and device-specific SV, and sleep duration were reported by parents via interviewer-administered questionnaires. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to assess associations between various types of SV and sleep duration, adjusted for socio-demographic variables. Due to significant interaction between SV and age, stratified analyses for children aged less than 6 months and those aged 7–24 months were performed. Results The prevalence of daily SV among children was 53.1%; 28.3% in children up to 6 months and 73.8% in children aged 7 to 24 months. TV viewing was reported for 44.3% of all children and mobile device SV for 30.1%. Children’s average sleep duration was 13.9 (SD = 3.5) hours daily and younger children had longer sleep duration than older ones (up to 6 months: mean = 15.6 h, SD = 3.9; 7–24 months: mean = 12.4 h, SD = 2.2; P < 0.01). In the regression analysis among all children, each 1 h per day increment in total SV was significantly associated with 0.26 h shorter sleep duration with similar significant associations for TV (β = − 0.28 h, 95%CI: -0.50, − 0.06) and mobile devices (β = − 0.35 h, 95%CI: -0.61, − 0.09). Stratified analysis revealed significantly greater reductions in sleep with higher SV among children aged 6 months and below (β = − 0.73 h, 95%CI: -1.12, − 0.34), while associations were weaker in older children (β = − 0.13 h, 95% CI: -0.24, − 0.01). Conclusions This study provides evidence for a substantial association between longer SV and shorter sleep duration among very young children. These associations appeared stronger among children aged 6 months and below as compared with those aged 7 to 24 months. Further studies are warranted to confirm our findings. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-018-6385-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Nejadsadeghi E, Sadeghi R, Shojaeizadeh D, Yekaninejad MS, Djazayeri A, Majlesi F. Influence of lifestyle factors on Body Mass Index in preschoolers in Behbahan city, southwest Iran, 2016. Electron Physician 2018; 10:6725-6732. [PMID: 29881537 PMCID: PMC5984029 DOI: 10.19082/6725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aim The body mass index (BMI) of Iranian preschoolers is noticeably increasing. Thus, studying the factors influencing BMI in preschool children is crucial. The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of lifestyle factors on BMI of preschool children, residing in Behbahan city, southwest Iran, in 2016. Methods A total of 120 preschool children, aged 4 to 6 years, participated in this cross-sectional study. Multi-stage random sampling was done. Using researcher-developed questionnaires whose validity and reliability was confirmed, demographic and lifestyle data were obtained, as the questionnaires were completed by the subject's mothers. Lifestyle factors included physical activity, fruit and vegetable consumption, sugar-free beverage intake, and screen time. Multiple logistic regression was conducted to analyze the influence of lifestyle-related behaviors on BMI. Data were analyzed by means of the SPSS 22 software and p<0.05 was resulted as the meaningful level of statistics. Results The average BMI values for children was 15.13±1.90 kg/m2. A total of 88.3% of children did not receive 5 cups of fruits and vegetables each day. Also, 12.5% consumed more than one serving of sweetened beverages per day. Only 2.5% engaged in 60 minutes of structured physical activity every day and 40% did not limit screen-time viewing to 2 hours per day or less. The findings indicated that the physical activity and screen time affected the BMI (p<0.05), and the duration of physical activity had inverse relationship with obesity, and screen time was directly related to obesity. Conclusion Understanding the factors affecting the BMI of preschool children can inform the development of interventions to impact children's weight-related behavior and it can be used as the basis for future healthy body weight policies. Efforts to lower the obesity rate of preschoolers should be focused on the lifestyle behaviors, especially on the physical activity and screen time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Nejadsadeghi
- Ph.D. Student of Health Education and Promotion, Department of Health Promotion and Education, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roya Sadeghi
- Ph.D. of Health Education and Promotion, Associate Professor, Department of Health Promotion and Education, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davoud Shojaeizadeh
- Ph.D. of Health Education and Promotion, Professor, Department of Health Promotion and Education, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mir Saeed Yekaninejad
- Ph.D. of Biostatistics, Assistant Professor, Department of Biostatistics and epidemiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolghassem Djazayeri
- Ph.D. of Nutrition, Professor, Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Majlesi
- Ph.D. of Maternal and Child Health, Professor, Department of Health Promotion and Education, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Horowitz-Kraus T, Hutton JS. Brain connectivity in children is increased by the time they spend reading books and decreased by the length of exposure to screen-based media. Acta Paediatr 2018; 107:685-693. [PMID: 29215151 DOI: 10.1111/apa.14176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study compared the time spent using screen-based media or reading on the functional connectivity of the reading-related brain regions in children aged 8-12. METHODS We recruited 19 healthy American children from a private school in Cincinnati, USA, in 2015-6 after advertising the study to parents. The parents completed surveys on how many hours their children spent on independent reading and screen-based media time, including smartphones, tablets, desktop or laptop computers and television. The children underwent magnetic resonance imaging that assessed their resting-state connectivity between the left visual word form area, as the seed area, and other brain regions, with screen time and reading time applied as predictors. RESULTS Time spent reading was positively correlated with higher functional connectivity between the seed area and left-sided language, visual and cognitive control regions. In contrast, screen time was related to lower connectivity between the seed area and regions related to language and cognitive control. CONCLUSION Screen time and time spent reading showed different effects on functional connectivity between the visual word form area and language, visual and cognitive control regions of the brain. These findings underscore the importance of children reading to support healthy brain development and literacy and limiting screen time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzipi Horowitz-Kraus
- Faculty of Education in Science and Technology; Educational Neuroimaging Center; Technion Israel
- Division of General and Community Pediatrics; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati OH USA
- Reading and Literacy Discovery Center; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati OH USA
- Pediatric Neuroimaging Research Consortium; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati OH USA
| | - John S. Hutton
- Division of General and Community Pediatrics; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati OH USA
- Reading and Literacy Discovery Center; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati OH USA
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Gonzalez-Nahm S, Grossman ER, Frost N, Babcock C, Benjamin-Neelon SE. Media and Young Minds: Comparing State Screen Media Use Regulations for Children Under 24 Months of Age in Early Care and Education to a National Standard. Matern Child Health J 2018; 22:445-453. [PMID: 29427016 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-018-2487-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Excessive screen media use has been associated with a number of negative health outcomes in young children, including increased risk for obesity and comparatively lagging cognitive development. The purpose of this study was to assess state licensing regulations restricting screen media use for children under 24 months old in early care and education (ECE) and to compare regulations to a national standard. Methods We reviewed screen media use regulations for all US states for child care centers ("centers") and family child care homes ("homes") and compared these regulations to a national standard discouraging screen media use in children under 24 months of age. We assessed associations between state geographic region and year of last update with the presence of regulations consistent with the standard. In centers, 24 states had regulations limiting screen media use for children under 24 months of age and 19 states had regulations limiting screen media use in homes. Results More states in the South and fewer states in the Midwest had regulations limiting screen media use. The association between geographic region and regulations was not significant for centers (p = 0.06), but was for homes (p = 0.04). The year of last update (within the past 5 years versus older than 5 years) was not associated with regulations for centers (p = 0.18) or homes (p = 0.90). Discussion Many states lacked screen media use regulations for ECE. States should consider adding screen media use restrictions for children under 24 months based on current research data and current recommendations in future regulations updates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Gonzalez-Nahm
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Elyse R Grossman
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Natasha Frost
- Public Health Law Center, Mitchell Hamline School of Law, St Paul, MN, 55105, USA
| | - Carly Babcock
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Sara E Benjamin-Neelon
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
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Ling J, B Robbins L, Hines-Martin V. Perceived Parental Barriers to and Strategies for Supporting Physical Activity and Healthy Eating among Head Start Children. J Community Health 2018; 41:593-602. [PMID: 26660100 DOI: 10.1007/s10900-015-0134-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite the need for parents to support their children's healthy behaviors, knowledge of factors preventing parents from doing so is still rudimentary. This study primarily aimed to explore perceived parental barriers to and strategies for supporting physical activity and healthy eating among Head Start children. A semi-structured interview format was used with four focus groups conducted at two urban Head Start centers in the Midwestern U.S. A qualitative content analysis of audio-recorded sessions was facilitated using ATLAS.ti7. A convenience sample of 32 parents (Mage = 34.97 years) participated. Over half were female (78.1 %), African Americans (65.6 %), and single (65.6 %). About 61.3 % reported an annual family income <$20,000, and 43.8 % were unemployed. Three themes reflected the barriers: (1) intrapersonal (child): short attention span and limited eating preferences; (2) interpersonal (parent): lack of time and cooking skills and a tight family budget; and (3) environmental: inaccessible programs, lack of age-appropriate education, electronic media use, and unsafe environment. Parents across all groups expressed high interest in enrolling in a program with their children. Recommendations included: parents' support team; family outings at parks; taking a walk or enrolling in a class with children; and planting a garden. Many parents showed their preference for face-to-face meetings and a support group, but repulsion of counseling. To promote parental support in future interventions with Head Start children, their perceived intrapersonal, interpersonal, and environmental barriers should be considered as intervention targets. Involving parents through a support group and face-to-face meetings is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiying Ling
- Michigan State University College of Nursing, 1355 Bogue St. C241, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Lorraine B Robbins
- Michigan State University College of Nursing, 1355 Bogue St. C245, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Vicki Hines-Martin
- Office of Health Disparities and Community Engagement, University of Louisville School of Nursing, 555 South Floyd St. R4055, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
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Zhang Y, Zhang D, Li X, Ip P, Ho F, Jiang Y, Sun W, Zhu Q, Zhu W, Zhang J, Zhao H, Wang G, Shen X, Jiang F. Daily Time-Use Patterns and Obesity and Mental Health among Primary School Students in Shanghai: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16200. [PMID: 29170506 PMCID: PMC5700943 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15102-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity, screen viewing, sleep, and homework among children have been independently linked to health outcomes. However, few studies have assessed the independent associations between time spent in daily activities and children's physical and mental health. This study describes time spent in four activities among primary school students in Shanghai, and examines the relationship between daily time-use patterns and obesity and mental health. The representative sample consists of 17,318 children aged 6-11 years in Shanghai. Time spent in moderate to vigorous physical activities (MVPA), screen viewing, sleep, and homework was measured by validated questionnaires. Logistic regressions were performed. We also fitted generalized additive models (GAM) and performed two-objective optimization to minimize the probability of poor mental health and obesity. In 2014, 33.7% of children spent ˂1 hour/day on MVPA, 15.6% spent ≥ 2 hours/day on screen viewing, 12.4% spent ˂ 9 hours/day on sleep, and 27.2% spent ≥ 2 hours/day on homework. The optimization results suggest that considering the 24-hour time limit, children face trade-offs when allocating time. A priority should be given to the duration of sleep and MVPA. Screen exposure should be minimized to save more time for sleep and other beneficial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunting Zhang
- Child Health Advocacy Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Donglan Zhang
- Child Health Advocacy Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Health Policy and Management, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Xinyue Li
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Heavens, CT, USA
| | - Patrick Ip
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pok Fu Lam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Frederick Ho
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pok Fu Lam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yanrui Jiang
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanqi Sun
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Zhu
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiming Zhu
- China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Heavens, CT, USA
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University - Yale Joint Center for Biostatistics, Shanghai, China
| | - Guanghai Wang
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoming Shen
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Shanghai, China.
| | - Fan Jiang
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Shanghai, China.
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Poitras VJ, Gray CE, Janssen X, Aubert S, Carson V, Faulkner G, Goldfield GS, Reilly JJ, Sampson M, Tremblay MS. Systematic review of the relationships between sedentary behaviour and health indicators in the early years (0-4 years). BMC Public Health 2017; 17:868. [PMID: 29219092 PMCID: PMC5773886 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4849-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this systematic review was to examine the relationships between sedentary behaviour (SB) and health indicators in children aged 0 to 4 years, and to determine what doses of SB (i.e., duration, patterns [frequency, interruptions], and type) were associated with health indicators. Methods Online databases were searched for peer-reviewed studies that met the a priori inclusion criteria: population (apparently healthy, 1 month to 4.99 years), intervention/exposure and comparator (durations, patterns, and types of SB), and outcome/health indicator (critical: adiposity, motor development, psychosocial health, cognitive development; important: bone and skeletal health, cardiometabolic health, fitness, risks/harm). The quality of the evidence was assessed by study design and outcome using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) framework. Results Due to heterogeneity, meta-analyses were not possible; instead, narrative syntheses were conducted, structured around the health indicator and type of SB. A total of 96 studies were included (195,430 participants from 33 countries). Study designs were: randomized controlled trial (n = 1), case-control (n = 3), longitudinal (n = 25), longitudinal with additional cross-sectional analyses (n = 5), and cross-sectional (n = 62). Evidence quality ranged from “very low” to “moderate”. Associations between objectively measured total sedentary time and indicators of adiposity and motor development were predominantly null. Associations between screen time and indicators of adiposity, motor or cognitive development, and psychosocial health were primarily unfavourable or null. Associations between reading/storytelling and indicators of cognitive development were favourable or null. Associations between time spent seated (e.g., in car seats or strollers) or in the supine position, and indicators of adiposity and motor development, were primarily unfavourable or null. Data were scarce for other outcomes. Conclusions These findings continue to support the importance of minimizing screen time for disease prevention and health promotion in the early years, but also highlight the potential cognitive benefits of interactive non-screen-based sedentary behaviours such as reading and storytelling. Additional high-quality research using valid and reliable measures is needed to more definitively establish the relationships between durations, patterns, and types of SB and health indicators, and to provide insight into the appropriate dose of SB for optimal health in the early years. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-017-4849-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica J Poitras
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, RI #1, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada.
| | - Casey E Gray
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, RI #1, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Xanne Janssen
- University of Strathclyde, School of Psychological Science and Health, G1 1QE, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Salome Aubert
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, RI #1, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Valerie Carson
- Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H9, Canada
| | - Guy Faulkner
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Gary S Goldfield
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, RI #1, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - John J Reilly
- University of Strathclyde, School of Psychological Science and Health, G1 1QE, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Margaret Sampson
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, RI #1, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada.,Library and Media Services, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Mark S Tremblay
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, RI #1, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
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Chow R. Decreasing screen time and/or increasing exercise only helps in certain situations for young adults. Int J Adolesc Med Health 2017; 32:/j/ijamh.ahead-of-print/ijamh-2017-0100/ijamh-2017-0100.xml. [PMID: 28837422 DOI: 10.1515/ijamh-2017-0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
There seems to be a lack of consensus about whether greater screen time is highly correlated to greater body mass index (BMI) (and lower physical exercise). What has been proven is that the vast majority of children and adolescents spend a "lot of time" indulging in screen-based leisure. The aim of this study was to investigate, among young adults, screen time and physical activity/fitness. A questionnaire was developed and circulated to young adults via media networks (i.e. email, social media platforms, etc.). There was no geographic restriction, and the survey was designed in English. Two people did not consent to the study, while 262 consented and completed the survey. The vast majority of participants resided in Canada, with a noticeable minority living in the United Kingdom and the United States. Of the participants, 46% were 18 or 19 years old, 30% were between the ages of 20 and 22 years and the remaining 24% were split evenly between the age cohorts of under 18 years and over 22 years. Four of 262 (2%) participants did not disclose their sex, 66% reported as female and 32% noted they were male. The BMI ranged from 14.4525 to 39.5325, and had a mean of 22.8155 and standard deviation of 4.1939. Among people who spent less than 4 h of exercise a week, those who spent more than 5 h on screen time based activities had a higher BMI (p = 0.0032) of 23.8151 vs. 21.7879 for those who spent less than 5 h. There was no relation between screen time and BMI among people who spent more than 4 h of exercise a week (p = 0.6209). Between exercise groups who spent less than 5 h of screen time a day, there was no relation between hours of exercise and BMI (p = 0.1242). There seems to exist a trend that among those who spend more than 5 h of screen time a day, less exercise is related to higher BMI (p = 0.0510) - 23.8151 vs. 22.4361. Healthy lifestyle choices such as fewer screen time hours and more exercise can be beneficial to young adults. Among certain groups, such as those who spend a lot of time on screens and those who do not exercise regularly, the benefits of more exercise and less screen time, respectively, are much more noticeable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Chow
- Infinitas Research Group, London, Ontario, Canada
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Mazidi M, Speakman JR. Higher densities of fast-food and full-service restaurants are not associated with obesity prevalence. Am J Clin Nutr 2017; 106:603-613. [PMID: 28566310 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.116.151407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The obesity epidemic in the United States has been mirrored by an increase in calories consumed outside of the home and by expansions in the numbers of, and portion sizes at, both fast-food restaurants (FFRs) and full-service restaurants (FSRs), leading some to blame the epidemic on the restaurant industry. If this were indeed true, one would predict that greater per capita densities of FFRs and FSRs would lead to greater obesity prevalence.Objective: We evaluated the population-level association between both FSRs and FFRs and the prevalence of obesity and calculated the proportion of calories consumed in these establishments.Design: In this ecological cross-sectional study, we used county-level data (aggregate-level data) for obesity prevalence across the mainland United States in 2012 and matched these data to county-level per capita densities of FFRs and FSRs in the same year. Multiple linear regression was used to determine the relation between the prevalence of obesity and the densities of FFRs and FSRs after adjustment for confounding factors.Results: Contrary to expectations, obesity prevalence was highly significantly negatively related to the densities of both FFRs and FSRs (combined-effect R2 = 0.195). This was principally because greater numbers of both FFRs and FSRs were located in areas in which individuals were on average wealthier and more educated. When we normalized for these factors (and additional socioeconomic variables), the associations between restaurant densities and obesity effectively disappeared (pooled R2 = 0.008). Our calculations showed that the percentage of total calories consumed in FFRs and FSRs is a mean of only 15.9% of the total intake (maximum: 22.6%).Conclusions: Variations in the densities of FFRs and FSRs are not linked to the prevalence of obesity in the United States, and food consumed in these establishments is responsible for <20% of total energy intake. This finding has implications for policy decisions regarding how we aim to tackle the obesity epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Mazidi
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang, Beijing, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huairou, Beijing, China; and
| | - John R Speakman
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang, Beijing, China; .,Institute of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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Lindsay AC, Greaney ML, Wallington SF, Mesa T, Salas CF. A review of early influences on physical activity and sedentary behaviors of preschool-age children in high-income countries. J SPEC PEDIATR NURS 2017; 22. [PMID: 28407367 DOI: 10.1111/jspn.12182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Promoting physical activity (PA) is a key component of preventing and controlling childhood obesity. Despite well-documented benefits of PA, globally, rates of PA among young children have declined over the past decades, and most children are not accruing sufficient PA daily. Helping children develop the foundation for PA habits early in life is critical for the promotion of health in childhood and prevention of chronic diseases later in life, and will ultimately promote longer and healthier lives for individuals and the general population. The purpose of this review is to provide a synthesis of current evidence on influences on PA and sedentary behaviors of preschool-age children in high-income countries. DESIGN AND METHODS A systematic review of three databases was performed. Studies conducted in high-income countries and published from 2000 onward that addressed influences on PA and sedentary behaviors of preschool-age children were identified and reviewed. Additionally, reference lists of identified articles and relevant published reviews were reviewed. Studies that met the following inclusion criteria were considered: (a) sample included preschoolers (age ≤5 years); (b) PA and/or sedentary behaviors or factors associated with PA and/or sedentary behaviors was assessed; (c) published in English; (d) used either quantitative or qualitative methods; and (e) conducted in a high-income country. Data were extracted from selected studies to identify influences on PA and sedentary behaviors of preschool-age children and organized using the social-ecological model according to multiple levels of influence. RESULTS Results from included studies identify multiple factors that influence PA and sedentary behaviors of young children in high-income countries at the various levels of the social-ecological model including intrapersonal, interpersonal, environmental, organizational, and policy. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Given pediatric nurses' role as primary care providers, and their frequent and continued contact with parents and their children throughout childhood through well-child visits, immunization, and minor acute illnesses, they are well positioned to promote and support the development of early healthful PA habits of children starting in early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cristina Lindsay
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Health Studies & Department of Kinesiology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Mary L Greaney
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Sherrie F Wallington
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Tatiana Mesa
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carlos F Salas
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
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Sigmundová D, Sigmund E, Badura P, Vokáčová J, Klein D, Bucksch J. Parent-child behavioural patterns related to pre-schoolers' overweight/obesity. ACTA GYMNICA 2017. [DOI: 10.5507/ag.2017.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Feng D, Reed DB, Esperat MC, Uchida M. Effects of TV in the Bedroom on Young Hispanic Children. Am J Health Promot 2016; 25:310-8. [DOI: 10.4278/ajhp.080930-quan-228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Purpose. The main purposes of this study were to assess TV viewing among Hispanic young children and to examine effects of having a TV in the child's bedroom (TVIB). Design and Setting. A quasi-experimental design was used to evaluate an intervention program that is collecting longitudinal data in West Texas. However, the current report uses only the baseline data of the ongoing study. Subjects. Predominantly low-income and Hispanic parents/guardians (N = 315) and their children of 5 to 9 years (N = 597). Measures. Children's anthropometric measures were obtained. Their overweight status was determined based on age- and gender-adjusted body mass index. A demographic questionnaire, acculturation scale (brief version of Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans II), and family survey were used among parents. Analysis. Descriptive statistics, t-tests, X2 tests, and logistic regressions were used. Results. Most children (70%) have TVIB; more than 30% were or were at risk of overweight. Demographic characteristics did not significantly predict TVIB. Children with TVIB spent .93 hours more daily watching TV/DVD (t = 3.07; df = 283; p = .003), and children (at one site) ate more fast food (X2 = 5.46; df = 1; p = .019), compared with children without TVIB whose parents better supported physical activity (t = 2.11; df = 275; p = .039). Conclusion. Most children in this low-income and Hispanic sample have TVIB, which is associated with unhealthy behaviors. (Am J Health Promot 2011;25[5]:310-318.)
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Affiliation(s)
- Du Feng
- Du Feng, PhD; Debra B. Reed, PhD, RD, LD; M. Christina Esperat, RN, PhD, FAAN; Mitsue Uchida, PhD, are from Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Debra B. Reed
- Du Feng, PhD; Debra B. Reed, PhD, RD, LD; M. Christina Esperat, RN, PhD, FAAN; Mitsue Uchida, PhD, are from Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas
| | - M. Christina Esperat
- Du Feng, PhD; Debra B. Reed, PhD, RD, LD; M. Christina Esperat, RN, PhD, FAAN; Mitsue Uchida, PhD, are from Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Mitsue Uchida
- Du Feng, PhD; Debra B. Reed, PhD, RD, LD; M. Christina Esperat, RN, PhD, FAAN; Mitsue Uchida, PhD, are from Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas
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Bentley GF, Turner KM, Jago R. Mothers' views of their preschool child's screen-viewing behaviour: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:718. [PMID: 27492488 PMCID: PMC4973523 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3440-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Research on screen-viewing in preschool children has predominantly focused on television viewing. The rapid development of mobile devices (e.g. tablets, smart phones and e-readers) and the increase in their use by preschool children means there is a need to understand how and why these devices are used by this age group. The aim of this study was to explore mothers’ views of their preschool children’s screen viewing behaviour (including mobile devices) and investigate how preschool children use different screen-viewing devices. Methods One-to-one, semi-structured interviews with mothers of preschool children (aged between 2 and 4 years old). Mothers were recruited through preschools, nurseries, and mother and toddler groups located within four areas of varying socio-economic status within Bristol, UK. Data were analysed thematically using a framework approach. Results Twenty-six mothers were interviewed. Mobile devices were regularly used as a form of screen-viewing for most children but were used on an ad hoc basis rather than being a habitual activity. The reasons and influences of mobile device use described by mothers were similar to that of television viewing. However, the portability of mobile devices meant that they were often used outside of the home as a distraction tool. Their multi-functionality meant that they could be used as a portable television, or for purposeful learning through educational games and applications. Some mothers showed concerns over mobile device use by their child, whilst others felt it was an important and useful educational tool. Although the majority of mothers felt they needed to set rules and restrictions for mobile device use, many mothers felt that they are also a necessary and unavoidable part of life. Conclusions Mothers in this study suggested that mobile device use by preschool children is common. More research is needed to determine the impact of mobile device use in preschool children, how much time preschool children spend using mobile devices and which activities their use may be replacing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina F Bentley
- Centre of Academic Primary Care, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK. .,Centre for Exercise, Nutrition & Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Katrina M Turner
- Centre of Academic Primary Care, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK.,The National Institute for Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care West (NIHR CLAHRC West) at University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Russell Jago
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition & Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Mendoza JA, Baranowski T, Jaramillo S, Fesinmeyer MD, Haaland W, Thompson D, Nicklas TA. Fit 5 Kids TV Reduction Program for Latino Preschoolers: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial. Am J Prev Med 2016; 50:584-592. [PMID: 26572093 PMCID: PMC5108181 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2015.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Reducing Latino preschoolers' TV viewing is needed to reduce their risk of obesity and other chronic diseases. This study's objective was to evaluate the Fit 5 Kids (F5K) TV reduction program's impact on Latino preschooler's TV viewing. STUDY DESIGN Cluster RCT with randomization at the center level and N=160 participants. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS Latino children aged 3-5 years and their parents were recruited from six Head Start centers in Houston TX in 2010-2012 with analyses in 2013-2014. INTERVENTION F5K was culturally adapted for Latino preschoolers and the overall goal was to reduce TV viewing. Study staff taught F5K over 7-8 weeks during the regular Head Start day directly to intervention students. Control schools provided the usual Head Start curriculum, which did not specifically cover TV viewing. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Individual-level outcomes were measured prior to (Time 1) and immediately following (Time 2) the intervention. The primary outcome, TV viewing (minutes/day), was measured by validated 7-day TV diaries (parent-reported). Sedentary time was measured by accelerometers. RESULTS Per the adjusted repeated measures linear mixed effects model for TV viewing (minutes/day), intervention children decreased from 76.2 (9.9) at Time 1 to 52.1 (10.0) at Time 2, whereas control children remained about the same from 84.2 (10.5) at Time 1 to 85.4 (10.5) at Time 2. The relative difference from Time 1 to Time 2 was -25.3 (95% CI= -45.2, -5.4) minutes for intervention versus control children (N=160, p=0.01). In a similar adjusted model, there was a relative decrease in sedentary time (minutes/day) from Time 1 to Time 2 favoring the intervention children (-9.5, 95% CI= -23.0, 4.1), although not significant at p<0.05. CONCLUSIONS F5K reduced Latino preschoolers' TV viewing by >25 minutes daily. These findings have implications for prevention of obesity, related disorders, and health equity. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov NCT01216306.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Mendoza
- General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, and Nutritional Sciences Program, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington; Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington; Health Disparities Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.
| | - Tom Baranowski
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Sandra Jaramillo
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Megan D Fesinmeyer
- Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Wren Haaland
- Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Debbe Thompson
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Theresa A Nicklas
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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Spitzer MWH, Furtner M. Being physically active versus watching physical activity – Effects on inhibitory control. Trends Neurosci Educ 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tine.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Matarma T, Koski P, Löyttyniemi E, Lagström H. The factors associated with toddlers' screen time change in the STEPS Study: A two-year follow-up. Prev Med 2016; 84:27-33. [PMID: 26740349 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Early childhood screen time seems to persist into later childhood. This study examined the factors affecting the screen time change during the first two years of toddler's lives in Finland. We hypothesized that parents' sedentary behaviour and physical activity habits correlate significantly with children's screen time change. METHODS The data consists of 1797 mothers, 1658 fathers and their 1827 children from the STEPS Study (Steps to the healthy development) in Southwest Finland. Screen time change during the two-year follow-up was calculated for those (n=634) who had both 13 and 36months screen time measures (13months, n=940; 36months, n=845). Demographic correlates and parental behavioural correlates were measured with questionnaires, and anthropometric measurements in study visits. RESULTS The mean change in the children's screen time was a 55min increase from 13 to 36months. A linear mixed model analysis showed that the father's longer duration of sitting time was statistically significantly associated with a smaller increase in screen time of the child. Parents' physical activity was not associated with children's screen time change. The mother's advanced education, a younger age, and a lower screen time, the child attending day care and the child's lower body mass index were associated with children's smaller increase in screen time. CONCLUSION The mother's advanced education as well as the father's sitting time, including sitting at the office, implied that children of higher educated parents have a smaller increase in screen time. Future studies should focus on studying why parental education has a greater influence on children's screen time change than parents' behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Matarma
- Turku Institute for Child and Youth Research, University of Turku, FI-20014, Finland; Department of Teacher Education, University of Turku, PL 175, Rauma, Finland.
| | - Pasi Koski
- Department of Teacher Education, University of Turku, PL 175, Rauma, Finland.
| | - Eliisa Löyttyniemi
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 1, 20520 Turku, Finland.
| | - Hanna Lagström
- Turku Institute for Child and Youth Research, University of Turku, FI-20014, Finland
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Goh SN, Teh LH, Tay WR, Anantharaman S, van Dam RM, Tan CS, Chua HL, Wong PG, Müller-Riemenschneider F. Sociodemographic, home environment and parental influences on total and device-specific screen viewing in children aged 2 years and below: an observational study. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e009113. [PMID: 26810995 PMCID: PMC4735142 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate total and device-specific screen viewing (SV) and its determinants in children aged 2 years and below. DESIGN Cross-sectional study conducted in February 2014. SETTING Well-child clinics in Singapore national polyclinics. PARTICIPANTS Parents of children (Singapore citizens or permanent residents) aged 2 years and below were enrolled during routine clinic visits. Out of 794 eligible parent-child dyads, 725 (91.3%) provided informed consent and were included in the analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Device-specific information on SV and determinants was ascertained using interviewer-administered survey questionnaires. The prevalence and duration of aggregate and device-specific SV were reported. Associations with potential determinants were investigated using multiple logistic regression analysis. A p value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS The prevalence of daily SV and SV ≥ 2 h/day constituted 53.5% and 16.3%, respectively. The majority of children aged 18-24 months (88.2%) engaged in daily SV. TVs and mobile devices were the most commonly used screen devices, followed by computers and video consoles. In multivariable analysis, younger child age, Chinese ethnicity and setting rules on time of SV were strongly and consistently associated with lower levels of any SV and SV ≥ 2 h/day. Parental knowledge of SV recommendations and less parental SV were additionally associated with lower levels of SV ≥ 2 h/day. The number of screen devices was not associated with children's SV. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to recommendations, SV prevalence in children aged less than 2 years is high and appears to increase steadily across age groups. TVs and mobile devices are most frequently used. Improving parental knowledge of SV recommendations, reducing parental SV and especially the implementation of strict rules on SV time could be successful strategies to reduce SV in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Ning Goh
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Long Hua Teh
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Wei Rong Tay
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Saradha Anantharaman
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Rob M van Dam
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chuen Seng Tan
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
| | | | | | - Falk Müller-Riemenschneider
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore Institute for Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charite Univeristy Medical Centre Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Farzan SF, Chen Y, Trachtman H, Trasande L. Urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and measures of oxidative stress, inflammation and renal function in adolescents: NHANES 2003-2008. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 144:149-157. [PMID: 26610293 PMCID: PMC4679617 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent evidence has suggested that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) may contribute to cardiometabolic and kidney dysfunction by increasing oxidative stress, but little is known about impacts in childhood. STUDY DESIGN We performed cross-sectional analyses of 660 adolescents aged 12-19 years in the 2003-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), using levels of 10 monohydroxylated urinary PAH metabolites as our exposure. Our primary outcomes of interest were biomarkers of oxidative stress and renal function, including estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR), insulin resistance, and serum uric acid, gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) and C-reactive protein (CRP). RESULTS We observed statistically significant associations between PAH metabolites and levels of serum GGT, CRP, uric acid and eGFR. Each 100% increase in 2-hydroxyphenanthrene was related to a 3.36% increase in uric acid (95% CI: 0.338-6.372; p=0.032), a 3.86% increase in GGT (95% CI: 1.361-6.362; p=0.005) and a 16.78% increase in CRP (95% CI: 1.848-31.689; p=0.029). Each 100% increase in 4-hydroxyphenanthrene was associated with a 6.18% increase in GGT (95% CI: 4.064-8.301; p<0.001) and a 13.66% increase in CRP (95% CI: 2.764-24.564; p=0.017). Each 100% increase in 9-hydroxyfluorene was associated with a 2.58% increase in GGT (95% CI: 0.389-4776; p=0.024). Each 100% increase in 3-hydroxyphenanthrene was associated with a 2.66% decrease in eGFR (95% CI: -4.979 to -0.331; p=0.028). CONCLUSIONS Urinary PAH metabolites were associated with serum uric acid, GGT and CRP, suggesting possible impacts on cardiometabolic and kidney function in adolescents. Prospective work is needed to investigate the potential long-term health consequences of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohreh F Farzan
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA; Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Howard Trachtman
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Leonardo Trasande
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; New York University Wagner School of Public Service, New York, NY, USA; NYU Steinhardt School of Culture, Education and Human Development, Department of Nutrition, Food & Public Health, USA
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Mwaikambo SA, Leyna GH, Killewo J, Simba A, Puoane T. Why are primary school children overweight and obese? A cross sectional study undertaken in Kinondoni district, Dar-es-salaam. BMC Public Health 2015; 15:1269. [PMID: 26689586 PMCID: PMC4687066 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-2598-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The world is experiencing an alarming increase in prevalence of childhood obesity. Despite this trend little is known about determinants of childhood obesity in Tanzania. A cross sectional study determined the prevalence and factors associated with overweight and obesity in 1722 children aged 7–14 years (10.9 ± 1.74) attending primary schools in Dar es Salaam. Methods Six public and four private schools were systemically selected from a total of 227 primary schools. Anthropometric measurements (weight and height) were collected using a standard protocol and Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated. Interviews collected demographic characteristics and lifestyle factors. Multiple logistic regression test was used to assess the influence of independent variables on overweight and obesity while controlling for confounding factors. The level of significance was set at α = 5 %. Results Of 1, 722 children 10.2 % were overweight and 4.5 % were obese. Overweight and obesity was higher in boys (14.9 %) than girls (14.5 %), higher in children attending private schools (27.7 %) than public schools (5.9 %). Children who walked to and from school were less likely to be overweight or obese than those who used vehicles (AOR = 0.5; 95%CI: 0.3–0.6; p < 0.001). Those who used private cars or school buses were more likely to be overweight or obese than those who used public transport (AOR = 2.9; 95%CI: 0.2–0.7; p < 0.05). Computer/video game use were associated with increased risk of overweight and obesity (AOR = 1.6; 95%CI: 1.1–2.3; p = 0.03). Lunch provided by schools was associated with increased risk of overweight or obese (AOR = 6.4, 95 % CI = 4.2–9.6, p < 0.001). Conclusions The findings of this study identified a number of behavioural and dietary factors that are related to overweight and obesity. Parents and teachers should encourage children to be physically active by limiting screen time and promoting active transport to and from school to promote health and reduce obesity. Ministry of education needs to formulate/enforce policies that encourage physical activities for school children and regulate quality of foods provided to children at schools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijenunu A Mwaikambo
- Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania.
| | - Germana H Leyna
- School of Public Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania.
| | - Japhet Killewo
- School of Public Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Azma Simba
- Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Thandi Puoane
- School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
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Martin-Biggers J, Spaccarotella K, Delaney C, Koenings M, Alleman G, Hongu N, Worobey J, Byrd-Bredbenner C. Development of the Intervention Materials for the HomeStyles Obesity Prevention Program for Parents of Preschoolers. Nutrients 2015; 7:6628-69. [PMID: 26266419 PMCID: PMC4555140 DOI: 10.3390/nu7085301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Home environment is key to the development of obesity-preventing behaviors during childhood, yet few resources help preschool parents address factors at home associated with obesity risk. This paper describes creation of materials for an in-home intervention (HomeStyles) with this population. An advisory group of stakeholders and target audience members determined salient factors affecting childhood obesity to address in-home and developed program materials. The Social Cognitive Theory, Faith's Core Behavior Change Strategies to Treat Childhood Obesity, Adult Learning Theory and motivational interviewing techniques guided development of 12 guides targeting strategies parents can use to shape the home environment. Interviews were conducted to determine effectiveness of the guides. Cognitive testing of guide design (n = 251) and content (n = 261) occurred in English and Spanish in New Jersey and Arizona with parents and home visitation staff who would present the guides. Interviews investigated perceptions of content usefulness and parent comprehension. Findings were also examined in light of theoretical underpinnings. Both home visitation staff and parents felt the guides were very readable and useful. Parents appreciated use of motivational interviewing techniques and Adult Learning Theory. Current research is testing these guides through an in-home, randomized control trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Martin-Biggers
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, 26 Nichol Avenue New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; E-Mails: (J.M.-B.); (C.D.); (M.K.); (J.W.)
| | - Kim Spaccarotella
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kean University, 1000 Morris Avenue Union, NJ 07082, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Colleen Delaney
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, 26 Nichol Avenue New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; E-Mails: (J.M.-B.); (C.D.); (M.K.); (J.W.)
| | - Mallory Koenings
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, 26 Nichol Avenue New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; E-Mails: (J.M.-B.); (C.D.); (M.K.); (J.W.)
| | - Gayle Alleman
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, 406 Shantz Building, 1177 E. 4th Street, Tucson, AZ 85721-0038, USA; E-Mails: (G.A.); (N.H.)
| | - Nobuko Hongu
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, 406 Shantz Building, 1177 E. 4th Street, Tucson, AZ 85721-0038, USA; E-Mails: (G.A.); (N.H.)
| | - John Worobey
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, 26 Nichol Avenue New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; E-Mails: (J.M.-B.); (C.D.); (M.K.); (J.W.)
| | - Carol Byrd-Bredbenner
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, 26 Nichol Avenue New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; E-Mails: (J.M.-B.); (C.D.); (M.K.); (J.W.)
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