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Greeny A, Nair A, Sadanandan P, Satarker S, Famurewa AC, Nampoothiri M. Epigenetic Alterations in Alzheimer's Disease: Impact on Insulin Signaling and Advanced Drug Delivery Systems. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:157. [PMID: 38534427 DOI: 10.3390/biology13030157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative condition that predominantly affects the hippocampus and the entorhinal complex, leading to memory lapse and cognitive impairment. This can have a negative impact on an individual's behavior, speech, and ability to navigate their surroundings. AD is one of the principal causes of dementia. One of the most accepted theories in AD, the amyloid β (Aβ) hypothesis, assumes that the buildup of the peptide Aβ is the root cause of AD. Impaired insulin signaling in the periphery and central nervous system has been considered to have an effect on the pathophysiology of AD. Further, researchers have shifted their focus to epigenetic mechanisms that are responsible for dysregulating major biochemical pathways and intracellular signaling processes responsible for directly or indirectly causing AD. The prime epigenetic mechanisms encompass DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNA, and are majorly responsible for impairing insulin signaling both centrally and peripherally, thus leading to AD. In this review, we provide insights into the major epigenetic mechanisms involved in causing AD, such as DNA methylation and histone deacetylation. We decipher how the mechanisms alter peripheral insulin signaling and brain insulin signaling, leading to AD pathophysiology. In addition, this review also discusses the need for newer drug delivery systems for the targeted delivery of epigenetic drugs and explores targeted drug delivery systems such as nanoparticles, vesicular systems, networks, and other nano formulations in AD. Further, this review also sheds light on the future approaches used for epigenetic drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alosh Greeny
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Ayushi Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrita Health Science Campus, Kochi 682041, India
| | - Prashant Sadanandan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrita Health Science Campus, Kochi 682041, India
| | - Sairaj Satarker
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Ademola C Famurewa
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo 482123, Nigeria
| | - Madhavan Nampoothiri
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
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Van Huynh T, Rethi L, Rethi L, Chen CH, Chen YJ, Kao YH. The Complex Interplay between Imbalanced Mitochondrial Dynamics and Metabolic Disorders in Type 2 Diabetes. Cells 2023; 12:cells12091223. [PMID: 37174622 PMCID: PMC10177489 DOI: 10.3390/cells12091223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a global burden, with an increasing number of people affected and increasing treatment costs. The advances in research and guidelines improve the management of blood glucose and related diseases, but T2DM and its complications are still a big challenge in clinical practice. T2DM is a metabolic disorder in which insulin signaling is impaired from reaching its effectors. Mitochondria are the "powerhouses" that not only generate the energy as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) using pyruvate supplied from glucose, free fatty acid (FFA), and amino acids (AA) but also regulate multiple cellular processes such as calcium homeostasis, redox balance, and apoptosis. Mitochondrial dysfunction leads to various diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders, and cancer. The mitochondria are highly dynamic in adjusting their functions according to cellular conditions. The shape, morphology, distribution, and number of mitochondria reflect their function through various processes, collectively known as mitochondrial dynamics, including mitochondrial fusion, fission, biogenesis, transport, and mitophagy. These processes determine the overall mitochondrial health and vitality. More evidence supports the idea that dysregulated mitochondrial dynamics play essential roles in the pathophysiology of insulin resistance, obesity, and T2DM, as well as imbalanced mitochondrial dynamics found in T2DM. This review updates and discusses mitochondrial dynamics and the complex interactions between it and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin Van Huynh
- International Ph.D. Program in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Thong Nhat Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Lekha Rethi
- School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- International Ph.D. Program for Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Lekshmi Rethi
- International Ph.D. Program for Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hwa Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedics, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jen Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsun Kao
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
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Dewanjee S, Vallamkondu J, Kalra RS, Chakraborty P, Gangopadhyay M, Sahu R, Medala V, John A, Reddy PH, De Feo V, Kandimalla R. The Emerging Role of HDACs: Pathology and Therapeutic Targets in Diabetes Mellitus. Cells 2021; 10:1340. [PMID: 34071497 PMCID: PMC8228721 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the principal manifestations of metabolic syndrome and its prevalence with modern lifestyle is increasing incessantly. Chronic hyperglycemia can induce several vascular complications that were referred to be the major cause of morbidity and mortality in DM. Although several therapeutic targets have been identified and accessed clinically, the imminent risk of DM and its prevalence are still ascending. Substantial pieces of evidence revealed that histone deacetylase (HDAC) isoforms can regulate various molecular activities in DM via epigenetic and post-translational regulation of several transcription factors. To date, 18 HDAC isoforms have been identified in mammals that were categorized into four different classes. Classes I, II, and IV are regarded as classical HDACs, which operate through a Zn-based mechanism. In contrast, class III HDACs or Sirtuins depend on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) for their molecular activity. Functionally, most of the HDAC isoforms can regulate β cell fate, insulin release, insulin expression and signaling, and glucose metabolism. Moreover, the roles of HDAC members have been implicated in the regulation of oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, fibrosis, and other pathological events, which substantially contribute to diabetes-related vascular dysfunctions. Therefore, HDACs could serve as the potential therapeutic target in DM towards developing novel intervention strategies. This review sheds light on the emerging role of HDACs/isoforms in diabetic pathophysiology and emphasized the scope of their targeting in DM for constituting novel interventional strategies for metabolic disorders/complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Dewanjee
- Advanced Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India;
| | | | - Rajkumar Singh Kalra
- AIST-INDIA DAILAB, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST), Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba 305 8565, Japan;
| | - Pratik Chakraborty
- Advanced Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India;
| | - Moumita Gangopadhyay
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, ADAMAS University, Barasat, Kolkata 700126, West Bengal, India;
| | - Ranabir Sahu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling 734013, West Bengal, India;
| | - Vijaykrishna Medala
- Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India;
| | - Albin John
- Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; (A.J.); (P.H.R.)
| | - P. Hemachandra Reddy
- Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; (A.J.); (P.H.R.)
- Neuroscience & Pharmacology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Neurology, Departments of School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Public Health Department of Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, School Health Professions, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Vincenzo De Feo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Ramesh Kandimalla
- Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India;
- Department of Biochemistry, Kakatiya Medical College, Warangal 506007, Telangana, India
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Lero MW, Shaw LM. Diversity of insulin and IGF signaling in breast cancer: Implications for therapy. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 527:111213. [PMID: 33607269 PMCID: PMC8035314 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights the significance of the insulin receptor (IR) and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) signaling pathway in cancer and assesses its potential as a therapeutic target. Our emphasis is on breast cancer, but this pathway is central to the behavior of many cancers. An understanding of how IR/IGF-1R signaling contributes to the function of the normal mammary gland provides a foundation for understanding its aberrations in breast cancer. Specifically, dysregulation of the expression and function of ligands (insulin, IGF-1 and IGF-2), receptors and their downstream signaling effectors drive breast cancer initiation and progression, often in a subtype-dependent manner. Efforts to target this pathway for the treatment of cancer have been hindered by several factors including a lack of biomarkers to select patients that could respond to targeted therapy and adverse effects on normal metabolism. To this end, we discuss ongoing efforts aimed at overcoming such obstacles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Lero
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Leslie M Shaw
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
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Alterations of Gut Microbiota by Overnutrition Impact Gluconeogenic Gene Expression and Insulin Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042121. [PMID: 33672754 PMCID: PMC7924631 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A high-fat, Western-style diet is an important predisposing factor for the onset of type 2 diabetes and obesity. It causes changes in gut microbial profile, reduction of microbial diversity, and the impairment of the intestinal barrier, leading to increased serum lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) levels. Elevated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces acetyltransferase P300 both in the nucleus and cytoplasm of liver hepatocytes through the activation of the IRE1-XBP1 pathway in the endoplasmic reticulum stress. In the nucleus, induced P300 acetylates CRTC2 to increase CRTC2 abundance and drives Foxo1 gene expression, resulting in increased expression of the rate-limiting gluconeogenic gene G6pc and Pck1 and abnormal liver glucose production. Furthermore, abnormal cytoplasm-appearing P300 acetylates IRS1 and IRS2 to disrupt insulin signaling, leading to the prevention of nuclear exclusion and degradation of FOXO1 proteins to further exacerbate the expression of G6pc and Pck1 genes and liver glucose production. Inhibition of P300 acetyltransferase activity by chemical inhibitors improved insulin signaling and alleviated hyperglycemia in obese mice. Thus, P300 acetyltransferase activity appears to be a therapeutic target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity.
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Chelladurai P, Dabral S, Basineni SR, Chen CN, Schmoranzer M, Bender N, Feld C, Nötzold RR, Dobreva G, Wilhelm J, Jungblut B, Zhao L, Bauer UM, Seeger W, Pullamsetti SS. Isoform-specific characterization of class I histone deacetylases and their therapeutic modulation in pulmonary hypertension. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12864. [PMID: 32733053 PMCID: PMC7393135 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69737-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological modulation of class I histone deacetylases (HDAC) has been evaluated as a therapeutic strategy for pulmonary hypertension (PH) in experimental models of PH. However, information of their expression, regulation and transcriptional targets in human PH and the therapeutic potential of isoform-selective enzyme modulation are lacking. Comprehensive analysis of expression and regulation of class I HDACs (HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC8) was performed in cardiopulmonary tissues and adventitial fibroblasts isolated from pulmonary arteries (PAAF) of idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) patients and healthy donors. Cellular functions and transcriptional targets of HDAC enzymes were investigated. Therapeutic effects of pan-HDAC (Vorinostat), class-selective (VPA) and isoform-selective (CAY10398, Romidepsin, PCI34051) HDAC inhibitors were evaluated ex vivo (IPAH-PAAF, IPAH-PASMC) and in vivo (rat chronic hypoxia-induced PH and zebrafish angiogenesis). Our screening identifies dysregulation of class I HDAC isoforms in IPAH. Particularly, HDAC1 and HDAC8 were consistently increased in IPAH-PAs and IPAH-PAAFs, whereas HDAC2 and HDAC8 showed predominant localization with ACTA2-expressing cells in extensively remodeled IPAH-PAs. Hypoxia not only significantly modulated protein levels of deacetylase (HDAC8), but also significantly caused dynamic changes in the global histone lysine acetylation levels (H3K4ac, H3K9/K14ac and H3K27ac). Importantly, isoform-specific RNA-interference revealed that HDAC isoforms regulate distinct subset of transcriptome in IPAH-PAAFs. Reduced transcript levels of KLF2 in IPAH-PAAFs was augmented by HDAC8 siRNA and HDAC inhibitors, which also attenuated IPAH-associated hyperproliferation and apoptosis-resistance ex vivo, and mitigated chronic hypoxia-induced established PH in vivo, at variable degree. Class I HDAC isoforms are significantly dysregulated in human PAH. Isoform-selective HDAC inhibition is a viable approach to circumvent off-target effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Chelladurai
- Max-Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Swati Dabral
- Max-Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Sobha Rani Basineni
- Max-Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Chien-Nien Chen
- Center for Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Experimental Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mario Schmoranzer
- Max-Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Nina Bender
- Max-Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Christine Feld
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - René Reiner Nötzold
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Gergana Dobreva
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, CBTM, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jochen Wilhelm
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Klinikstrasse 36, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Benno Jungblut
- Max-Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Lan Zhao
- Center for Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Experimental Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Uta-Maria Bauer
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Werner Seeger
- Max-Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Klinikstrasse 36, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Soni Savai Pullamsetti
- Max-Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany. .,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Klinikstrasse 36, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
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Emamgholipour S, Ebrahimi R, Bahiraee A, Niazpour F, Meshkani R. Acetylation and insulin resistance: a focus on metabolic and mitogenic cascades of insulin signaling. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2020:1-19. [DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2019.1699498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Solaleh Emamgholipour
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reyhane Ebrahimi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Students’ Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Bahiraee
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Farshad Niazpour
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Meshkani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Zhang L, Chen L, Gao C, Chen E, Lightle AR, Foulke L, Zhao B, Higgins PJ, Zhang W. Loss of Histone H3 K79 Methyltransferase Dot1l Facilitates Kidney Fibrosis by Upregulating Endothelin 1 through Histone Deacetylase 2. J Am Soc Nephrol 2019; 31:337-349. [PMID: 31843983 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2019070739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The progression rate of CKD varies substantially among patients. The genetic and epigenetic contributions that modify how individual patients respond to kidney injury are largely unknown. Emerging evidence has suggested that histone H3 K79 methyltransferase Dot1l has an antifibrotic effect by repressing Edn1, which encodes endothelin 1 in the connecting tubule/collecting duct. METHODS To determine if deletion of the Dot1l gene is a genetic and epigenetic risk factor through regulating Edn1, we studied four groups of mice: wild-type mice, connecting tubule/collecting duct-specific Dot1l conditional knockout mice (Dot1lAC ), Dot1l and Edn1 double-knockout mice (DEAC ), and Edn1 connecting tubule/collecting duct-specific conditional knockout mice (Edn1AC ), under three experimental conditions (streptozotocin-induced diabetes, during normal aging, and after unilateral ureteral obstruction). We used several approaches (colocalization, glutathione S-transferase pulldown, coimmunoprecipitation, yeast two-hybrid, gel shift, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays) to identify and confirm interaction of Dot1a (the major Dot1l splicing variant in the mouse kidney) with histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2), as well as the function of the Dot1a-HDAC2 complex in regulating Edn1 transcription. RESULTS In each case, Dot1lAC mice developed more pronounced kidney fibrosis and kidney malfunction compared with wild-type mice. These Dot1lAC phenotypes were ameliorated in the double-knockout DEAC mice. The interaction between Dot1a and HDAC2 prevents the Dot1a-HDAC2 complex from association with DNA, providing a counterbalancing mechanism governing Edn1 transcription by modulating H3 K79 dimethylation and H3 acetylation at the Edn1 promoter. CONCLUSIONS Our study confirms Dot1l to be a genetic and epigenetic modifier of kidney fibrosis, reveals a new mechanism regulating Edn1 transcription by Dot1a and HDAC2, and reinforces endothelin 1 as a therapeutic target of kidney fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhang
- Departments of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology and
| | - Lihe Chen
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Chao Gao
- Departments of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology and
| | - Enuo Chen
- Departments of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology and
| | - Andrea R Lightle
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Llewellyn Foulke
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Bihong Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
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Abstract
The cause of insulin resistance in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is not limited to impaired insulin signalling but also involves the complex interplay of multiple metabolic pathways. The analysis of large data sets generated by metabolomics and lipidomics has shed new light on the roles of metabolites such as lipids, amino acids and bile acids in modulating insulin sensitivity. Metabolites can regulate insulin sensitivity directly by modulating components of the insulin signalling pathway, such as insulin receptor substrates (IRSs) and AKT, and indirectly by altering the flux of substrates through multiple metabolic pathways, including lipogenesis, lipid oxidation, protein synthesis and degradation and hepatic gluconeogenesis. Moreover, the post-translational modification of proteins by metabolites and lipids, including acetylation and palmitoylation, can alter protein function. Furthermore, the role of the microbiota in regulating substrate metabolism and insulin sensitivity is unfolding. In this Review, we discuss the emerging roles of metabolites in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and T2DM. A comprehensive understanding of the metabolic adaptations involved in insulin resistance may enable the identification of novel targets for improving insulin sensitivity and preventing, and treating, T2DM.
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Repression of Transcriptional Activity of Forkhead Box O1 by Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Ameliorates Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetic Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113539. [PMID: 30424007 PMCID: PMC6274985 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic disease manifested by hyperglycemia. It is essential to effectively control hyperglycemia to prevent complications of T2DM. Here, we hypothesize that repression of transcriptional activity of forkhead box O1 (FoxO1) via histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) ameliorates hyperglycemia in T2DM rats. Methods: Male Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) and Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats aged 14 weeks were administered sodium valproate (VPA, 0.71% w/v) dissolved in water for 20 weeks. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and luciferase assay were performed for elucidation of transcriptional regulation through acetylation of FoxO1 by HDACi. Results: VPA attenuated blood glucose levels in accordance with a decrease in the expression of gluconeogenic genes in hyperglycemic OLETF rats. It has been shown that HDAC class I-specific and HDAC class IIa-specific inhibitors, as well as pan-HDAC inhibitors decrease FoxO1 enrichment at the cis-element of target gene promoters. Mutations in FoxO1 prevent its acetylation, thereby increasing its transcriptional activity. HDAC3 and HDAC4 interact with FoxO1, and knockdown of HDAC3, HDAC4, or their combination increases FoxO1 acetylation, thereby decreasing the expression of gluconeogenic genes. Conclusions: These results indicate that HDACi attenuates the transcriptional activity of FoxO1 by impeding deacetylation, thereby ameliorating hyperglycemia in T2DM rats.
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Myrie SB, Pinder MA. Skeletal muscle and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 96:222-229. [DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2017-0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is critical for mobility and many metabolic functions integral to survival and long-term health. Alcohol can affect skeletal muscle physiology and metabolism, which will have immediate and long-term consequences on health. While skeletal muscle abnormalities, including morphological, biochemical, and functional impairments, are well-documented in adults that excessively consume alcohol, there is a scarcity of information about the skeletal muscle in the offspring prenatally exposed to alcohol (“prenatal alcohol exposure”; PAE). This minireview examines the available studies addressing skeletal muscle abnormalities due to PAE. Growth restriction, fetal alcohol myopathy, and abnormalities in the neuromuscular system, which contribute to deficits in locomotion, are some direct, immediate consequences of PAE on skeletal muscle morphology and function. Long-term health consequences of PAE-related skeletal abnormalities include impaired glucose metabolism in the skeletal muscle, resulting in glucose intolerance and insulin resistance, leading to an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. In general, there is limited information on the morphological, biochemical, and functional features of skeletal abnormalities in PAE offspring. There is a need to understand how PAE affects muscle growth and function at the cellular level during early development to improve the immediate and long-term health of offspring suffering from PAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semone B. Myrie
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Mark A. Pinder
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
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Peng J, He L. IRS posttranslational modifications in regulating insulin signaling. J Mol Endocrinol 2018; 60:R1-R8. [PMID: 29093014 PMCID: PMC5732852 DOI: 10.1530/jme-17-0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is the hallmark of type 2 diabetes; however, the mechanism underlying the development of insulin resistance is still not completely understood. Previous reports showed that posttranslational modifications of IRS play a critical role in insulin signaling, especially the phosphorylation of IRS by distinct kinases. While it is known that increasing Sirtuin1 deacetylase activity improves insulin sensitivity in the liver, the identity of its counterpart, an acetyl-transferase, remains unknown. Our recent study shows that elevated endotoxin (LPS) levels in the liver of obese mice lead to the induction of the acetyl-transferase P300 through the IRE1-XBP1s pathway. Subsequently, induced P300 impairs insulin signaling by acetylating IRS1 and IRS2 in the insulin signaling pathway. Therefore, the P300 acetyl-transferase activity appears to be a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Peng
- Division of Metabolism and EndocrinologyDepartments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Institute of Liver DiseasesShuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling He
- Division of Metabolism and EndocrinologyDepartments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Sun S, Tan P, Huang X, Zhang W, Kong C, Ren F, Su X. Ubiquitinated CD36 sustains insulin-stimulated Akt activation by stabilizing insulin receptor substrate 1 in myotubes. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:2383-2394. [PMID: 29269414 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.811471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Both the magnitude and duration of insulin signaling are important in executing its cellular functions. Insulin-induced degradation of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) represents a key negative feedback loop that restricts insulin signaling. Moreover, high concentrations of fatty acids (FAs) and glucose involved in the etiology of obesity-associated insulin resistance also contribute to the regulation of IRS1 degradation. The scavenger receptor CD36 binds many lipid ligands, and its contribution to insulin resistance has been extensively studied, but the exact regulation of insulin sensitivity by CD36 is highly controversial. Herein, we found that CD36 knockdown in C2C12 myotubes accelerated insulin-stimulated Akt activation, but the activated signaling was sustained for a much shorter period of time as compared with WT cells, leading to exacerbated insulin-induced insulin resistance. This was likely due to enhanced insulin-induced IRS1 degradation after CD36 knockdown. Overexpression of WT CD36, but not a ubiquitination-defective CD36 mutant, delayed IRS1 degradation. We also found that CD36 functioned through ubiquitination-dependent binding to IRS1 and inhibiting its interaction with cullin 7, a key component of the multisubunit cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. Moreover, dissociation of the Src family kinase Fyn from CD36 by free FAs or Fyn knockdown/inhibition accelerated insulin-induced IRS1 degradation, likely due to disrupted IRS1 interaction with CD36 and thus enhanced binding to cullin 7. In summary, we identified a CD36-dependent FA-sensing pathway that plays an important role in negative feedback regulation of insulin activation and may open up strategies for preventing or managing type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shishuo Sun
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Soochow University Medical College, Suzhou 215123, China and
| | - Pengcheng Tan
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Soochow University Medical College, Suzhou 215123, China and
| | - Xiaoheng Huang
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Soochow University Medical College, Suzhou 215123, China and
| | - Wei Zhang
- the Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Chen Kong
- the Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Fangfang Ren
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Soochow University Medical College, Suzhou 215123, China and
| | - Xiong Su
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Soochow University Medical College, Suzhou 215123, China and .,the Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
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14
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HDAC inhibitors: A new promising drug class in anti-aging research. Mech Ageing Dev 2017; 166:6-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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15
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Sharma S, Taliyan R. Histone deacetylase inhibitors: Future therapeutics for insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Pharmacol Res 2016; 113:320-326. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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16
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Khan S, Kumar S, Jena G. Valproic acid reduces insulin-resistance, fat deposition and FOXO1-mediated gluconeogenesis in type-2 diabetic rat. Biochimie 2016; 125:42-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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17
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Epigenetic changes in diabetes. Neurosci Lett 2016; 625:64-9. [PMID: 27130819 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of diabetes is increasing worldwide. Diabetes is quickly becoming one of the leading causes of death. Diabetes is a genetic disease; however, the environment plays critical roles in its development and progression. Epigenetic changes often translate environmental stimuli to changes in gene expression. Changes in epigenetic marks and differential regulation of epigenetic modulators have been observed in different models of diabetes and its associated complications. In this minireview, we will focus DNA methylation, Histone acetylation and methylation and their roles in the pathogenesis of diabetes.
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Sharma S, Taliyan R. Epigenetic modifications by inhibiting histone deacetylases reverse memory impairment in insulin resistance induced cognitive deficit in mice. Neuropharmacology 2016; 105:285-297. [PMID: 26805421 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Insulin resistance has been reported as a strong risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. However the molecular mechanisms of association between these still remain elusive. Various studies have highlighted the involvement of histone deacetylases (HDACs) in insulin resistance and cognitive deficits. Thus, the present study was designed to investigate the possible neuroprotective role of HDAC inhibitor, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) in insulin resistance induced cognitive impairment in mice. Mice were subjected to either normal pellet diet (NPD) or high fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks. HFD fed mice were treated with SAHA at 25 and 50 mg/kg i.p. once daily for 2 weeks. Serum insulin, glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol levels were measured. A battery of behavioral parameters was performed to assess cognitive functions. Level of tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α) was measured in hippocampus to assess neuroinflammation. To further explore the molecular mechanisms we measured the histone H3 acetylation and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) level. HFD fed mice exhibit characteristic features of insulin resistance. These mice also showed a severe deficit in learning and memory along with reduced histone H3 acetylation and BDNF levels. In contrast, the mice treated with SAHA showed significant and dose dependent improvement in insulin resistant condition. These mice also showed improved learning and memory performance. SAHA treatment ameliorates the HFD induced reduction in histone H3 acetylation and BDNF levels. Based upon these results, it could be suggested that HDAC inhibitors exert neuroprotective effects by increasing H3 acetylation and subsequently BDNF level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorabh Sharma
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Rajeev Taliyan
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, Rajasthan, India.
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Khan S, Jena G. The role of butyrate, a histone deacetylase inhibitor in diabetes mellitus: experimental evidence for therapeutic intervention. Epigenomics 2015; 7:669-80. [DOI: 10.2217/epi.15.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of epigenetic mechanisms in diabetes mellitus (DM), β-cell reprogramming and its complications is an emerging concept. Recent evidence suggests that there is a link between DM and histone deacetylases (HDACs), because HDAC inhibitors promote β-cell differentiation, proliferation, function and improve insulin resistance. Moreover, gut microbes and diet-derived products can alter the host epigenome. Furthermore, butyrate and butyrate-producing microbes are decreased in DM. Butyrate is a short-chain fatty acid produced from the fermentation of dietary fibers by microbiota and has been proven as an HDAC inhibitor. The present review provides a pragmatic interpretation of chromatin-dependent and independent complex signaling/mechanisms of butyrate for the treatment of Type 1 and Type 2 DM, with an emphasis on the promising strategies for its drugability and therapeutic implication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabbir Khan
- Facility for Risk Assessment & Intervention Studies, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 60 062, India
| | - Gopabandhu Jena
- Facility for Risk Assessment & Intervention Studies, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 60 062, India
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20
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Role of CoA and acetyl-CoA in regulating cardiac fatty acid and glucose oxidation. Biochem Soc Trans 2015; 42:1043-51. [PMID: 25110000 DOI: 10.1042/bst20140094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
CoA (coenzyme A) and its derivatives have a critical role in regulating cardiac energy metabolism. This includes a key role as a substrate and product in the energy metabolic pathways, as well as serving as an allosteric regulator of cardiac energy metabolism. In addition, the CoA ester malonyl-CoA has an important role in regulating fatty acid oxidation, secondary to inhibiting CPT (carnitine palmitoyltransferase) 1, a key enzyme involved in mitochondrial fatty acid uptake. Alterations in malonyl-CoA synthesis by ACC (acetyl-CoA carboxylase) and degradation by MCD (malonyl-CoA decarboxylase) are important contributors to the high cardiac fatty acid oxidation rates seen in ischaemic heart disease, heart failure, obesity and diabetes. Additional control of fatty acid oxidation may also occur at the level of acetyl-CoA involvement in acetylation of mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidative enzymes. We find that acetylation of the fatty acid β-oxidative enzymes, LCAD (long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase) and β-HAD (β-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase) is associated with an increase in activity and fatty acid oxidation in heart from obese mice with heart failure. This is associated with decreased SIRT3 (sirtuin 3) activity, an important mitochondrial deacetylase. In support of this, cardiac SIRT3 deletion increases acetylation of LCAD and β-HAD, and increases cardiac fatty acid oxidation. Acetylation of MCD is also associated with increased activity, decreases malonyl-CoA levels and an increase in fatty acid oxidation. Combined, these data suggest that malonyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA have an important role in mediating the alterations in fatty acid oxidation seen in heart failure.
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LaBarge S, Migdal C, Schenk S. Is acetylation a metabolic rheostat that regulates skeletal muscle insulin action? Mol Cells 2015; 38:297-303. [PMID: 25824547 PMCID: PMC4400303 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2015.0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle insulin resistance, which increases the risk for developing various metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes, is a common metabolic disorder in obesity and aging. If potential treatments are to be developed to treat insulin resistance, then it is important to fully understand insulin signaling and glucose metabolism. While recent large-scale "omics" studies have revealed the acetylome to be comparable in size to the phosphorylome, the acetylation of insulin signaling proteins and its functional relevance to insulin-stimulated glucose transport and glucose metabolism is not fully understood. In this Mini Review we discuss the acetylation status of proteins involved in the insulin signaling pathway and review their potential effect on, and relevance to, insulin action in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel LaBarge
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093,
USA
| | - Christopher Migdal
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093,
USA
| | - Simon Schenk
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093,
USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093,
USA
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22
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Rajesh P, Balasubramanian K. Gestational exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) impairs pancreatic β-cell function in F1 rat offspring. Toxicol Lett 2015; 232:46-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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23
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Hakuno F, Fukushima T, Yoneyama Y, Kamei H, Ozoe A, Yoshihara H, Yamanaka D, Shibano T, Sone-Yonezawa M, Yu BC, Chida K, Takahashi SI. The Novel Functions of High-Molecular-Mass Complexes Containing Insulin Receptor Substrates in Mediation and Modulation of Insulin-Like Activities: Emerging Concept of Diverse Functions by IRS-Associated Proteins. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:73. [PMID: 26074875 PMCID: PMC4443775 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like peptides, such as insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and insulin, induce a variety of bioactivities, such as growth, differentiation, survival, increased anabolism, and decreased catabolism in many cell types and in vivo. In general, IGFs or insulin bind to IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) or insulin receptor (IR), activating the receptor tyrosine kinase. Insulin receptor substrates (IRSs) are known to be major substrates of receptor kinases, mediating IGF/insulin signals to direct bioactivities. Recently, we discovered that IRSs form high-molecular-mass complexes (referred to here as IRSomes) even without IGF/insulin stimulation. These complexes contain proteins (referred to here as IRSAPs; IRS-associated proteins), which modulate tyrosine phosphorylation of IRSs by receptor kinases, control IRS stability, and determine intracellular localization of IRSs. In addition, in these complexes, we found not only proteins that are involved in RNA metabolism but also RNAs themselves. Thus, IRSAPs possibly contribute to modulation of IGF/insulin bioactivities. Since it is established that disorder of modulation of insulin-like activities causes various age-related diseases including cancer, we could propose that the IRSome is an important target for treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Hakuno
- Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Fukushima
- Laboratory of Biomedical Chemistry, Basic Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yosuke Yoneyama
- Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Kamei
- Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsufumi Ozoe
- Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidehito Yoshihara
- Laboratory of Protein Metabolism, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yamanaka
- Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Shibano
- Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Meri Sone-Yonezawa
- Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Bu-Chin Yu
- Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Chida
- Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Takahashi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Shin-Ichiro Takahashi, Laboratory of Cell Regulation, Departments of Animal Sciences and Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Science, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan,
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24
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Yao XH, Nguyen KH, Nyomba BLG. Reversal of glucose intolerance in rat offspring exposed to ethanol before birth through reduction of nuclear skeletal muscle HDAC expression by the bile acid TUDCA. Physiol Rep 2014; 2:2/12/e12195. [PMID: 25538147 PMCID: PMC4332199 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prenatal ethanol exposure causes cellular stress, insulin resistance, and glucose intolerance in adult offspring, with increased gluconeogenesis and reduced muscle glucose transporter‐4 (glut4) expression. Impaired insulin activation of Akt and nuclear translocation of histone deacetylases (HDACs) in the liver partly explain increased gluconeogenesis. The mechanism for the reduced glut4 is unknown. Pregnant rats were gavaged with ethanol over the last week of gestation and adult female offspring were studied. Some ethanol exposed offspring was treated with tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) for 3 weeks. All these rats underwent intraperitoneal glucose tolerance and insulin tolerance tests. The expression of glut4, HDACs, and markers of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) unfolded protein response (XBP1, CHOP, ATF6) was examined in the gastrocnemius muscle fractions, and in C2C12 muscle cells cultured with ethanol, TUDCA, and HDAC inhibitors. Non‐TUDCA‐treated rats exposed to prenatal ethanol were insulin resistant and glucose intolerant with reduced muscle glut4 expression, increased ER marker expression, and increased nuclear HDACs, whereas TUDCA‐treated rats had normal insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance with normal glut4 expression, ER marker expression, and HDAC levels. In C2C12 cells, ethanol reduced glut4 expression, but increased ER makers. While TUDCA restored glut4 and ER markers to control levels and HDAC inhibition rescued glut4 expression, HDAC inhibition had no effect on ER markers. The increase in nuclear HDAC levels consequent to prenatal ethanol exposure reduces glut4 expression in adult rat offspring, and this HDAC effect is independent of ER unfolded protein response. HDAC inhibition by TUDCA restores glut4 expression, with improvement in insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance. Alcohol consumption during pregnancy increases nuclear expression of histone deacetylases and endoplasmic response in skeletal muscle, which reduce glucose transporter 4 and in part alter glucose tolerance in offspring. These anomalies are reversed by treatment with tauroursodeoxycholic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Hai Yao
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Khanh H Nguyen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - B L Grégoire Nyomba
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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25
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Tiernan AR, Champion JA, Sambanis A. Trichostatin A affects the secretion pathways of beta and intestinal endocrine cells. Exp Cell Res 2014; 330:212-21. [PMID: 25305500 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) were recently identified as having significant clinical potential in reversing β-cell functional inhibition caused by inflammation, a shared precursor of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. However, HDACi are highly complex and little is known of their direct effect on important cell secretion pathways for blood glucose regulation. The aims of the present study were to investigate the effect of HDACi on insulin secretion from β-cells, GLP-1 secretion from L-cells, and recombinant insulin secretion from engineered L-cells. The β-cell line βTC-tet, L-cell line GLUTag, or recombinant insulin-secreting L-cell lines were exposed to Trichostatin A for 24h. Effects on insulin or GLP-1 mRNA, intracellular protein content, processing efficiency, and secretion were measured by real-time PCR, ELISA, and radioimmunoassay. HDACi increased secretion per viable cell in a dose-dependent manner for all cell types. Effects on mRNA levels were variable, but enhanced intracellular polypeptide content and secretion were comparable among cell types. Enhanced recombinant insulin secretion was sustained for seven days in alginate microencapsulated L-cells. HDACi enhances β- and L-cell secretion fluxes in a way that could significantly improve blood glucose regulation in diabetes patients and holds potential as a novel method for enhancing insulin-secreting non-β or β-cell grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aubrey R Tiernan
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, GA 30332, United States
| | - Julie A Champion
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, GA 30332, United States
| | - Athanassios Sambanis
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, GA 30332, United States; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University, GA, United States.
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26
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Rajesh P, Balasubramanian K. Phthalate exposure in utero causes epigenetic changes and impairs insulin signalling. J Endocrinol 2014; 223:47-66. [PMID: 25232145 DOI: 10.1530/joe-14-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) is an endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC), widely used as a plasticiser. Developmental exposure to EDCs could alter epigenetic programming and result in adult-onset disease. We investigated whether DEHP exposure during development affects glucose homoeostasis in the F1 offspring as a result of impaired insulin signal transduction in gastrocnemius muscle. Pregnant Wistar rats were administered DEHP (0, 1, 10 and 100 mg/kg per day) from embryonic days 9-21 orally. DEHP-exposed offspring exhibited elevated blood glucose, impaired serum insulin, glucose tolerance and insulin tolerance, along with reduced insulin receptor, glucose uptake and oxidation in the muscle at postnatal day 60. The levels of insulin signalling molecules and their phosphorylation were down-regulated in DEHP-exposed offspring. However, phosphorylated IRS1(Ser636/639), which impedes binding of downstream effectors and the negative regulator (PTEN) of PIP3, was increased in DEHP-exposed groups. Down-regulation of glucose transporter 4 (Glut4 (Slc2a4)) gene expression and increased GLUT4(Ser488) phosphorylation, which decreases its intrinsic activity and translocation towards the plasma membrane, were recorded. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays detected decreased MYOD binding and increased histone deacetylase 2 interaction towards Glut4, indicative of the tight chromatin structure at the Glut4 promoter. Increased DNMTs and global DNA methylation levels were also observed. Furthermore, methylation of Glut4 at the MYOD-binding site was increased in DEHP-exposed groups. These findings indicate that, gestational DEHP exposure predisposes F1 offspring to glucometabolic dysfunction at adulthood by down-regulating the expression of critical genes involved in the insulin signalling pathway. Furthermore, DEHP-induced epigenetic alterations in Glut4 appear to play a significant role in disposition towards this metabolic abnormality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parsanathan Rajesh
- Department of EndocrinologyDr ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani, Chennai 600 113, India
| | - Karundevi Balasubramanian
- Department of EndocrinologyDr ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani, Chennai 600 113, India
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27
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Zhou X, Zeng XY, Wang H, Li S, Jo E, Xue CCL, Tan M, Molero JC, Ye JM. Hepatic FoxO1 acetylation is involved in oleanolic acid-induced memory of glycemic control: novel findings from Study 2. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107231. [PMID: 25222566 PMCID: PMC4164604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our recent study (referred as Study 1) showed that the triterpenoid oleanolic acid (OA) was able to produce a sustained correction of hyperglycemia beyond treatment period in type 2 diabetes (T2D) mice with liver as a responsible site. To follow up the previous observations, the present study (referred as Study 2) investigated the possible role of acetylation of FoxO1 and associated events in this therapeutic memory by characterizing the pathways regulating the acetylation status during and post-OA treatments. OA treatment (100 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks, during OA treatment) reduced hyperglycemia in T2D mice by ∼87% and this effect was largely (∼70%) maintained even 4 weeks after the cessation of OA administration (post-OA treatment). During OA treatment, the acetylation and phosphorylation of FoxO1 were markedly increased (1.5 to 2.5-fold) while G6Pase expression was suppressed by ∼80%. Consistent with this, OA treatment reversed pyruvate intolerance in high-fat fed mice. Histone acetyltransferase 1 (HAT1) content was increased (>50%) and histone deacetylases (HDACs) 4 and 5 (not HDAC1) were reduced by 30–50%. The OA-induced changes in FoxO1, G6Pase, HAT1 and HDACs persisted during the post-OA treatment period when the increased phosphorylation of AMPK, SIRT1 content and reduced liver triglyceride had subsided. These results confirmed the ability of OA to control hyperglycemia far beyond treatment period in T2D mice. Most importantly, in the present study we demonstrated acetylation of FoxO1 in the liver is involved in OA-induced memory for the control of hyperglycemia. Our novel findings suggest that acetylation of the key regulatory proteins of hepatic gluconeogenesis is a plausible mechanism by the triterpenoid to achieve a sustained glycemic control for T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Zhou
- Molecular Pharmacology for Diabetes, Health Innovations Research Institute and School of Health Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Xiao-Yi Zeng
- Molecular Pharmacology for Diabetes, Health Innovations Research Institute and School of Health Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hao Wang
- Molecular Pharmacology for Diabetes, Health Innovations Research Institute and School of Health Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Songpei Li
- Molecular Pharmacology for Diabetes, Health Innovations Research Institute and School of Health Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eunjung Jo
- Molecular Pharmacology for Diabetes, Health Innovations Research Institute and School of Health Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Charlie C. L. Xue
- Molecular Pharmacology for Diabetes, Health Innovations Research Institute and School of Health Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Minjia Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan C. Molero
- Molecular Pharmacology for Diabetes, Health Innovations Research Institute and School of Health Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ji-Ming Ye
- Molecular Pharmacology for Diabetes, Health Innovations Research Institute and School of Health Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Cencioni C, Spallotta F, Greco S, Martelli F, Zeiher AM, Gaetano C. Epigenetic mechanisms of hyperglycemic memory. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 51:155-8. [PMID: 24786298 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recently the concept emerged that prolonged exposure to altered metabolic conditions, including hyperglycemia, may epigenetically imprint human cells permitting vertical or horizontal transfer to "descendants". Although mechanistically ill understood, the hyperglycemic/epigenetic memory may represent one of the major limitations for the application of cell therapy to treatment of chronic heart disease where a relatively prolonged period of ex vivo cellular expansion is required. Hyperglycemic memory, in fact, seems to contribute to the establishment of an epigenetic "reminiscence" of the altered metabolic state, to which, cells from diseased bodies have been exposed. This review summarizes the most relevant concepts and observations about the mechanisms underlying the onset of stable information inside the epigenome leading to the development of a diseased phenotype. Special attention is given to epigenetic drugs and how they have been used in experimental, preclinical and clinical settings to treat dysmetabolism, diabetes and their complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Cencioni
- Division of Cardiovascular Epigenetics, Department of Cardiology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main 60596, Germany.
| | - Francesco Spallotta
- Division of Cardiovascular Epigenetics, Department of Cardiology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main 60596, Germany.
| | - Simona Greco
- Molecular Cardiology Laboratory, IRCCS-Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan 20097, Italy.
| | - Fabio Martelli
- Molecular Cardiology Laboratory, IRCCS-Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan 20097, Italy.
| | - Andreas M Zeiher
- Internal Medicine Clinic III, Department of Cardiology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main 60596, Germany.
| | - Carlo Gaetano
- Division of Cardiovascular Epigenetics, Department of Cardiology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main 60596, Germany.
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Khan S, Jena GB. Protective role of sodium butyrate, a HDAC inhibitor on beta-cell proliferation, function and glucose homeostasis through modulation of p38/ERK MAPK and apoptotic pathways: study in juvenile diabetic rat. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 213:1-12. [PMID: 24530320 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) also known as juvenile diabetes is a chronic autoimmune disorder that precipitates in genetically susceptible individuals by environmental factors particularly during early age. Both genetic and epigenetic factors are implicated in the beta-cell development, proliferation, differentiation and function. Recent evidences suggested that there is a link between diabetes and histone deacetylases (HDACs), because HDAC inhibitors promote beta-cell development, proliferation and function as well as improve glucose homeostasis. Sodium butyrate (NaB) is a short chain fatty acid having HDAC inhibition activity. The present study was aimed to investigate the protective role of NaB treatment on the beta-cell proliferation, function and glucose homeostasis as well as apoptosis in juvenile diabetic rat. Diabetes was induced by single injection of STZ (60 mg/kg, i.p.) in chilled citrate buffer, while NaB (500 mg/kg/day) was administrated by i.p. route for 21 days as pre- and post-treatment schedule. Plasma glucose and insulin levels, HbA1c, glucose tolerance, apoptosis, and expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), p38, p53, caspase-3, extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 (ERK-1/2), forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1) and insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) as well as histone acetylation were evaluated. NaB treatment decreased plasma glucose, HbA1c, beta-cell apoptosis and improved plasma insulin level and glucose homeostasis through HDAC inhibition and histone acetylation in diabetic animal as compared to control. NaB treatment improved the beta-cell proliferation, function and glucose homeostasis as well as reduced beta-cell apoptosis in juvenile diabetic rat by the modulation of p38/ERK MAPK and apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Khan
- Facility for Risk Assessment and Intervention Studies, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160062, India.
| | - G B Jena
- Facility for Risk Assessment and Intervention Studies, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160062, India.
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Abu-Farha M, Tiss A, Abubaker J, Khadir A, Al-Ghimlas F, Al-Khairi I, Baturcam E, Cherian P, Elkum N, Hammad M, John J, Kavalakatt S, Warsame S, Behbehani K, Dermime S, Dehbi M. Proteomics analysis of human obesity reveals the epigenetic factor HDAC4 as a potential target for obesity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75342. [PMID: 24086512 PMCID: PMC3782461 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sedentary lifestyle and excessive energy intake are prominent contributors to obesity; a major risk factors for the development of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying these chronic conditions is of relevant importance as it might lead to the identification of novel anti-obesity targets. The purpose of the current study is to investigate differentially expressed proteins between lean and obese subjects through a shot-gun quantitative proteomics approach using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) extracts as well as potential modulation of those proteins by physical exercise. Using this approach, a total of 47 proteins showed at least 1.5 fold change between lean and obese subjects. In obese, the proteomic profiling before and after 3 months of physical exercise showed differential expression of 38 proteins. Thrombospondin 1 (TSP1) was among the proteins that were upregulated in obese subjects and then decreased by physical exercise. Conversely, the histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) was downregulated in obese subjects and then induced by physical exercise. The proteomic data was further validated by qRT-PCR, Western blot and immunohistochemistry in both PBMCs and adipose tissue. We also showed that HDAC4 levels correlated positively with maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 Max) but negatively with body mass index, percent body fat, and the inflammatory chemokine RANTES. In functional assays, our data indicated that ectopic expression of HDAC4 significantly impaired TNF-α-dependent activation of NF-κB, establishing thus a link between HDAC4 and regulation of the immune system. Together, the expression pattern of HDAC4 in obese subjects before and after physical exercise, its correlation with various physical, clinical and metabolic parameters along with its inhibitory effect on NF-κB are suggestive of a protective role of HDAC4 against obesity. HDAC4 could therefore represent a potential therapeutic target for the control and management of obesity and presumably insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abu-Farha
- Department of Biomedical Research, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait, Kuwait
| | - Ali Tiss
- Department of Biomedical Research, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait, Kuwait
| | - Jehad Abubaker
- Department of Biomedical Research, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait, Kuwait
| | - Abdelkrim Khadir
- Department of Biomedical Research, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait, Kuwait
| | - Fahad Al-Ghimlas
- Fitness and Rehabilitation Centre, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait, Kuwait
| | - Irina Al-Khairi
- Department of Biomedical Research, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait, Kuwait
| | - Engin Baturcam
- Department of Biomedical Research, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait, Kuwait
| | - Preethi Cherian
- Department of Biomedical Research, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait, Kuwait
| | - Naser Elkum
- Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait, Kuwait
| | - Maha Hammad
- Department of Biomedical Research, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait, Kuwait
| | - Jeena John
- Department of Biomedical Research, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait, Kuwait
| | - Sina Kavalakatt
- Department of Biomedical Research, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait, Kuwait
| | - Samia Warsame
- Department of Biomedical Research, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait, Kuwait
| | - Kazem Behbehani
- Department of Biomedical Research, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait, Kuwait
- Fitness and Rehabilitation Centre, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait, Kuwait
- Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait, Kuwait
| | - Said Dermime
- Biomedical Research Facility, King Fahad Specialist Hospital Dammam, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Dehbi
- Department of Biomedical Research, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait, Kuwait
- Genomic Medicine and Systems Biology Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Education City, Doha, Qatar
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Lu M, Sarruf DA, Li P, Osborn O, Sanchez-Alavez M, Talukdar S, Chen A, Bandyopadhyay G, Xu J, Morinaga H, Dines K, Watkins S, Kaiyala K, Schwartz MW, Olefsky JM. Neuronal Sirt1 deficiency increases insulin sensitivity in both brain and peripheral tissues. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:10722-35. [PMID: 23457303 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.443606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sirt1 is a NAD(+)-dependent class III deacetylase that functions as a cellular energy sensor. In addition to its well-characterized effects in peripheral tissues, emerging evidence suggests that neuronal Sirt1 activity plays a role in the central regulation of energy balance and glucose metabolism. To assess this idea, we generated Sirt1 neuron-specific knockout (SINKO) mice. On both standard chow and HFD, SINKO mice were more insulin sensitive than Sirt1(f/f) mice. Thus, SINKO mice had lower fasting insulin levels, improved glucose tolerance and insulin tolerance, and enhanced systemic insulin sensitivity during hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp studies. Hypothalamic insulin sensitivity of SINKO mice was also increased over controls, as assessed by hypothalamic activation of PI3K, phosphorylation of Akt and FoxO1 following systemic insulin injection. Intracerebroventricular injection of insulin led to a greater systemic effect to improve glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in SINKO mice compared with controls. In line with the in vivo results, insulin-induced AKT and FoxO1 phosphorylation were potentiated by inhibition of Sirt1 in a cultured hypothalamic cell line. Mechanistically, this effect was traced to a reduced effect of Sirt1 to directly deacetylate and repress IRS-1 function. The enhanced central insulin signaling in SINKO mice was accompanied by increased insulin receptor signal transduction in liver, muscle, and adipose tissue. In summary, we conclude that neuronal Sirt1 negatively regulates hypothalamic insulin signaling, leading to systemic insulin resistance. Interventions that reduce neuronal Sirt1 activity have the potential to improve systemic insulin action and limit weight gain on an obesigenic diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Lu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA
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Pirola L, Zerzaihi O, Vidal H, Solari F. Protein acetylation mechanisms in the regulation of insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 signalling. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 362:1-10. [PMID: 22683437 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lysine acetylation is a protein post-translational modification (PTM) initially discovered in abundant proteins such as tubulin, whose acetylated form confers microtubule stability, and histones, where it promotes the transcriptionally active chromatin state. Other individual reports identified lysine acetylation as a PTM regulating transcription factors and co-activators including p53, c-Myc, PGC1α and Ku70. The subsequent employment of proteomics-based approaches revealed that lysine acetylation is a widespread PTM, contributing to cellular regulation as much as protein-phosphorylation based mechanisms. In particular, most of the enzymes of central metabolic processes - glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid and urea cycles, fatty acid and glycogen metabolism - have been shown to be regulated by lysine acetylation, through the opposite actions of protein acetyltransferases and deacetylases, making protein acetylation a PTM that connects the cell's energetic state and its consequent metabolic response. In multicellular organisms, insulin/insulin-like signalling (IIS) is a major hormonal regulator of metabolism and cell growth, and very recent research indicates that most of the enzymes participating in IIS are likewise subjected to acetylation-based regulatory mechanisms, that integrate the classical phosphorylation mechanisms. Here, we review the current knowledge on acetylation/deacetylation regulatory phenomena within the IIS cascade, with emphasis on the enzymatic machinery linking the acetylation/deacetylation switch to the metabolic state. We cover this recent area of investigation because pharmacological modulation of protein acetylation/deacetylation has been shown to be a promising target for the amelioration of the metabolic abnormalities occurring in the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Pirola
- Carmen (Cardiology, Metabolism and Nutrition) Institute, INSERM U1060, Lyon-1 University, South Lyon Medical Faculty, 69921 Oullins, France.
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Novotny GW, Lundh M, Backe MB, Christensen DP, Hansen JB, Dahllöf MS, Pallesen EMH, Mandrup-Poulsen T. Transcriptional and translational regulation of cytokine signaling in inflammatory β-cell dysfunction and apoptosis. Arch Biochem Biophys 2012; 528:171-84. [PMID: 23063755 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2012.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Disease is conventionally viewed as the chaotic inappropriate outcome of deranged tissue function resulting from aberrancies in cellular processes. Yet the patho-biology of cellular dysfunction and death encompasses a coordinated network no less sophisticated and regulated than maintenance of homeostatic balance. Cellular demise is far from passive subordination to stress but requires controlled coordination of energy-requiring activities including gene transcription and protein translation that determine the graded transition between defensive mechanisms, cell cycle regulation, dedifferentiation and ultimately to the activation of death programmes. In fact, most stressors stimulate both homeostasis and regeneration on one hand and impairment and destruction on the other, depending on the ambient circumstances. Here we illustrate this bimodal ambiguity in cell response by reviewing recent progress in our understanding of how the pancreatic β cell copes with inflammatory stress by changing gene transcription and protein translation by the differential and interconnected action of reactive oxygen and nitric oxide species, microRNAs and posttranslational protein modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy W Novotny
- Section of Endocrinological Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Yao ZG, Liu Y, Zhang L, Huang L, Ma CM, Xu YF, Zhu H, Qin C. Co-location of HDAC2 and insulin signaling components in the adult mouse hippocampus. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2012; 32:1337-42. [PMID: 22733364 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-012-9859-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
As one part of epigenetics, histone deacetylases (HDACs) have been demonstrated to get into the neural events, including neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and neurodegeneration through regulating acetylation status of target proteins to influence protein function and gene expression. However, the recent studies indicated that HDAC2, a member of HDACs family, played a role in insulin signaling pathway and synaptic plasticity. Here, we are concerned about whether HDAC2 was co-located with insulin signaling components in postsynaptic glutamatergic neurons (PSGNs) of the adult mouse hippocampus using double immunofluorescence staining. The results displayed that HDAC2 was present in PSGNs marked by N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit 2B, in which major components of insulin signaling pathway such as insulin receptor alpha and beta and insulin receptor substrate-1 were also involved. Accordingly, we speculate that the interaction of HDAC2 and insulin signaling system in PSGNs observed in the present study may serve as a potential mechanism in memory formation. We hope this could provide a valuable basis for understanding the roles of HDAC2 and insulin on cognitive impairment of diabetes mellitus, involved Alzheimer's disease, which is also called type 3 diabetes recently. And this will also benefit to the treatment of insulin-related diseases in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Gang Yao
- Comparative Medical Center, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Panjiayuan Nanli No. 5, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China
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Watt MJ, Hoy AJ. Lipid metabolism in skeletal muscle: generation of adaptive and maladaptive intracellular signals for cellular function. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 302:E1315-28. [PMID: 22185843 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00561.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acids derived from adipose tissue lipolysis, intramyocellular triacylglycerol lipolysis, or de novo lipogenesis serve a variety of functions in skeletal muscle. The two major fates of fatty acids are mitochondrial oxidation to provide energy for the myocyte and storage within a variety of lipids, where they are stored primarily in discrete lipid droplets or serve as important structural components of membranes. In this review, we provide a brief overview of skeletal muscle fatty acid metabolism and highlight recent notable advances in the field. We then 1) discuss how lipids are stored in and mobilized from various subcellular locations to provide adaptive or maladaptive signals in the myocyte and 2) outline how lipid metabolites or metabolic byproducts derived from the actions of triacylglycerol metabolism or β-oxidation act as positive and negative regulators of insulin action. We have placed an emphasis on recent developments in the lipid biology field with respect to understanding skeletal muscle physiology and discuss unanswered questions and technical limitations for assessing lipid signaling in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Watt
- Biology of Lipid Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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Thangapandian S, John S, Lee KW. Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study Explaining Inhibitor Selectivity in Different Class of Histone Deacetylases. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2012; 29:677-98. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2012.10507409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Kovacic P. Novel electrostatic mechanism for mode of action by N-acetylated proteins: cell signaling and phosphorylation. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2011; 31:193-8. [PMID: 21619447 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2011.577784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Although extensive literature exists for N-acetylated proteins, scant knowledge is available concerning resultant mode of action. This review presents a novel mechanism based on electrostatics and cell signaling. There is substantial increase in the amide dipole and electrostatic field (EF) in contrast with the primary amino of the lysine precursor. The EF might serve as a bridge in electron transfer and cell signaling or energetics may play a role. The relationship between N-acetylation and phosphorylation is addressed. EFs may be important in the case of phosphates. Involvement of cell signaling is addressed including mechanistic aspects. As is the case for many aspects of bioaction, an integrated approach involving electrochemistry and cell signaling seems reasonable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kovacic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
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Shaw LM. The insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins: at the intersection of metabolism and cancer. Cell Cycle 2011; 10:1750-6. [PMID: 21597332 DOI: 10.4161/cc.10.11.15824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports a connection between cancer and metabolism and emphasizes the need to understand how tumors respond to the metabolic microenvironment and how tumor cell metabolism is regulated. The insulin receptor (IR) and its close family member the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) mediate the cellular response to insulin in normal cells and their function is tightly regulated to maintain metabolic homeostasis. These receptors are also expressed on tumor cells and their expression correlates with tumor progression and poor prognosis. Understanding how the IR/IGF-1R pathway functions in tumors is increasing in importance as the efficacy of drugs that target metabolic pathways, such as metformin, are investigated in prospective clinical trials. This review will focus on key signaling intermediates of the IR and IGF-1R, the Insulin Receptor Substrate (IRS) proteins, with an emphasis on IRS-2, and discuss how these adaptor proteins play a pivotal role at the intersection of metabolism and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie M Shaw
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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Diarylheotanoid from Alnus hirsuta improves glucose metabolism via insulin signal transduction in human hepatocarcinoma (HepG2) cells. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-010-0311-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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40
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Sommerfeld A, Krones-Herzig A, Herzig S. Transcriptional co-factors and hepatic energy metabolism. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 332:21-31. [PMID: 21112373 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
After binding to their cognate DNA-binding partner, transcriptional co-factors exert their function through the recruitment of enzymatic, chromatin-modifying activities. In turn, the assembly of co-factor-associated multi-protein complexes efficiently impacts target gene expression. Recent advances have established transcriptional co-factor complexes as a critical regulatory level in energy homeostasis and aberrant co-factor activity has been linked to the pathogenesis of severe metabolic disorders including obesity, type 2 diabetes and other components of the Metabolic Syndrome. The liver represents the key peripheral organ for the maintenance of systemic energy homeostasis, and aberrations in hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism have been causally linked to the manifestation of disorders associated with the Metabolic Syndrome. Therefore, this review focuses on the role of distinct classes of transcriptional co-factors in hepatic glucose and lipid homeostasis, emphasizing pathway-specific functions of these co-factors under physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Sommerfeld
- Department Molecular Metabolic Control, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg, Germany
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41
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Christensen DP, Dahllöf M, Lundh M, Rasmussen DN, Nielsen MD, Billestrup N, Grunnet LG, Mandrup-Poulsen T. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition as a novel treatment for diabetes mellitus. Mol Med 2011; 17:378-90. [PMID: 21274504 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2011.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Both common forms of diabetes have an inflammatory pathogenesis in which immune and metabolic factors converge on interleukin-1β as a key mediator of insulin resistance and β-cell failure. In addition to improving insulin resistance and preventing β-cell inflammatory damage, there is evidence of genetic association between diabetes and histone deacetylases (HDACs); and HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) promote β-cell development, proliferation, differentiation and function and positively affect late diabetic microvascular complications. Here we review this evidence and propose that there is a strong rationale for preclinical studies and clinical trials with the aim of testing the utility of HDACi as a novel therapy for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan P Christensen
- Center for Medical Research Methodology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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42
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Zacharias N, Sailhamer EA, Li Y, Liu B, Butt MU, Shuja F, Velmahos GC, de Moya M, Alam HB. Histone deacetylase inhibitors prevent apoptosis following lethal hemorrhagic shock in rodent kidney cells. Resuscitation 2010; 82:105-9. [PMID: 21036453 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.09.469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously demonstrated that treatment with histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACI), such as valproic acid (VPA) and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), can improve survival after hemorrhagic shock in animal models. Hemorrhage results in hypoacetylation of proteins which is reversed by HDACI. These agents are known to acetylate insulin receptor substrate-I (IRS-I), which in turn activates the Akt survival pathway. This study investigated whether HDACI exert their beneficial effects through the Akt survival pathway. METHODS Wistar-Kyoto rats (N=21) underwent hemorrhage (60% blood loss) and were randomized into 3 groups; no resuscitation (NR), and treatment with VPA or SAHA. Kidneys were harvested at 1, 6, and 24h after HDACI treatment and analyzed for acetylated histone 3 at lysine 9 residue (Ac-H3K9), phosphorylated Akt (phospho-Akt), BAD and Bcl-2 proteins. RESULTS Hemorrhaged animals were in severe shock, with mean arterial pressures of 25-30mmHg and lactic acid 7-9mg/ml. Only animals treated with VPA and SAHA survived to the 6- and 24-h timepoints. Treatment with HDACI produced a biologic effect on rat kidney cells inducing acetylation of histone H3K9, which peaked after 1h of treatment, and was statistically significant in the VPA group (p=0.01) compared to NR. Phospho-Akt protein increased in the VPA group with a reciprocal decrease in the pro-apoptotic BAD protein in both groups which was statistically significant in the VPA group after 1h (p=0.007) and 24h (p=0.006) of treatment and in the SAHA group after 24h of treatment (p=0.028). Anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein markedly increased after 6 (p=0.04) and 24h (p=0.014) of VPA treatment. Bcl-2 also increased in the SAHA group, but failed to reach statistical significance. CONCLUSION Treatment with HDACI increases phosphorylation of Akt with a subsequent decrease in the pro-apoptotic BAD protein. The above mechanism facilitates the action of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. HDACI protect kidney cells subjected to hemorrhagic shock in rodents through the Akt survival pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Zacharias
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma, Emergency Surgery and Surgical Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Lee S, Chen Y, Luo H, Wu AA, Wilde M, Schumacker PT, Zhao Y. The first global screening of protein substrates bearing protein-bound 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine in Escherichia coli and human mitochondria. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:5705-14. [PMID: 20818827 DOI: 10.1021/pr1005179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Protein hydroxylation at proline and lysine residues is known to have important effects on cellular functions, such as the response to hypoxia. However, protein hydroxylation at tyrosine residues (called protein-bound 3,4-dihydroxy-phenylalanine (PB-DOPA)) has not been carefully examined. Here we report the first proteomics screening of the PB-DOPA protein substrates and their sites in Escherichia coli and human mitochondria by nano-liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (nano-LC/MS/MS) and protein sequence alignment using the PTMap algorithm. Our study identified 67 novel PB-DOPA sites in 43 E. coli proteins and 9 novel PB-DOPA sites in 7 proteins from HeLa mitochondria. Bioinformatics analysis indicates that the structured region is more favored than the unstructured regions of proteins for the PB-DOPA modification. The PB-DOPA substrates in E. coli were dominantly enriched in proteins associated with carbohydrate metabolism. Our study showed that PB-DOPA may be involved in regulation of the specific activity of certain evolutionarily conserved proteins such as superoxide dismutase and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, suggesting the conserved nature of the modification among distant biological species. The substrate proteins identified in this study offer a rich source for determining their regulatory enzymes and for further characterization of the possible contributions of this modification to cellular physiology and human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangkyu Lee
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Abstract
Docking proteins comprise a distinct category of intracellular, noncatalytic signalling protein, that function downstream of a variety of receptor and receptor-associated tyrosine kinases and regulate diverse physiological and pathological processes. The growth factor receptor bound 2-associated binder/Daughter of Sevenless, insulin receptor substrate, fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2 and downstream of tyrosine kinases protein families fall into this category. This minireview focuses on the structure, function and regulation of these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilman Brummer
- Centre for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Ishii J, Fukuda N, Tanaka T, Ogino C, Kondo A. Protein-protein interactions and selection: yeast-based approaches that exploit guanine nucleotide-binding protein signaling. FEBS J 2010; 277:1982-95. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07625.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Functional characterization of the interactions between endosomal adaptor protein APPL1 and the NuRD co-repressor complex. Biochem J 2009; 423:389-400. [PMID: 19686092 PMCID: PMC2762692 DOI: 10.1042/bj20090086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Multifunctional adaptor protein APPL1 [adaptor protein containing PH (pleckstrin homology) domain, PTB (phosphotyrosine binding) domain and leucine zipper motif] belongs to a growing group of endocytic proteins which actively participate in various stages of signalling pathways. Owing to its interaction with the small GTPase Rab5, APPL1 localizes predominantly to a subpopulation of early endosomes but is also capable of nucleocytoplasmic shuttling. Among its various binding partners, APPL1 was reported to associate with the nuclear co-repressor complex NuRD (nucleosome remodelling and deacetylase), containing both nucleosome remodelling and HDAC (histone deacetylase) activities, but the biochemical basis or functional relevance of this interaction remained unknown. Here we characterized the binding between APPL1 and NuRD in more detail, identifying HDAC2 as the key NuRD subunit responsible for this association. APPL1 interacts with the NuRD complex containing enzymatically active HDAC2 but not HDAC1 as the only deacetylase. However, the cellular levels of HDAC1 can regulate the extent of APPL1–NuRD interactions, which in turn modulates the nucleocytoplasmic distribution of APPL1. Increased binding of APPL1 to NuRD upon silencing of HDAC1 promotes the nuclear localization of APPL1, whereas HDAC1 overexpression exerts an opposite effect. Moreover, we also uncovered a NuRD-independent interaction of APPL1 with HDAC1. APPL1 overexpression affects the composition of the HDAC1-containing NuRD complex and the expression of HDAC1 target p21WAF1/CIP1. Cumulatively, these data reveal a surprising complexity of APPL1 interactions with HDACs, with functional consequences for the modulation of gene expression. In a broader sense, these results contribute to an emerging theme of endocytic proteins playing alternative roles in the cell nucleus.
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Marinova Z, Ren M, Wendland JR, Leng Y, Liang MH, Yasuda S, Leeds P, Chuang DM. Valproic acid induces functional heat-shock protein 70 via Class I histone deacetylase inhibition in cortical neurons: a potential role of Sp1 acetylation. J Neurochem 2009; 111:976-87. [PMID: 19765194 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06385.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Neuroprotective properties of the mood stabilizer valproic acid (VPA) are implicated in its therapeutic efficacy. Heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70) is a molecular chaperone, neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory agent. This study aimed to investigate underlying mechanisms and functional significance of HSP70 induction by VPA in rat cortical neurons. VPA treatment markedly up-regulated HSP70 protein levels, and this was accompanied by increased HSP70 mRNA levels and promoter hyperacetylation and activity. Other HDAC inhibitors--sodium butyrate, trichostatin A, and Class I HDAC-specific inhibitors MS-275 and apicidin, --all mimicked the ability of VPA to induce HSP70. Pre-treatment with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors or an Akt inhibitor attenuated HSP70 induction by VPA and other HDAC inhibitors. VPA treatment increased Sp1 acetylation, and a Sp1 inhibitor, mithramycin, abolished the induction of HSP70 by HDAC inhibitors. Moreover, VPA promoted the association of Sp1 with the histone acetyltransferases p300 and recruitment of p300 to the HSP70 promoter. Further, VPA-induced neuroprotection against glutamate excitotoxicity was prevented by blocking HSP70 induction. Taken together, the data suggest that the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway and Sp1 are likely involved in HSP70 induction by HDAC inhibitors, and induction of HSP70 by VPA in cortical neurons may contribute to its neuroprotective and therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoya Marinova
- Molecular Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1363, USA
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Mardilovich K, Pankratz SL, Shaw LM. Expression and function of the insulin receptor substrate proteins in cancer. Cell Commun Signal 2009; 7:14. [PMID: 19534786 PMCID: PMC2709114 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-7-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2009] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Insulin Receptor Substrate (IRS) proteins are cytoplasmic adaptor proteins that function as essential signaling intermediates downstream of activated cell surface receptors, many of which have been implicated in cancer. The IRS proteins do not contain any intrinsic kinase activity, but rather serve as scaffolds to organize signaling complexes and initiate intracellular signaling pathways. As common intermediates of multiple receptors that can influence tumor progression, the IRS proteins are positioned to play a pivotal role in regulating the response of tumor cells to many different microenvironmental stimuli. Limited studies on IRS expression in human tumors and studies on IRS function in human tumor cell lines and in mouse models have provided clues to the potential function of these adaptor proteins in human cancer. A general theme arises from these studies; IRS-1 and IRS-4 are most often associated with tumor growth and proliferation and IRS-2 is most often associated with tumor motility and invasion. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms by which IRS expression and function are regulated and how the IRS proteins contribute to tumor initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Mardilovich
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA.
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SirT1 inhibition reduces IGF-I/IRS-2/Ras/ERK1/2 signaling and protects neurons. Cell Metab 2008; 8:38-48. [PMID: 18590691 PMCID: PMC2822839 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2008.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2007] [Revised: 04/05/2008] [Accepted: 05/13/2008] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Sirtuins are known to protect cells and extend life span, but our previous studies indicated that S. cerevisiae Sir2 can also increase stress sensitivity and limit life-span extension. Here we provide evidence for a role of the mammalian Sir2 ortholog SirT1 in the sensitization of neurons to oxidative damage. SirT1 inhibition increased acetylation and decreased phosphorylation of IRS-2; it also reduced activation of the Ras/ERK1/2 pathway, suggesting that SirT1 may enhance IGF-I signaling in part by deacetylating IRS-2. Either the inhibition of SirT1 or of Ras/ERK1/2 was associated with resistance to oxidative damage. Markers of oxidized proteins and lipids were reduced in the brain of old SirT1-deficient mice, but the life span of the homozygote knockout mice was reduced under both normal and calorie-restricted conditions. These results are consistent with findings in S. cerevisiae and other model systems, suggesting that mammalian sirtuins can play both protective and proaging roles.
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Sun C, Zhou J. Trichostatin A improves insulin stimulated glucose utilization and insulin signaling transduction through the repression of HDAC2. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 76:120-7. [PMID: 18495085 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2008] [Revised: 04/08/2008] [Accepted: 04/10/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Previous study showed that Trichostatin A (TSA) could improve insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) phosphorylation at tyrosine in response to insulin evocation. However, the effects of TSA on insulin stimulated glucose utilization and insulin signaling transduction are still poorly understood. Here we showed that TSA significantly enhanced insulin stimulated glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis and glycogen synthase activities in C2C12 myotubes. In addition, the insulin stimulated phosphorylations in insulin receptor, Akt and GSK3beta were remarkably increased in the TSA-treated cells. These improving effects of TSA were probably due to HDAC2 inhibition, since the enhanced expression of HDAC2 could abolish the TSA-induced improvement in the insulin signaling transduction. Moreover, HDAC2 knockdown as well as TSA treatment also improved insulin stimulated glycogen synthesis. Most importantly, no additional effect of TSA on insulin stimulated glycogen synthesis was observed in the HDAC2 downregulated cells. These data suggest that HDAC2 should be an important potential target for regulating insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, 12 Xuefu Road, Pukou District, Nanjing 210061, China.
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