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Cronin S, de Vries-Egan A, Vahlas Z, Czernikier A, Melucci C, Pereyra Gerber P, O’Neil T, Gloss B, Sharabas M, Turk G, Verollet C, Balboa L, Palmer S, Duette G. The immunosuppressive tuberculosis-associated microenvironment inhibits viral replication and promotes HIV-1 latency in CD4 + T cells. iScience 2024; 27:110324. [PMID: 39055929 PMCID: PMC11269811 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), is the most common coinfection among people living with HIV-1. This coinfection is associated with accelerated HIV-1 disease progression and reduced survival. However, the impact of the HIV-1/TB coinfection on HIV-1 replication and latency in CD4+ T cells remains poorly studied. Using the acellular fraction of tuberculous pleural effusion (TB-PE), we investigated whether viral replication and HIV-1 latency in CD4+ T cells are affected by a TB-associated microenvironment. Our results revealed that TB-PE impaired T cell receptor-dependent cell activation and decreased HIV-1 replication in CD4+ T cells. Moreover, this immunosuppressive TB microenvironment promoted viral latency and inhibited HIV-1 reactivation. This study indicates that the TB-induced immune response may contribute to the persistence of the viral reservoir by silencing HIV-1 expression, allowing the virus to persist undetected by the immune system, and increasing the size of the latent HIV-1 reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Cronin
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Centre for Virus Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Anneke de Vries-Egan
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Centre for Virus Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Zoï Vahlas
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), 31077 Toulouse, France
- International Research Project CNRS “MAC-TB/HIV”, Toulouse, France and Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Czernikier
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA, Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
| | - Claudia Melucci
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA, Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
| | - Pehuén Pereyra Gerber
- Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Thomas O’Neil
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Centre for Virus Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Brian Gloss
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Centre for Virus Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Mayssa Sharabas
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Centre for Virus Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Gabriela Turk
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA, Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
| | - Christel Verollet
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), 31077 Toulouse, France
- International Research Project CNRS “MAC-TB/HIV”, Toulouse, France and Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciana Balboa
- International Research Project CNRS “MAC-TB/HIV”, Toulouse, France and Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA, Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires C1425ASU, Argentina
| | - Sarah Palmer
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Centre for Virus Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Gabriel Duette
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Centre for Virus Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
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2
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Mendes EA, Tang Y, Jiang G. The integrated stress response signaling during the persistent HIV infection. iScience 2023; 26:108418. [PMID: 38058309 PMCID: PMC10696111 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV) infection is a chronic disease under antiretroviral therapy (ART), during which active HIV replication is effectively suppressed. Stable viral reservoirs are established early in infection and cannot be eradicated in people with HIV (PWH) by ART alone, which features residual immune inflammation with disease-associated secondary comorbidities. Mammalian cells are equipped with integrated stress response (ISR) machinery to detect intrinsic and extrinsic stresses such as heme deficiency, nutrient fluctuation, the accumulation of unfolded proteins, and viral infection. ISR is the part of the innate immunity that defends against pathogen infection or environmental alteration, thereby maintaining homeostasis to avoid diseases. Here, we describe how this machinery responds to the off-target effects of ART and persistent HIV infection in both the peripheral compartments and the brain. The latter may be important for us to better understand the mechanisms of stable HIV reservoirs and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica A. Mendes
- UNC HIV Cure Center, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7042, USA
| | - Yuyang Tang
- UNC HIV Cure Center, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7042, USA
| | - Guochun Jiang
- UNC HIV Cure Center, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases and the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599- 7042, USA
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3
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Campbell GR, Rawat P, To RK, Spector SA. HIV-1 Tat Upregulates TREM1 Expression in Human Microglia. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:429-442. [PMID: 37326481 PMCID: PMC10352590 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Because microglia are a reservoir for HIV and are resistant to the cytopathic effects of HIV infection, they are a roadblock for any HIV cure strategy. We have previously identified that triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM1) plays a key role in human macrophage resistance to HIV-mediated cytopathogenesis. In this article, we show that HIV-infected human microglia express increased levels of TREM1 and are resistant to HIV-induced apoptosis. Moreover, upon genetic inhibition of TREM1, HIV-infected microglia undergo cell death in the absence of increased viral or proinflammatory cytokine expression or the targeting of uninfected cells. We also show that the expression of TREM1 is mediated by HIV Tat through a TLR4, TICAM1, PG-endoperoxide synthase 2, PGE synthase, and PGE2-dependent manner. These findings highlight the potential of TREM1 as a therapeutic target to eradicate HIV-infected microglia without inducing a proinflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant R. Campbell
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD
| | - Pratima Rawat
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Rachel K. To
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Stephen A. Spector
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, CA
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4
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Vaidyanathan A, Taylor HE, Hope TJ, D'Aquila RT, Bartom ET, Hultquist JF, Peter ME. Analysis of the Contribution of 6-mer Seed Toxicity to HIV-1-Induced Cytopathicity. J Virol 2023; 97:e0065223. [PMID: 37310263 PMCID: PMC10373551 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00652-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 (HIV) infects CD4+ T cells, the gradual depletion of which can lead to AIDS in the absence of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Some cells, however, survive HIV infection and persist as part of the latently infected reservoir that causes recurrent viremia after ART cessation. Improved understanding of the mechanisms of HIV-mediated cell death could lead to a way to clear the latent reservoir. Death induced by survival gene elimination (DISE), an RNA interference (RNAi)-based mechanism, kills cells through short RNAs (sRNAs) with toxic 6-mer seeds (positions 2 to 7 of sRNA). These toxic seeds target the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of mRNAs, decreasing the expression of hundreds of genes critical for cell survival. In most cells under normal conditions, highly expressed cell-encoded nontoxic microRNAs (miRNAs) block access of toxic sRNAs to the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) that mediates RNAi, promoting cell survival. HIV has been shown to inhibit the biogenesis of host miRNAs in multiple ways. We now report that HIV infection of cells deficient in miRNA expression or function results in enhanced RISC loading of an HIV-encoded miRNA HIV-miR-TAR-3p, which can kill cells by DISE through a noncanonical (positions 3 to 8) 6-mer seed. In addition, cellular RISC-bound sRNAs shift to lower seed viability. This also occurs after latent HIV provirus reactivation in J-Lat cells, suggesting independence of permissiveness of cells to viral infection. More precise targeting of the balance between protective and cytotoxic sRNAs could provide new avenues to explore novel cell death mechanisms that could be used to kill latent HIV. IMPORTANCE Several mechanisms by which initial HIV infection is cytotoxic to infected cells have been reported and involve various forms of cell death. Characterizing the mechanisms underlying the long-term survival of certain T cells that become persistent provirus reservoirs is critical to developing a cure. We recently discovered death induced by survival gene elimination (DISE), an RNAi-based mechanism of cell death whereby toxic short RNAs (sRNAs) containing 6-mer seed sequences (exerting 6-mer seed toxicity) targeting essential survival genes are loaded into RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) complexes, resulting in inescapable cell death. We now report that HIV infection in cells with low miRNA expression causes a shift of mostly cellular RISC-bound sRNAs to more toxic seeds. This could prime cells to DISE and is further enhanced by the viral microRNA (miRNA) HIV-miR-TAR-3p, which carries a toxic noncanonical 6-mer seed. Our data provide multiple new avenues to explore novel cell death mechanisms that could be used to kill latent HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparajitha Vaidyanathan
- Department of Medicine, Division Hematology/Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Harry E. Taylor
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Division of Biostatistics, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Thomas J. Hope
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Richard T. D'Aquila
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Elizabeth T. Bartom
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Division of Biostatistics, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Judd F. Hultquist
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Marcus E. Peter
- Department of Medicine, Division Hematology/Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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5
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Molyer B, Kumar A, Angel JB. SMAC Mimetics as Therapeutic Agents in HIV Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:780400. [PMID: 34899741 PMCID: PMC8660680 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.780400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although combination antiretroviral therapy is extremely effective in lowering HIV RNA to undetectable levels in the blood, HIV persists in latently infected CD4+ T-cells and persistently infected macrophages. In latently/persistently infected cells, HIV proteins have shown to affect the expression of proteins involved in the apoptosis pathway, notably the inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs), and thereby influence cell survival. IAPs, which are inhibited by endogenous second mitochondrial-derived activators of caspases (SMAC), can serve as targets for SMAC mimetics, synthetic compounds capable of inducing apoptosis. There is increasing evidence that SMAC mimetics can be used to reverse HIV latency and/or kill cells that are latently/persistently infected with HIV. Here, we review the current state of knowledge of SMAC mimetics as an approach to eliminate HIV infected cells and discuss the potential future use of SMAC mimetics as part of an HIV cure strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bengisu Molyer
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Apoptosis Research Center of Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Jonathan B Angel
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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6
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Caballero RE, Dong SXM, Gajanayaka N, Ali H, Cassol E, Cameron WD, Korneluk R, Tremblay MJ, Angel JB, Kumar A. Role of RIPK1 in SMAC mimetics-induced apoptosis in primary human HIV-infected macrophages. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22901. [PMID: 34824340 PMCID: PMC8617210 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02146-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages serve as viral reservoirs due to their resistance to apoptosis and HIV-cytopathic effects. We have previously shown that inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) confer resistance to HIV-Vpr-induced apoptosis in normal macrophages. Herein, we show that second mitochondrial activator of caspases (SMAC) mimetics (SM) induce apoptosis of monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) infected in vitro with a R5-tropic laboratory strain expressing heat stable antigen, chronically infected U1 cells, and ex-vivo derived MDMs from HIV-infected individuals. To understand the mechanism governing SM-induced cell death, we show that SM-induced cell death of primary HIV-infected macrophages was independent of the acquisition of M1 phenotype following HIV infection of macrophages. Instead, SM-induced cell death was found to be mediated by IAPs as downregulation of IAPs by siRNAs induced cell death of HIV-infected macrophages. Moreover, HIV infection caused receptor interacting protein kinase-1 (RIPK1) degradation which in concert with IAP1/2 downregulation following SM treatment may result in apoptosis of macrophages. Altogether, our results show that SM selectively induce apoptosis in primary human macrophages infected in vitro with HIV possibly through RIPK1. Moreover, modulation of the IAP pathways may be a potential strategy for selective killing of HIV-infected macrophages in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Edwin Caballero
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada. .,Division of Virology, Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Research Building 2, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada.
| | - Simon Xin Min Dong
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Niranjala Gajanayaka
- Division of Virology, Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Research Building 2, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Hamza Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Division of Virology, Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Research Building 2, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Edana Cassol
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - William D Cameron
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Division of Infectious Diseases, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Robert Korneluk
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Division of Virology, Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Research Building 2, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Michel J Tremblay
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Jonathan B Angel
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Division of Infectious Diseases, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada. .,Division of Virology, Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Research Building 2, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada. .,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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7
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Monitoring Mitochondrial Function in Aedes albopictus C6/36 Cell Line during Dengue Virus Infection. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12100934. [PMID: 34680703 PMCID: PMC8539328 DOI: 10.3390/insects12100934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Dengue is an important and growing public health problem. To date, no specific therapeutic or effective prophylactic measures exist. Therefore, vector control remains the primary approach to prevent dengue virus (DENV) infection in humans. Recent findings highlight that viruses regulate mitochondrial function and dynamics to facilitate viral proliferation. In this study, we report that DENV infection modulates mitochondrial physiology in C6/36 mosquito cells. Our results revealed that DENV alters redox metabolism and mitochondrial membrane potential without any significant change in cellular ATP pool or viability. In addition, we observed preservation of the respiratory control ratio and translocation of mitofusins to mitochondria. These results suggest that mitochondrial fusion could be required for the maintenance of mitochondrial function in C6/36 mosquito cells infected with DENV. Abstract Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes are responsible for dengue virus (DENV) transmission in tropical and subtropical areas worldwide, where an estimated 3 billion people live at risk of DENV exposure. DENV-infected individuals show symptoms ranging from sub-clinical or mild to hemorrhagic fever. Infected mosquitoes do not show detectable signs of disease, even though the virus maintains a lifelong persistent infection. The interactions between viruses and host mitochondria are crucial for virus replication and pathogenicity. DENV infection in vertebrate cells modulates mitochondrial function and dynamics to facilitate viral proliferation. Here, we describe that DENV also regulates mitochondrial function and morphology in infected C6/36 mosquito cells (derived from Aedes albopictus). Our results showed that DENV infection increased ROS (reactive oxygen species) production, modulated mitochondrial transmembrane potential and induced changes in mitochondrial respiration. Furthermore, we offer the first evidence that DENV causes translocation of mitofusins to mitochondria in the C6/36 mosquito cell line. Another protein Drp-1 (Dynamin-related protein 1) did not localize to mitochondria in DENV-infected cells. This observation therefore ruled out the possibility that the abovementioned alterations in mitochondrial function are associated with mitochondrial fission. In summary, this report provides some key insights into the virus–mitochondria crosstalk in DENV infected mosquito cells.
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8
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Kosyreva A, Dzhalilova D, Lokhonina A, Vishnyakova P, Fatkhudinov T. The Role of Macrophages in the Pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2-Associated Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Front Immunol 2021; 12:682871. [PMID: 34040616 PMCID: PMC8141811 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.682871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are cells that mediate both innate and adaptive immunity reactions, playing a major role in both physiological and pathological processes. Systemic SARS-CoV-2-associated complications include acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome, edema, and pneumonia. These are predominantly effects of massive macrophage activation that collectively can be defined as macrophage activation syndrome. In this review we focus on the role of macrophages in COVID-19, as pathogenesis of the new coronavirus infection, especially in cases complicated by ARDS, largely depends on macrophage phenotypes and functionalities. We describe participation of monocytes, monocyte-derived and resident lung macrophages in SARS-CoV-2-associated ARDS and discuss possible utility of cell therapies for its treatment, notably the use of reprogrammed macrophages with stable pro- or anti-inflammatory phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kosyreva
- Department of Neuromorphology, Science Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russia
- Histology Department, Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Dzhuliia Dzhalilova
- Department of Immunomorphology of Inflammation, Science Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia Lokhonina
- Histology Department, Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named After Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Polina Vishnyakova
- Histology Department, Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named After Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Timur Fatkhudinov
- Histology Department, Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
- Department of Growth and Development, Science Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russia
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9
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Singh S, Ghosh S, Pal VK, Munshi M, Shekar P, Narasimha Murthy DT, Mugesh G, Singh A. Antioxidant nanozyme counteracts HIV-1 by modulating intracellular redox potential. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e13314. [PMID: 33793064 PMCID: PMC8103102 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202013314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulates the replication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV‐1) during infection. However, the application of this knowledge to develop therapeutic strategies remained unsuccessful due to the harmful consequences of manipulating cellular antioxidant systems. Here, we show that vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) nanosheets functionally mimic natural glutathione peroxidase activity to mitigate ROS associated with HIV‐1 infection without adversely affecting cellular physiology. Using genetic reporters of glutathione redox potential and hydrogen peroxide, we showed that V2O5 nanosheets catalyze ROS neutralization in HIV‐1‐infected cells and uniformly block viral reactivation and replication. Mechanistically, V2O5 nanosheets suppressed HIV‐1 by affecting the expression of pathways coordinating redox balance, virus transactivation (e.g., NF‐κB), inflammation, and apoptosis. Importantly, a combination of V2O5 nanosheets with a pharmacological inhibitor of NF‐κB (BAY11‐7082) abrogated reactivation of HIV‐1. Lastly, V2O5 nanosheets inhibit viral reactivation upon prostratin stimulation of latently infected CD4+ T cells from HIV‐infected patients receiving suppressive antiretroviral therapy. Our data successfully revealed the usefulness of V2O5 nanosheets against HIV and suggested nanozymes as future platforms to develop interventions against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.,Centre for Infectious Disease Research (CIDR), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Sourav Ghosh
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Virender Kumar Pal
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.,Centre for Infectious Disease Research (CIDR), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - MohamedHusen Munshi
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research (CIDR), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Pooja Shekar
- Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Govindasamy Mugesh
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Amit Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.,Centre for Infectious Disease Research (CIDR), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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10
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Ali H, Caballero R, Dong SXM, Gajnayaka N, Vranjkovic A, Ahmed D, Iqbal S, Crawley AM, Angel JB, Cassol E, Kumar A. Selective killing of human M1 macrophages by Smac mimetics alone and M2 macrophages by Smac mimetics and caspase inhibition. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 110:693-710. [PMID: 33404106 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4a0220-114rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory and anti-inflammatory Mϕs have been implicated in many diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and leprosy. Recent studies suggest targeting Mϕ function and activation may represent a potential target to treat these diseases. Herein, we investigated the effect of second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (SMAC) mimetics (SMs), the inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs) proteins, on the killing of human pro- and anti-inflammatory Mϕ subsets. We have shown previously that human monocytes are highly susceptible whereas differentiated Mϕs (M0) are highly resistant to the cytocidal abilities of SMs. To determine whether human Mϕ subsets are resistant to the cytotoxic effects of SMs, we show that M1 Mϕs are highly susceptible to SM-induced cell death whereas M2a, M2b, and M2c differentiated subsets are resistant, with M2c being the most resistant. SM-induced cell death in M1 Mϕs was mediated by apoptosis as well as necroptosis, activated both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of apoptosis, and was attributed to the IFN-γ-mediated differentiation. In contrast, M2c and M0 Mϕs experienced cell death through necroptosis following simultaneous blockage of the IAPs and the caspase pathways. Overall, the results suggest that survival of human Mϕs is critically linked to the activation of the IAPs pathways. Moreover, agents blocking the cellular IAP1/2 and/or caspases can be exploited therapeutically to address inflammation-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ramon Caballero
- Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Simon X M Dong
- Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Niranjala Gajnayaka
- Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Agatha Vranjkovic
- Chronic Disease Program, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Duale Ahmed
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Salma Iqbal
- Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Angela M Crawley
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Chronic Disease Program, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jonathan B Angel
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Chronic Disease Program, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Edana Cassol
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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11
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Paim AC, Badley AD, Cummins NW. Mechanisms of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Lymphocyte Regulated Cell Death. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2020; 36:101-115. [PMID: 31659912 PMCID: PMC7044792 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2019.0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) causes CD4 T cell depletion through a number of mechanisms, including programmed cell death pathways (both apoptotic and nonapoptotic). In the setting of HIV-1 infection, the enhanced lymphocyte cell death occurs as a consequence of complex interactions between the host immune system and viral factors, which are reviewed herein. On the other hand, the main challenge to HIV-1 eradication is the development of latent infection in a subset of long lived cells, including CD4+ T cells and macrophages, which resist HIV-induced cell death. Understanding the potential mechanisms of how HIV-1 induces lymphocyte cell death is critical to the "kick and kill" cure strategy, which relies on the effective killing of reactivated, HIV-1-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C. Paim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Andrew D. Badley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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12
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Kruize Z, Kootstra NA. The Role of Macrophages in HIV-1 Persistence and Pathogenesis. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2828. [PMID: 31866988 PMCID: PMC6906147 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Current antiretroviral therapy (ART) effectively suppresses Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) in infected individuals. However, even long term ART does not eradicate HIV-1 infected cells and the virus persists in cellular reservoirs. Beside memory CD4+ T cells, cells of the myeloid lineage, especially macrophages, are believed to be an important sanctuary for HIV-1. Monocytes and macrophages are key players in the innate immune response to pathogens and are recruited to sites of infection and inflammation. Due to their long life span and ability to reside in virtually every tissue, macrophages have been proposed to play a critical role in the establishment and persistence of the HIV-1 reservoir. Current HIV-1 cure strategies mainly focus on the concept of “shock and kill” to purge the viral reservoir. This approach aims to reactivate viral protein production in latently infected cells, which subsequently are eliminated as a consequence of viral replication, or recognized and killed by the immune system. Macrophage susceptibility to HIV-1 infection is dependent on the local microenvironment, suggesting that molecular pathways directing differentiation and polarization are involved. Current latency reversing agents (LRA) are mainly designed to reactivate the HIV-1 provirus in CD4+ T cells, while their ability to abolish viral latency in macrophages is largely unknown. Moreover, the resistance of macrophages to HIV-1 mediated kill and the presence of infected macrophages in immune privileged regions including the central nervous system (CNS), may pose a barrier to elimination of infected cells by current “shock and kill” strategies. This review focusses on the role of monocytes/macrophages in HIV-1 persistence. We will discuss mechanisms of viral latency and persistence in monocytes/macrophages. Furthermore, the role of these cells in HIV-1 tissue distribution and pathogenesis will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zita Kruize
- Laboratory for Viral Immune Pathogenesis, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Neeltje A Kootstra
- Laboratory for Viral Immune Pathogenesis, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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13
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Abstract
Current antiretroviral therapy (ART) effectively suppresses Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) in infected individuals. However, even long term ART does not eradicate HIV-1 infected cells and the virus persists in cellular reservoirs. Beside memory CD4+ T cells, cells of the myeloid lineage, especially macrophages, are believed to be an important sanctuary for HIV-1. Monocytes and macrophages are key players in the innate immune response to pathogens and are recruited to sites of infection and inflammation. Due to their long life span and ability to reside in virtually every tissue, macrophages have been proposed to play a critical role in the establishment and persistence of the HIV-1 reservoir. Current HIV-1 cure strategies mainly focus on the concept of "shock and kill" to purge the viral reservoir. This approach aims to reactivate viral protein production in latently infected cells, which subsequently are eliminated as a consequence of viral replication, or recognized and killed by the immune system. Macrophage susceptibility to HIV-1 infection is dependent on the local microenvironment, suggesting that molecular pathways directing differentiation and polarization are involved. Current latency reversing agents (LRA) are mainly designed to reactivate the HIV-1 provirus in CD4+ T cells, while their ability to abolish viral latency in macrophages is largely unknown. Moreover, the resistance of macrophages to HIV-1 mediated kill and the presence of infected macrophages in immune privileged regions including the central nervous system (CNS), may pose a barrier to elimination of infected cells by current "shock and kill" strategies. This review focusses on the role of monocytes/macrophages in HIV-1 persistence. We will discuss mechanisms of viral latency and persistence in monocytes/macrophages. Furthermore, the role of these cells in HIV-1 tissue distribution and pathogenesis will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zita Kruize
- Laboratory for Viral Immune Pathogenesis, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Neeltje A Kootstra
- Laboratory for Viral Immune Pathogenesis, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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14
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Li Q, Yin W, Li W, Zhang Z, Zhang X, Zhang XE, Cui Z. Encapsulating Quantum Dots within HIV-1 Virions through Site-Specific Decoration of the Matrix Protein Enables Single Virus Tracking in Live Primary Macrophages. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:7457-7468. [PMID: 30398057 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b02800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Labeling and imaging with quantum dots (QDs) provides powerful tools to visualize viral infection in living cells. Encapsulating QDs within virions represents a novel strategy for virus labeling. Here, we developed infectious HIV-1 virions encapsulating QDs through site-specific decoration of the viral matrix protein (MA) and used them to visualize early infection events in human primary macrophages by single-particle imaging. The MA protein was fused to a biotin acceptor peptide (BAP) tag, biotinylated, complexed with streptavidin-conjugated QDs in live cells, and incorporated into virions during virus assembly. The QD-encapsulated virions were tracked during infection of macrophages at a single particle level. The dynamic dissociation of MA and Vpr was also tracked in real time, and the results demonstrated that MA has multiple dynamic behaviors and functions during virus entry. More importantly, we tracked the dynamic interplay of QD-encapsulated virions with cellular mitochondria in live primary macrophages. We also found that HIV-1 can induce fission of mitochondria during the early phases of infection. In summary, we have constructed a type of QD-encapsulated virus particle and used this technology to further our understanding of the early events of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences , Fujian Normal University , Fujian 350007 , People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - Xian-En Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zongqiang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
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15
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Nikitina E, Larionova I, Choinzonov E, Kzhyshkowska J. Monocytes and Macrophages as Viral Targets and Reservoirs. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2821. [PMID: 30231586 PMCID: PMC6163364 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses manipulate cell biology to utilize monocytes/macrophages as vessels for dissemination, long-term persistence within tissues and virus replication. Viruses enter cells through endocytosis, phagocytosis, macropinocytosis or membrane fusion. These processes play important roles in the mechanisms contributing to the pathogenesis of these agents and in establishing viral genome persistence and latency. Upon viral infection, monocytes respond with an elevated expression of proinflammatory signalling molecules and antiviral responses, as is shown in the case of the influenza, Chikungunya, human herpes and Zika viruses. Human immunodeficiency virus initiates acute inflammation on site during the early stages of infection but there is a shift of M1 to M2 at the later stages of infection. Cytomegalovirus creates a balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory processes by inducing a specific phenotype within the M1/M2 continuum. Despite facilitating inflammation, infected macrophages generally display abolished apoptosis and restricted cytopathic effect, which sustains the virus production. The majority of viruses discussed in this review employ monocytes/macrophages as a repository but certain viruses use these cells for productive replication. This review focuses on viral adaptations to enter monocytes/macrophages, immune escape, reprogramming of infected cells and the response of the host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Nikitina
- Department of Episomal-Persistent DNA in Cancer- and Chronic Diseases, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
- Department of Oncovirology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk 634050, Russia.
- Department of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, Tomsk State University, Tomsk 634050, Russia.
| | - Irina Larionova
- Department of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, Tomsk State University, Tomsk 634050, Russia.
- Department of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk 634050, Russia.
| | - Evgeniy Choinzonov
- Head and Neck Department, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk 634050, Russia.
| | - Julia Kzhyshkowska
- Department of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, Tomsk State University, Tomsk 634050, Russia.
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Heidelberg, Germany.
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16
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Ren Y, Choi E, Zhang K, Chen Y, Ye S, Deng X, Zhang K, Bao X. Detection of Nuclear Protein Profile Changes by Human Metapneumovirus M2-2 Protein Using Quantitative Differential Proteomics. Vaccines (Basel) 2017; 5:vaccines5040045. [PMID: 29207503 PMCID: PMC5748611 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines5040045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a leading cause of lower respiratory infection in pediatric populations globally. This study examined proteomic profile changes in A549 cells infected with hMPV and two attenuated mutants with deleted PDZ domain-binding motif(s) in the M2-2 protein. These motifs are involved in the interruption of antiviral signaling, namely the interaction between the TNF receptor associated factor (TRAF) and mitochondrial antiviral-signaling (MAVS) proteins. The aim of this study was to provide insight into the overall and novel impact of M2-2 motifs on cellular responses via an unbiased comparison. Tandem mass tagging, stable isotope labeling, and high-resolution mass spectrometry were used for quantitative proteomic analysis. Using quantitative proteomics and Venn analysis, 1248 common proteins were detected in all infected samples of both technical sets. Hierarchical clustering of the differentiated proteome displayed distinct proteomic signatures that were controlled by the motif(s). Bioinformatics and experimental analysis confirmed the differentiated proteomes, revealed novel cellular biological events, and implicated key pathways controlled by hMPV M2-2 PDZ domain-binding motif(s). This provides further insight for evaluating M2-2 mutants as potent vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Ren
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Department of Plastic Surgery, TongJi Hospital, TongJi Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430073, China.
| | - Eunjin Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Ke Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA.
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, TongJi Hospital, TongJi Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430073, China.
| | - Sha Ye
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology Ward V, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
| | - Xiaoling Deng
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Kangling Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Xiaoyong Bao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- The Institute of Translational Science, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- The Institute for Human Infections & Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
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17
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SEN SATARUPA, DESHMANE SATISHL, KAMINSKI RAFAL, AMINI SHOHREH, DATTA PRASUNK. Non-Metabolic Role of PKM2 in Regulation of the HIV-1 LTR. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:517-525. [PMID: 27249540 PMCID: PMC5714288 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Identification of cellular proteins, in addition to already known transcription factors such as NF-κB, Sp1, C-EBPβ, NFAT, ATF/CREB, and LEF-1, which interact with the HIV-1 LTR, is critical in understanding the mechanism of HIV-1 replication in monocytes/macrophages. Our studies demonstrate upregulation of pyruvate kinase isoform M2 (PKM2) expression during HIV-1SF162 infection of monocyte/macrophages and reactivation of HIV-1 in U1 cells, a macrophage model of latency. We observed that HIV-1SF162 infection of monocyte/macrophages and reactivation of HIV-1 in U1 cells by PMA resulted in increased levels of nuclear PKM2 compared to PMA-induced U937 cells. Furthermore, there was a significant increase in the nuclear dimeric form of PKM2 in the PMA-induced U1 cells in comparison to PMA-induced U937 cells. We focused on understanding the potential role of PKM2 in HIV-1 LTR transactivation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis in PMA-activated U1 and TZM-bl cells demonstrated the interaction of PKM2 with the HIV-1 LTR. Our studies show that overexpression of PKM2 results in transactivation of HIV-1 LTR-luciferase reporter in U937, U-87 MG, and TZM-bl cells. Using various truncated constructs of the HIV-1 LTR, we mapped the region spanning -120 bp to -80 bp to be essential for PKM2-mediated transactivation. This region contains the NF-κB binding site and deletion of this site attenuated PKM2-mediated activation of HIV-1 LTR. Immunoprecipitation experiments using U1 cell lysates demonstrated a physical interaction between PKM2 and the p65 subunit of NF-κB. These observations demonstrate for the first time that PKM2 is a transcriptional co-activator of HIV-1 LTR. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 517-525, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- SATARUPA SEN
- Department of Neuroscience, Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - SATISH L. DESHMANE
- Department of Neuroscience, Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - RAFAL KAMINSKI
- Department of Neuroscience, Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - SHOHREH AMINI
- Department of Neuroscience, Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - PRASUN K. DATTA
- Department of Neuroscience, Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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18
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Morén C, González-Casacuberta I, Álvarez-Fernández C, Bañó M, Catalán-Garcia M, Guitart-Mampel M, Juárez-Flores DL, Tobías E, Milisenda J, Cardellach F, Gatell JM, Sánchez-Palomino S, Garrabou G. HIV-1 promonocytic and lymphoid cell lines: an in vitro model of in vivo mitochondrial and apoptotic lesion. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 21:402-409. [PMID: 27758070 PMCID: PMC5264141 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To characterize mitochondrial/apoptotic parameters in chronically human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1)-infected promonocytic and lymphoid cells which could be further used as therapeutic targets to test pro-mitochondrial or anti-apoptotic strategies as in vitro cell platforms to deal with HIV-infection. Mitochondrial/apoptotic parameters of U1 promonocytic and ACH2 lymphoid cell lines were compared to those of their uninfected U937 and CEM counterparts. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was quantified by rt-PCR while mitochondrial complex IV (CIV) function was measured by spectrophotometry. Mitochondrial-nuclear encoded subunits II-IV of cytochrome-c-oxidase (COXII-COXIV), respectively, as well as mitochondrial apoptotic events [voltage-dependent-anion-channel-1(VDAC-1)-content and caspase-9 levels] were quantified by western blot, with mitochondrial mass being assessed by spectrophotometry (citrate synthase) and flow cytometry (mitotracker green assay). Mitochondrial membrane potential (JC1-assay) and advanced apoptotic/necrotic events (AnexinV/propidium iodide) were measured by flow cytometry. Significant mtDNA depletion spanning 57.67% (P < 0.01) was found in the U1 promonocytic cells further reflected by a significant 77.43% decrease of mitochondrial CIV activity (P < 0.01). These changes were not significant for the ACH2 lymphoid cell line. COXII and COXIV subunits as well as VDAC-1 and caspase-9 content were sharply decreased in both chronic HIV-1-infected promonocytic and lymphoid cell lines (<0.005 in most cases). In addition, U1 and ACH2 cells showed a trend (moderate in case of ACH2), albeit not significant, to lower levels of depolarized mitochondrial membranes. The present in vitro lymphoid and especially promonocytic HIV model show marked mitochondrial lesion but apoptotic resistance phenotype that has been only partially demonstrated in patients. This model may provide a platform for the characterization of HIV-chronicity, to test novel therapeutic options or to study HIV reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanza Morén
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, Cellex-IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine-University of Barcelona, Internal Medicine Department-Hospital Clínic of Barcelona (HCB), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ingrid González-Casacuberta
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, Cellex-IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine-University of Barcelona, Internal Medicine Department-Hospital Clínic of Barcelona (HCB), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Álvarez-Fernández
- Cellex-IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine-University of Barcelona, Infectious Diseases Unit-Hospital Clínic of Barcelona (HCB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Bañó
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, Cellex-IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine-University of Barcelona, Internal Medicine Department-Hospital Clínic of Barcelona (HCB), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marc Catalán-Garcia
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, Cellex-IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine-University of Barcelona, Internal Medicine Department-Hospital Clínic of Barcelona (HCB), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariona Guitart-Mampel
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, Cellex-IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine-University of Barcelona, Internal Medicine Department-Hospital Clínic of Barcelona (HCB), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana Luz Juárez-Flores
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, Cellex-IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine-University of Barcelona, Internal Medicine Department-Hospital Clínic of Barcelona (HCB), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ester Tobías
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, Cellex-IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine-University of Barcelona, Internal Medicine Department-Hospital Clínic of Barcelona (HCB), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - José Milisenda
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, Cellex-IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine-University of Barcelona, Internal Medicine Department-Hospital Clínic of Barcelona (HCB), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesc Cardellach
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, Cellex-IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine-University of Barcelona, Internal Medicine Department-Hospital Clínic of Barcelona (HCB), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Josep Maria Gatell
- Cellex-IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine-University of Barcelona, Infectious Diseases Unit-Hospital Clínic of Barcelona (HCB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sonsoles Sánchez-Palomino
- Cellex-IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine-University of Barcelona, Infectious Diseases Unit-Hospital Clínic of Barcelona (HCB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Glòria Garrabou
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, Cellex-IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine-University of Barcelona, Internal Medicine Department-Hospital Clínic of Barcelona (HCB), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
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19
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Shin Y, Lim H, Choi BS, Kim KC, Kang C, Bae YS, Yoon CH. Highly activated p53 contributes to selectively increased apoptosis of latently HIV-1 infected cells upon treatment of anticancer drugs. Virol J 2016; 13:141. [PMID: 27527606 PMCID: PMC4986278 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0595-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the successful inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication by combination antiretroviral therapy, cells latently infected with HIV-1 remaining in patients are a major obstacle for eradication of HIV-1 infection. The tumor suppressor factor p53 is activated by HIV-1 infection, and restricts HIV-1 replication. However, a therapeutic strategy based on p53 activity has not been considered for elimination of latently infected cells. Methods Apoptotic cells were analyzed using flow cytometry with anti-annexin A5-FITC Ab and PI staining upon treatment of anticancer drugs. The expression and activation of p53 and apoptotic molecules in latently HIV-1-infected T cells were compared using Western blot analysis. The role of p53 in the anticancer drug treatment-induced apoptosis of cells latently infected with HIV-1 was determined by knock-down experiment using siRNA against p53. Results Upon treatment with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), apoptosis was increased in latently infected ACH2 cells encoding competent p53 compared with uninfected parent A3.01 cells, while the apoptosis of latently infected p53 null J1.1 cells was less than that of uninfected cells. Treatment with 5-FU increased the levels of cleaved caspase-3 and PARP in ACH2 cells compared with uninfected and latently infected p53 null J1.1 cells. The levels of expression and activation of p53 were higher in both latently infected ACH2 and NCHA2 cells than in uninfected cells. Furthermore, the activation levels of p53 in both cells were further increased upon 5-FU treatment. Consistent with p53 status, apoptosis was markedly increased in ACH2 and NCHA2 cells compared with uninfected and latently infected J1.1 cells upon treatment with other anticancer drugs such as doxorubicin and etoposide. Inhibition of p53 in cells with latent HIV-1 infection diminished apoptosis upon 5-FU treatment. Conclusion Evidence described here indicate that when treated with anticancer drugs, apoptosis of cells with latent HIV-1 infection was increased via the p53 activation pathway and may provide information for application of anticancer drugs to selectively eliminate HIV-1 reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- YoungHyun Shin
- Division of AIDS, Center for Immunology and Pathology, Korea National Institute of Health, 187 Osongsaengmyeong 2-ro, Osong-yeup, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 363-951, South Korea
| | - Hoyong Lim
- Division of AIDS, Center for Immunology and Pathology, Korea National Institute of Health, 187 Osongsaengmyeong 2-ro, Osong-yeup, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 363-951, South Korea
| | - Byeong-Sun Choi
- Division of AIDS, Center for Immunology and Pathology, Korea National Institute of Health, 187 Osongsaengmyeong 2-ro, Osong-yeup, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 363-951, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Chang Kim
- Division of AIDS, Center for Immunology and Pathology, Korea National Institute of Health, 187 Osongsaengmyeong 2-ro, Osong-yeup, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 363-951, South Korea
| | - Chun Kang
- Division of AIDS, Center for Immunology and Pathology, Korea National Institute of Health, 187 Osongsaengmyeong 2-ro, Osong-yeup, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 363-951, South Korea
| | - Yong-Soo Bae
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Hee Yoon
- Division of AIDS, Center for Immunology and Pathology, Korea National Institute of Health, 187 Osongsaengmyeong 2-ro, Osong-yeup, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 363-951, South Korea.
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20
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Saxena D, Spino M, Tricta F, Connelly J, Cracchiolo BM, Hanauske AR, D’Alliessi Gandolfi D, Mathews MB, Karn J, Holland B, Park MH, Pe’ery T, Palumbo PE, Hanauske-Abel HM. Drug-Based Lead Discovery: The Novel Ablative Antiretroviral Profile of Deferiprone in HIV-1-Infected Cells and in HIV-Infected Treatment-Naive Subjects of a Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Exploratory Trial. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154842. [PMID: 27191165 PMCID: PMC4871512 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Antiretrovirals suppress HIV-1 production yet spare the sites of HIV-1 production, the HIV-1 DNA-harboring cells that evade immune detection and enable viral resistance on-drug and viral rebound off-drug. Therapeutic ablation of pathogenic cells markedly improves the outcome of many diseases. We extend this strategy to HIV-1 infection. Using drug-based lead discovery, we report the concentration threshold-dependent antiretroviral action of the medicinal chelator deferiprone and validate preclinical findings by a proof-of-concept double-blind trial. In isolate-infected primary cultures, supra-threshold concentrations during deferiprone monotherapy caused decline of HIV-1 RNA and HIV-1 DNA; did not allow viral breakthrough for up to 35 days on-drug, indicating resiliency against viral resistance; and prevented, for at least 87 days off-drug, viral rebound. Displaying a steep dose-effect curve, deferiprone produced infection-independent deficiency of hydroxylated hypusyl-eIF5A. However, unhydroxylated deoxyhypusyl-eIF5A accumulated particularly in HIV-infected cells; they preferentially underwent apoptotic DNA fragmentation. Since the threshold, ascertained at about 150 μM, is achievable in deferiprone-treated patients, we proceeded from cell culture directly to an exploratory trial. HIV-1 RNA was measured after 7 days on-drug and after 28 and 56 days off-drug. Subjects who attained supra-threshold concentrations in serum and completed the protocol of 17 oral doses, experienced a zidovudine-like decline of HIV-1 RNA on-drug that was maintained off-drug without statistically significant rebound for 8 weeks, over 670 times the drug's half-life and thus clearance from circulation. The uniform deferiprone threshold is in agreement with mapping of, and crystallographic 3D-data on, the active site of deoxyhypusyl hydroxylase (DOHH), the eIF5A-hydroxylating enzyme. We propose that deficiency of hypusine-containing eIF5A impedes the translation of mRNAs encoding proline cluster ('polyproline')-containing proteins, exemplified by Gag/p24, and facilitated by the excess of deoxyhypusine-containing eIF5A, releases the innate apoptotic defense of HIV-infected cells from viral blockade, thus depleting the cellular reservoir of HIV-1 DNA that drives breakthrough and rebound. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrial.gov NCT02191657.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Saxena
- Department of Pediatrics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Michael Spino
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- ApoPharma Inc., Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Bernadette M. Cracchiolo
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women’s Health, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Axel-Rainer Hanauske
- Oncology Center and Medical Clinic III, Asklepios Klinik St. Georg, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Michael B. Mathews
- Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Karn
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Bart Holland
- Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Myung Hee Park
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tsafi Pe’ery
- Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Paul E. Palumbo
- Department of Pediatrics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PEP); (HMHA)
| | - Hartmut M. Hanauske-Abel
- Department of Pediatrics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women’s Health, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PEP); (HMHA)
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21
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Saxena M, Busca A, Holcik M, Kumar A. Bacterial DNA Protects Monocytic Cells against HIV-Vpr-Induced Mitochondrial Membrane Depolarization. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:3754-67. [PMID: 26969755 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Monocytes and macrophages are important HIV reservoirs, as they exhibit marked resistance to apoptosis upon infection. However, the mechanism underlying resistance to apoptosis in these cells is poorly understood. Using HIV-viral protein R-52-96 aa peptide (Vpr), we show that primary monocytes and THP-1 cells treated with Vpr are highly susceptible to mitochondrial depolarization, but develop resistance following stimulation with bacterial DNA or CpG oligodeoxynucleotide. We have shown that Vpr-induced mitochondrial depolarization is mediated by TNFR-associated factor-1 (TRAF-1) and TRAF-2 degradation and subsequent activation of caspase-8, Bid, and Bax. To provide the mechanism governing such resistance to mitochondrial depolarization, our results show that prior stimulation with CpG oligodeoxynucleotide or Escherichia coli DNA prevented: 1) TRAF-1/2 downregulation; 2) activation of caspase-8, Bid, and Bax; and 3) subsequent mitochondrial depolarization and release of apoptosis-inducing factor and cytochrome c Furthermore, this protection was mediated by upregulation of antiapoptotic protein (c-IAP-2) through calmodulin-dependent kinase-II activation. Thus, c-IAP-2 may prevent Vpr-mediated mitochondrial depolarization through stabilizing TRAF-1/2 expression and sequential inhibition of caspase-8, Bid, and Bax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansi Saxena
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Aurelia Busca
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Martin Holcik
- Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1, Canada; and
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1, Canada; Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1, Canada; and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1, Canada
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22
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Timilsina U, Gaur R. Modulation of apoptosis and viral latency - an axis to be well understood for successful cure of human immunodeficiency virus. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:813-824. [PMID: 26764023 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the causative agent of the deadly disease AIDS, which is characterized by the progressive decline of CD4(+)T-cells. HIV-1-encoded proteins such as envelope gp120 (glycoprotein gp120), Tat (trans-activator of transcription), Nef (negative regulatory factor), Vpr (viral protein R), Vpu (viral protein unique) and protease are known to be effective in modulating host cell signalling pathways that lead to an alteration in apoptosis of both HIV-infected and uninfected bystander cells. Depending on the stage of the virus life cycle and host cell type, these viral proteins act as mediators of pro- or anti-apoptotic signals. HIV latency in viral reservoirs is a persistent phenomenon that has remained beyond the control of the human immune system. To cure HIV infections completely, it is crucial to reactivate latent HIV from cellular pools and to drive these apoptosis-resistant cells towards death. Several previous studies have reported the role of HIV-encoded proteins in apoptosis modulation, but the molecular basis for apoptosis evasion of some chronically HIV-infected cells and reactivated latently HIV-infected cells still needs to be elucidated. The current review summarizes our present understanding of apoptosis modulation in HIV-infected cells, uninfected bystander cells and latently infected cells, with a focus on highlighting strategies to activate the apoptotic pathway to kill latently infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uddhav Timilsina
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi- 110021, India
| | - Ritu Gaur
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi- 110021, India
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23
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Sen S, Kaminiski R, Deshmane S, Langford D, Khalili K, Amini S, Datta PK. Role of hexokinase-1 in the survival of HIV-1-infected macrophages. Cell Cycle 2015; 14:980-9. [PMID: 25602755 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1006971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses have developed various strategies to protect infected cells from apoptosis. HIV-1 infected macrophages are long-lived and considered reservoirs for HIV-1. One significant deciding factor between cell survival and cell death is glucose metabolism. We hypothesized that HIV-1 protects infected macrophages from apoptosis in part by modulating the host glycolytic pathway specifically by regulating hexokinase-1 (HK-1) an enzyme that converts glucose to glucose-6-phosphate. Therefore, we analyzed the regulation of HK-1 in HIV-1 infected PBMCs, and in a chronically HIV-1 infected monocyte-like cell line, U1. Our results demonstrate that HIV-1 induces a robust increase in HK-1 expression. Surprisingly, hexokinase enzymatic activity was significantly inhibited in HIV-1 infected PBMCs and in PMA differentiated U1 cells. Interestingly, we observed increased levels of mitochondria-bound HK-1 in PMA induced U1 cells and in the HIV-1 accessory protein, viral protein R (Vpr) transduced U937 cell derived macrophages. Dissociation of HK-1 from mitochondria in U1 cells using a pharmacological agent, clotrimazole (CTZ) induced mitochondrial membrane depolarization and caspase-3/7 mediated apoptosis. Dissociation of HK-1 from mitochondria in Vpr transduced U937 also activated caspase-3/7 activity. These observations indicate that HK-1 plays a non-metabolic role in HIV-1 infected macrophages by binding to mitochondria thereby maintaining mitochondrial integrity. These results suggest that targeting the interaction of HK-1 with the mitochondria to induce apoptosis in persistently infected macrophages may prove beneficial in purging the macrophage HIV reservoir.
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Key Words
- COXIV, Cytochrome c oxidase subunit IV
- CTZ, Clotrimazole
- G-6-P, glucose-6-phosphate
- G6PD, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
- HIV-1
- HK-1, Hexokinase-1
- M-CSF, macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- OMM, outer mitochondrial membrane
- VDAC, voltage-dependent anion channel
- Vpr, viral protein R
- apoptosis, glucose metabolism
- cART, combination antiretroviral therapy
- hexokinase
- macrophage
- mitochondria
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Affiliation(s)
- Satarupa Sen
- a Department of Biology ; College of Science and Technology ; Temple University ; Philadelphia , PA USA
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24
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Lata S, Ali A, Sood V, Raja R, Banerjea AC. HIV-1 Rev downregulates Tat expression and viral replication via modulation of NAD(P)H:quinine oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1). Nat Commun 2015; 6:7244. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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25
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Khan SZ, Hand N, Zeichner SL. Apoptosis-induced activation of HIV-1 in latently infected cell lines. Retrovirology 2015; 12:42. [PMID: 25980942 PMCID: PMC4469242 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-015-0169-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite much work, safe and effective approaches to attack and deplete the long-lived reservoir of cells latently infected with HIV-1 remain an elusive goal. Patients infected with HIV-1 treated with cytotoxic agents or bone marrow transplantation can experience decreases in the reservoir of HIV-1 latently infected cells. Other viruses capable of long-term latency, such as herpesviruses, can sense host cell apoptosis and respond by initiating replication. These observations suggest that other viruses capable of long-term latency, like HIV-1, might also sense when its host cell is about to undergo apoptosis and respond by initiating replication. Results Pro-monocytic (U1) and lymphoid (ACH-2) HIV-1 persistently infected cell lines were treated with cytotoxic drugs – doxorubicin, etoposide, fludarabine phosphate, or vincristine – and activation of latent HIV-1 was evaluated using assays for HIV-1 RNA and p24 production. Both cell lines showed dose-dependent increases in apoptosis and associated HIV-1 activation following exposure to the cytotoxic agents. Pretreatment of the cells with the pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK prior to exposure to the cytotoxic agents inhibited apoptosis and viral activation. Direct exposure of the latently infected cell lines to activated caspases also induced viral replication. HIV-1 virions produced in association with host cell apoptosis were infectious. Conclusions The results indicate that latent HIV-1 can sense when its host cell is undergoing apoptosis and responds by completing its replication cycle. The results may help explain why patients treated with cytotoxic regimens for bone marrow transplantation showed reductions in the reservoir of latently infected cells. The results also suggest that the mechanisms that HIV-1 uses to sense and respond to host cell apoptosis signals may represent helpful new targets for approaches to attack and deplete the long-lived reservoir of cells latently infected with HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohrab Z Khan
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Nicholas Hand
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Steven L Zeichner
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA. .,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, The George Washington University, School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA.
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26
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Bhaskar A, Munshi M, Khan SZ, Fatima S, Arya R, Jameel S, Singh A. Measuring glutathione redox potential of HIV-1-infected macrophages. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:1020-38. [PMID: 25406321 PMCID: PMC4294471 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.588913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Redox signaling plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1). The majority of HIV redox research relies on measuring redox stress using invasive technologies, which are unreliable and do not provide information about the contributions of subcellular compartments. A major technological leap emerges from the development of genetically encoded redox-sensitive green fluorescent proteins (roGFPs), which provide sensitive and compartment-specific insights into redox homeostasis. Here, we exploited a roGFP-based specific bioprobe of glutathione redox potential (EGSH; Grx1-roGFP2) and measured subcellular changes in EGSH during various phases of HIV-1 infection using U1 monocytic cells (latently infected U937 cells with HIV-1). We show that although U937 and U1 cells demonstrate significantly reduced cytosolic and mitochondrial EGSH (approximately −310 mV), active viral replication induces substantial oxidative stress (EGSH more than −240 mV). Furthermore, exposure to a physiologically relevant oxidant, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), induces significant deviations in subcellular EGSH between U937 and U1, which distinctly modulates susceptibility to apoptosis. Using Grx1-roGFP2, we demonstrate that a marginal increase of about ∼25 mV in EGSH is sufficient to switch HIV-1 from latency to reactivation, raising the possibility of purging HIV-1 by redox modulators without triggering detrimental changes in cellular physiology. Importantly, we show that bioactive lipids synthesized by clinical drug-resistant isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis reactivate HIV-1 through modulation of intracellular EGSH. Finally, the expression analysis of U1 and patient peripheral blood mononuclear cells demonstrated a major recalibration of cellular redox homeostatic pathways during persistence and active replication of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashima Bhaskar
- From the Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease and Research, Indian Institute of Sciences, Bangalore 560012
| | - MohamedHusen Munshi
- From the Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease and Research, Indian Institute of Sciences, Bangalore 560012, the Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 25, India
| | - Sohrab Zafar Khan
- the International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110 67, and
| | - Sadaf Fatima
- the Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 25, India
| | - Rahul Arya
- the International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110 67, and
| | - Shahid Jameel
- the International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110 67, and
| | - Amit Singh
- From the Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease and Research, Indian Institute of Sciences, Bangalore 560012,
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27
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Kumar A, Abbas W, Herbein G. HIV-1 latency in monocytes/macrophages. Viruses 2014; 6:1837-60. [PMID: 24759213 PMCID: PMC4014723 DOI: 10.3390/v6041837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) targets CD4+ T cells and cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage. HIV pathogenesis is characterized by the depletion of T lymphocytes and by the presence of a population of cells in which latency has been established called the HIV-1 reservoir. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has significantly improved the life of HIV-1 infected patients. However, complete eradication of HIV-1 from infected individuals is not possible without targeting latent sources of infection. HIV-1 establishes latent infection in resting CD4+ T cells and findings indicate that latency can also be established in the cells of monocyte/macrophage lineage. Monocyte/macrophage lineage includes among others, monocytes, macrophages and brain resident macrophages. These cells are relatively more resistant to apoptosis induced by HIV-1, thus are important stable hideouts of the virus. Much effort has been made in the direction of eliminating HIV-1 resting CD4+ T-cell reservoirs. However, it is impossible to achieve a cure for HIV-1 without considering these neglected latent reservoirs, the cells of monocyte/macrophage lineage. In this review we will describe our current understanding of the mechanism of latency in monocyte/macrophage lineage and how such cells can be specifically eliminated from the infected host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- UPRES EA4266, SFR FED 4234, Pathogens and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Virology, CHRU Besançon, University of Franche-Comte, F-25030 Besançon, France.
| | - Wasim Abbas
- UPRES EA4266, SFR FED 4234, Pathogens and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Virology, CHRU Besançon, University of Franche-Comte, F-25030 Besançon, France.
| | - Georges Herbein
- UPRES EA4266, SFR FED 4234, Pathogens and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Virology, CHRU Besançon, University of Franche-Comte, F-25030 Besançon, France.
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28
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Peraire J, Viladés C, Pacheco YM, López-Dupla M, Domingo P, Gutiérrez M, Rosado I, Leal M, Richart C, Vidal F. Evaluation of the pharmacogenetics of immune recovery in treated HIV-infected patients. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2013; 10:81-101. [PMID: 24256435 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2014.854330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Combination antiretroviral therapy has markedly improved the survival rate and quality of life in patients infected with HIV due to the powerful suppressor effect that current antiretroviral drugs have on the viral load. Consequently, the immune system undergoes a substantial qualitative and quantitative improvement; and this leads to an increase in the absolute CD4(+) T-lymphocyte count and the restoration of lost T-cell responses against certain opportunistic pathogens. Unfortunately, not all patients who successfully suppress plasma viremia experience sufficient CD4(+) T-cell gain and these patients, in turn, are associated with worse outcomes. Pharmacogenetic studies have been used to investigate how a patient's genetic predisposition may affect their response to antiretroviral drugs. AREAS COVERED This article reviews the investigations that have been published on the association between host genetic determinants of CD4(+) T-cell gain in treated HIV-infected patients. Studies were identified through a PubMed database search. Longitudinal studies into pharmacogenetic association were specifically selected. EXPERT OPINION While the possibility of genetic predisposition to HIV therapeutics has potential, most studies provide inconsistent data. Inconsistency is often due to partial genetic evaluation, different categorization of poor immune recovery or due to small numbers of patients evaluated. Currently, studies still belong to the research laboratory stage and more studies are required to improve our understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim Peraire
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili , Tarragona , Spain +0034977295833 ; +0034977295833 ;
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29
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Hanauske-Abel HM, Saxena D, Palumbo PE, Hanauske AR, Luchessi AD, Cambiaghi TD, Hoque M, Spino M, Gandolfi DD, Heller DS, Singh S, Park MH, Cracchiolo BM, Tricta F, Connelly J, Popowicz AM, Cone RA, Holland B, Pe’ery T, Mathews MB. Drug-induced reactivation of apoptosis abrogates HIV-1 infection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74414. [PMID: 24086341 PMCID: PMC3781084 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 blocks apoptosis, programmed cell death, an innate defense of cells against viral invasion. However, apoptosis can be selectively reactivated in HIV-infected cells by chemical agents that interfere with HIV-1 gene expression. We studied two globally used medicines, the topical antifungal ciclopirox and the iron chelator deferiprone, for their effect on apoptosis in HIV-infected H9 cells and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells infected with clinical HIV-1 isolates. Both medicines activated apoptosis preferentially in HIV-infected cells, suggesting that the drugs mediate escape from the viral suppression of defensive apoptosis. In infected H9 cells, ciclopirox and deferiprone enhanced mitochondrial membrane depolarization, initiating the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis to execution, as evidenced by caspase-3 activation, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase proteolysis, DNA degradation, and apoptotic cell morphology. In isolate-infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells, ciclopirox collapsed HIV-1 production to the limit of viral protein and RNA detection. Despite prolonged monotherapy, ciclopirox did not elicit breakthrough. No viral re-emergence was observed even 12 weeks after drug cessation, suggesting elimination of the proviral reservoir. Tests in mice predictive for cytotoxicity to human epithelia did not detect tissue damage or activation of apoptosis at a ciclopirox concentration that exceeded by orders of magnitude the concentration causing death of infected cells. We infer that ciclopirox and deferiprone act via therapeutic reclamation of apoptotic proficiency (TRAP) in HIV-infected cells and trigger their preferential elimination. Perturbations in viral protein expression suggest that the antiretroviral activity of both drugs stems from their ability to inhibit hydroxylation of cellular proteins essential for apoptosis and for viral infection, exemplified by eIF5A. Our findings identify ciclopirox and deferiprone as prototypes of selectively cytocidal antivirals that eliminate viral infection by destroying infected cells. A drug-based drug discovery program, based on these compounds, is warranted to determine the potential of such agents in clinical trials of HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut M. Hanauske-Abel
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Women’s Health, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Deepti Saxena
- Department of Pediatrics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Paul E. Palumbo
- Department of Pediatrics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Axel-Rainer Hanauske
- Oncology Center and Medical Clinic III, Asklepios Clinic St. George, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Augusto D. Luchessi
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Tavane D. Cambiaghi
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Mainul Hoque
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Michael Spino
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- ApoPharma Inc., Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Debra S. Heller
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Sukhwinder Singh
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Myung Hee Park
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute for Dental and Craniofacial Research, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bernadette M. Cracchiolo
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Women’s Health, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | | | | | - Anthony M. Popowicz
- Department of Information Technology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Richard A. Cone
- Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bart Holland
- Department of Preventive Medicine & Community Health, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Tsafi Pe’ery
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Michael B. Mathews
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
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Cummins NW, Badley AD. Anti-apoptotic mechanisms of HIV: lessons and novel approaches to curing HIV. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:3355-63. [PMID: 23275944 PMCID: PMC3753464 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1239-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2012] [Revised: 11/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Past efforts at curing infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have been blocked by the resistance of some infected cells to viral cytopathic effects and the associated development of a latent viral reservoir. Furthermore, current efforts to clear the viral reservoir by means of reactivating latent virus are hampered by the lack of cell death in the newly productively infected cells. The purpose of this review is to describe the many anti-apoptotic mechanisms of HIV, as well as the current limitations in the field. Only by understanding how infected cells avoid HIV-induced cell death can an effective strategy to kill infected cells be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan W Cummins
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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31
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Badley AD, Sainski A, Wightman F, Lewin SR. Altering cell death pathways as an approach to cure HIV infection. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e718. [PMID: 23846220 PMCID: PMC3730421 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent cases of successful control of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) by bone marrow transplant in combination with suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART) and very early initiation of ART have provided proof of concept that HIV infection might now be cured. Current efforts focusing on gene therapy, boosting HIV-specific immunity, reducing inflammation and activation of latency have all been the subject of recent excellent reviews. We now propose an additional avenue of research towards a cure for HIV: targeting HIV apoptosis regulatory pathways. The central enigma of HIV disease is that HIV infection kills most of the CD4 T cells that it infects, but those cells that are spared subsequently become a latent reservoir for HIV against which current medications are ineffective. We propose that if strategies could be devised which would favor the death of all cells which HIV infects, or if all latently infected cells that release HIV would succumb to viral-induced cytotoxicity, then these approaches combined with effective ART to prevent spreading infection, would together result in a cure for HIV. This premise is supported by observations in other viral systems where the relationship between productive infection, apoptosis resistance, and the development of latency or persistence has been established. Therefore we propose that research focused at understanding the mechanisms by which HIV induces apoptosis of infected cells, and ways that some cells escape the pro-apoptotic effects of productive HIV infection are critical to devising novel and rational approaches to cure HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Badley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Fernandes ATG, da Rocha NP, Avvad E, Grinsztejn BJ, Russomano F, Tristão A, Quintana MDSB, Perez MA, Conceição-Silva F, Bonecini-Almeida MDG. Balance of apoptotic and anti-apoptotic marker and perforin granule release in squamous intraepithelial lesions. HIV infection leads to a decrease in perforin degranulation. Exp Mol Pathol 2013; 95:166-73. [PMID: 23791892 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cell-mediated cytotoxicity plays an important role in the regulation to HPV-associated cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. HIV co-infection is related to poorer prognosis and more rapid clinical progression to cancer. We evaluated the presence of cervical inflammatory cells, apoptotic (Bax, Bcl-2, FasL, NOS2, perforin) markers and the degranulating expressing cell marker (CD107a) in low and high squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL and HSIL, respectively) from HIV-negative and -positive women. Higher percentage of cervical CD4(+), CD8(+) T cells and macrophage were observed in LSIL and HSIL groups when compared with control, especially in epithelium and basal layer of epithelium. However, progression from LSIL to HSIL did not change the frequency of inflammatory cells. HIV-infection lead to a reduction on cervical CD4(+) T cell infiltration and an increased CD8(+) T cell distribution in LSIL groups. A balance between pro- and anti-apoptotic protein expressions was verified. Bax-expressing cells were present in all groups and were rarely expressed in keratinocytes in the epithelium in LSIL and control groups, but notably decreased in HSIL group. However, its frequency was enhanced in the basal layer of the epithelium meanly in LSIL group. Bcl2-expressing cells in the epithelium and the stroma were enhanced in HSIL group when compared with LSIL group. HIV-infection did not interfere in both expressions NOS2 expression was located on keratinocytes in both LSIL and HSIL groups when compared with control group. There were few FasL cervical expressing cells in all groups. Indeed, perforin was identified in few cervical cells. However, CD107a, a surface marker for cellular degranulation was significantly higher in epithelium, basal layer of epithelium and stroma in LSIL and HSIL, respectively, when compared with control group. These results support that HIV infection may induce reduction on inflammatory cervical cell degranulation corroborating to carcinogenesis process. This is the first description on the role of HIV in downregulation of perforin degranulation in the cervical lesions and it might be related to carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Teresa G Fernandes
- Laboratory of Immunology and Immunogenetic in Infectious Diseases at Evandro Chagas Clinical Research Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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López-Huertas MR, Mateos E, Sánchez Del Cojo M, Gómez-Esquer F, Díaz-Gil G, Rodríguez-Mora S, López JA, Calvo E, López-Campos G, Alcamí J, Coiras M. The presence of HIV-1 Tat protein second exon delays fas protein-mediated apoptosis in CD4+ T lymphocytes: a potential mechanism for persistent viral production. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:7626-7644. [PMID: 23364796 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.408294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 replication is efficiently controlled by the regulator protein Tat (101 amino acids) and codified by two exons, although the first exon (1-72 amino acids) is sufficient for this process. Tat can be released to the extracellular medium, acting as a soluble pro-apoptotic factor in neighboring cells. However, HIV-1-infected CD4(+) T lymphocytes show a higher resistance to apoptosis. We observed that the intracellular expression of Tat delayed FasL-mediated apoptosis in both peripheral blood lymphocytes and Jurkat cells, as it is an essential pathway to control T cell homeostasis during immune activation. Jurkat-Tat cells showed impairment in the activation of caspase-8, deficient release of mitochondrial cytochrome c, and delayed activation of both caspase-9 and -3. This protection was due to a profound deregulation of proteins that stabilized the mitochondrial membrane integrity, such as heat shock proteins, prohibitin, or nucleophosmin, as well as to the up-regulation of NF-κB-dependent anti-apoptotic proteins, such as BCL2, c-FLIPS, XIAP, and C-IAP2. These effects were observed in Jurkat expressing full-length Tat (Jurkat-Tat101) but not in Jurkat expressing the first exon of Tat (Jurkat-Tat72), proving that the second exon, and particularly the NF-κB-related motif ESKKKVE, was necessary for Tat-mediated protection against FasL apoptosis. Accordingly, the protection exerted by Tat was independent of its function as a regulator of both viral transcription and elongation. Moreover, these data proved that HIV-1 could have developed strategies to delay FasL-mediated apoptosis in infected CD4(+) T lymphocytes through the expression of Tat, thus favoring the persistent replication of HIV-1 in infected T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Rosa López-Huertas
- Unidad de Inmunopatología del SIDA, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Elena Mateos
- Unidad de Inmunopatología del SIDA, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain
| | - María Sánchez Del Cojo
- Unidad de Inmunopatología del SIDA, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Francisco Gómez-Esquer
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Díaz-Gil
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Rodríguez-Mora
- Unidad de Inmunopatología del SIDA, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio López
- Unidad de Proteómica, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Calvo
- Unidad de Proteómica, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo López-Campos
- Health and Biomedical Informatics Research Unit, Melbourne Medical School, 3010 Melbourne, Australia
| | - José Alcamí
- Unidad de Inmunopatología del SIDA, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Mayte Coiras
- Unidad de Inmunopatología del SIDA, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain.
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HIV-1 induces telomerase activity in monocyte-derived macrophages, possibly safeguarding one of its reservoirs. J Virol 2012; 86:10327-37. [PMID: 22787205 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01495-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) are widely distributed in all tissues and organs, including the central nervous system, where they represent the main part of HIV-infected cells. In contrast to activated CD4(+) T lymphocytes, MDM are resistant to cytopathic effects and survive HIV infection for a long period of time. The molecular mechanisms of how HIV is able to persist in macrophages are not fully elucidated yet. In this context, we have studied the effect of in vitro HIV-1 infection on telomerase activity (TA), telomere length, and DNA damage. Infection resulted in a significant induction of TA. This increase was directly proportional to the efficacy of HIV infection and was found in both nuclear and cytoplasmic extracts, while neither UV light-inactivated HIV nor exogenous addition of the viral protein Tat or gp120 affected TA. Furthermore, TA was not modified during monocyte-macrophage differentiation, MDM activation, or infection with vaccinia virus. HIV infection did not affect telomere length. However, HIV-infected MDM showed less DNA damage after oxidative stress than noninfected MDM, and this resistance was also increased by overexpressing telomerase alone. Taken together, our results suggest that HIV induces TA in MDM and that this induction might contribute to cellular protection against oxidative stress, which could be considered a viral strategy to make macrophages better suited as longer-lived, more resistant viral reservoirs. In the light of the clinical development of telomerase inhibitors as anticancer therapeutics, inhibition of TA in HIV-infected macrophages might also represent a novel therapeutic target against viral reservoirs.
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Busca A, Saxena M, Kryworuchko M, Kumar A. Anti-apoptotic genes in the survival of monocytic cells during infection. Curr Genomics 2011; 10:306-17. [PMID: 20119528 PMCID: PMC2729995 DOI: 10.2174/138920209788920967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2009] [Revised: 05/06/2009] [Accepted: 06/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are cells of the immune system that protect organisms against invading pathogens by fulfilling critical roles in innate and adaptive immunity and inflammation. They originate from circulating monocytes and show a high degree of heterogeneity, which reflects the specialization of function given by different anatomical locations. Differentiation of monocytes towards a macrophage phenotype is also accompanied by an increase of resistance against various apoptotic stimuli, a required characteristic that allows macrophages to accomplish their function in a stressful environment. Apoptosis, a form of programmed cell death, is a tightly regulated process, needed to maintain homeostasis by balancing proliferation with cellular demise. Caspases, a family of cysteine proteases that are highly conserved in multicellular organisms, function as central regulators of apoptosis. FLIP (FLICE-inhibitory protein), anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl2 family and inhibitors of apoptosis (IAP) are the main three groups of anti-apoptotic genes that counteract caspase activation through both the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways. Modulation of the apoptotic machinery during viral and bacterial infections, as well as in various malignancies, is a wellestablished mechanism that promotes the survival of affected cells. The involvement of anti-apoptotic genes in the survival of monocytes/macrophages, either physiological or pathological, will be described in this review. How viral and bacterial infections that target cells of the monocytic lineage affect the expression of anti-apoptotic genes is important in understanding the pathological mechanisms that lead to manifested disease. The latest therapeutic approaches that target anti-apoptotic genes will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelia Busca
- Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Research Institute, Division of Virology
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Hollenbaugh JA, Munger J, Kim B. Metabolite profiles of human immunodeficiency virus infected CD4+ T cells and macrophages using LC-MS/MS analysis. Virology 2011; 415:153-9. [PMID: 21565377 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infects both activated CD4+ T cells and macrophages. We tested if liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) technology can monitor metabolic alterations induced by HIV-1 in the infected cells. Here we monitored glucose uptake and conducted LC-MS/MS-based metabolomic analysis in HIV-1 infected primary human CD4+ T cells and a macrophage model system: differentiated U1 (HIV-1 producing) and differentiated U937 (control) cells. HIV-1 infected CD4+ T cells have higher glucose uptake and increases in several metabolite pool sizes, whereas HIV-1 producing macrophages had substantial reductions in glucose uptake and steady state glycolytic intermediates. This data suggests that the two HIV-1 target cell types exhibit very different metabolic outcomes during viral production. This study also validates the LC-MS/MS technology as an effective metabolomic approach to monitor various metabolic alterations made by HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Hollenbaugh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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Février M, Dorgham K, Rebollo A. CD4+ T cell depletion in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection: role of apoptosis. Viruses 2011; 3:586-612. [PMID: 21994747 PMCID: PMC3185763 DOI: 10.3390/v3050586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Revised: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is principally a mucosal disease and the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is the major site of HIV replication. Loss of CD4+ T cells and systemic immune hyperactivation are the hallmarks of HIV infection. The end of acute infection is associated with the emergence of specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses and the establishment of a chronic phase of infection. Abnormal levels of immune activation and inflammation persist despite a low steady state level of viremia. Although the causes of persistent immune hyperactivation remain incompletely characterized, physiological alterations of gastrointestinal tract probably play a major role. Failure to restore Th17 cells in gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) might impair the recovery of the gut mucosal barrier. This review discusses recent advances on understanding the contribution of CD4+ T cell depletion to HIV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle Février
- Unité Génomique Virale et Vaccination, CNRS URA3015, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
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Kogan M, Rappaport J. HIV-1 accessory protein Vpr: relevance in the pathogenesis of HIV and potential for therapeutic intervention. Retrovirology 2011; 8:25. [PMID: 21489275 PMCID: PMC3090340 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-8-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The HIV protein, Vpr, is a multifunctional accessory protein critical for efficient viral infection of target CD4+ T cells and macrophages. Vpr is incorporated into virions and functions to transport the preintegration complex into the nucleus where the process of viral integration into the host genome is completed. This action is particularly important in macrophages, which as a result of their terminal differentiation and non-proliferative status, would be otherwise more refractory to HIV infection. Vpr has several other critical functions including activation of HIV-1 LTR transcription, cell-cycle arrest due to DCAF-1 binding, and both direct and indirect contributions to T-cell dysfunction. The interactions of Vpr with molecular pathways in the context of macrophages, on the other hand, support accumulation of a persistent reservoir of HIV infection in cells of the myeloid lineage. The role of Vpr in the virus life cycle, as well as its effects on immune cells, appears to play an important role in the immune pathogenesis of AIDS and the development of HIV induced end-organ disease. In view of the pivotal functions of Vpr in virus infection, replication, and persistence of infection, this protein represents an attractive target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kogan
- Department of Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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The CD14(+/low)CD16(+) monocyte subset is more susceptible to spontaneous and oxidant-induced apoptosis than the CD14(+)CD16(-) subset. Cell Death Dis 2010; 1:e95. [PMID: 21368871 PMCID: PMC3032320 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2010.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human monocytes can be classified into two subsets with distinctive characteristics. In this study, we report a difference in apoptotic potential between these two subsets with CD14+/lowCD16+ monocytes being more susceptible than CD14+CD16− monocytes to undergo spontaneous apoptosis and apoptosis induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS). By global transcriptomic and proteomic approaches, we observed that CD14+/lowCD16+ monocytes expressed higher levels of pro-apoptotic genes and proteins such as TNFα, caspase 3, Bax and cytochrome c and showed more caspases 3 and 7 activities. They also exhibited greater aerobic respiration resulting in a higher production of ROS from the mitochondria. CD14+CD16− monocytes, in contrast, showed higher expression of glutathione (GSH)-metabolizing genes such as GSH peroxidase and microsomal GSH S-transferase and were more resistant to oxidative stress than CD14+/lowCD16+ monocytes. The apoptosis of CD14+/lowCD16+ monocytes was ROS dependent as reducing ROS levels significantly reduced cell death. This is the first report of a differential apoptotic propensity of human monocyte subsets, and gaining a better understanding of this process may help to provide a better understanding of the roles of these subsets during homeostasis and under pathological conditions, particularly in situations in which high levels of oxidants are present.
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Inhibition of HIV-1 replication by small interfering RNAs directed against glioma pathogenesis related protein (GliPR) expression. Retrovirology 2010; 7:26. [PMID: 20356381 PMCID: PMC2859388 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-7-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously, we showed that glioma pathogenesis related protein (GliPR) is induced in CEM T cells upon HIV-1 infection in vitro. To examine whether GliPR plays a role as HIV dependency factor (HDF), we tested the effect of GliPR suppression by siRNA on HIV-1 replication. RESULTS Induction of GliPR expression by HIV-1 was confirmed in P4-CCR5 cells. When GliPR was suppressed by siRNA, HIV-1 replication was significantly reduced as measured by HIV-1 transcript levels, HIV-1 p24 protein levels, and HIV-1 LTR-driven reporter gene expression, suggesting that GliPR is a cellular co-factor of HIV-1. Microarray analysis of uninfected HeLa cells following knockdown of GliPR revealed, among a multitude of gene expression alterations, a down-regulation of syndecan-1, syndecan-2, protein kinase C alpha (PRKCA), the catalytic subunit beta of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PRKACB), nuclear receptor co-activator 3 (NCOA3), and cell surface protein CD59 (protectin), all genes having relevance for HIV-1 pathology. CONCLUSIONS The up-regulation of GliPR by HIV-1 and the early significant inhibition of HIV-1 replication mediated by knockdown of GliPR reveal GliPR as an important HIV-1 dependency factor (HDF), which may be exploited for HIV-1 inhibition.
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Poonia B, Pauza CD, Salvato MS. Role of the Fas/FasL pathway in HIV or SIV disease. Retrovirology 2009; 6:91. [PMID: 19832988 PMCID: PMC2772842 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus disease involves progressive destruction of host immunity leading to opportunistic infections and increased rates for malignancies. Both depletion in immune cell numbers as well as defects in their effector functions are responsible for this immunodeficiency The broad impact of HIV reflects a similarly broad pattern of cell depletion including subsets that do not express viral receptors or support viral replication. Indirect cell killing, the destruction of uninfected cells, is due partly to activation of the Fas/FasL system for cell death. This death-signaling pathway is induced during HIV disease and contributes significantly to viral pathogenesis and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawna Poonia
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 725 W Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Abstract
MAC (mitochondrial apoptosis-induced channel) forms in the mitochondrial outer membrane and unleashes cytochrome c to orchestrate the execution of the cell. MAC opening is the commitment step of intrinsic apoptosis. Hence closure of MAC may prevent apoptosis. Compounds that blocked the release of fluorescein from liposomes by recombinant Bax were tested for their ability to directly close MAC and suppress apoptosis in FL5.12 cells. Low doses of these compounds (IC50 values ranged from 19 to 966 nM) irreversibly closed MAC. These compounds also blocked cytochrome c release and halted the onset of apoptotic markers normally induced by IL-3 (interleukin-3) deprivation or staurosporine. Our results reveal the tight link among MAC activity, cytochrome c release and apoptotic death, and indicate this mitochondrial channel is a promising therapeutic target.
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Sternfeld T, Tischleder A, Schuster M, Bogner JR. Mitochondrial membrane potential and apoptosis of blood mononuclear cells in untreated HIV-1 infected patients. HIV Med 2009; 10:512-9. [PMID: 19496834 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2009.00723.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Infection with HIV leads to progressive CD4 T-cell loss, resulting in AIDS. Apoptosis is the main mechanism for the loss of infected and bystander cells, but the complex interacting factors inducing and inhibiting apoptosis are not fully understood. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a pivotal step of the apoptotic cascade and can result in reduced mitochondrial membrane potential. METHODS The mitochondrial membrane potential of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was measured by flow cytometry using the dye JC-1 (Molecular Probes Inc). Apoptotic cells were identified using the Annexin V assay (Becton Dickinson GmbH). RESULTS The mitochondrial membrane potential of PBMC was significantly decreased and apoptotic cell rate was increased in HIV-infected therapy-naïve patients compared with HIV-negative controls. There was a highly significant correlation between the mitochondrial membrane potential and the rate of apoptosis. CD4 cell count was correlated negatively to the apoptotic rate and positively to the mitochondrial membrane potential. CONCLUSIONS The JC-1 assay is a sensitive tool to detect changes of mitochondrial membrane potential associated with apoptosis in HIV-infected therapy-naïve patients. We could show in vivo that a reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential is correlated to apoptosis of PBMC, CD4 cell count and HIV viral load during HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Sternfeld
- II Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Infektionsambulanz, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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Olivares I, Ballester A, Lombardia L, Dominguez O, López-Galíndez C. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 chronic infection is associated with different gene expression in MT-4, H9 and U937 cell lines. Virus Res 2008; 139:22-31. [PMID: 19000723 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2008.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2008] [Revised: 09/18/2008] [Accepted: 09/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
To investigate cellular factors involved in HIV-1 chronic infection, three cell lines chronically infected with the same HIV-1 viral isolate (s61) were studied by cDNA microarray analysis. Two T cell lines, H61 and M61, showed the characteristics of a persistent infection whereas U61 cell line displayed a latent infection pattern. Analysis of genes with altered expression in the three cell lines revealed evidence of apoptosis control by up-regulation of anti-apoptotic genes and down-regulation of pro-apoptotic genes. In addition, cell cycle control was affected in the two persistent T cell lines particularly through the down-regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (CDKN1A/p21). Moreover, each cell line showed specific characteristics, like in M61 cells, genes related with cellular activation and with cell migration and motility. In U61 cells, genes associated with immune response were activated. Genes with altered expression in our experiments, and not previously related with HIV such as ANXA 1 or CFLAR were detected and validated. This work revealed that different cell mechanism such as control of apoptosis and cell cycle are important for "in vitro" HIV-1 chronic infections, and discovered new genes previously not related with HIV-1 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Olivares
- Servicio de Virología Molecular, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera de Pozuelo Km 2, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain
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