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Kim H, Xue H, Li X, Yue G, Zhu J, Eh T, Wang S, Jin LH. Orostachys malacophylla (pall.) fisch extracts alleviate intestinal inflammation in Drosophila. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 330:118215. [PMID: 38641073 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Orostachys malacophylla (Pall.) Fisch (O. malacophylla) is a succulent herbaceous plant that is the Orostachys genus of Crassulaceae family. O. malacophylla has been widely used as a traditional Chinese medicine with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-febrile, antidote, anti-Toxoplasma gondii properties. However, the biological function of alleviating intestinal inflammation and key bioactive compounds were still unknown. AIM OF THE STUDY We used a Drosophila model to study the protective effects and bioactive compounds of O. malacophylla water extract (OMWE) and butanol extract (OMBE) on intestinal inflammation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Drosophila intestinal inflammation was induced by oral invasion of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) or Erwinia carotovora carotovora 15 (Ecc15). We revealed the protective effects of two extracts by determining intestinal reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antimicrobial peptide (AMP) levels and intestinal integrity, and using network pharmacology analysis to identify bioactive compounds. RESULTS We demonstrated that both OMWE and OMBE could ameliorate the detrimental effects of DSS, including a decreased survival rate, elevated ROS levels, increased cell death, excessive proliferation of ISCs, acid-base imbalance, and disruption of intestinal integrity. Moreover, the overabundance of lipid droplets (LDs) and AMPs by Ecc15 infection is mitigated by these extracts, thereby enhancing the flies' resistance to adverse stimuli. In addition, we used widely targeted metabolomics and network pharmacology analysis to identify bioactive compounds associated with IBD healing that are present in OMWE and OMBE. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our research indicates that OMWE and OMBE significantly mitigate intestinal inflammation and have the potential to be effective therapeutic agents for IBD in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyonil Kim
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China; College of Life Science, Kim Il Sung University, Pyongyang, Democratic People's Republic of Korea.
| | - Hongmei Xue
- Department of Children's Emergency Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Xiao Li
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China.
| | - Guanhua Yue
- Department of Basic Medical, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China.
| | - Jiahua Zhu
- Department of Basic Medical, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China.
| | - Tongju Eh
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China; College of Life Science, Kim Il Sung University, Pyongyang, Democratic People's Republic of Korea.
| | - Sihong Wang
- Analysis and Test Center, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, PR China.
| | - Li Hua Jin
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China.
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2
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Nigg JC, Castelló-Sanjuán M, Blanc H, Frangeul L, Mongelli V, Godron X, Bardin AJ, Saleh MC. Viral infection disrupts intestinal homeostasis via Sting-dependent NF-κB signaling in Drosophila. Curr Biol 2024; 34:2785-2800.e7. [PMID: 38823381 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Host-microbe interactions influence intestinal stem cell (ISC) activity to modulate epithelial turnover and composition. Here, we investigated the functional impacts of viral infection on intestinal homeostasis and the mechanisms by which viral infection alters ISC activity. We report that Drosophila A virus (DAV) infection disrupts intestinal homeostasis in Drosophila by inducing sustained ISC proliferation, resulting in intestinal dysplasia, loss of gut barrier function, and reduced lifespan. We found that additional viruses common in laboratory-reared Drosophila also promote ISC proliferation. The mechanism of DAV-induced ISC proliferation involves progenitor-autonomous epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activity in enterocytes, and requires Sting-dependent nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) (Relish) activity. We further demonstrate that activating Sting-Relish signaling is sufficient to induce ISC proliferation, promote intestinal dysplasia, and reduce lifespan in the absence of infection. Our results reveal that viral infection can significantly disrupt intestinal physiology, highlight a novel role for Sting-Relish signaling, and support a role for viral infection in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared C Nigg
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Viruses and RNA Interference Unit, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Mauro Castelló-Sanjuán
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Viruses and RNA Interference Unit, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Hervé Blanc
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Viruses and RNA Interference Unit, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Lionel Frangeul
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Viruses and RNA Interference Unit, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Vanesa Mongelli
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Viruses and RNA Interference Unit, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Xavier Godron
- DNA Script SAS, 67 Avenue de Fontainebleau, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Allison J Bardin
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Maria-Carla Saleh
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Viruses and RNA Interference Unit, 75015 Paris, France.
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3
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Kryukov VY, Kosman E, Slepneva I, Vorontsova YL, Polenogova O, Kazymov G, Alikina T, Akhanaev Y, Sidorenko D, Noskov YA, Krivopalov A, Kabilov MR, Yaroslavtseva O. Involvement of bacteria in the development of fungal infections in the Colorado potato beetle. INSECT SCIENCE 2024. [PMID: 38956988 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic fungi may interact with insects' symbiotic bacteria during infection. We hypothesized that topical infection with Beauveria bassiana may alter the microbiota of the Colorado potato beetle (CPB) and that these modifications may alter the course of mycoses. We used a model with two concentrations of conidia: (1) high concentration that causes rapid (acute) pathogenesis with fast mortality followed by bacterial decomposition of insects; (2) lower concentration that leads to prolonged pathogenesis ending in conidiation on cadavers. The fungal infections increased loads of enterobacteria and bacilli on the cuticle surface and in hemolymph and midgut, and the greatest increase was detected during the acute mycosis. By contrast, stronger activation of IMD and JAK-STAT signaling pathways in integuments and fat body was observed during the prolonged mycosis. Relatively stable (nonpathogenic) conditions remained in the midgut during both scenarios of mycosis with slight changes in bacterial communities, the absence of mesh and stat expression, a decrease in reactive oxygen species production, and slight induction of Toll and IMD pathways. Oral administration of antibiotic and predominant CPB bacteria (Enterobacteriaceae, Lactococcus, Pseudomonas) led to minor and mainly antagonistic effects in survival of larvae infected with B. bassiana. We believe that prolonged mycosis is necessary for successful development of the fungus because such pathogenesis allows the host to activate antibacterial reactions. Conversely, after infection with high concentrations of the fungus, the host's resources are insufficient to fully activate antibacterial defenses, and this situation makes successful development of the fungus impossible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Yu Kryukov
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elena Kosman
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Irina Slepneva
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Yana L Vorontsova
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Olga Polenogova
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Gleb Kazymov
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Tatyana Alikina
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Yuriy Akhanaev
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Darya Sidorenko
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Yury A Noskov
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Anton Krivopalov
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Marsel R Kabilov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Olga Yaroslavtseva
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
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4
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Yan J, Racaud-Sultan C, Pezier T, Edir A, Rolland C, Claverie C, Burlaud-Gaillard J, Olivier M, Velge P, Lacroix-Lamandé S, Vergnolle N, Wiedemann A. Intestinal organoids to model Salmonella infection and its impact on progenitors. Sci Rep 2024; 14:15160. [PMID: 38956132 PMCID: PMC11219929 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65485-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
In order to survive and replicate, Salmonella has evolved mechanisms to gain access to intestinal epithelial cells of the crypt. However, the impact of Salmonella Typhimurium on stem cells and progenitors, which are responsible for the ability of the intestinal epithelium to renew and protect itself, remains unclear. Given that intestinal organoids growth is sustained by stem cells and progenitors activity, we have used this model to document the effects of Salmonella Typhimurium infection on epithelial proliferation and differentiation, and compared it to an in vivo model of Salmonella infection in mice. Among gut segments, the caecum was preferentially targeted by Salmonella. Analysis of infected crypts and organoids demonstrated increased length and size, respectively. mRNA transcription profiles of infected crypts and organoids pointed to upregulated EGFR-dependent signals, associated with a decrease in secretory cell lineage differentiation. To conclude, we show that organoids are suited to mimic the impact of Salmonella on stem cells and progenitors cells, carrying a great potential to drastically reduce the use of animals for scientific studies on that topic. In both models, the EGFR pathway, crucial to stem cells and progenitors proliferation and differentiation, is dysregulated by Salmonella, suggesting that repeated infections might have consequences on crypt integrity and further oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yan
- IRSD - Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Research Center of Digestive Disease, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Claire Racaud-Sultan
- IRSD - Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Tiffany Pezier
- ISP, INRAE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Anissa Edir
- IRSD - Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Corinne Rolland
- IRSD - Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Coralie Claverie
- IRSD - Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Julien Burlaud-Gaillard
- Plateforme IBISA de Microscopie Electronique, Université de Tours, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Michel Olivier
- ISP, INRAE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Philippe Velge
- ISP, INRAE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | | | - Nathalie Vergnolle
- IRSD - Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Agnès Wiedemann
- IRSD - Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France.
- ISP, INRAE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France.
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5
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Zhang P, Pronovost SM, Marchetti M, Zhang C, Kang X, Kandelouei T, Li C, Edgar BA. Inter-cell type interactions that control JNK signaling in the Drosophila intestine. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5493. [PMID: 38944657 PMCID: PMC11214625 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49786-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024] Open
Abstract
JNK signaling is a critical regulator of inflammation and regeneration, but how it is controlled in specific tissue contexts remains unclear. Here we show that, in the Drosophila intestine, the TNF-type ligand, Eiger (Egr), is expressed exclusively by intestinal stem cells (ISCs) and enteroblasts (EBs), where it is induced by stress and during aging. Egr preferentially activates JNK signaling in a paracrine fashion in differentiated enterocytes (ECs) via its receptor, Grindelwald (Grnd). N-glycosylation genes (Alg3, Alg9) restrain this activation, and stress-induced downregulation of Alg3 and Alg9 correlates with JNK activation, suggesting a regulatory switch. JNK activity in ECs induces expression of the intermembrane protease Rhomboid (Rho), driving secretion of EGFR ligands Keren (Krn) and Spitz (Spi), which in turn activate EGFR signaling in progenitor cells (ISCs and EBs) to stimulate their growth and division, as well as to produce more Egr. This study uncovers an N-glycosylation-controlled, paracrine JNK-EGFR-JNK feedforward loop that sustains ISC proliferation during stress-induced gut regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Huntsman Cancer Institute and Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
| | - Stephen M Pronovost
- Huntsman Cancer Institute and Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Marco Marchetti
- Huntsman Cancer Institute and Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Chenge Zhang
- Huntsman Cancer Institute and Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Kang
- Huntsman Cancer Institute and Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Tahmineh Kandelouei
- Huntsman Cancer Institute and Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Christopher Li
- Huntsman Cancer Institute and Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
- Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Bruce A Edgar
- Huntsman Cancer Institute and Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
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6
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Sun H, Shami Shah A, Chiu DC, Bonfini A, Buchon N, Baskin JM. Wnt/β-catenin signaling within multiple cell types dependent upon kramer regulates Drosophila intestinal stem cell proliferation. iScience 2024; 27:110113. [PMID: 38952681 PMCID: PMC11215309 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The gut epithelium is subject to constant renewal, a process reliant upon intestinal stem cell (ISC) proliferation that is driven by Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Despite the importance of Wnt signaling within ISCs, the relevance of Wnt signaling within other gut cell types and the underlying mechanisms that modulate Wnt signaling in these contexts remain incompletely understood. Using challenge of the Drosophila midgut with a non-lethal enteric pathogen, we examine the cellular determinants of ISC proliferation, harnessing kramer, a recently identified regulator of Wnt signaling pathways, as a mechanistic tool. We find that Wnt signaling within Prospero-positive cells supports ISC proliferation and that kramer regulates Wnt signaling in this context by antagonizing kelch, a Cullin-3 E3 ligase adaptor that mediates Dishevelled polyubiquitination. This work establishes kramer as a physiological regulator of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in vivo and suggests enteroendocrine cells as a new cell type that regulates ISC proliferation via Wnt/β-catenin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Sun
- Weill Institute for Cell & Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Adnan Shami Shah
- Weill Institute for Cell & Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Din-Chi Chiu
- Weill Institute for Cell & Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Alessandro Bonfini
- Cornell Institute of Host Microbe Interactions and Disease, Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, P.R. China
- Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nicolas Buchon
- Cornell Institute of Host Microbe Interactions and Disease, Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jeremy M. Baskin
- Weill Institute for Cell & Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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7
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Wang J, Xue H, Yi X, Kim H, Hao Y, Jin LH. InR and Pi3K maintain intestinal homeostasis through STAT/EGFR and Notch signaling in enteroblasts. J Cell Biochem 2024; 125:e30545. [PMID: 38436545 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
To maintain the integrity of the adult gut, the proliferation and differentiation of stem cells must be strictly controlled. Several signaling pathways control the proliferation and differentiation of Drosophila intestinal epithelial cells. Although the modulatory effects of insulin pathway components on cell proliferation have been characterized, their specific role in which cell type and how these components interact with other regulatory signaling pathways remain largely unclear. In this study, we found that InR/Pi3K has major functions in enteroblasts (EBs) that were not previously described. The absence of InR/Pi3K in progenitors leads to a decrease in the number of EBs, while it has no significant effect on intestinal stem cells (ISCs). In addition, we found that InR/Pi3K regulates Notch activity in ISCs and EBs in an opposite way. This is also the reason for the decrease in EB. On the one hand, aberrantly low levels of Notch signaling in ISCs inhibit their proper differentiation into EBs; on the other hand, the higher Notch levels in EBs promote their excessive differentiation into enterocytes (ECs), leading to marked increases in abnormal ECs and decreased proliferation. Moreover, we found that Upd/JAK/STAT signaling acts as an effector or modifier of InR/Pi3K function in the midgut and cooperates with EGFR signaling to regulate cell proliferation. Altogether, our results demonstrate that InR and Pi3K are essential for coordinating stem cell differentiation and proliferation to maintain intestinal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiewei Wang
- Department of Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongmei Xue
- Department of Children's Emergency Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xinyu Yi
- Department of Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Hyonil Kim
- Department of Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- College of Life Science, Kim ll Sung University, Pyongyang, North Korea
| | - Yangguang Hao
- Department of Basic Medical, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Li Hua Jin
- Department of Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
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Hixson B, Chen R, Buchon N. Innate immunity in Aedes mosquitoes: from pathogen resistance to shaping the microbiota. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230063. [PMID: 38497256 PMCID: PMC10945403 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Discussions of host-microbe interactions in mosquito vectors are frequently dominated by a focus on the human pathogens they transmit (e.g. Plasmodium parasites and arboviruses). Underlying the interactions between a vector and its transmissible pathogens, however, is the physiology of an insect living and interacting with a world of bacteria and fungi including commensals, mutualists and primary and opportunistic pathogens. Here we review what is known about the bacteria and fungi associated with mosquitoes, with an emphasis on the members of the Aedes genus. We explore the reciprocal effects of microbe on mosquito, and mosquito on microbe. We analyse the roles of bacterial and fungal symbionts in mosquito development, their effects on vector competence, and their potential uses as biocontrol agents and vectors for paratransgenesis. We explore the compartments of the mosquito gut, uncovering the regionalization of immune effectors and modulators, which create the zones of resistance and immune tolerance with which the mosquito host controls and corrals its microbial symbionts. We examine the anatomical patterning of basally expressed antimicrobial peptides. Finally, we review the relationships between inducible antimicrobial peptides and canonical immune signalling pathways, comparing and contrasting current knowledge on each pathway in mosquitoes to the model insect Drosophila melanogaster. This article is part of the theme issue 'Sculpting the microbiome: how host factors determine and respond to microbial colonization'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bretta Hixson
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ithaca, 14853, NY, USA
| | - Robin Chen
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ithaca, 14853, NY, USA
| | - Nicolas Buchon
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ithaca, 14853, NY, USA
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9
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Liu Z, Zhang H, Lemaitre B, Li X. Duox activation in Drosophila Malpighian tubules stimulates intestinal epithelial renewal through a countercurrent flow. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114109. [PMID: 38613782 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The gut must perform a dual role of protecting the host against toxins and pathogens while harboring mutualistic microbiota. Previous studies suggested that the NADPH oxidase Duox contributes to intestinal homeostasis in Drosophila by producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the gut that stimulate epithelial renewal. We find instead that the ROS generated by Duox in the Malpighian tubules leads to the production of Upd3, which enters the gut and stimulates stem cell proliferation. We describe in Drosophila the existence of a countercurrent flow system, which pushes tubule-derived Upd3 to the anterior part of the gut and stimulates epithelial renewal at a distance. Thus, our paper clarifies the role of Duox in gut homeostasis and describes the existence of retrograde fluid flow in the gut, collectively revealing a fascinating example of inter-organ communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonggeng Liu
- Institute of Urban and Horticultural Entomology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Institute of Urban and Horticultural Entomology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bruno Lemaitre
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Xiaoxue Li
- Institute of Urban and Horticultural Entomology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; Global Health Institute, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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10
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Zandawala M, Gera J. Leptin- and cytokine-like unpaired signaling in Drosophila. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2024; 584:112165. [PMID: 38266772 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2024.112165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Animals have evolved a multitude of signaling pathways that enable them to orchestrate diverse physiological processes to tightly regulate systemic homeostasis. This signaling is mediated by various families of peptide hormones and cytokines that are conserved across the animal kingdom. In this review, we primarily focus on the unpaired (Upd) family of proteins in Drosophila which are evolutionarily related to mammalian leptin and the cytokine interleukin 6. We summarize expression patterns of Upd in Drosophila and discuss the parallels in structure, signaling pathway, and functions between Upd and their mammalian counterparts. In particular, we focus on the roles of Upd in governing metabolic homeostasis, growth and development, and immune responses. We aim to stimulate future studies on leptin-like signaling in other phyla which can help bridge the evolutionary gap between insect Upd and vertebrate leptin and cytokines like interleukin 6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meet Zandawala
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA.
| | - Jayati Gera
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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11
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Uttekar B, Verma RK, Tomer D, Rikhy R. Mitochondrial morphology dynamics and ROS regulate apical polarity and differentiation in Drosophila follicle cells. Development 2024; 151:dev201732. [PMID: 38345270 PMCID: PMC7616099 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondrial morphology dynamics regulate signaling pathways during epithelial cell formation and differentiation. The mitochondrial fission protein Drp1 affects the appropriate activation of EGFR and Notch signaling-driven differentiation of posterior follicle cells in Drosophila oogenesis. The mechanisms by which Drp1 regulates epithelial polarity during differentiation are not known. In this study, we show that Drp1-depleted follicle cells are constricted in early stages and present in multiple layers at later stages with decreased levels of apical polarity protein aPKC. These defects are suppressed by additional depletion of mitochondrial fusion protein Opa1. Opa1 depletion leads to mitochondrial fragmentation and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) in follicle cells. We find that increasing ROS by depleting the ROS scavengers, mitochondrial SOD2 and catalase also leads to mitochondrial fragmentation. Further, the loss of Opa1, SOD2 and catalase partially restores the defects in epithelial polarity and aPKC, along with EGFR and Notch signaling in Drp1-depleted follicle cells. Our results show a crucial interaction between mitochondrial morphology, ROS generation and epithelial cell polarity formation during the differentiation of follicle epithelial cells in Drosophila oogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavin Uttekar
- Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Rahul Kumar Verma
- Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Darshika Tomer
- Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Richa Rikhy
- Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
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12
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Xu X, Foley E. Vibrio cholerae arrests intestinal epithelial proliferation through T6SS-dependent activation of the bone morphogenetic protein pathway. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113750. [PMID: 38340318 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
To maintain an effective barrier, intestinal progenitor cells must divide at a rate that matches the loss of dead and dying cells. Otherwise, epithelial breaches expose the host to systemic infection by gut-resident microbes. Unlike most pathogens, Vibrio cholerae blocks tissue repair by arresting progenitor proliferation in the Drosophila model. At present, we do not understand how V. cholerae circumvents such a critical antibacterial defense. We find that V. cholerae blocks epithelial repair by activating the growth inhibitor bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway in progenitors. Specifically, we show that interactions between V. cholerae and gut commensals initiate BMP signaling via host innate immune defenses. Notably, we find that V. cholerae also activates BMP and arrests proliferation in zebrafish intestines, indicating an evolutionarily conserved link between infection and failure in tissue repair. Our study highlights how enteric pathogens engage host immune and growth regulatory pathways to disrupt intestinal epithelial repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Xu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Edan Foley
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada.
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13
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Barletta ABF, Smith JC, Burkart E, Bondarenko S, Sharakhov IV, Criscione F, O'Brochta D, Barillas-Mury C. Mosquito midgut stem cell cellular defense response limits Plasmodium parasite infection. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1422. [PMID: 38365823 PMCID: PMC10873411 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45550-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
A novel cellular response of midgut progenitors (stem cells and enteroblasts) to Plasmodium berghei infection was investigated in Anopheles stephensi. The presence of developing oocysts triggers proliferation of midgut progenitors that is modulated by the Jak/STAT pathway and is proportional to the number of oocysts on individual midguts. The percentage of parasites in direct contact with enteroblasts increases over time, as progenitors proliferate. Silencing components of key signaling pathways through RNA interference (RNAi) that enhance proliferation of progenitor cells significantly decreased oocyst numbers, while limiting proliferation of progenitors increased oocyst survival. Live imaging revealed that enteroblasts interact directly with oocysts and eliminate them. Midgut progenitors sense the presence of Plasmodium oocysts and mount a cellular defense response that involves extensive proliferation and tissue remodeling, followed by oocysts lysis and phagocytosis of parasite remnants by enteroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Beatriz F Barletta
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA.
| | - Jamie C Smith
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Emily Burkart
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Simon Bondarenko
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - Igor V Sharakhov
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - Frank Criscione
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - David O'Brochta
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research and Department of Entomology University of Maryland-College Park, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Carolina Barillas-Mury
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA.
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14
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Pandey A, Kumar Roy J. The insc-GAL4 driver marks distinct cell types in Drosophila midgut. Exp Cell Res 2024; 435:113953. [PMID: 38278285 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2024.113953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Drosophila geneticists frequently employ the binary GAL4-UAS system of conditional gene expression to direct expression of the desired transgene in tissues of interest. The inscuteable -GAL4 driver (insc-GAL4) expresses in the type 1 and type 2 neuroblasts of Drosophila larval brain, a frequent target tissue in many investigations. This GAL4 line additionally displayed its expression in the midgut. In this study, we examined the expression of the UAS-mCD8GFP reporter under the command of the insc-GAL4 driver and observed that this driver expresses exclusively to intestinal stem cells (ISCs) of the Drosophila adult midgut as well as adult midgut precursors (AMPs) of the larval midgut besides its expression in larval brain. Additionally, using the G-TRACE method, it was observed that AMPs in the larval midgut consistently expressed insc-GAL4 in real-time, and the lineage expression of this GAL4 was observed in the enterocyte cells. This study reveals for the first time that insc-GAL4 is specific to larval AMPs and adult ISCs of the midgut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Pandey
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
| | - Jagat Kumar Roy
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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15
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Parrella P, Elikan AB, Kogan HV, Wague F, Marshalleck CA, Snow JW. Bleomycin reduces Vairimorpha (Nosema) ceranae infection in honey bees with some evident host toxicity. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0334923. [PMID: 38179918 PMCID: PMC10846157 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03349-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Microsporidia cause disease in many beneficial insects, including honey bees, yet few pathogen control tools are available for protecting these important organisms against infection. Some evidence suggests that microsporidia possess a reduced number of genes encoding DNA repair proteins. We hypothesized that microsporidia would thus be susceptible to treatment with DNA-damaging agents and tested this hypothesis using a novel, rapid method for achieving robust and homogenous experimental infection of large numbers of newly emerged honey bees with one of its microsporidia pathogens, Vairimorpha (Nosema) ceranae. In carrying out these experiments, we found this novel V. ceranae inoculation method to have similar efficacy as other traditional methods. We show that the DNA-damaging agent bleomycin reduces V. ceranae levels, with minimal but measurable effects on honey bee survival and increased expression of midgut cellular stress genes, including those encoding SHSP. Increased expression of UpdlC suggests the occurrence of epithelial regeneration, which may contribute to host resistance to bleomycin treatment. While bleomycin does reduce infection levels, host toxicity issues may preclude its use in the field. However, with further work, bleomycin may provide a useful tool in the research setting as a potential selection agent for genetic modification of microsporidia.IMPORTANCEMicrosporidia cause disease in many beneficial insects, yet there are few tools available for control in the field or laboratory. Based on the reported paucity of DNA repair enzymes found in microsporidia genomes, we hypothesized that these obligate intracellular parasites would be sensitive to DNA damage. In support of this, we observed that the well-characterized DNA damage agent bleomycin can reduce levels of the microsporidia Vairimorpha (Nosema) ceranae in experimental infections in honey bees. Observation of slightly reduced honey bee survival and evidence of sublethal toxicity likely preclude the use of bleomycin in the field. However, this work identifies bleomycin as a compound that merits further exploration for use in research laboratories as a potential selection agent for generating genetically modified microsporidia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parker Parrella
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Helen V. Kogan
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Fatoumata Wague
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, New York, New York, USA
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16
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Taracena-Agarwal ML, Hixson B, Nandakumar S, Girard-Mejia AP, Chen RY, Huot L, Padilla N, Buchon N. The midgut epithelium of mosquitoes adjusts cell proliferation and endoreplication to respond to physiological challenges. BMC Biol 2024; 22:22. [PMID: 38281940 PMCID: PMC10823748 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01769-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hematophagous mosquitoes transmit many pathogens that cause human diseases. Pathogen acquisition and transmission occur when female mosquitoes blood feed to acquire nutrients for reproduction. The midgut epithelium of mosquitoes serves as the point of entry for transmissible viruses and parasites. RESULTS We studied midgut epithelial dynamics in five major mosquito vector species by quantifying PH3-positive cells (indicative of mitotic proliferation), the incorporation of nucleotide analogs (indicative of DNA synthesis accompanying proliferation and/or endoreplication), and the ploidy (by flow cytometry) of cell populations in the posterior midgut epithelium of adult females. Our results show that the epithelial dynamics of post-emergence maturation and of mature sugar-fed guts were similar in members of the Aedes, Culex, and Anopheles genera. In the first three days post-emergence, ~ 20% of cells in the posterior midgut region of interest incorporated nucleotide analogs, concurrent with both proliferative activity and a broad shift toward higher ploidy. In mature mosquitoes maintained on sugar, an average of 3.5% of cells in the posterior midgut region of interest incorporated nucleotide analogs from five to eight days post-emergence, with a consistent presence of mitotic cells indicating constant cell turnover. Oral bacterial infection triggered a sharp increase in mitosis and nucleotide analog incorporation, suggesting that the mosquito midgut undergoes accelerated cellular turnover in response to damage. Finally, blood feeding resulted in an increase in cell proliferation, but the nature and intensity of the response varied by mosquito species and by blood source (human, bovine, avian or artificial). In An. gambiae, enterocytes appeared to reenter the cell cycle to increase ploidy after consuming blood from all sources except avian. CONCLUSIONS We saw that epithelial proliferation, differentiation, and endoreplication reshape the blood-fed gut to increase ploidy, possibly to facilitate increased metabolic activity. Our results highlight the plasticity of the midgut epithelium in mosquitoes' physiological responses to distinct challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Taracena-Agarwal
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14852, USA
| | - B Hixson
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14852, USA
| | - S Nandakumar
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14852, USA
| | - A P Girard-Mejia
- Grupo de Biología y Control de Vectores, Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, 01015, Guatemala
| | - R Y Chen
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14852, USA
| | - L Huot
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14852, USA
| | - N Padilla
- Grupo de Biología y Control de Vectores, Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, 01015, Guatemala
| | - N Buchon
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14852, USA.
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17
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Menezes A, Peixoto M, Silva M, Costa-Bartuli E, Oliveira CL, Walter-Nuno AB, Kistenmacker NDC, Pereira J, Ramos I, Paiva-Silva GO, Atella GC, Zancan P, Sola-Penna M, Gomes FM. Western diet consumption by host vertebrate promotes altered gene expression on Aedes aegypti reducing its lifespan and increasing fertility following blood feeding. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:12. [PMID: 38184590 PMCID: PMC10770904 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-06095-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The high prevalence of metabolic syndrome in low- and middle-income countries is linked to an increase in Western diet consumption, characterized by a high intake of processed foods, which impacts the levels of blood sugar and lipids, hormones, and cytokines. Hematophagous insect vectors, such as the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti, rely on blood meals for reproduction and development and are therefore exposed to the components of blood plasma. However, the impact of the alteration of blood composition due to malnutrition and metabolic conditions on mosquito biology remains understudied. METHODS In this study, we investigated the impact of whole-blood alterations resulting from a Western-type diet on the biology of Ae. aegypti. We kept C57Bl6/J mice on a high-fat, high-sucrose (HFHS) diet for 20 weeks and followed biological parameters, including plasma insulin and lipid levels, insulin tolerance, and weight gain, to validate the development of metabolic syndrome. We further allowed Ae. aegypti mosquitoes to feed on mice and tracked how altered host blood composition modulated parameters of vector capacity. RESULTS Our findings identified that HFHS-fed mice resulted in reduced mosquito longevity and increased fecundity upon mosquito feeding, which correlated with alteration in the gene expression profile of nutrient sensing and physiological and metabolic markers as studied up to several days after blood ingestion. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides new insights into the overall effect of alterations of blood components on mosquito biology and its implications for the transmission of infectious diseases in conditions where the frequency of Western diet-induced metabolic syndromes is becoming more frequent. These findings highlight the importance of addressing metabolic health to further understand the spread of mosquito-borne illnesses in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Menezes
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marilia Peixoto
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Melissa Silva
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Emylle Costa-Bartuli
- The Metabolizsm' Group, Departamento de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cinara Lima Oliveira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Lipídeos e Lipoproteínas, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo De Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Beatriz Walter-Nuno
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular de Artrópodes Hematófagos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nathan da Cruz Kistenmacker
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jessica Pereira
- Laboratorio de Ovogênese Molecular de Insetos Vetores, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Isabela Ramos
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratorio de Ovogênese Molecular de Insetos Vetores, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriela O Paiva-Silva
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular de Artrópodes Hematófagos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratorio de Ovogênese Molecular de Insetos Vetores, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Geórgia C Atella
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Lipídeos e Lipoproteínas, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo De Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratorio de Ovogênese Molecular de Insetos Vetores, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia Zancan
- The Metabolizsm' Group, Departamento de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mauro Sola-Penna
- The Metabolizsm' Group, Departamento de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabio M Gomes
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Laboratorio de Ovogênese Molecular de Insetos Vetores, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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18
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Khan SA, Kojour MAM, Han YS. Recent trends in insect gut immunity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1272143. [PMID: 38193088 PMCID: PMC10773798 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1272143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The gut is a crucial organ in insect defense against various pathogens and harmful substances in their environment and diet. Distinct insect gut compartments possess unique functionalities contributing to their physiological processes, including immunity. The insect gut's cellular composition is vital for cellular and humoral immunity. The peritrophic membrane, mucus layer, lumen, microvilli, and various gut cells provide essential support for activating and regulating immune defense mechanisms. These components also secrete molecules and enzymes that are imperative in physiological activities. Additionally, the gut microbiota initiates various signaling pathways and produces vitamins and minerals that help maintain gut homeostasis. Distinct immune signaling pathways are activated within the gut when insects ingest pathogens or hazardous materials. The pathway induced depends on the infection or pathogen type; include immune deficiency (imd), Toll, JAK/STAT, Duox-ROS, and JNK/FOXO regulatory pathways. These pathways produce different antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and maintain gut homeostasis. Furthermore, various signaling mechanisms within gut cells regulate insect gut recovery following infection. Although some questions regarding insect gut immunity in different species require additional study, this review provides insights into the insect gut's structure and composition, commensal microorganism roles in Drosophila melanogaster and Tenebrio molitor life cycles, different signaling pathways involved in gut immune systems, and the insect gut post-infection recovery through various signaling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahidul Ahmed Khan
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Maryam Ali Mohmmadie Kojour
- Life & Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES) Development, Genetics & Molecular Physiology Unit, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Yeon Soo Han
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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19
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Xu X, Liang X, Wei W, Ding X, Peng C, Wang X, Chen X, Yang L, Xu J. Effects of non-lethal Cry1F toxin exposure on the growth, immune response, and intestinal microbiota of silkworm (Bombyx mori). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 267:115648. [PMID: 37922779 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) maize is expected to be commercial cultivated widely in China. When Bt maize is planted near mulberry trees, it renders silkworms (Bombyx mori) vulnerable, as they belong to the same class as the Lepidoptera insects targeted by Bt maize. Cry1F has been found to be highly toxic to silkworms, particularly in their early larval stages. In this study, we aimed to assess the effects of non-lethal Cry1F exposure on the growth, immune response, and intestinal microbiota in silkworms. The results showed that feeding silkworms with mulberry leaves soaked in 100 μg/mL Cry1F for 96 h had an impact on larval body weight acquisition, leading to a decrease in cocoon and pupae weight. Cry1F exposure disrupted the intestinal integrity of silkworms by affecting the columnar cells of the midgut. The activity of detoxification enzymes (CarE, AChE, and GST) as well as antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and POD) were also affected by Cry1F. After 96 h Cry1F exposure, the evenness of the bacterial community was disrupted, resulting in alterations in the structure of the intestinal microbiota. Additionally, Cry1F exposure affected the relative expression levels of the peritrophic membrane (PM) protein and the corresponding immune pathways genes of silkworms. Most of the immune-related gene expressions were inhibited after exposure to Cry1F toxin but increased with prolonged treatment. This study demonstrates that non-lethal Cry1F exposure can affect the growth, immune response, and intestinal microbiota of silkworm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Traceability for Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Xiaowei Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Traceability for Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; Biological and Food Engineering School, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236037, China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Traceability for Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Xiaohao Ding
- Biological and Food Engineering School, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236037, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Traceability for Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Xiaofu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Traceability for Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Xiaoyun Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Traceability for Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Traceability for Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Junfeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Traceability for Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
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20
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Prakash A, Monteith KM, Bonnet M, Vale PF. Duox and Jak/Stat signalling influence disease tolerance in Drosophila during Pseudomonas entomophila infection. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 147:104756. [PMID: 37302730 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Disease tolerance describes an infected host's ability to maintain health independently of the ability to clear microbe loads. The Jak/Stat pathway plays a pivotal role in humoral innate immunity by detecting tissue damage and triggering cellular renewal, making it a candidate tolerance mechanism. Here, we find that in Drosophila melanogaster infected with Pseudomonas entomophila disrupting ROS-producing dual oxidase (duox) or the negative regulator of Jak/Stat Socs36E, render male flies less tolerant. Another negative regulator of Jak/Stat, G9a - which has previously been associated with variable tolerance of viral infections - did not affect the rate of mortality with increasing microbe loads compared to flies with functional G9a, suggesting it does not affect tolerance of bacterial infection as in viral infection. Our findings highlight that ROS production and Jak/Stat signalling influence the ability of flies to tolerate bacterial infection sex-specifically and may therefore contribute to sexually dimorphic infection outcomes in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Prakash
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Katy M Monteith
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mickael Bonnet
- UFR De Biologie, Campus Universitaire Des Cezeaux, France
| | - Pedro F Vale
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK.
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21
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Nagai H, Nagai LAE, Tasaki S, Nakato R, Umetsu D, Kuranaga E, Miura M, Nakajima Y. Nutrient-driven dedifferentiation of enteroendocrine cells promotes adaptive intestinal growth in Drosophila. Dev Cell 2023; 58:1764-1781.e10. [PMID: 37689060 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Post-developmental organ resizing improves organismal fitness under constantly changing nutrient environments. Although stem cell abundance is a fundamental determinant of adaptive resizing, our understanding of its underlying mechanisms remains primarily limited to the regulation of stem cell division. Here, we demonstrate that nutrient fluctuation induces dedifferentiation in the Drosophila adult midgut to drive adaptive intestinal growth. From lineage tracing and single-cell RNA sequencing, we identify a subpopulation of enteroendocrine (EE) cells that convert into functional intestinal stem cells (ISCs) in response to dietary glucose and amino acids by activating the JAK-STAT pathway. Genetic ablation of EE-derived ISCs severely impairs ISC expansion and midgut growth despite the retention of resident ISCs, and in silico modeling further indicates that EE dedifferentiation enables an efficient increase in the midgut cell number while maintaining epithelial cell composition. Our findings identify a physiologically induced dedifferentiation that ensures ISC expansion during adaptive organ growth in concert with nutrient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Nagai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-0845, Japan.
| | | | - Sohei Tasaki
- Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Ryuichiro Nakato
- Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Daiki Umetsu
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-0845, Japan; Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Erina Kuranaga
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-0845, Japan
| | - Masayuki Miura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Nakajima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-0845, Japan; Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-0845, Japan.
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22
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Yan L, Zhou J, Yuan L, Ye J, Zhao X, Ren G, Chen H. Silibinin alleviates intestinal inflammation via inhibiting JNK signaling in Drosophila. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1246960. [PMID: 37781701 PMCID: PMC10539474 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1246960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are characterized by chronic relapsing intestinal inflammation that causes digestive system dysfunction. For years, researchers have been working to find more effective and safer therapeutic strategies to treat these diseases. Silibinin (SIL), a flavonoid compound extracted from the seeds of milk thistle plants, possesses multiple biological activities and is traditionally applied to treat liver diseases. SIL is also widely used in the treatment of a variety of inflammatory diseases attributed to its excellent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. However, the efficacy of SIL against IBDs and its mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, using Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism, we found that SIL can effectively relieve intestinal inflammation caused by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). Our results suggested that SIL supplementation can inhibit the overproliferation of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) induced by DSS, protect intestinal barrier function, acid-base balance, and intestinal excretion function, reduce intestinal reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and inflammatory stress, and extend the lifespan of Drosophila. Furthermore, our study demonstrated that SIL ameliorates intestinal inflammation via modulating the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway in Drosophila. Our research aims to provide new insight into the treatment of IBDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- La Yan
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Aging Research, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Targeting Therapy and Immunology and Laboratory of Animal Tumor Models, Cancer Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics and Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Juanyu Zhou
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Aging Research, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lu Yuan
- Research Center of Natural Resources of Chinese Medicinal Materials and Ethnic Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jinbao Ye
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Aging Research, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xudong Zhao
- Department of Targeting Therapy and Immunology and Laboratory of Animal Tumor Models, Cancer Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics and Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Gang Ren
- Research Center of Natural Resources of Chinese Medicinal Materials and Ethnic Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Haiyang Chen
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Aging Research, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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23
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Petsakou A, Liu Y, Liu Y, Comjean A, Hu Y, Perrimon N. Epithelial Ca 2+ waves triggered by enteric neurons heal the gut. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.14.553227. [PMID: 37645990 PMCID: PMC10461974 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.14.553227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
A fundamental and unresolved question in regenerative biology is how tissues return to homeostasis after injury. Answering this question is essential for understanding the etiology of chronic disorders such as inflammatory bowel diseases and cancer. We used the Drosophila midgut to investigate this question and discovered that during regeneration a subpopulation of cholinergic enteric neurons triggers Ca2+ currents among enterocytes to promote return of the epithelium to homeostasis. Specifically, we found that down-regulation of the cholinergic enzyme Acetylcholinesterase in the epithelium enables acetylcholine from defined enteric neurons, referred as ARCENs, to activate nicotinic receptors in enterocytes found near ARCEN-innervations. This activation triggers high Ca2+ influx that spreads in the epithelium through Inx2/Inx7 gap junctions promoting enterocyte maturation followed by reduction of proliferation and inflammation. Disrupting this process causes chronic injury consisting of ion imbalance, Yki activation and increase of inflammatory cytokines together with hyperplasia, reminiscent of inflammatory bowel diseases. Altogether, we found that during gut regeneration the conserved cholinergic pathway facilitates epithelial Ca2+ waves that heal the intestinal epithelium. Our findings demonstrate nerve- and bioelectric-dependent intestinal regeneration which advance the current understanding of how a tissue returns to its homeostatic state after injury and could ultimately help existing therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yifang Liu
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Aram Comjean
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Yanhui Hu
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, USA
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24
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Barletta ABF, Smith JC, Burkart E, Bondarenko S, Sharakhov I, Criscione F, O’Brochta D, Barillas-Mury C. Mosquito midgut stem cell cellular defense response limits Plasmodium parasite infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.02.551669. [PMID: 37577486 PMCID: PMC10418181 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.02.551669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
A novel cellular response of midgut progenitors (stem cells and enteroblasts) to Plasmodium berghei infection was investigated in Anopheles stephensi. The presence of developing oocysts triggers proliferation of midgut progenitors that is modulated by the Jak/STAT pathway, and proportional to the number of oocysts on individual midguts. The percentage of parasites in direct contact with enteroblasts increases over time, as progenitors proliferate. Enhancing proliferation of progenitors significantly decreases oocyst numbers, while limiting proliferation increases oocyst survival. Live imaging revealed that enteroblasts interact directly with oocysts and eliminate them. Midgut progenitors sense the presence of Plasmodium oocysts and mount a cellular defense response that involves extensive proliferation and tissue remodeling, followed by oocysts lysis and phagocytosis of parasite remnants by enteroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Beatriz F. Barletta
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health; Rockville, Maryland, 20852, USA
| | - Jamie C. Smith
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health; Rockville, Maryland, 20852, USA
| | - Emily Burkart
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health; Rockville, Maryland, 20852, USA
| | - Simon Bondarenko
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Blacksburg, Virginia, 24060, USA
| | - Igor Sharakhov
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Blacksburg, Virginia, 24060, USA
| | - Frank Criscione
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health; Rockville, Maryland, 20852, USA
| | - David O’Brochta
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research and Department of Entomology University of Maryland-College Park; Rockville, Maryland, 20850, USA
| | - Carolina Barillas-Mury
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health; Rockville, Maryland, 20852, USA
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25
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Pani G. Fusobacterium & Co. at the Stem of Cancer: Microbe-Cancer Stem Cell Interactions in Colorectal Carcinogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15092583. [PMID: 37174049 PMCID: PMC10177588 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15092583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult stem cells lie at the crossroads of tissue repair, inflammation, and malignancy. Intestinal microbiota and microbe-host interactions are pivotal to maintaining gut homeostasis and response to injury, and participate in colorectal carcinogenesis. Yet, limited knowledge is available on whether and how bacteria directly crosstalk with intestinal stem cells (ISC), particularly cancerous stem-like cells (CR-CSC), as engines for colorectal cancer initiation, maintenance, and metastatic dissemination. Among several bacterial species alleged to initiate or promote colorectal cancer (CRC), the pathobiont Fusobacterium Nucleatum has recently drawn significant attention for its epidemiologic association and mechanistic linkage with the disease. We will therefore focus on current evidence for an F. nucleatum-CRCSC axis in tumor development, highlighting the commonalities and differences between F. nucleatum-associated colorectal carcinogenesis and gastric cancer driven by Helicobacter Pylori. We will explore the diverse facets of the bacteria-CSC interaction, analyzing the signals and pathways whereby bacteria either confer "stemness" properties to tumor cells or primarily target stem-like elements within the heterogeneous tumor cell populations. We will also discuss the extent to which CR-CSC cells are competent for innate immune responses and participate in establishing a tumor-promoting microenvironment. Finally, by capitalizing on the expanding knowledge of how the microbiota and ISC crosstalk in intestinal homeostasis and response to injury, we will speculate on the possibility that CRC arises as an aberrant repair response promoted by pathogenic bacteria upon direct stimulation of intestinal stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovambattista Pani
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Section of General Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito, 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, L. go A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
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26
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Axenic and gnotobiotic insect technologies in research on host-microbiota interactions. Trends Microbiol 2023:S0966-842X(23)00055-0. [PMID: 36906503 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Insects are one of the most important animal life forms on earth. Symbiotic microbes are closely related to the growth and development of the host insects and can affect pathogen transmission. For decades, various axenic insect-rearing systems have been developed, allowing further manipulation of symbiotic microbiota composition. Here we review the historical development of axenic rearing systems and the latest progress in using axenic and gnotobiotic approaches to study insect-microbe interactions. We also discuss the challenges of these emerging technologies, possible solutions to address these challenges, and future research directions that can contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of insect-microbe interactions.
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27
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Sun H, Shah AS, Bonfini A, Buchon NS, Baskin JM. Wnt/β-catenin signaling within multiple cell types dependent upon kramer regulates Drosophila intestinal stem cell proliferation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.21.529411. [PMID: 36865263 PMCID: PMC9980071 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.21.529411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
The gut epithelium is subject to constant renewal, a process reliant upon intestinal stem cell (ISC) proliferation that is driven by Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Despite the importance of Wnt signaling within ISCs, the relevance of Wnt signaling within other gut cell types and the underlying mechanisms that modulate Wnt signaling in these contexts remain incompletely understood. Using challenge of the Drosophila midgut with a non-lethal enteric pathogen, we examine the cellular determinants of ISC proliferation, harnessing kramer, a recently identified regulator of Wnt signaling pathways, as a mechanistic tool. We find that Wnt signaling within Prospero-positive cells supports ISC proliferation and that kramer regulates Wnt signaling in this context by antagonizing kelch, a Cullin-3 E3 ligase adaptor that mediates Dishevelled polyubiquitination. This work establishes kramer as a physiological regulator of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in vivo and suggests enteroendocrine cells as a new cell type that regulates ISC proliferation via Wnt/β-catenin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Sun
- Weill Institute for Cell & Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Adnan Shami Shah
- Weill Institute for Cell & Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Alessandro Bonfini
- Cornell Institute of Host Microbe Interactions and Disease, Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Nicolas S. Buchon
- Cornell Institute of Host Microbe Interactions and Disease, Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Jeremy M. Baskin
- Weill Institute for Cell & Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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28
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Cell polarity and extrusion: How to polarize extrusion and extrude misspolarized cells? Curr Top Dev Biol 2023; 154:131-167. [PMID: 37100516 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2023.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
The barrier function of epithelia is one of the cornerstones of the body plan organization of metazoans. It relies on the polarity of epithelial cells which organizes along the apico-basal axis the mechanical properties, signaling as well as transport. This barrier function is however constantly challenged by the fast turnover of epithelia occurring during morphogenesis or adult tissue homeostasis. Yet, the sealing property of the tissue can be maintained thanks to cell extrusion: a series of remodeling steps involving the dying cell and its neighbors leading to seamless cell expulsion. Alternatively, the tissue architecture can also be challenged by local damages or the emergence of mutant cells that may alter its organization. This includes mutants of the polarity complexes which can generate neoplastic overgrowths or be eliminated by cell competition when surrounded by wild type cells. In this review, we will provide an overview of the regulation of cell extrusion in various tissues focusing on the relationship between cell polarity, cell organization and the direction of cell expulsion. We will then describe how local perturbations of polarity can also trigger cell elimination either by apoptosis or by cell exclusion, focusing specifically on how polarity defects can be directly causal to cell elimination. Overall, we propose a general framework connecting the influence of polarity on cell extrusion and its contribution to aberrant cell elimination.
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29
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Bioelectric regulation of intestinal stem cells. Trends Cell Biol 2022:S0962-8924(22)00234-3. [PMID: 36396487 PMCID: PMC10183058 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Proper regulation of ion balance across the intestinal epithelium is essential for physiological functions, while ion imbalance causes intestinal disorders with dire health consequences. Ion channels, pumps, and exchangers are vital for regulating ion movements (i.e., bioelectric currents) that control epithelial absorption and secretion. Recent in vivo studies used the Drosophila gut to identify conserved pathways that link regulators of Ca2+, Na+ and Cl- with intestinal stem cell (ISC) proliferation. These studies laid a foundation for using the Drosophila gut to identify conserved proliferative responses triggered by bioelectric regulators. Here, we review these studies, discuss their significance, as well as the advantages of using Drosophila to unravel conserved bioelectrically induced molecular pathways in the intestinal epithelium under physiological, pathophysiological, and regenerative conditions.
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30
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Bohere J, Eldridge-Thomas BL, Kolahgar G. Vinculin recruitment to α-catenin halts the differentiation and maturation of enterocyte progenitors to maintain homeostasis of the Drosophila intestine. eLife 2022; 11:e72836. [PMID: 36269226 PMCID: PMC9586559 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms communicating changes in tissue stiffness and size are particularly relevant in the intestine because it is subject to constant mechanical stresses caused by peristalsis of its variable content. Using the Drosophila intestinal epithelium, we investigate the role of vinculin, one of the best characterised mechanoeffectors, which functions in both cadherin and integrin adhesion complexes. We discovered that vinculin regulates cell fate decisions, by preventing precocious activation and differentiation of intestinal progenitors into absorptive cells. It achieves this in concert with α-catenin at sites of cadherin adhesion, rather than as part of integrin function. Following asymmetric division of the stem cell into a stem cell and an enteroblast (EB), the two cells initially remain connected by adherens junctions, where vinculin is required, only on the EB side, to maintain the EB in a quiescent state and inhibit further divisions of the stem cell. By manipulating cell tension, we show that vinculin recruitment to adherens junction regulates EB activation and numbers. Consequently, removing vinculin results in an enlarged gut with improved resistance to starvation. Thus, mechanical regulation at the contact between stem cells and their progeny is used to control tissue cell number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Bohere
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Downing St, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Buffy L Eldridge-Thomas
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Downing St, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Golnar Kolahgar
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Downing St, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
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31
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Tian A, Morejon V, Kohoutek S, Huang Y, Deng W, Jiang J. Damage-induced regeneration of the intestinal stem cell pool through enteroblast mitosis in the Drosophila midgut. EMBO J 2022; 41:e110834. [PMID: 35950466 PMCID: PMC9531297 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022110834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Many adult tissues and organs including the intestine rely on resident stem cells to maintain homeostasis and regeneration. In mammals, the progenies of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) can dedifferentiate to generate ISCs upon ablation of resident stem cells. However, whether and how mature tissue cells generate ISCs under physiological conditions remains unknown. Here, we show that infection of the Drosophila melanogaster intestine with pathogenic bacteria induces entry of enteroblasts (EBs), which are ISC progenies, into the mitotic cycle through upregulation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-Ras signaling. We also show that ectopic activation of EGFR-Ras signaling in EBs is sufficient to drive enteroblast mitosis cell autonomously. Furthermore, we find that the dividing enteroblasts do not gain ISC identity as a prerequisite to divide, and the regenerative ISCs are produced through EB mitosis. Taken together, our work uncovers a new role for EGFR-Ras signaling in driving EB mitosis and replenishing the ISC pool during fly intestinal regeneration, which may have important implications for tissue homeostasis and tumorigenesis in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiguo Tian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of MedicineLouisiana Cancer Research CenterNew OrleansLAUSA
- Tulane Aging CenterTulane University School of MedicineNew OrleansLAUSA
| | - Virginia Morejon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of MedicineLouisiana Cancer Research CenterNew OrleansLAUSA
| | - Sarah Kohoutek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of MedicineLouisiana Cancer Research CenterNew OrleansLAUSA
| | - Yi‐Chun Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of MedicineLouisiana Cancer Research CenterNew OrleansLAUSA
| | - Wu‐Min Deng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of MedicineLouisiana Cancer Research CenterNew OrleansLAUSA
| | - Jin Jiang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTXUSA
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32
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Duneau D, Buchon N. Gut cancer increases the risk of Drosophila being preyed upon by hunting spiders. Anim Behav 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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33
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Zhai J, Li W, Liu X, Wang D, Zhang D, Liu Y, Liang X, Chen Z. Tiny Drosophila intestinal stem cells, big power. Cell Biol Int 2022; 47:3-14. [PMID: 36177490 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The signaling pathways are highly conserved between Drosophila and mammals concerning intestinal development, regeneration, and disease. The powerful genetic tools of Drosophila make it a valuable and convenient alternative to answer basic biological questions that can not be addressed using mammalian models. In this review, we discuss recent advances in how we use fly midgut to answer the following key questions: (1) How intestine stem cell niches are established; (2) which factors control asymmetric division of stem cells; (3) how intestinal cells interact with environmental factors, such as tissue damage, microbiota, and diet; (4) how to screen aging/cancer-related factors or drugs by fly intestine stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingbo Zhai
- Medical College, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonose Prevention and Control at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, China.,Brucellosis Prevention and Treatment Engineering Research Center of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, China
| | - Wanyang Li
- Medical College, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Medical College, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonose Prevention and Control at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, China.,Brucellosis Prevention and Treatment Engineering Research Center of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, China
| | - Di Wang
- Medical College, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonose Prevention and Control at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, China.,Brucellosis Prevention and Treatment Engineering Research Center of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, China
| | - Dongli Zhang
- Medical College, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonose Prevention and Control at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, China.,Brucellosis Prevention and Treatment Engineering Research Center of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, China
| | - Yanli Liu
- Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
| | - Xiuwen Liang
- Hulunbuir City People's Hospital, Hulunbuir City, China
| | - Zeliang Chen
- Medical College, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonose Prevention and Control at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, China.,Brucellosis Prevention and Treatment Engineering Research Center of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, China
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34
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Zhang C, Jin Y, Marchetti M, Lewis MR, Hammouda OT, Edgar BA. EGFR signaling activates intestinal stem cells by promoting mitochondrial biogenesis and β-oxidation. Curr Biol 2022; 32:3704-3719.e7. [PMID: 35896119 PMCID: PMC10117080 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
EGFR-RAS-ERK signaling promotes growth and proliferation in many cell types, and genetic hyperactivation of RAS-ERK signaling drives many cancers. Yet, despite intensive study of upstream components in EGFR signal transduction, the identities and functions of downstream effectors in the pathway are poorly understood. In Drosophila intestinal stem cells (ISCs), the transcriptional repressor Capicua (Cic) and its targets, the ETS-type transcriptional activators Pointed (pnt) and Ets21C, are essential downstream effectors of mitogenic EGFR signaling. Here, we show that these factors promote EGFR-dependent metabolic changes that increase ISC mass, mitochondrial growth, and mitochondrial activity. Gene target analysis using RNA and DamID sequencing revealed that Pnt and Ets21C directly upregulate not only DNA replication and cell cycle genes but also genes for oxidative phosphorylation, the TCA cycle, and fatty acid beta-oxidation. Metabolite analysis substantiated these metabolic functions. The mitochondrial transcription factor B2 (mtTFB2), a direct target of Pnt, was required and partially sufficient for EGFR-driven ISC growth, mitochondrial biogenesis, and proliferation. MEK-dependent EGF signaling stimulated mitochondrial biogenesis in human RPE-1 cells, indicating the conservation of these metabolic effects. This work illustrates how EGFR signaling alters metabolism to coordinately activate cell growth and cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenge Zhang
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Center for Molecular Biology, Heidelberg University (ZMBH) & German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yinhua Jin
- Center for Molecular Biology, Heidelberg University (ZMBH) & German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Developmental Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Marco Marchetti
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Center for Molecular Biology, Heidelberg University (ZMBH) & German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mitchell R Lewis
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Omar T Hammouda
- Center for Molecular Biology, Heidelberg University (ZMBH) & German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg & Heidelberg Biosciences International Graduate School, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bruce A Edgar
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Center for Molecular Biology, Heidelberg University (ZMBH) & German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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35
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Gervais L, Bardin AJ. Stem cells: Mitochondrial biogenesis links growth and EGFR signaling. Curr Biol 2022; 32:R931-R934. [PMID: 36099901 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor signaling is central to cell proliferation, growth, and survival and is often deregulated in cancers. A new study links downstream effectors of this receptor to stem cell growth via mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolic reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Gervais
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, Stem Cells and Tissue Homeostasis Group, Paris, France
| | - Allison J Bardin
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, Stem Cells and Tissue Homeostasis Group, Paris, France.
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36
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Prakash A, Monteith KM, Vale PF. Mechanisms of damage prevention, signalling and repair impact disease tolerance. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20220837. [PMID: 35975433 PMCID: PMC9382215 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.0837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The insect gut is frequently exposed to pathogenic threats and must not only clear these potential infections, but also tolerate relatively high microbe loads. In contrast to the mechanisms that eliminate pathogens, we currently know less about the mechanisms of disease tolerance. We investigated how well-described mechanisms that prevent, signal, control or repair damage during infection contribute to the phenotype of disease tolerance. We established enteric infections with the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas entomophila in transgenic lines of Drosophila melanogaster fruit flies affecting dcy (a major component of the peritrophic matrix), upd3 (a cytokine-like molecule), irc (a negative regulator of reactive oxygen species) and egfr1 (epithelial growth factor receptor). Flies lacking dcy experienced the highest mortality, while loss of function of either irc or upd3 reduced tolerance in both sexes. The disruption of egfr1 resulted in a severe loss in tolerance in male flies but had no substantial effect on the ability of female flies to tolerate P. entomophila infection, despite carrying greater microbe loads than males. Together, our findings provide evidence for the role of damage limitation mechanisms in disease tolerance and highlight how sexual dimorphism in these mechanisms could generate sex differences in infection outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Prakash
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Katy M. Monteith
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Pedro F. Vale
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
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37
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Marchetti M, Zhang C, Edgar BA. An improved organ explant culture method reveals stem cell lineage dynamics in the adult Drosophila intestine. eLife 2022; 11:e76010. [PMID: 36005292 PMCID: PMC9578704 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, live-imaging techniques have been developed for the adult midgut of Drosophila melanogaster that allow temporal characterization of key processes involved in stem cell and tissue homeostasis. However, these organ culture techniques have been limited to imaging sessions of <16 hours, an interval too short to track dynamic processes such as damage responses and regeneration, which can unfold over several days. Therefore, we developed an organ explant culture protocol capable of sustaining midguts ex vivo for up to 3 days. This was made possible by the formulation of a culture medium specifically designed for adult Drosophila tissues with an increased Na+/K+ ratio and trehalose concentration, and by placing midguts at an air-liquid interface for enhanced oxygenation. We show that midgut progenitor cells can respond to gut epithelial damage ex vivo, proliferating and differentiating to replace lost cells, but are quiescent in healthy intestines. Using ex vivo gene induction to promote stem cell proliferation using RasG12V or string and Cyclin E overexpression, we demonstrate that progenitor cell lineages can be traced through multiple cell divisions using live imaging. We show that the same culture set-up is useful for imaging adult renal tubules and ovaries for up to 3 days and hearts for up to 10 days. By enabling both long-term imaging and real-time ex vivo gene manipulation, our simple culture protocol provides a powerful tool for studies of epithelial biology and cell lineage behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Marchetti
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Chenge Zhang
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Bruce A Edgar
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
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Kumar T, Dutta RR, Velagala VR, Ghosh B, Mudey A. Analyzing the Complicated Connection Between Intestinal Microbiota and Cardiovascular Diseases. Cureus 2022; 14:e28165. [PMID: 36148181 PMCID: PMC9482761 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.28165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Relentless human curiosity to understand the basis of every aspect of medical science has led humanity to unlock the deepest secrets about the physiology of human existence and, in the process, has reached milestones that a century ago could only be imagined. Recent ground-breaking breakthroughs have helped scientists and physicians all over the world to update the scientific basis of diseases and hence further improve treatment outcomes. According to recent studies, scientists have found a link between intestinal flora and the pathogenesis of diseases, including cardiovascular diseases. Any change in the typical habitat of gut microbiota has been shown to result in the culmination of various metabolic and cardiac diseases. Therefore, gut microbiota can be credited for influencing the course of the development of a disease. Any change in the composition and function of bacterial species living in the gut can result in both beneficial and harmful effects on the body. Gut microbiota achieves this role by numerous mechanisms. Generations of various metabolites like TMAO (trimethylamine N-oxide), increased receptibility of various bacterial antigens, and disruption of the enzyme action in various metabolic pathways like the bile acids pathway may result in the development of metabolic as well as cardiovascular diseases. Even if they may not be the only etiological factor in the pathogenesis of a disease, they may very well serve as a contributing factor in worsening the outcome of the condition. Studies have shown that they actively play a role in the progression of cardiovascular diseases like atherosclerotic plaque formation and rising blood pressure. The focus of this review article is to establish a relation between various cardiovascular diseases and gut microbiota. This could prove beneficial for clinicians, health care providers, and scientists to develop novel therapeutic algorithms while treating cardiac patients.
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Deshpande R, Lee B, Grewal SS. Enteric bacterial infection in Drosophila induces whole-body alterations in metabolic gene expression independently of the immune deficiency signaling pathway. G3 GENES|GENOMES|GENETICS 2022; 12:6628587. [PMID: 35781508 PMCID: PMC9635644 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkac163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
When infected by intestinal pathogenic bacteria, animals initiate both local and systemic defence responses. These responses are required to reduce pathogen burden and also to alter host physiology and behavior to promote infection tolerance, and they are often mediated through alterations in host gene expression. Here, we have used transcriptome profiling to examine gene expression changes induced by enteric infection with the Gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas entomophila in adult female Drosophila. We find that infection induces a strong upregulation of metabolic gene expression, including gut and fat body-enriched genes involved in lipid transport, lipolysis, and beta-oxidation, as well as glucose and amino acid metabolism genes. Furthermore, we find that the classic innate immune deficiency (Imd)/Relish/NF-KappaB pathway is not required for, and in some cases limits, these infection-mediated increases in metabolic gene expression. We also see that enteric infection with Pseudomonas entomophila downregulates the expression of many transcription factors and cell–cell signaling molecules, particularly those previously shown to be involved in gut-to-brain and neuronal signaling. Moreover, as with the metabolic genes, these changes occurred largely independent of the Imd pathway. Together, our study identifies many metabolic, signaling, and transcription factor gene expression changes that may contribute to organismal physiological and behavioral responses to enteric pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rujuta Deshpande
- Clark H Smith Brain Tumour Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary , Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Calgary, University of Calgary , Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Byoungchun Lee
- Clark H Smith Brain Tumour Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary , Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Calgary, University of Calgary , Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Savraj S Grewal
- Clark H Smith Brain Tumour Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary , Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Calgary, University of Calgary , Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
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40
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Ariyapala IS, Buddika K, Hundley HA, Calvi BR, Sokol NS. The RNA binding protein Swm is critical for Drosophila melanogaster intestinal progenitor cell maintenance. Genetics 2022; 222:6619166. [PMID: 35762963 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyac099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of stem cell survival, self-renewal, and differentiation is critical for the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Although the involvement of signaling pathways and transcriptional control mechanisms in stem cell regulation have been extensively investigated, the role of post-transcriptional control is still poorly understood. Here we show that the nuclear activity of the RNA-binding protein Second Mitotic Wave Missing (Swm) is critical for Drosophila melanogaster intestinal stem cells (ISCs) and their daughter cells, enteroblasts (EBs), to maintain their progenitor cell properties and functions. Loss of swm causes ISCs and EBs to stop dividing and instead detach from the basement membrane, resulting in severe progenitor cell loss. swm loss is further characterized by nuclear accumulation of poly(A)+ RNA in progenitor cells. Swm associates with transcripts involved in epithelial cell maintenance and adhesion, and the loss of swm, while not generally affecting the levels of these Swm-bound mRNAs, leads to elevated expression of proteins encoded by some of them, including the fly ortholog of Filamin. Taken together, this study indicates a nuclear role for Swm in adult stem cell maintenance, raising the possibility that nuclear post-transcriptional regulation of mRNAs encoding cell adhesion proteins ensures proper attachment of progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kasun Buddika
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Heather A Hundley
- Medical Sciences Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Brian R Calvi
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Nicholas S Sokol
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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41
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Mechanical Forces Govern Interactions of Host Cells with Intracellular Bacterial Pathogens. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2022; 86:e0009420. [PMID: 35285720 PMCID: PMC9199418 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00094-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To combat infectious diseases, it is important to understand how host cells interact with bacterial pathogens. Signals conveyed from pathogen to host, and vice versa, may be either chemical or mechanical. While the molecular and biochemical basis of host-pathogen interactions has been extensively explored, relatively less is known about mechanical signals and responses in the context of those interactions. Nevertheless, a wide variety of bacterial pathogens appear to have developed mechanisms to alter the cellular biomechanics of their hosts in order to promote their survival and dissemination, and in turn many host responses to infection rely on mechanical alterations in host cells and tissues to limit the spread of infection. In this review, we present recent findings on how mechanical forces generated by host cells can promote or obstruct the dissemination of intracellular bacterial pathogens. In addition, we discuss how in vivo extracellular mechanical signals influence interactions between host cells and intracellular bacterial pathogens. Examples of such signals include shear stresses caused by fluid flow over the surface of cells and variable stiffness of the extracellular matrix on which cells are anchored. We highlight bioengineering-inspired tools and techniques that can be used to measure host cell mechanics during infection. These allow for the interrogation of how mechanical signals can modulate infection alongside biochemical signals. We hope that this review will inspire the microbiology community to embrace those tools in future studies so that host cell biomechanics can be more readily explored in the context of infection studies.
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Deshpande R, Lee B, Qiao Y, Grewal SS. TOR signalling is required for host lipid metabolic remodelling and survival following enteric infection in Drosophila. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:dmm049551. [PMID: 35363274 PMCID: PMC9118046 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
When infected by enteric pathogenic bacteria, animals need to initiate local and whole-body defence strategies. Although most attention has focused on the role of innate immune anti-bacterial responses, less is known about how changes in host metabolism contribute to host defence. Using Drosophila as a model system, we identify induction of intestinal target-of-rapamycin (TOR) kinase signalling as a key adaptive metabolic response to enteric infection. We find that enteric infection induces both local and systemic induction of TOR independently of the Immune deficiency (IMD) innate immune pathway, and we see that TOR functions together with IMD signalling to promote infection survival. These protective effects of TOR signalling are associated with remodelling of host lipid metabolism. Thus, we see that TOR is required to limit excessive infection-mediated wasting of host lipid stores by promoting an increase in the levels of gut- and fat body-expressed lipid synthesis genes. Our data support a model in which induction of TOR represents a host tolerance response to counteract infection-mediated lipid wasting in order to promote survival. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Savraj S. Grewal
- Clark H Smith Brain Tumour Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Calgary, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
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43
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Innate immune pathways act synergistically to constrain RNA virus evolution in Drosophila melanogaster. Nat Ecol Evol 2022; 6:565-578. [PMID: 35273366 PMCID: PMC7612704 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-022-01697-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Host-pathogen interactions impose recurrent selective pressures that lead to constant adaptation and counter-adaptation in both competing species. Here, we sought to study this evolutionary arms-race and assessed the impact of the innate immune system on viral population diversity and evolution, using Drosophila melanogaster as model host and its natural pathogen Drosophila C virus (DCV). We isogenized eight fly genotypes generating animals defective for RNAi, Imd and Toll innate immune pathways as well as pathogen sensing and gut renewal pathways. Wild-type or mutant flies were then orally infected with DCV, and the virus was serially passaged ten times via reinfection in naïve flies. Viral population diversity was studied after each viral passage by high-throughput sequencing, and infection phenotypes were assessed at the beginning and at the end of the evolution experiment. We found that the absence of any of the various immune pathways studied increased viral genetic diversity while attenuating virulence. Strikingly, these effects were observed in a range of host factors described as having mainly antiviral or antibacterial functions. Together, our results indicate that the innate immune system as a whole, and not specific antiviral defense pathways in isolation, generally constrains viral diversity and evolution.
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44
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Nagai H, Miura M, Nakajima YI. Cellular mechanisms underlying adult tissue plasticity in Drosophila. Fly (Austin) 2022; 16:190-206. [PMID: 35470772 PMCID: PMC9045823 DOI: 10.1080/19336934.2022.2066952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult tissues in Metazoa dynamically remodel their structures in response to environmental challenges including sudden injury, pathogen infection, and nutritional fluctuation, while maintaining quiescence under homoeostatic conditions. This characteristic, hereafter referred to as adult tissue plasticity, can prevent tissue dysfunction and improve the fitness of organisms in continuous and/or severe change of environments. With its relatively simple tissue structures and genetic tools, studies using the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster have provided insights into molecular mechanisms that control cellular responses, particularly during regeneration and nutrient adaptation. In this review, we present the current understanding of cellular mechanisms, stem cell proliferation, polyploidization, and cell fate plasticity, all of which enable adult tissue plasticity in various Drosophila adult organs including the midgut, the brain, and the gonad, and discuss the organismal strategy in response to environmental changes and future directions of the research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Nagai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Miura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yu-Ichiro Nakajima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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45
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Ngo PA, Neurath MF, López-Posadas R. Impact of Epithelial Cell Shedding on Intestinal Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084160. [PMID: 35456978 PMCID: PMC9027054 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut barrier acts as a first line of defense in the body, and plays a vital role in nutrition and immunoregulation. A layer of epithelial cells bound together via intercellular junction proteins maintains intestinal barrier integrity. Based on a tight equilibrium between cell extrusion and cell restitution, the renewal of the epithelium (epithelial turnover) permits the preservation of cell numbers. As the last step within the epithelial turnover, cell shedding occurs due to the pressure of cell division and migration from the base of the crypt. During this process, redistribution of tight junction proteins enables the sealing of the epithelial gap left by the extruded cell, and thereby maintains barrier function. Disturbance in cell shedding can create transient gaps (leaky gut) or cell accumulation in the epithelial layer. In fact, numerous studies have described the association between dysregulated cell shedding and infection, inflammation, and cancer; thus epithelial cell extrusion is considered a key defense mechanism. In the gastrointestinal tract, altered cell shedding has been observed in mouse models of intestinal inflammation and appears as a potential cause of barrier loss in human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Despite the relevance of this process, there are many unanswered questions regarding cell shedding. The investigation of those mechanisms controlling cell extrusion in the gut will definitely contribute to our understanding of intestinal homeostasis. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge about intestinal cell shedding under both physiological and pathological circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong A. Ngo
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (P.A.N.); (M.F.N.)
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus F. Neurath
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (P.A.N.); (M.F.N.)
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rocío López-Posadas
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (P.A.N.); (M.F.N.)
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Correspondence:
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46
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Microbes affect gut epithelial cell composition through immune-dependent regulation of intestinal stem cell differentiation. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110572. [PMID: 35354023 PMCID: PMC9078081 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbes play important roles in host physiology; however, the mechanisms underlying their impact remain poorly characterized. Here, we demonstrate that microbes not only influence gut physiology but also alter its epithelial composition. The microbiota and pathogens both influence intestinal stem cell (ISC) differentiation. Intriguingly, while the microbiota promotes ISC differentiation into enterocytes (EC), pathogens stimulate enteroendocrine cell (EE) fate and long-term accumulation of EEs in the midgut epithelium. Importantly, the evolutionarily conserved Drosophila NFKB (Relish) pushes stem cell lineage specification toward ECs by directly regulating differentiation factors. Conversely, the JAK-STAT pathway promotes EE fate in response to infectious damage. We propose a model in which the balance of microbial pattern recognition pathways, such as Imd-Relish, and damage response pathways, such as JAK-STAT, influence ISC differentiation, epithelial composition, and gut physiology.
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47
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Medina A, Bellec K, Polcowñuk S, Cordero JB. Investigating local and systemic intestinal signalling in health and disease with Drosophila. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:274860. [PMID: 35344037 PMCID: PMC8990086 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole-body health relies on complex inter-organ signalling networks that enable organisms to adapt to environmental perturbations and to changes in tissue homeostasis. The intestine plays a major role as a signalling centre by producing local and systemic signals that are relayed to the body and that maintain intestinal and organismal homeostasis. Consequently, disruption of intestinal homeostasis and signalling are associated with systemic diseases and multi-organ dysfunction. In recent years, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has emerged as a prime model organism to study tissue-intrinsic and systemic signalling networks of the adult intestine due to its genetic tractability and functional conservation with mammals. In this Review, we highlight Drosophila research that has contributed to our understanding of how the adult intestine interacts with its microenvironment and with distant organs. We discuss the implications of these findings for understanding intestinal and whole-body pathophysiology, and how future Drosophila studies might advance our knowledge of the complex interplay between the intestine and the rest of the body in health and disease. Summary: We outline work in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster that has contributed knowledge on local and whole-body signalling coordinated by the adult intestine, and discuss its implications in intestinal pathophysiology and associated systemic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Medina
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.,CRUK Beatson Institute, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Karen Bellec
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Sofia Polcowñuk
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Julia B Cordero
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.,CRUK Beatson Institute, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
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48
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Lei X, Zhou Z, Wang S, Jin LH. The protective effect of safranal against intestinal tissue damage in Drosophila. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 439:115939. [PMID: 35217026 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.115939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila is often exposed to harmful environments, and the intestinal epithelium is the first line of defense against external infection. Intestinal stem cells (ISCs) in the Drosophila midgut play a crucial role in maintaining tissue homeostasis and compensating for cell loss caused by tissue damage. Crocus sativus L. (saffron) can protect against intestinal injury in response to inflammation; however, the specific protective components of saffron and the related mechanisms remain unclear. Safranal is one of the main components of saffron. Here, we used dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) or Erwinia carotovora carotovora 15 (Ecc15) to create an intestinal injury model and explored the protective effect of safranal against tissue damage. Excessive proliferation and differentiation of ISCs in the Drosophila midgut were observed after DSS or Ecc15 feeding; however, these phenotypes were rescued after safranal feeding. In addition, we found that this process occurred through inhibition of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathways. Furthermore, safranal inhibited the Ecc15- and DSS-induced increases in antimicrobial peptide (AMP) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and intestinal epithelial cell death, thereby protecting gut integrity. In summary, safranal was found to have a significant protective effect and maintain intestinal homeostasis in Drosophila; these findings provide a foundation for the application of safranal in clinical research and the treatment of intestinal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Lei
- Department of Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Ziqian Zhou
- Department of Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Sihong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resource of the Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Yanbian Province, China
| | - Li Hua Jin
- Department of Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China.
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49
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Nassari S, Lacarrière-Keïta C, Lévesque D, Boisvert FM, Jean S. Rab21 in enterocytes participates in intestinal epithelium maintenance. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar32. [PMID: 35171715 PMCID: PMC9250356 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-03-0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane trafficking is defined as the vesicular transport of proteins into, out of, and throughout the cell. In intestinal enterocytes, defects in endocytic/recycling pathways result in impaired function and are linked to diseases. However, how these trafficking pathways regulate intestinal tissue homeostasis is poorly understood. Using the Drosophila intestine as an in vivo system, we investigated enterocyte-specific functions for the early endosomal machinery. We focused on Rab21, which regulates specific steps in early endosomal trafficking. Depletion of Rab21 in enterocytes led to abnormalities in intestinal morphology, with deregulated cellular equilibrium associated with a gain in mitotic cells and increased cell death. Increases in apoptosis and Yorkie signaling were responsible for compensatory proliferation and tissue inflammation. Using an RNAi screen, we identified regulators of autophagy and membrane trafficking that phenocopied Rab21 knockdown. We further showed that Rab21 knockdown-induced hyperplasia was rescued by inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling. Moreover, quantitative proteomics identified proteins affected by Rab21 depletion. Of these, we validated changes in apolipoprotein ApoLpp and the trehalose transporter Tret1-1, indicating roles for enterocyte Rab21 in lipid and carbohydrate homeostasis, respectively. Our data shed light on an important role for early endosomal trafficking, and Rab21, in enterocyte-mediated intestinal epithelium maintenance. [Media: see text] [Media: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya Nassari
- Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, 3201 Rue Jean Mignault, Sherbrooke, Québec J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - Camille Lacarrière-Keïta
- Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, 3201 Rue Jean Mignault, Sherbrooke, Québec J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - Dominique Lévesque
- Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, 3201 Rue Jean Mignault, Sherbrooke, Québec J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - François-Michel Boisvert
- Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, 3201 Rue Jean Mignault, Sherbrooke, Québec J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - Steve Jean
- Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, 3201 Rue Jean Mignault, Sherbrooke, Québec J1E 4K8, Canada
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The Yun/Prohibitin complex regulates adult Drosophila intestinal stem cell proliferation through the transcription factor E2F1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2111711119. [PMID: 35115400 PMCID: PMC8832997 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2111711119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells maintain tissue homeostasis. We identified a factor, Yun, required for proliferation of normal and transformed intestinal stem cells in adult Drosophila. Yun acts as a scaffold to stabilize the Prohibitin (PHB) complex previously implicated in various cellular and developmental processes and diseases. The Yun/PHB complex acts downstream of EGFR/MAPK signaling and affects the levels of E2F1 to regulate intestinal stem cell proliferation. The role of the PHB complex in cell proliferation is evolutionarily conserved. Our results provide insight into the underlying mechanisms of how stem cell proliferation is properly controlled during tissue homeostasis and tumorigenesis. Stem cells constantly divide and differentiate to maintain adult tissue homeostasis, and uncontrolled stem cell proliferation leads to severe diseases such as cancer. How stem cell proliferation is precisely controlled remains poorly understood. Here, from an RNA interference (RNAi) screen in adult Drosophila intestinal stem cells (ISCs), we identify a factor, Yun, required for proliferation of normal and transformed ISCs. Yun is mainly expressed in progenitors; our genetic and biochemical evidence suggest that it acts as a scaffold to stabilize the Prohibitin (PHB) complex previously implicated in various cellular and developmental processes and diseases. We demonstrate that the Yun/PHB complex is regulated by and acts downstream of EGFR/MAPK signaling. Importantly, the Yun/PHB complex interacts with and positively affects the levels of the transcription factor E2F1 to regulate ISC proliferation. In addition, we find that the role of the PHB complex in cell proliferation is evolutionarily conserved. Thus, our study uncovers a Yun/PHB-E2F1 regulatory axis in stem cell proliferation.
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