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Utrilla-Trigo S, Jiménez-Cabello L, Marín-López A, Illescas-Amo M, Andrés G, Calvo-Pinilla E, Lorenzo G, van Rijn PA, Ortego J, Nogales A. Engineering recombinant replication-competent bluetongue viruses expressing reporter genes for in vitro and non-invasive in vivo studies. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0249323. [PMID: 38353566 PMCID: PMC10923215 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02493-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is the causative agent of the important livestock disease bluetongue (BT), which is transmitted via Culicoides bites. BT causes severe economic losses associated with its considerable impact on health and trade of animals. By reverse genetics, we have designed and rescued reporter-expressing recombinant (r)BTV expressing NanoLuc luciferase (NLuc) or Venus fluorescent protein. To generate these viruses, we custom synthesized a modified viral segment 5 encoding NS1 protein with the reporter genes located downstream and linked by the Porcine teschovirus-1 (PTV-1) 2A autoproteolytic cleavage site. Therefore, fluorescent signal or luciferase activity is only detected after virus replication and expression of non-structural proteins. Fluorescence or luminescence signals were detected in cells infected with rBTV/Venus or rBTV/NLuc, respectively. Moreover, the marking of NS2 protein confirmed that reporter genes were only expressed in BTV-infected cells. Growth kinetics of rBTV/NLuc and rBTV/Venus in Vero cells showed replication rates similar to those of wild-type and rBTV. Infectivity studies of these recombinant viruses in IFNAR(-/-) mice showed a higher lethal dose for rBTV/NLuc and rBTV/Venus than for rBTV indicating that viruses expressing the reporter genes are attenuated in vivo. Interestingly, luciferase activity was detected in the plasma of viraemic mice infected with rBTV/NLuc. Furthermore, luciferase activity quantitatively correlated with RNAemia levels of infected mice throughout the infection. In addition, we have investigated the in vivo replication and dissemination of BTV in IFNAR (-/-) mice using BTV/NLuc and non-invasive in vivo imaging systems.IMPORTANCEThe use of replication-competent viruses that encode a traceable fluorescent or luciferase reporter protein has significantly contributed to the in vitro and in vivo study of viral infections and the development of novel therapeutic approaches. In this work, we have generated rBTV that express fluorescent or luminescence proteins to track BTV infection both in vitro and in vivo. Despite the availability of vaccines, BTV and other related orbivirus are still associated with a significant impact on animal health and have important economic consequences worldwide. Our studies may contribute to the advance in orbivirus research and pave the way for the rapid development of new treatments, including vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Utrilla-Trigo
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Jiménez-Cabello
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Marín-López
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Miguel Illescas-Amo
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Germán Andrés
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Calvo-Pinilla
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Lorenzo
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Piet A. van Rijn
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Lelystad, the Netherlands
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Javier Ortego
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aitor Nogales
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
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Carpenter M, Kopanke J, Lee J, Rodgers C, Reed K, Sherman TJ, Graham B, Stenglein M, Mayo C. Assessing Reassortment between Bluetongue Virus Serotypes 10 and 17 at Different Coinfection Ratios in Culicoides sonorenesis. Viruses 2024; 16:240. [PMID: 38400016 PMCID: PMC10893243 DOI: 10.3390/v16020240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is a segmented, double-stranded RNA orbivirus listed by the World Organization for Animal Health and transmitted by Culicoides biting midges. Segmented viruses can reassort, which facilitates rapid and important genotypic changes. Our study evaluated reassortment in Culicoides sonorensis midges coinfected with different ratios of BTV-10 and BTV-17. Midges were fed blood containing BTV-10, BTV-17, or a combination of both serotypes at 90:10, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, or 10:90 ratios. Midges were collected every other day and tested for infection using pan BTV and cox1 (housekeeping gene) qRT-PCR. A curve was fit to the ∆Ct values (pan BTV Ct-cox1 Ct) for each experimental group. On day 10, the midges were processed for BTV plaque isolation. Genotypes of the plaques were determined by next-generation sequencing. Pairwise comparison of ∆Ct curves demonstrated no differences in viral RNA levels between coinfected treatment groups. Plaque genotyping indicated that most plaques fully aligned with one of the parental strains; however, reassortants were detected, and in the 75:25 pool, most plaques were reassortant. Reassortant prevalence may be maximized upon the occurrence of reassortant genotypes that can outcompete the parental genotypes. BTV reassortment and resulting biological consequences are important elements to understanding orbivirus emergence and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Carpenter
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, 1601 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA; (M.C.); (J.L.); (C.R.); (B.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Jennifer Kopanke
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA;
| | - Justin Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, 1601 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA; (M.C.); (J.L.); (C.R.); (B.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Case Rodgers
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, 1601 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA; (M.C.); (J.L.); (C.R.); (B.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Kirsten Reed
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
| | - Tyler J. Sherman
- Diagnostic Medicine Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA;
| | - Barbara Graham
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, 1601 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA; (M.C.); (J.L.); (C.R.); (B.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Mark Stenglein
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, 1601 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA; (M.C.); (J.L.); (C.R.); (B.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Christie Mayo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, 1601 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA; (M.C.); (J.L.); (C.R.); (B.G.); (M.S.)
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3
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Jahanroshan N, Dalir‐Naghadeh B, Lotfollahzadeh S, Abdollahi M, Azarmi S, Moosakhani F. Bluetongue outbreak in a sheep flock from Iran. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:2791-2795. [PMID: 37776265 PMCID: PMC10650254 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an arthropodborne Orbivirus that belongs to the Reoviridae family. Bluetongue is one of the most important diseases of sheep. A flock of 300 Lacon sheep just arrived from France, located in the countryside of Qazvin city, Iran, was examined, in August 2022. In history taking and clinical examination, submandibular oedema (216/300, 72%), fever (216/300, 72%), inappetence (216/300, 72%), stomatitis (216/300, 72%), nasal discharge (90/300, 30%) and lameness (30/300, 10%) were recorded. Foot-and-mouth disease, bluetongue (BT), contagious ecthyma and peste des petits ruminants were the most important differential diagnosis with reference to clinical signs. Tongue scraping samples from four clinically affected sheep were sent to the laboratory for PCR tests and, in all of them, BTV was detected. The affected flock had a history of vaccination with an attenuated live vaccine in the previous 4 months. The morbidity rate, mortality rate and case fatality rate were 72% (216/300), 7% (21/300) and 9.7% (21/216), respectively. This report is the first documented clinical form of BT in sheep from Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Jahanroshan
- Department of TheriogenologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of TehranTehranIran
- Private Veterinary PractitionerTehranIran
| | - Bahram Dalir‐Naghadeh
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical PathologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUrmia UniversityUrmiaIran
| | - Samad Lotfollahzadeh
- Department of Internal MedicineFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of TehranTehranIran
| | - Mostafa Abdollahi
- Department of Clinical SciencesFaculty of Veterinary MedicineSemnan UniversitySemnanIran
| | - Sareh Azarmi
- Reproduction BiotechnologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of TehranTehranIran
| | - Farhad Moosakhani
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineIslamic Azad UniversityKarajIran
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Mohd Jaafar F, Belhouchet M, Monsion B, Bell-Sakyi L, Mertens PPC, Attoui H. Orbivirus NS4 Proteins Play Multiple Roles to Dampen Cellular Responses. Viruses 2023; 15:1908. [PMID: 37766314 PMCID: PMC10535134 DOI: 10.3390/v15091908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-structural protein 4 (NS4) of insect-borne and tick-borne orbiviruses is encoded by genome segment 9, from a secondary open reading frame. Though a protein dispensable for bluetongue virus (BTV) replication, it has been shown to counter the interferon response in cells infected with BTV or African horse sickness virus. We further explored the functional role(s) of NS4 proteins of BTV and the tick-borne Great Island virus (GIV). We show that NS4 of BTV or GIV helps an E3L deletion mutant of vaccinia virus to replicate efficiently in interferon-treated cells, further confirming the role of NS4 as an interferon antagonist. Our results indicate that ectopically expressed NS4 of BTV localised with caspase 3 within the nucleus and was found in a protein complex with active caspase 3 in a pull-down assay. Previous studies have shown that pro-apoptotic caspases (including caspase 3) suppress type I interferon response by cleaving mediators involved in interferon signalling. Our data suggest that orbivirus NS4 plays a role in modulating the apoptotic process and/or regulating the interferon response in mammalian cells, thus acting as a virulence factor in pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fauziah Mohd Jaafar
- UMR1161 VIROLOGIE, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France;
| | - Mourad Belhouchet
- Division of Structural Biology, Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK;
| | - Baptiste Monsion
- UMR1161 VIROLOGIE, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France;
| | - Lesley Bell-Sakyi
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK;
| | - Peter P. C. Mertens
- One Virology, The Wolfson Centre for Global Virus Research, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK;
| | - Houssam Attoui
- UMR1161 VIROLOGIE, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France;
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5
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Kang D, Zhang G, Zhang Z, Tian Z, Gao S, Liu G, Guan G, Luo J, Yin H, Du J. Interferon-stimulated gene 15 facilitates BTV replication through interacting with the NS1 protein. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1212242. [PMID: 37637123 PMCID: PMC10450949 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1212242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) infection effectively activates the innate immune response, followed by the expression of interferon (IFN) and multiple interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). ISG15 is one of the most induced ISGs, and often plays a role in inhibiting virus replication. This study aims to explore the role and specific mechanisms of ovine ISG15 (oISG15) in BTV infection. We found that the transcription level of oISG15 was upregulated in a time-dependent and BTV multiplicity of infection-dependent manner. The overexpression of exogenous oISG15 enhances BTV replication, whereas the knockdown of endogenous oISG15 inhibits BTV replication. The viral protein in wild-type oISG15-overexpressed cells and ISGylation defective oISG15-overexpressed cells have no significant differences, which indicated that oISG15 promoted BTV replication in an ISGylation-independent manner. A co-immunoprecipitation assay showed that four viral BTV proteins-VP3, VP4, VP5, and NS1-interacted with oISG15. We also found that the VP4 and NS1 proteins associated with ubiquitin via co-immunoprecipitation, and that oISG15 overexpression improved the stability of both proteins. Further results showed that the degradation of NS1 was involved in lysine 63-linked polyubiquitin. This suggested that oISG15 may interfere with NS1 degradation via the autophagy pathway. This study provides new insights on the interaction between BTV and ISG15, and enriches our understanding of the regulation and biological function of ISG15 with virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Kang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guorui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhonghui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhancheng Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shandian Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guangyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guiquan Guan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianxun Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hong Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Junzheng Du
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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Hardy A, Bakshi S, Furnon W, MacLean O, Gu Q, Varjak M, Varela M, Aziz MA, Shaw AE, Pinto RM, Cameron Ruiz N, Mullan C, Taggart AE, Da Silva Filipe A, Randall RE, Wilson SJ, Stewart ME, Palmarini M. The Timing and Magnitude of the Type I Interferon Response Are Correlated with Disease Tolerance in Arbovirus Infection. mBio 2023; 14:e0010123. [PMID: 37097030 PMCID: PMC10294695 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00101-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Infected hosts possess two alternative strategies to protect themselves against the negative impact of virus infections: resistance, used to abrogate virus replication, and disease tolerance, used to avoid tissue damage without controlling viral burden. The principles governing pathogen resistance are well understood, while less is known about those involved in disease tolerance. Here, we studied bluetongue virus (BTV), the cause of bluetongue disease of ruminants, as a model system to investigate the mechanisms of virus-host interactions correlating with disease tolerance. BTV induces clinical disease mainly in sheep, while cattle are considered reservoirs of infection, rarely exhibiting clinical symptoms despite sustained viremia. Using primary cells from multiple donors, we show that BTV consistently reaches higher titers in ovine cells than cells from cattle. The variable replication kinetics of BTV in sheep and cow cells were mostly abolished by abrogating the cell type I interferon (IFN) response. We identified restriction factors blocking BTV replication, but both the sheep and cow orthologues of these antiviral genes possess anti-BTV properties. Importantly, we demonstrate that BTV induces a faster host cell protein synthesis shutoff in primary sheep cells than cow cells, which results in an earlier downregulation of antiviral proteins. Moreover, by using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), we also show a more pronounced expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) in BTV-infected cow cells than sheep cells. Our data provide a new perspective on how the type I IFN response in reservoir species can have overall positive effects on both virus and host evolution. IMPORTANCE The host immune response usually aims to inhibit virus replication in order to avoid cell damage and disease. In some cases, however, the infected host avoids the deleterious effects of infection despite high levels of viral replication. This strategy is known as disease tolerance, and it is used by animal reservoirs of some zoonotic viruses. Here, using a virus of ruminants (bluetongue virus [BTV]) as an experimental system, we dissected virus-host interactions in cells collected from species that are susceptible (sheep) or tolerant (cow) to disease. We show that (i) virus modulation of the host antiviral type I interferon (IFN) responses, (ii) viral replication kinetics, and (iii) virus-induced cell damage differ in tolerant and susceptible BTV-infected cells. Understanding the complex virus-host interactions in disease tolerance can allow us to disentangle the critical balance between protective and damaging host immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Hardy
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Siddharth Bakshi
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Wilhelm Furnon
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Oscar MacLean
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Quan Gu
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Margus Varjak
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Mariana Varela
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Muhamad Afiq Aziz
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew E. Shaw
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Rute Maria Pinto
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia Cameron Ruiz
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Catrina Mullan
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Aislynn E. Taggart
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Da Silva Filipe
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Richard E. Randall
- School of Biology, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
| | - Sam J. Wilson
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Meredith E. Stewart
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Massimo Palmarini
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Jiménez-Cabello L, Utrilla-Trigo S, Lorenzo G, Ortego J, Calvo-Pinilla E. Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus: Current Knowledge and Emerging Perspectives. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1339. [PMID: 37317313 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease (EHD) of ruminants is a viral pathology that has significant welfare, social, and economic implications. The causative agent, epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV), belongs to the Orbivirus genus and leads to significant regional disease outbreaks among livestock and wildlife in North America, Asia, Africa, and Oceania, causing significant morbidity and mortality. During the past decade, this viral disease has become a real threat for countries of the Mediterranean basin, with the recent occurrence of several important outbreaks in livestock. Moreover, the European Union registered the first cases of EHDV ever detected within its territory. Competent vectors involved in viral transmission, Culicoides midges, are expanding its distribution, conceivably due to global climate change. Therefore, livestock and wild ruminants around the globe are at risk for this serious disease. This review provides an overview of current knowledge about EHDV, including changes of distribution and virulence, an examination of different animal models of disease, and a discussion about potential treatments to control the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Jiménez-Cabello
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA/CSIC), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Utrilla-Trigo
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA/CSIC), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Lorenzo
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA/CSIC), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Ortego
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA/CSIC), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Calvo-Pinilla
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA/CSIC), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
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8
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Mohd Jaafar F, Monsion B, Mertens PPC, Attoui H. Identification of Orbivirus Non-Structural Protein 5 (NS5), Its Role and Interaction with RNA/DNA in Infected Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076845. [PMID: 37047816 PMCID: PMC10095184 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioinformatic analyses have predicted that orbiviruses encode an additional, small non-structural protein (NS5) from a secondary open reading frame on genome segment 10. However, this protein has not previously been detected in infected mammalian or insect cells. NS5-specific antibodies were generated in mice and were used to identify NS5 synthesised in orbivirus-infected BSR cells or cells transfected with NS5 expression plasmids. Confocal microscopy shows that although NS5 accumulates in the nucleus, particularly in the nucleolus, which becomes disrupted, it also appears in the cell cytoplasm, co-localising with mitochondria. NS5 helps to prevent the degradation of ribosomal RNAs during infection and reduces host-cell protein synthesis However, it helps to extend cell viability by supporting viral protein synthesis and virus replication. Pulldown studies showed that NS5 binds to ssRNAs and supercoiled DNAs and demonstrates interactions with ZBP1, suggesting that it modulates host-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fauziah Mohd Jaafar
- UMR1161 VIROLOGIE, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Baptiste Monsion
- UMR1161 VIROLOGIE, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Peter P. C. Mertens
- One Virology, The Wolfson Centre for Global Virus Research, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Houssam Attoui
- UMR1161 VIROLOGIE, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
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Rahman SK, Ampah KK, Roy P. Role of NS2 specific RNA binding and phosphorylation in liquid-liquid phase separation and virus assembly. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:11273-11284. [PMID: 36259663 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) has assumed a prominent role in biological cell systems, where it underpins the formation of subcellular compartments necessary for cell function. We investigated the underlying mechanism of LLPS in virus infected cells, where virus inclusion bodies are formed by an RNA-binding phosphoprotein (NS2) of Bluetongue virus to serve as sites for subviral particle assembly and virus maturation. We show that NS2 undergoes LLPS that is dependent on protein phosphorylation and RNA-binding and that LLPS occurrence is accompanied by a change in protein secondary structure. Site-directed mutagenesis identified two critical arginine residues in NS2 responsible for specific RNA binding and thus for NS2-RNA complex driven LLPS. Reverse genetics identified the same residues as essential for VIB assembly in infected cells and virus viability. Our findings suggest that a specific arginine-RNA interaction in the context of a phosphorylated state drives LLPS in this, and possibly other, virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shah Kamranur Rahman
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT UK
| | - Khamal Kwesi Ampah
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT UK
| | - Polly Roy
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT UK
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Investigating the Role of African Horse Sickness Virus VP7 Protein Crystalline Particles on Virus Replication and Release. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102193. [PMID: 36298748 PMCID: PMC9608501 DOI: 10.3390/v14102193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
African horse sickness is a deadly and highly infectious disease of equids, caused by African horse sickness virus (AHSV). AHSV is one of the most economically important members of the Orbivirus genus. AHSV is transmitted by the biting midge, Culicoides, and therefore replicates in both insect and mammalian cell types. Structural protein VP7 is a highly conserved major core protein of orbiviruses. Unlike any other orbivirus VP7, AHSV VP7 is highly insoluble and forms flat hexagonal crystalline particles of unknown function in AHSV-infected cells and when expressed in mammalian or insect cells. To examine the role of AHSV VP7 in virus replication, a plasmid-based reverse genetics system was used to generate a recombinant AHSV that does not form crystalline particles. We characterised the role of VP7 crystalline particle formation in AHSV replication in vitro and found that soluble VP7 interacted with viral proteins VP2 and NS2 similarly to wild-type VP7 during infection. Interestingly, soluble VP7 was found to form uncharacteristic tubule-like structures in infected cells which were confirmed to be as a result of unique VP7-NS1 colocalisation. Furthermore, it was found that VP7 crystalline particles play a role in AHSV release and yield. This work provides insight into the role of VP7 aggregation in AHSV cellular pathogenesis and contributes toward the understanding of the possible effects of viral protein aggregation in other human virus-borne diseases.
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11
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Jiménez-Cabello L, Utrilla-Trigo S, Barreiro-Piñeiro N, Pose-Boirazian T, Martínez-Costas J, Marín-López A, Ortego J. Nanoparticle- and Microparticle-Based Vaccines against Orbiviruses of Veterinary Importance. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10071124. [PMID: 35891288 PMCID: PMC9319458 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10071124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) and African horse sickness virus (AHSV) are widespread arboviruses that cause important economic losses in the livestock and equine industries, respectively. In addition to these, another arthropod-transmitted orbivirus known as epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) entails a major threat as there is a conducive landscape that nurtures its emergence in non-endemic countries. To date, only vaccinations with live attenuated or inactivated vaccines permit the control of these three viral diseases, although important drawbacks, e.g., low safety profile and effectiveness, and lack of DIVA (differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals) properties, constrain their usage as prophylactic measures. Moreover, a substantial number of serotypes of BTV, AHSV and EHDV have been described, with poor induction of cross-protective immune responses among serotypes. In the context of next-generation vaccine development, antigen delivery systems based on nano- or microparticles have gathered significant attention during the last few decades. A diversity of technologies, such as virus-like particles or self-assembled protein complexes, have been implemented for vaccine design against these viruses. In this work, we offer a comprehensive review of the nano- and microparticulated vaccine candidates against these three relevant orbiviruses. Additionally, we also review an innovative technology for antigen delivery based on the avian reovirus nonstructural protein muNS and we explore the prospective functionality of the nonstructural protein NS1 nanotubules as a BTV-based delivery platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Jiménez-Cabello
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA/CSIC), 28130 Madrid, Spain; (L.J.-C.); (S.U.-T.)
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biológica y Materiales Moleculares (CIQUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (N.B.-P.); (T.P.-B.); (J.M.-C.)
| | - Sergio Utrilla-Trigo
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA/CSIC), 28130 Madrid, Spain; (L.J.-C.); (S.U.-T.)
| | - Natalia Barreiro-Piñeiro
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biológica y Materiales Moleculares (CIQUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (N.B.-P.); (T.P.-B.); (J.M.-C.)
| | - Tomás Pose-Boirazian
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biológica y Materiales Moleculares (CIQUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (N.B.-P.); (T.P.-B.); (J.M.-C.)
| | - José Martínez-Costas
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biológica y Materiales Moleculares (CIQUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (N.B.-P.); (T.P.-B.); (J.M.-C.)
| | - Alejandro Marín-López
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA;
| | - Javier Ortego
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA/CSIC), 28130 Madrid, Spain; (L.J.-C.); (S.U.-T.)
- Correspondence:
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12
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Kopanke J, Carpenter M, Lee J, Reed K, Rodgers C, Burton M, Lovett K, Westrich JA, McNulty E, McDermott E, Barbera C, Cavany S, Rohr JR, Perkins TA, Mathiason CK, Stenglein M, Mayo C. Bluetongue Research at a Crossroads: Modern Genomics Tools Can Pave the Way to New Insights. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2022; 10:303-324. [PMID: 35167317 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-051721-023724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an arthropod-borne, segmented double-stranded RNA virus that can cause severe disease in both wild and domestic ruminants. BTV evolves via several key mechanisms, including the accumulation of mutations over time and the reassortment of genome segments.Additionally, BTV must maintain fitness in two disparate hosts, the insect vector and the ruminant. The specific features of viral adaptation in each host that permit host-switching are poorly characterized. Limited field studies and experimental work have alluded to the presence of these phenomena at work, but our understanding of the factors that drive or constrain BTV's genetic diversification remains incomplete. Current research leveraging novel approaches and whole genome sequencing applications promises to improve our understanding of BTV's evolution, ultimately contributing to the development of better predictive models and management strategies to reduce future impacts of bluetongue epizootics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Kopanke
- Office of the Campus Veterinarian, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA;
| | - Molly Carpenter
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA; , , , , , , , , ,
| | - Justin Lee
- Genomic Sequencing Laboratory, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA;
| | - Kirsten Reed
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA; , , , , , , , , ,
| | - Case Rodgers
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA; , , , , , , , , ,
| | - Mollie Burton
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA; , , , , , , , , ,
| | - Kierra Lovett
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA; , , , , , , , , ,
| | - Joseph A Westrich
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA; , , , , , , , , ,
| | - Erin McNulty
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA; , , , , , , , , ,
| | - Emily McDermott
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA;
| | - Carly Barbera
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA; , , ,
| | - Sean Cavany
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA; , , ,
| | - Jason R Rohr
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA; , , ,
| | - T Alex Perkins
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA; , , ,
| | - Candace K Mathiason
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA; , , , , , , , , ,
| | - Mark Stenglein
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA; , , , , , , , , ,
| | - Christie Mayo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA; , , , , , , , , ,
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13
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Comparative Virus-Host Protein Interactions of the Bluetongue Virus NS4 Virulence Factor. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020182. [PMID: 35215776 PMCID: PMC8878768 DOI: 10.3390/v14020182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is the etiologic agent of a non-contagious arthropod-borne disease transmitted to wild and domestic ruminants. BTV induces a large panel of clinical manifestations ranging from asymptomatic infection to lethal hemorrhagic fever. Despite the fact that BTV has been studied extensively, we still have little understanding of the molecular determinants of BTV virulence. In our report, we have performed a comparative yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) screening approach to search direct cellular targets of the NS4 virulence factor encoded by two different serotypes of BTV: BTV8 and BTV27. This led to identifying Wilms’ tumor 1-associated protein (WTAP) as a new interactor of the BTV-NS4. In contrast to BTV8, 1, 4 and 25, NS4 proteins from BTV27 and BTV30 are unable to interact with WTAP. This interaction with WTAP is carried by a peptide of 34 amino acids (NS422−55) within its putative coil-coiled structure. Most importantly, we showed that binding to WTAP is restored with a chimeric protein where BTV27-NS4 is substituted by BTV8-NS4 in the region encompassing residue 22 to 55. We also demonstrated that WTAP silencing reduces viral titers and the expression of viral proteins, suggesting that BTV-NS4 targets a cellular function of WTAP to increase its viral replication.
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14
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Vaccination as a Strategy to Prevent Bluetongue Virus Vertical Transmission. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111528. [PMID: 34832683 PMCID: PMC8622840 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) produces an economically important disease in ruminants of compulsory notification to the OIE. BTV is typically transmitted by the bite of Culicoides spp., however, some BTV strains can be transmitted vertically, and this is associated with fetus malformations and abortions. The viral factors associated with the virus potency to cross the placental barrier are not well defined. The potency of vertical transmission is retained and sometimes even increased in live attenuated BTV vaccine strains. Because BTV possesses a segmented genome, the possibility of reassortment of vaccination strains with wild-type virus could even favor the transmission of this phenotype. In the present review, we will describe the non-vector-based BTV infection routes and discuss the experimental vaccination strategies that offer advantages over this drawback of some live attenuated BTV vaccines.
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15
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The Combined Expression of the Non-structural Protein NS1 and the N-Terminal Half of NS2 (NS2 1-180) by ChAdOx1 and MVA Confers Protection against Clinical Disease in Sheep upon Bluetongue Virus Challenge. J Virol 2021; 96:e0161421. [PMID: 34787454 PMCID: PMC8826911 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01614-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue, caused by bluetongue virus (BTV), is a widespread arthropod-borne disease of ruminants that entails a recurrent threat to the primary sector of developed and developing countries. In this work, we report modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) and ChAdOx1-vectored vaccines designed to simultaneously express the immunogenic NS1 protein and/or NS2-Nt, the N-terminal half of protein NS2 (NS21-180). A single dose of MVA or ChAdOx1 expressing NS1-NS2-Nt improved the protection conferred by NS1 alone in IFNAR(-/-) mice. Moreover, mice immunized with ChAdOx1/MVA-NS1, ChAdOx1/MVA-NS2-Nt, or ChAdOx1/MVA-NS1-NS2-Nt developed strong cytotoxic CD8+ T-cell responses against NS1, NS2-Nt, or both proteins and were fully protected against a lethal infection with BTV serotypes 1, 4, and 8. Furthermore, although a single immunization with ChAdOx1-NS1-NS2-Nt partially protected sheep against BTV-4, the administration of a booster dose of MVA-NS1-NS2-Nt promoted a faster viral clearance, reduction of the period and level of viremia and also protected from the pathology produced by BTV infection. IMPORTANCE Current BTV vaccines are effective but they do not allow to distinguish between vaccinated and infected animals (DIVA strategy) and are serotype specific. In this work we have develop a DIVA multiserotype vaccination strategy based on adenoviral (ChAdOx1) and MVA vaccine vectors, the most widely used in current phase I and II clinical trials, and the conserved nonstructural BTV proteins NS1 and NS2. This immunization strategy solves the major drawbacks of the current marketed vaccines.
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16
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Santos PD, Ziegler U, Szillat KP, Szentiks CA, Strobel B, Skuballa J, Merbach S, Grothmann P, Tews BA, Beer M, Höper D. In action-an early warning system for the detection of unexpected or novel pathogens. Virus Evol 2021; 7:veab085. [PMID: 34703624 PMCID: PMC8542707 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veab085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Proactive approaches in preventing future epidemics include pathogen discovery prior to their emergence in human and/or animal populations. Playing an important role in pathogen discovery, high-throughput sequencing (HTS) enables the characterization of microbial and viral genetic diversity within a given sample. In particular, metagenomic HTS allows the unbiased taxonomic profiling of sequences; hence, it can identify novel and highly divergent pathogens such as viruses. Newly discovered viral sequences must be further investigated using genomic characterization, molecular and serological screening, and/or invitro and invivo characterization. Several outbreak and surveillance studies apply unbiased generic HTS to characterize the whole genome sequences of suspected pathogens. In contrast, this study aimed to screen for novel and unexpected pathogens in previously generated HTS datasets and use this information as a starting point for the establishment of an early warning system (EWS). As a proof of concept, the EWS was applied to HTS datasets and archived samples from the 2018–9 West Nile virus (WNV) epidemic in Germany. A metagenomics read classifier detected sequences related to genome sequences of various members of Riboviria. We focused the further EWS investigation on viruses belonging to the families Peribunyaviridae and Reoviridae, under suspicion of causing co-infections in WNV-infected birds. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the reovirus genome sequences clustered with sequences assigned to the species Umatilla virus (UMAV), whereas a new peribunyavirid, tentatively named ‘Hedwig virus’ (HEDV), belonged to a putative novel genus of the family Peribunyaviridae. In follow-up studies, newly developed molecular diagnostic assays detected fourteen UMAV-positive wild birds from different German cities and eight HEDV-positive captive birds from two zoological gardens. UMAV was successfully cultivated in mosquito C6/36 cells inoculated with a blackbird liver. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the power of the applied EWS for the discovery and characterization of unexpected viruses in repurposed sequence datasets, followed by virus screening and cultivation using archived sample material. The EWS enhances the strategies for pathogen recognition before causing sporadic cases and massive outbreaks and proves to be a reliable tool for modern outbreak preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Dianne Santos
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Südufer 10, Greifswald, Insel Riems 17493, Germany
| | - Ute Ziegler
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Südufer 10, Greifswald, Insel Riems 17493, Germany
| | - Kevin P Szillat
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Südufer 10, Greifswald, Insel Riems 17493, Germany
| | - Claudia A Szentiks
- 4Department of Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz-Institute for Zoo- and Wildlife Research (IZW), Alfred-Kowalke-Straße 17, Berlin 10315, Germany
| | - Birte Strobel
- Chemical and Veterinary Investigations Office Karlsruhe (CVUA Karlsruhe), Weissenburgerstrasse 3, Karlsruhe 76187, Germany
| | - Jasmin Skuballa
- Chemical and Veterinary Investigations Office Karlsruhe (CVUA Karlsruhe), Weissenburgerstrasse 3, Karlsruhe 76187, Germany
| | - Sabine Merbach
- State Institute for Chemical and Veterinary Analysis (CVUA) Westfalen, Zur Taubeneiche 10-12, Arnsberg 59821, Germany
| | - Pierre Grothmann
- Practice for Zoo, Game and Wild Animals, Lintiger Str. 74, Geestland 27624, Germany
| | - Birke Andrea Tews
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Infectology, Südufer 10, Greifswald, Insel Riems 17493, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Südufer 10, Greifswald, Insel Riems 17493, Germany
| | - Dirk Höper
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Südufer 10, Greifswald, Insel Riems 17493, Germany
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17
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Kanai Y, Kobayashi T. FAST Proteins: Development and Use of Reverse Genetics Systems for Reoviridae Viruses. Annu Rev Virol 2021; 8:515-536. [PMID: 34586868 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-091919-070225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Reverse genetics systems for viruses, the technology used to generate gene-engineered recombinant viruses from artificial genes, enable the study of the roles of the individual nucleotides and amino acids of viral genes and proteins in infectivity, replication, and pathogenicity. The successful development of a reverse genetics system for poliovirus in 1981 accelerated the establishment of protocols for other RNA viruses important for human health. Despite multiple efforts, rotavirus (RV), which causes severe gastroenteritis in infants, was refractory to reverse genetics analysis, and the first complete reverse genetics system for RV was established in 2017. This novel technique involves use of the fusogenic protein FAST (fusion-associated small transmembrane) derived from the bat-borne Nelson Bay orthoreovirus, which induces massive syncytium formation. Co-transfection of a FAST-expressing plasmid with complementary DNAs encoding RV genes enables rescue of recombinant RV. This review focuses on methodological insights into the reverse genetics system for RV and discusses applications and potential improvements to this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Kanai
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; ,
| | - Takeshi Kobayashi
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; ,
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18
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The Interplay between Bluetongue Virus Infections and Adaptive Immunity. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081511. [PMID: 34452376 PMCID: PMC8402766 DOI: 10.3390/v13081511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections have long provided a platform to understand the workings of immunity. For instance, great strides towards defining basic immunology concepts, such as MHC restriction of antigen presentation or T-cell memory development and maintenance, have been achieved thanks to the study of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infections. These studies have also shaped our understanding of antiviral immunity, and in particular T-cell responses. In the present review, we discuss how bluetongue virus (BTV), an economically important arbovirus from the Reoviridae family that affects ruminants, affects adaptive immunity in the natural hosts. During the initial stages of infection, BTV triggers leucopenia in the hosts. The host then mounts an adaptive immune response that controls the disease. In this work, we discuss how BTV triggers CD8+ T-cell expansion and neutralizing antibody responses, yet in some individuals viremia remains detectable after these adaptive immune mechanisms are active. We present some unpublished data showing that BTV infection also affects other T cell populations such as CD4+ T-cells or γδ T-cells, as well as B-cell numbers in the periphery. This review also discusses how BTV evades these adaptive immune mechanisms so that it can be transmitted back to the arthropod host. Understanding the interaction of BTV with immunity could ultimately define the correlates of protection with immune mechanisms that would improve our knowledge of ruminant immunology.
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19
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Rojas JM, Avia M, Martín V, Sevilla N. Inhibition of the IFN Response by Bluetongue Virus: The Story So Far. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:692069. [PMID: 34168637 PMCID: PMC8217435 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.692069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is the prototypical orbivirus that belongs to the Reoviridae family. BTV infection produces a disease in ruminants, particularly in sheep, that results in economic losses through reduced productivity. BTV is transmitted by the bite of Culicoides spp. midges and is nowadays distributed globally throughout subtropical and even temperate regions. As most viruses, BTV is susceptible to the IFN response, the first line of defense employed by the immune system to combat viral infections. In turn, BTV has evolved strategies to counter the IFN response and promote its replication. The present review we will revise the works describing how BTV interferes with the IFN response.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Rojas
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Centro Nacional Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Avia
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Centro Nacional Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Verónica Martín
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Centro Nacional Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Noemí Sevilla
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Centro Nacional Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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20
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Wall GV, Wright IM, Barnardo C, Erasmus BJ, van Staden V, Potgieter AC. African horse sickness virus NS4 protein is an important virulence factor and interferes with JAK-STAT signaling during viral infection. Virus Res 2021; 298:198407. [PMID: 33812899 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
African horse sickness virus (AHSV) non-structural protein NS4 is a nucleocytoplasmic protein that is expressed in the heart, lung, and spleen of infected horses, binds dsDNA, and colocalizes with promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies (PML-NBs). The aim of this study was to investigate the role of AHSV NS4 in viral replication, virulence and the host immune response. Using a reverse genetics-derived virulent strain of AHSV-5 and NS4 deletion mutants, we showed that knockdown of NS4 expression has no impact in cell culture, but results in virus attenuation in infected horses. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was used to investigate the transcriptional response in these horses, to see how the lack of NS4 mediates the transition of the virus from virulent to attenuated. The presence of NS4 was shown to result in a 24 hour (h) delay in the transcriptional activation of several immune system processes compared to when the protein was absent. Included in these processes were the RIG-I-like, Toll-like receptor, and JAK-STAT signaling pathways, which are key pathways involved in innate immunity and the antiviral response. Thus, it was shown that AHSV NS4 suppresses the host innate immune transcriptional response in the early stages of the infection cycle. We investigated whether AHSV NS4 affects the innate immune response by impacting the JAK-STAT signaling pathway specifically. Using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) we showed that AHSV NS4 disrupts JAK-STAT signaling by interfering with the phosphorylation and/or translocation of STAT1 and pSTAT1 into the nucleus. Overall, these results showed that AHSV NS4 is a key virulence factor in horses and allows AHSV to overcome host antiviral responses in order to promote viral replication and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayle V Wall
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | - Isabella M Wright
- Deltamune (Pty) Ltd, Moraine House - The Braes, 193 Bryanston Drive, Bryanston, Gauteng, 2191, South Africa
| | - Carin Barnardo
- Deltamune (Pty) Ltd, Moraine House - The Braes, 193 Bryanston Drive, Bryanston, Gauteng, 2191, South Africa
| | - Baltus J Erasmus
- Deltamune (Pty) Ltd, Moraine House - The Braes, 193 Bryanston Drive, Bryanston, Gauteng, 2191, South Africa
| | - Vida van Staden
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | - A Christiaan Potgieter
- Deltamune (Pty) Ltd, Moraine House - The Braes, 193 Bryanston Drive, Bryanston, Gauteng, 2191, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry, Focus Area for Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
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21
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Kopanke J, Lee J, Stenglein M, Mayo C. In Vitro Reassortment between Endemic Bluetongue Viruses Features Global Shifts in Segment Frequencies and Preferred Segment Combinations. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020405. [PMID: 33669284 PMCID: PMC7920030 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an arthropod-borne pathogen that is associated with sometimes severe disease in both domestic and wild ruminants. Predominantly transmitted by Culicoides spp. biting midges, BTV is composed of a segmented, double-stranded RNA genome. Vector expansion and viral genetic changes, such as reassortment between BTV strains, have been implicated as potential drivers of ongoing BTV expansion into previously BTV-free regions. We used an in vitro system to investigate the extent and flexibility of reassortment that can occur between two BTV strains that are considered enzootic to the USA, BTV-2 and BTV-10. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was coupled with plaque isolation and a novel, amplicon-based sequencing approach to quantitate the viral genetic diversity generated across multiple generations of in vitro propagation. We found that BTV-2 and BTV-10 were able to reassort across multiple segments, but that a preferred BTV-2 viral backbone emerged in later passages and that certain segments were more likely to be found in reassortant progeny. Our findings indicate that there may be preferred segment combinations that emerge during BTV reassortment. Moreover, our work demonstrates the usefulness of WGS and amplicon-based sequencing approaches to improve understanding of the dynamics of reassortment among segmented viruses such as BTV.
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Mohanty NN, Hemadri D, Munivenkatarayappa A, Shetty N, Subramanyam V, Biswas SK, Chanda MM, Shivachandra SB. Development of recombinant NS1-NS3 antigen based indirect ELISA for detection of bluetongue antibodies in sheep. J Immunol Methods 2021; 490:112959. [PMID: 33412173 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2021.112959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue is an insect borne (Culicoides) viral disease of small ruminants. The virus blankets the globe with a wide serotypic variation, numbered from 1 to 28. In India 21 different serotypes have been reported to be circulating across the various agro-climatic zones of the country. Non-structural proteins (NSPs) of bluetongue virus have always remained ideal target for differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals. The current study is an extrapolation of our previous work where a novel fusion construct comprising of bluetongue viral segment NS1 and NS3 was successfully cloned, expressed, purified with an efficient strategy for its suitable implementation as a diagnostic antigen. In this study, the applicability of the fusion construct has been further evaluated and optimised for field applicability. The fusion construct used in an ELISA platform projected a relative diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of 98.1% and 95.5% respectively against a pre-established test panel. The rNS1-NS3 ELISA showed substantially good agreement with the commercial BTV antibody detection kit. Finally, the study brings together the diagnostic capability of two NSPs, which can be a handy tool for sero-surveillance of bluetongue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihar Nalini Mohanty
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), PB No. 6450, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560 064, India
| | - Divakar Hemadri
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), PB No. 6450, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560 064, India.
| | - Archana Munivenkatarayappa
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), PB No. 6450, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560 064, India
| | - Namrata Shetty
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), PB No. 6450, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560 064, India
| | - Vinutha Subramanyam
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), PB No. 6450, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560 064, India
| | - Sanchay Kumar Biswas
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar-Kumaon, Nainital 243122, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Mohammed Mudassar Chanda
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), PB No. 6450, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560 064, India
| | - Sathish B Shivachandra
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), PB No. 6450, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560 064, India
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Moreno S, Calvo-Pinilla E, Devignot S, Weber F, Ortego J, Brun A. Recombinant Rift Valley fever viruses encoding bluetongue virus (BTV) antigens: Immunity and efficacy studies upon a BTV-4 challenge. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008942. [PMID: 33275608 PMCID: PMC7744063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many ruminant diseases of viral aetiology can be effectively prevented using appropriate vaccination measures. For diseases such as Rift Valley fever (RVF) the long inter-epizootic periods make routine vaccination programs unfeasible. Coupling RVF prophylaxis with seasonal vaccination programmes by means of multivalent vaccine platforms would help to reduce the risk of new RVF outbreaks. Methodology/Principal findings In this work we generated recombinant attenuated Rift Valley fever viruses (RVFVs) encoding in place of the virulence factor NSs either the VP2 capsid protein or a truncated form of the non-structural NS1 protein of bluetongue virus serotype 4 (BTV-4). The recombinant viruses were able to carry and express the heterologous BTV genes upon consecutive passages in cell cultures. In murine models, a single immunization was sufficient to protect mice upon RVFV challenge and to elicit a specific immune response against BTV-4 antigens that was fully protective after a BTV-4 boost. In sheep, a natural host for RVFV and BTV, both vaccines proved immunogenic although conferred only partial protection after a virulent BTV-4 reassortant Morocco strain challenge. Conclusions/Significance Though additional optimization will be needed to improve the efficacy data against BTV in sheep, our findings warrant further developments of attenuated RVFV as a dual vaccine platform carrying heterologous immune relevant antigens for ruminant diseases in RVF risk areas. Live attenuated Rift Valley fever (RVF) vaccines constitute a reliable intervention measure to reduce the burden of the disease in endemic countries. In this work we report the generation of attenuated Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) that express vaccine antigens of bluetongue virus (BTV) instead of the virulence factor NSs. The recombinant viruses were able to induce protective immune responses against both RVFV and BTV when administered as vaccines in mice and sheep respectively. Though further optimization is needed to enhance the level of protection in sheep upon a single dose, these results demonstrate the potential of attenuated RVFV as a vaccine vector for other ruminant diseases, in this case enabling bluetongue vaccination while immunizing against RVF. Since RVF outbreaks are sporadic events, preventive vaccination is often not perceived as a real need. In such scenario a bivalent vaccine strategy would make RVF vaccination more appealing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Moreno
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Valdeolmos (Madrid), Spain
| | - Eva Calvo-Pinilla
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Valdeolmos (Madrid), Spain
| | - Stephanie Devignot
- Institute for Virology, FB10-Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Friedemann Weber
- Institute for Virology, FB10-Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Javier Ortego
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Valdeolmos (Madrid), Spain
- * E-mail: (JO); (AB)
| | - Alejandro Brun
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Valdeolmos (Madrid), Spain
- * E-mail: (JO); (AB)
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Calvo-Pinilla E, Marín-López A, Moreno S, Lorenzo G, Utrilla-Trigo S, Jiménez-Cabello L, Benavides J, Nogales A, Blasco R, Brun A, Ortego J. A protective bivalent vaccine against Rift Valley fever and bluetongue. NPJ Vaccines 2020; 5:70. [PMID: 32793399 PMCID: PMC7393076 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-020-00218-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) and bluetongue (BT) are two important ruminant diseases transmitted by arthropods. Both viruses have shown important geographic spread leading to endemicity of BT virus (BTV) in Africa and Europe. In this work, we report a dual vaccine that simultaneously induces protective immune responses against BTV and RVFV based on modified vaccinia Ankara virus (MVA) expressing BTV proteins VP2, NS1, or a truncated form of NS1 (NS1-Nt), and RVFV Gn and Gc glycoproteins. IFNAR(-/-) mice immunized with two doses of MVA-GnGc-VP2 developed a significant neutralizing antibody response against BTV-4 and RVFV. Furthermore, the homologous prime-boost immunization with MVA-GnGc-NS1 or MVA-GnGc-NS1-Nt triggered neutralizing antibodies against RVFV and NS1-specific cytotoxic CD8+ T cells in mice. Moreover, all mice immunized with MVA-GnGc-NS1 or MVA-GnGc-NS1-Nt remained healthy after lethal challenge with RVFV or BTV-4. The homologous prime-boost vaccination with MVA-GnGc-NS1, which was the best immunization strategy observed in mice, was assayed in sheep. Clinical signs and viremia were absent or highly reduced in vaccinated sheep after challenge with BTV-4 or RVFV. These results indicate that MVA-GnGc-NS1 vaccination elicits immune protection against RVFV and BTV in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Calvo-Pinilla
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (INIA-CISA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Marín-López
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (INIA-CISA), Madrid, Spain.,Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Sandra Moreno
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (INIA-CISA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Lorenzo
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (INIA-CISA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Utrilla-Trigo
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (INIA-CISA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Jiménez-Cabello
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (INIA-CISA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Benavides
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-Universidad de León), León, Spain
| | - Aitor Nogales
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (INIA-CISA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Blasco
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Departamento de Biotecnología, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Brun
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (INIA-CISA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Ortego
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (INIA-CISA), Madrid, Spain
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Labadie T, Sullivan E, Roy P. Multiple Routes of Bluetongue Virus Egress. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E965. [PMID: 32605099 PMCID: PMC7409164 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8070965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an arthropod-borne virus infecting livestock. Its frequent emergence in Europe and North America had caused significant agricultural and economic loss. BTV is also of scientific interest as a model to understand the mechanisms underlying non-enveloped virus release from mammalian and insect cells. The BTV particle, which is formed of a complex double-layered capsid, was first considered as a lytic virus that needs to lyse the infected cells for cell to cell transmission. In the last decade, however, a more in-depth focus on the role of the non-structural proteins has led to several examples where BTV particles are also released through different budding mechanisms at the plasma membrane. It is now clear that the non-structural protein NS3 is the main driver of BTV release, via different interactions with both viral and cellular proteins of the cell sorting and exocytosis pathway. In this review, we discuss the most recent advances in the molecular biology of BTV egress and compare the mechanisms that lead to lytic or non-lytic BTV release.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Polly Roy
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, WC1E 7HT, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (T.L.); (E.S.)
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Marín-López A, Barreiro-Piñeiro N, Utrilla-Trigo S, Barriales D, Benavente J, Nogales A, Martínez-Costas J, Ortego J, Calvo-Pinilla E. Cross-protective immune responses against African horse sickness virus after vaccination with protein NS1 delivered by avian reovirus muNS microspheres and modified vaccinia virus Ankara. Vaccine 2019; 38:882-889. [PMID: 31708178 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.10.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
African horse sickness virus (AHSV) is an insect-borne pathogen that causes acute disease in horses and other equids. In an effort to improve the safety of currently available vaccines and to acquire new knowledge about the determinants of AHSV immunogenicity, new generation vaccines are being developed. In this work we have generated and tested a novel immunization approach comprised of nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) of AHSV serotype 4 (AHSV-4) incorporated into avian reovirus muNS protein microspheres (MS-NS1) and/or expressed using recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara vector (MVA-NS1). The protection conferred against AHSV by a homologous MS-NS1 or heterologous MS-NS1 and MVA-NS1 prime/boost was evaluated in IFNAR (-/-) mice. Our results indicate that immunization based on MS-NS1 and MVA-NS1 afforded complete protection against the infection with homologous AHSV-4. Moreover, priming with MS-NS1 and boost vaccination with MVA-NS1 (MS-MVA-NS1) triggered NS1 specific cytotoxic CD8 + T cells and prevented AHSV disease in IFNAR (-/-) mice after challenge with heterologous serotype AHSV-9. Cross-protective immune responses are highly important since AHS can be caused by nine different serotypes, which means that a universal polyvalent vaccination would need to induce protective immunity against all serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Marín-López
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (INIA-CISA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia Barreiro-Piñeiro
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS), and Departamento de Bioquímica e Bioloxía Molecular, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Sergio Utrilla-Trigo
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (INIA-CISA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Barriales
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (INIA-CISA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Benavente
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS), and Departamento de Bioquímica e Bioloxía Molecular, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Aitor Nogales
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (INIA-CISA), Madrid, Spain
| | - José Martínez-Costas
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS), and Departamento de Bioquímica e Bioloxía Molecular, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Javier Ortego
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (INIA-CISA), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Eva Calvo-Pinilla
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (INIA-CISA), Madrid, Spain
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Hsp90 Chaperones Bluetongue Virus Proteins and Prevents Proteasomal Degradation. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00898-19. [PMID: 31375577 PMCID: PMC6798104 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00898-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular chaperone machinery is important for the maintenance of protein homeostasis within the cells. The principle activities of the chaperone machinery are to facilitate protein folding and organize conformationally dynamic client proteins. Prominent among the members of the chaperone family are heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) and 90 (Hsp90). Like cellular proteins, viral proteins depend upon molecular chaperones to mediate their stabilization and folding. Bluetongue virus (BTV), which is a model system for the Reoviridae family, is a nonenveloped arbovirus that causes hemorrhagic disease in ruminants. This constitutes a significant burden upon animals of commercial significance, such as sheep and cattle. Here, for the first time, we examined the role of chaperone proteins in the viral lifecycle of BTV. Using a combination of molecular, biochemical, and microscopic techniques, we examined the function of Hsp90 and its relevance to BTV replication. We demonstrate that Hsp70, the chaperone that is commonly usurped by viral proteins, does not influence virus replication, while Hsp90 activity is important for virus replication by stabilizing BTV proteins and preventing their degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. To our knowledge this is the first report showing the involvement of Hsp90 as a modulator of BTV infection.IMPORTANCE Protein chaperones are instrumental for maintaining protein homeostasis, enabling correct protein folding and organization; prominent members include heat shock proteins 70 and 90. Virus infections place a large burden on this homeostasis. Identifying and understanding the underlying mechanisms that facilitate Bluetongue virus replication and spread through the usurpation of host factors is of primary importance for the development of intervention strategies. Our data identify and show that heat shock protein 90, but not heat shock protein 70, stabilizes bluetongue virus proteins, safeguarding them from proteasomal degradation.
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Dennis SJ, Meyers AE, Hitzeroth II, Rybicki EP. African Horse Sickness: A Review of Current Understanding and Vaccine Development. Viruses 2019; 11:E844. [PMID: 31514299 PMCID: PMC6783979 DOI: 10.3390/v11090844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
African horse sickness is a devastating disease that causes great suffering and many fatalities amongst horses in sub-Saharan Africa. It is caused by nine different serotypes of the orbivirus African horse sickness virus (AHSV) and it is spread by Culicoid midges. The disease has significant economic consequences for the equine industry both in southern Africa and increasingly further afield as the geographic distribution of the midge vector broadens with global warming and climate change. Live attenuated vaccines (LAV) have been used with relative success for many decades but carry the risk of reversion to virulence and/or genetic re-assortment between outbreak and vaccine strains. Furthermore, the vaccines lack DIVA capacity, the ability to distinguish between vaccine-induced immunity and that induced by natural infection. These concerns have motivated interest in the development of new, more favourable recombinant vaccines that utilize viral vectors or are based on reverse genetics or virus-like particle technologies. This review summarizes the current understanding of AHSV structure and the viral replication cycle and also evaluates existing and potential vaccine strategies that may be applied to prevent or control the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan J Dennis
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Ann E Meyers
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Inga I Hitzeroth
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Edward P Rybicki
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa.
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Kundlacz C, Pourcelot M, Fablet A, Amaral Da Silva Moraes R, Léger T, Morlet B, Viarouge C, Sailleau C, Turpaud M, Gorlier A, Breard E, Lecollinet S, van Rijn PA, Zientara S, Vitour D, Caignard G. Novel Function of Bluetongue Virus NS3 Protein in Regulation of the MAPK/ERK Signaling Pathway. J Virol 2019; 93:e00336-19. [PMID: 31167915 PMCID: PMC6675888 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00336-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an arbovirus transmitted by blood-feeding midges to a wide range of wild and domestic ruminants. In this report, we showed that BTV, through its nonstructural protein NS3 (BTV-NS3), is able to activate the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) pathway, as assessed by phosphorylation levels of ERK1/2 and the translation initiation factor eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E). By combining immunoprecipitation of BTV-NS3 and mass spectrometry analysis from both BTV-infected and NS3-transfected cells, we identified the serine/threonine-protein kinase B-Raf (BRAF), a crucial player in the MAPK/ERK pathway, as a new cellular interactor of BTV-NS3. BRAF silencing led to a significant decrease in the MAPK/ERK activation by BTV, supporting a model wherein BTV-NS3 interacts with BRAF to activate this signaling cascade. This positive regulation acts independently of the role of BTV-NS3 in counteracting the induction of the alpha/beta interferon response. Furthermore, the intrinsic ability of BTV-NS3 to bind BRAF and activate the MAPK/ERK pathway is conserved throughout multiple serotypes/strains but appears to be specific to BTV compared to other members of Orbivirus genus. Inhibition of MAPK/ERK pathway with U0126 reduced viral titers, suggesting that BTV manipulates this pathway for its own replication. Altogether, our data provide molecular mechanisms that unravel a new essential function of NS3 during BTV infection.IMPORTANCE Bluetongue virus (BTV) is responsible of the arthropod-borne disease bluetongue (BT) transmitted to ruminants by blood-feeding midges. In this report, we found that BTV, through its nonstructural protein NS3 (BTV-NS3), interacts with BRAF, a key component of the MAPK/ERK pathway. In response to growth factors, this pathway promotes cell survival and increases protein translation. We showed that BTV-NS3 enhances the MAPK/ERK pathway, and this activation is BRAF dependent. Treatment of MAPK/ERK pathway with the pharmacologic inhibitor U0126 impairs viral replication, suggesting that BTV manipulates this pathway for its own benefit. Our results illustrate, at the molecular level, how a single virulence factor has evolved to target a cellular function to increase its viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Kundlacz
- UMR Virologie, INRA, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Marie Pourcelot
- UMR Virologie, INRA, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Aurore Fablet
- UMR Virologie, INRA, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Thibaut Léger
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Jacques Monod Institute, UMR 7592, Paris Diderot University, CNRS, Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Bastien Morlet
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Jacques Monod Institute, UMR 7592, Paris Diderot University, CNRS, Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Cyril Viarouge
- UMR Virologie, INRA, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Corinne Sailleau
- UMR Virologie, INRA, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Mathilde Turpaud
- UMR Virologie, INRA, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Axel Gorlier
- UMR Virologie, INRA, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Emmanuel Breard
- UMR Virologie, INRA, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sylvie Lecollinet
- UMR Virologie, INRA, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Piet A van Rijn
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Stephan Zientara
- UMR Virologie, INRA, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Damien Vitour
- UMR Virologie, INRA, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Grégory Caignard
- UMR Virologie, INRA, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
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Jacquot M, Rao PP, Yadav S, Nomikou K, Maan S, Jyothi YK, Reddy N, Putty K, Hemadri D, Singh KP, Maan NS, Hegde NR, Mertens P, Biek R. Contrasting selective patterns across the segmented genome of bluetongue virus in a global reassortment hotspot. Virus Evol 2019; 5:vez027. [PMID: 31392031 PMCID: PMC6680063 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vez027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
For segmented viruses, rapid genomic and phenotypic changes can occur through the process of reassortment, whereby co-infecting strains exchange entire segments creating novel progeny virus genotypes. However, for many viruses with segmented genomes, this process and its effect on transmission dynamics remain poorly understood. Here, we assessed the consequences of reassortment for selection on viral diversity through time using bluetongue virus (BTV), a segmented arbovirus that is the causative agent of a major disease of ruminants. We analysed ninety-two BTV genomes isolated across four decades from India, where BTV diversity, and thus opportunities for reassortment, are among the highest in the world. Our results point to frequent reassortment and segment turnover, some of which appear to be driven by selective sweeps and serial hitchhiking. Particularly, we found evidence for a recent selective sweep affecting segment 5 and its encoded NS1 protein that has allowed a single variant to essentially invade the full range of BTV genomic backgrounds and serotypes currently circulating in India. In contrast, diversifying selection was found to play an important role in maintaining genetic diversity in genes encoding outer surface proteins involved in virus interactions (VP2 and VP5, encoded by segments 2 and 6, respectively). Our results support the role of reassortment in driving rapid phenotypic change in segmented viruses and generate testable hypotheses for in vitro experiments aiming at understanding the specific mechanisms underlying differences in fitness and selection across viral genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maude Jacquot
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Pavuluri P Rao
- Ella Foundation, Genome Valley Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Sarita Yadav
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - Kyriaki Nomikou
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sushila Maan
- College of Veterinary Sciences, LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Y Krishna Jyothi
- Veterinary Biological and Research Institute, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Narasimha Reddy
- PVNR Telangana Veterinary University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Kalyani Putty
- PVNR Telangana Veterinary University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Divakar Hemadri
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Karam P Singh
- Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Narender Singh Maan
- College of Veterinary Sciences, LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Nagendra R Hegde
- Ella Foundation, Genome Valley Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Peter Mertens
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK.,The School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Roman Biek
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Kerviel A, Ge P, Lai M, Jih J, Boyce M, Zhang X, Zhou ZH, Roy P. Atomic structure of the translation regulatory protein NS1 of bluetongue virus. Nat Microbiol 2019; 4:837-845. [PMID: 30778144 PMCID: PMC6482088 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-019-0369-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) non-structural protein 1 (NS1) regulates viral protein synthesis and exists as tubular and non-tubular forms in infected cells, but how tubules assemble and how protein synthesis is regulated are unknown. Here, we report near-atomic resolution structures of two NS1 tubular forms determined by cryo-electron microscopy. The two tubular forms are different helical assemblies of the same NS1 monomer, consisting of an amino-terminal foot, a head and body domains connected to an extended carboxy-terminal arm, which wraps atop the head domain of another NS1 subunit through hydrophobic interactions. Deletion of the C terminus prevents tubule formation but not viral replication, suggesting an active non-tubular form. Two zinc-finger-like motifs are present in each NS1 monomer, and tubules are disrupted by divalent cation chelation and restored by cation addition, including Zn2+, suggesting a regulatory role of divalent cations in tubule formation. In vitro luciferase assays show that the NS1 non-tubular form upregulates BTV mRNA translation, whereas zinc-finger disruption decreases viral mRNA translation, tubule formation and virus replication, confirming a functional role for the zinc-fingers. Thus, the non-tubular form of NS1 is sufficient for viral protein synthesis and infectious virus replication, and the regulatory mechanism involved operates through divalent cation-dependent conversion between the non-tubular and tubular forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Kerviel
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Peng Ge
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mason Lai
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan Jih
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mark Boyce
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Xing Zhang
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center of Cryo Electron Microscopy, Department of Biophysics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Z Hong Zhou
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Polly Roy
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
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Ferreira-Venter L, Venter E, Theron J, van Staden V. Targeted mutational analysis to unravel the complexity of African horse sickness virus NS3 function in mammalian cells. Virology 2019; 531:149-161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Van den Bergh C, Coetzee P, Venter EH. Reassortment of bluetongue virus vaccine serotypes in cattle. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2018; 89:e1-e7. [PMID: 30551703 PMCID: PMC6295955 DOI: 10.4102/jsava.v89i0.1649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue is primarily a disease of sheep in South Africa, while cattle and goats are mostly subclinically infected. The viraemia of bluetongue virus in cattle lasts much longer than in sheep and the role of cattle in the epidemiology of bluetongue in South Africa is poorly understood. Bluetongue virus has a segmented double-stranded ribonucleic acid genome and reassortment of genomes is a common feature. The aim of the study was to investigate whether reassortment occurs between vaccine and field strains when simultaneously administered to cattle. Six cattle between the ages of 6 and 12 months were infected with five strains of modified live vaccine bluetongue virus and a virulent field isolate of bluetongue virus 4. Blood samples were subsequently collected daily from these animals from day 1 to day 39 post-inoculation. Viruses were directly isolated during viraemia from the buffy coat on Vero cells using the plaque forming unit method. Analysis of plaques indicated that no reassortants between virulent field and vaccine strains occurred and the virulent bluetongue virus 4 was identified as the predominant virus strain. However, a reassortant virus between two bluetongue virus vaccine strains was isolated from the buffy coat. Whole genome sequences from the vaccine viruses were compared to the suspected reassortant and it was found that segment 8 exchanged between the bluetongue virus 8 and bluetongue virus 9 vaccine strains. The use of the live-attenuated bluetongue virus multivalent vaccine in South Africa causes circulation of different vaccine serotypes in Culicoides spp. and susceptible hosts and cattle might provide the ideal host for reassortment to occur.
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Lemay G. Synthesis and Translation of Viral mRNA in Reovirus-Infected Cells: Progress and Remaining Questions. Viruses 2018; 10:E671. [PMID: 30486370 PMCID: PMC6315682 DOI: 10.3390/v10120671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
At the end of my doctoral studies, in 1988, I published a review article on the major steps of transcription and translation during the mammalian reovirus multiplication cycle, a topic that still fascinates me 30 years later. It is in the nature of scientific research to generate further questioning as new knowledge emerges. Our understanding of these fascinating viruses thus remains incomplete but it seemed appropriate at this moment to look back and reflect on our progress and most important questions that still puzzle us. It is also essential of being careful about concepts that seem so well established, but could still be better validated using new approaches. I hope that the few reflections presented here will stimulate discussions and maybe attract new investigators into the field of reovirus research. Many other aspects of the viral multiplication cycle would merit our attention. However, I will essentially limit my discussion to these central aspects of the viral cycle that are transcription of viral genes and their phenotypic expression through the host cell translational machinery. The objective here is not to review every aspect but to put more emphasis on important progress and challenges in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Lemay
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
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35
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Schade-Weskott ML, van Schalkwyk A, Koekemoer JJO. A correlation between capsid protein VP2 and the plaque morphology of African horse sickness virus in cell culture. Virus Genes 2018; 54:527-535. [PMID: 29730763 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-018-1567-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The attenuated live virus vaccine that is used in South Africa to protect against African horse sickness infection was developed more than 50 years ago. With the selection of the vaccine strains by cell culture passage, a correlation between the size of plaques formed in monolayer Vero cultures and attenuation of virus virulence in horses was found. The large plaque phenotype was used as an indication of cell culture adaptation and strongly correlated with attenuation of virulence in horses. There was never any investigation into the genetic causes of either the variation in plaque size, or the loss of virulence. An understanding of the underlying mechanisms of attenuation would benefit the production of a safer AHSV vaccine. To this end, the genomes of different strains of two African horse sickness isolates, producing varying plaque sizes, were compared and the differences between them identified. This comparison suggested that proteins VP2, VP3, VP5 and NS3 were most likely involved in the determination of the plaque phenotype. Comparison between genome sequences (obtained from GenBank) of low and high passage strains from two additional serotypes indicated that VP2 was the only protein with amino acid substitutions in all four serotypes. The amino acid substitutions all occurred within the same hydrophilic area, resulting in increased hydrophilicity of VP2 in the large plaque strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde L Schade-Weskott
- Agricultural Research Council - Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, 100 Old Soutpan Rd, Pretoria, South Africa.
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Antoinette van Schalkwyk
- Agricultural Research Council - Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, 100 Old Soutpan Rd, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - J J O Koekemoer
- Agricultural Research Council - Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, 100 Old Soutpan Rd, Pretoria, South Africa
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36
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Du J, Gao S, Tian Z, Xing S, Huang D, Zhang G, Zheng Y, Liu G, Luo J, Chang H, Yin H. MicroRNA expression profiling of primary sheep testicular cells in response to bluetongue virus infection. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 49:256-267. [PMID: 28132926 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is a member of the genus Orbivirus within the family Reoviridae and causes a non-contagious, insect-transmitted disease in domestic and wild ruminants, mainly in sheep and occasionally in cattle and some species of deer. Virus infection can trigger the changes of the cellular microRNA (miRNA) expression profile, which play important post-transcriptional regulatory roles in gene expression and can greatly influence viral replication and pathogenesis. Here, we employed deep sequencing technology to determine which cellular miRNAs were differentially expressed in primary sheep testicular (ST) cells infected with BTV. A total of 25 known miRNAs and 240 novel miRNA candidates that were differentially expressed in BTV-infected and uninfected ST cells were identified, and 251 and 8428 predicted target genes were annotated, respectively. Nine differentially expressed miRNAs and their mRNA targets were validated by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Targets prediction and functional analysis of these regulated miRNAs revealed significant enrichment for several signaling pathways including MAPK, PI3K-Akt, endocytosis, Hippo, NF-kB, viral carcinogenesis, FoxO, and JAK-STAT signaling pathways. This study provides a valuable basis for further investigation on the roles of miRNAs in BTV replication and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junzheng Du
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China.
| | - Shandian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China
| | - Zhancheng Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China
| | - Shanshan Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China
| | - Dexuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China
| | - Guorui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China
| | - Yadong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China
| | - Guangyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China
| | - Jianxun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China
| | - Huiyun Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China
| | - Hong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, PR China.
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37
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van Rijn PA, van de Water SGP, Feenstra F, van Gennip RGP. Requirements and comparative analysis of reverse genetics for bluetongue virus (BTV) and African horse sickness virus (AHSV). Virol J 2016; 13:119. [PMID: 27368544 PMCID: PMC4930614 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0574-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bluetongue virus (BTV) and African horse sickness virus (AHSV) are distinct arthropod borne virus species in the genus Orbivirus (Reoviridae family), causing the notifiable diseases Bluetongue and African horse sickness of ruminants and equids, respectively. Reverse genetics systems for these orbiviruses with their ten-segmented genome of double stranded RNA have been developed. Initially, two subsequent transfections of in vitro synthesized capped run-off RNA transcripts resulted in the recovery of BTV. Reverse genetics has been improved by transfection of expression plasmids followed by transfection of ten RNA transcripts. Recovery of AHSV was further improved by use of expression plasmids containing optimized open reading frames. RESULTS Plasmids containing full length cDNA of the 10 genome segments for T7 promoter-driven production of full length run-off RNA transcripts and expression plasmids with optimized open reading frames (ORFs) were used. BTV and AHSV were rescued using reverse genetics. The requirement of each expression plasmid and capping of RNA transcripts for reverse genetics were studied and compared for BTV and AHSV. BTV was recovered by transfection of VP1 and NS2 expression plasmids followed by transfection of a set of ten capped RNAs. VP3 expression plasmid was also required if uncapped RNAs were transfected. Recovery of AHSV required transfection of VP1, VP3 and NS2 expression plasmids followed by transfection of capped RNA transcripts. Plasmid-driven expression of VP4, 6 and 7 was also needed when uncapped RNA transcripts were used. Irrespective of capping of RNA transcripts, NS1 expression plasmid was not needed for recovery, although NS1 protein is essential for virus propagation. Improvement of reverse genetics for AHSV was clearly demonstrated by rescue of several mutants and reassortants that were not rescued with previous methods. CONCLUSIONS A limited number of expression plasmids is required for rescue of BTV or AHSV using reverse genetics, making the system much more versatile and generally applicable. Optimization of reverse genetics enlarge the possibilities to rescue virus mutants and reassortants, and will greatly benefit the control of these important diseases of livestock and companion animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piet A van Rijn
- Department of Virology, Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR (CVI), P.O. Box 65, Lelystad, 8200 AB, The Netherlands. .,Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
| | - Sandra G P van de Water
- Department of Virology, Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR (CVI), P.O. Box 65, Lelystad, 8200 AB, The Netherlands
| | - Femke Feenstra
- Department of Virology, Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR (CVI), P.O. Box 65, Lelystad, 8200 AB, The Netherlands.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - René G P van Gennip
- Department of Virology, Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR (CVI), P.O. Box 65, Lelystad, 8200 AB, The Netherlands
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Marín-López A, Barriales D, Moreno S, Ortego J, Calvo-Pinilla E. Defeating Bluetongue virus: new approaches in the development of multiserotype vaccines. Future Virol 2016. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is a global threat to domestic and wild ruminants, causing massive economic losses throughout the world. New serotypes of the virus are rapidly emerging in different continents, unfortunately there is little cross-protection between BTV serotypes. The eradication of the virus from a region is particularly complicated in areas where multiple serotypes circulate for a long time. The present review summarizes the actual concerns about the spread of the virus and relevant approaches to develop efficient vaccines against BTV, in particular those focused on a multiserotype design.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diego Barriales
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, INIA-CISA, Valdeolmos-Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Moreno
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, INIA-CISA, Valdeolmos-Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Ortego
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, INIA-CISA, Valdeolmos-Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Calvo-Pinilla
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, INIA-CISA, Valdeolmos-Madrid, Spain
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Bluetongue Virus NS4 Protein Is an Interferon Antagonist and a Determinant of Virus Virulence. J Virol 2016; 90:5427-39. [PMID: 27009961 PMCID: PMC4934764 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00422-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is the causative agent of bluetongue, a major infectious disease of ruminants with serious consequences to both animal health and the economy. The clinical outcome of BTV infection is highly variable and dependent on a variety of factors related to both the virus and the host. In this study, we show that the BTV nonstructural protein NS4 favors viral replication in sheep, the animal species most affected by bluetongue. In addition, NS4 confers a replication advantage on the virus in interferon (IFN)-competent primary sheep endothelial cells and immortalized cell lines. We determined that in cells infected with an NS4 deletion mutant (BTV8ΔNS4), there is increased synthesis of type I IFN compared to cells infected with wild-type BTV-8. In addition, using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), we show that NS4 modulates the host IFN response and downregulates mRNA levels of type I IFN and interferon-stimulated genes. Moreover, using reporter assays and protein synthesis assays, we show that NS4 downregulates the activities of a variety of promoters, such as the cytomegalovirus immediate-early promoter, the IFN-β promoter, and a promoter containing interferon-stimulated response elements (ISRE). We also show that the NS4 inhibitory activity on gene expression is related to its nucleolar localization. Furthermore, NS4 does not affect mRNA splicing or cellular translation. The data obtained in this study strongly suggest that BTV NS4 is an IFN antagonist and a key determinant of viral virulence.
IMPORTANCE Bluetongue is one of the main infectious diseases of ruminants and is caused by bluetongue virus (BTV), an arthropod-borne virus transmitted from infected to susceptible animals by Culicoides biting midges. Bluetongue has a variable clinical outcome that can be related to both virus and host factors. It is therefore critical to understand the interplay between BTV and the host immune responses. In this study, we show that a nonstructural protein of BTV (NS4) is critical to counteract the innate immune response of the host. Infection of cells with a BTV mutant lacking NS4 results in increased synthesis of IFN-β and upregulation of interferon-stimulated genes. In addition, we show that NS4 is a virulence factor for BTV by favoring viral replication in sheep, the animal species most susceptible to bluetongue.
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40
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Boyce M, McCrae MA, Boyce P, Kim JT. Inter-segment complementarity in orbiviruses: a driver for co-ordinated genome packaging in the Reoviridae? J Gen Virol 2016; 97:1145-1157. [PMID: 26763979 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The process by which eukaryotic viruses with segmented genomes select a complete set of genome segments for packaging into progeny virus particles is not understood. In this study a model based on the association of genome segments through specific RNA-RNA interactions driven by base pairing was formalized and tested in the Orbivirus genus of the Reoviridae family. A strategy combining screening of the genomic sequences for inter-segment complementarity with direct functional testing of inter-segment RNA-RNA interactions using reverse genetics is described in the type species of the Orbivirus genus, Bluetongue virus (BTV). Two examples, involving four of the ten BTV genomic segments, of specific inter-segment interaction motifs whose maintenance is essential for the generation of infectious virus, were identified. Equivalent inter-segment complementarities were found between the identified regions of the orthologous genome segments of all orbiviruses, including phylogenetically distant species. Specific interaction of the participating RNA segments was confirmed in vitro using electrophoretic mobility shift assays, with the interactions inhibited using oligonucleotides complementary to the interaction motif of one of the interacting partners, and also through mutagenesis of the motifs. In each example, the base pairing rather than the absolute sequence was critical to the formation of a functional inter-segment interaction, with mutations only being tolerated in rescued virus if compensating changes were made in the interacting partner to restore uninterrupted base pairing. The absolute sequence of the complementarity motifs varied between species, indicating that this newly identified phenomenon may contribute to the observed lack of reassortment between Orbivirus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Boyce
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
| | | | - Paul Boyce
- Mott MacDonald, Mott MacDonald House, 8-10 Sydenham Road, Croydon, CR0 2EE
| | - Jan T Kim
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
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41
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Chen Q, Zhang L, Chen H, Xie L, Wei T. Nonstructural protein Pns4 of rice dwarf virus is essential for viral infection in its insect vector. Virol J 2015; 12:211. [PMID: 26646953 PMCID: PMC4673743 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0438-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rice dwarf virus (RDV), a plant reovirus, is mainly transmitted by the green rice leafhopper, Nephotettix cincticeps, in a persistent-propagative manner. Plant reoviruses are thought to replicate and assemble within cytoplasmic structures called viroplasms. Nonstructural protein Pns4 of RDV, a phosphoprotein, is localized around the viroplasm matrix and forms minitubules in insect vector cells. However, the functional role of Pns4 minitubules during viral infection in insect vector is still unknown yet. Methods RNA interference (RNAi) system targeting Pns4 gene of RDV was conducted. Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) specific for Pns4 gene was synthesized in vitro, and introduced into cultured leafhopper cells by transfection or into insect body by microinjection. The effects of the knockdown of Pns4 expression due to RNAi induced by synthesized dsRNA from Pns4 gene on viral replication and spread in cultured cells and insect vector were analyzed using immunofluorescence, western blotting or RT-PCR assays. Results In cultured leafhopper cells, the knockdown of Pns4 expression due to RNAi induced by synthesized dsRNA from Pns4 gene strongly inhibited the formation of minitubules, preventing the accumulation of viroplasms and efficient viral infection in insect vector cells. RNAi induced by microinjection of dsRNA from Pns4 gene significantly reduced the viruliferous rate of N. cincticeps. Furthermore, it also strongly inhibited the formation of minitubules and viroplasms, preventing efficient viral spread from the initially infected site in the filter chamber of intact insect vector. Conclusions Pns4 of RDV is essential for viral infection and replication in insect vector. It may directly participate in the functional role of viroplasm for viral replication and assembly of progeny virions during viral infection in leafhopper vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chen
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, PR China.
| | - Linghua Zhang
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, PR China.
| | - Hongyan Chen
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, PR China.
| | - Lianhui Xie
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, PR China.
| | - Taiyun Wei
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, PR China.
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Stewart M, Hardy A, Barry G, Pinto RM, Caporale M, Melzi E, Hughes J, Taggart A, Janowicz A, Varela M, Ratinier M, Palmarini M. Characterization of a second open reading frame in genome segment 10 of bluetongue virus. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:3280-3293. [PMID: 26290332 PMCID: PMC4806581 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses have often evolved overlapping reading frames in order to maximize their coding capacity. Until recently, the segmented dsRNA genome of viruses of the Orbivirus genus was thought to be monocistronic, but the identification of the bluetongue virus (BTV) NS4 protein changed this assumption. A small ORF in segment 10, overlapping the NS3 ORF in the +1 position, is maintained in more than 300 strains of the 27 different BTV serotypes and in more than 200 strains of the phylogenetically related African horse sickness virus (AHSV). In BTV, this ORF (named S10-ORF2 in this study) encodes a putative protein 50–59 residues in length and appears to be under strong positive selection. HA- or GFP-tagged versions of S10-ORF2 expressed from transfected plasmids localized within the nucleoli of transfected cells, unless a putative nucleolar localization signal was mutated. S10-ORF2 inhibited gene expression, but not RNA translation, in transient transfection reporter assays. In both mammalian and insect cells, BTV S10-ORF2 deletion mutants (BTV8ΔS10-ORF2) displayed similar replication kinetics to wt virus. In vivo, S10-ORF2 deletion mutants were pathogenic in mouse models of disease. Although further evidence is required for S10-ORF2 expression during infection, the data presented provide an initial characterization of this ORF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith Stewart
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alexandra Hardy
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Gerald Barry
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Rute Maria Pinto
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Marco Caporale
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK.,Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise 'G. Caporale', Teramo, Italy
| | - Eleonora Melzi
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Joseph Hughes
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Aislynn Taggart
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Anna Janowicz
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Mariana Varela
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Maxime Ratinier
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
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Turnover Rate of NS3 Proteins Modulates Bluetongue Virus Replication Kinetics in a Host-Specific Manner. J Virol 2015; 89:10467-81. [PMID: 26246581 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01541-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an arbovirus transmitted to livestock by midges of the Culicoides family and is the etiological agent of a hemorrhagic disease in sheep and other ruminants. In mammalian cells, BTV particles are released primarily by virus-induced cell lysis, while in insect cells they bud from the plasma membrane and establish a persistent infection. BTV possesses a ten-segmented double-stranded RNA genome, and NS3 proteins are encoded by segment 10 (Seg-10). The viral nonstructural protein 3 (NS3) plays a key role in mediating BTV egress as well as in impeding the in vitro synthesis of type I interferon in mammalian cells. In this study, we asked whether genetically distant NS3 proteins can alter BTV-host interactions. Using a reverse genetics approach, we showed that, depending on the NS3 considered, BTV replication kinetics varied in mammals but not in insects. In particular, one of the NS3 proteins analyzed harbored a proline at position 24 that leads to its rapid intracellular decay in ovine but not in Culicoides cells and to the attenuation of BTV virulence in a mouse model of disease. Overall, our data reveal that the genetic variability of Seg-10/NS3 differentially modulates BTV replication kinetics in a host-specific manner and highlight the role of the host-specific variation in NS3 protein turnover rate. IMPORTANCE BTV is the causative agent of a severe disease transmitted between ruminants by biting midges of Culicoides species. NS3, encoded by Seg-10 of the BTV genome, fulfills key roles in BTV infection. As Seg-10 sequences from various BTV strains display genetic variability, we assessed the impact of different Seg-10 and NS3 proteins on BTV infection and host interactions. In this study, we revealed that various Seg-10/NS3 proteins alter BTV replication kinetics in mammals but not in insects. Notably, we found that NS3 protein turnover may vary in ovine but not in Culicoides cells due to a single amino acid residue that, most likely, leads to rapid and host-dependent protein degradation. Overall, this study highlights that genetically distant BTV Seg-10/NS3 influence BTV biological properties in a host-specific manner and increases our understanding of how NS3 proteins contribute to the outcome of BTV infection.
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44
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Boyce M, McCrae MA. Rapid mapping of functional cis-acting RNA elements by recovery of virus from a degenerate RNA population: application to genome segment 10 of bluetongue virus. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:3072-3082. [PMID: 26248463 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulatory elements which control the processes of virus replication and gene expression in the Orbivirus genus are uncharacterized in terms of both their locations within genome segments and their specific functions. The reverse genetics system for the type species, Bluetongue virus, has been used in combination with RNA secondary structure prediction to identify and map the positions of cis-acting regions within genome segment 10. Through the simultaneous introduction of variability at multiple nucleotide positions in the rescue RNA population, the functional contribution of these positions was used to map regions containing cis-acting elements essential for virus viability. Nucleotides that were individually lethal when varied mapped within a region of predicted secondary structure involving base pairing between the 5' and 3' ends of the transcript. An extended region of predicted perfect base pairing located within the 3' untranslated region of the genome segment was also found to be required for virus viability. In contrast to the identification of individually lethal mutations, gross alteration of the composition of this predicted stem region was possible, providing the base-pairing potential between the two strands was maintained, identifying a structural feature predicted to be conserved throughout the Orbivirus genus. The approach of identifying cis-acting sequences through sequencing the recovered virus following the rescue of a degenerate RNA population is broadly applicable to viruses where reverse genetics is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Boyce
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
| | - M A McCrae
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
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Zhang Q, Sun E, Xu Q, Yang T, Wang H, Feng Y, Li J, Lv S, Wu D. Identification of four novel group-specific bluetongue virus NS3 protein B-cell epitopes. Virol J 2015; 12:86. [PMID: 26062609 PMCID: PMC4514961 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0319-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The non-structural protein 3 (NS3) of bluetongue virus (BTV) is the second smaller non-structural protein produced in host cells, playing an important role in BTV trafficking and release. RESULTS In this study, we generated five BTV NS3-reactive monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), named 3D8, 2G9, 1B5, 4H8, and 2B12. A panel of overlapping NS3-derived peptides representing the entirety of the BTV15 NS3 protein was screened to identify linear peptide epitopes recognized by each mAb. Based on the initial screen, a series of progressively truncated peptides were produced to identify the minimal linear peptide sequence required to maintain mAb binding. We found that mAb 3D8 reacted with the motif (36)PPRYA(40), 2G9 reacted with the motif (82)AEAFRDDVRLRQIK(95), 1B5 reacted with the motif (205)YNDAVRMSF(213), 2B12 and 4H8 reacted with the motif (204)SYNDAVRMSF(213). Sequence alignments demonstrated that these linear epitopes are highly conserved among all BTV serotypes, consistent with the observation that each mAb was able to recognize cells infected with BTV1-24 serotypes tested and each identified B cell epitope was able to be recognized by BTV-infect sheep serum. CONCLUSION This collection of mAbs along with defined linear epitopes may provide useful reagents for investigations of NS3 protein function and the development of BTV group-specific diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China.
| | - EnCheng Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China.
| | - QingYuan Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tao Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China.
| | - HaiXiu Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China.
| | - YuFei Feng
- The Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China.
| | - JunPing Li
- The Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shuang Lv
- The Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China.
| | - DongLai Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China.
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Zwart L, Potgieter CA, Clift SJ, van Staden V. Characterising Non-Structural Protein NS4 of African Horse Sickness Virus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124281. [PMID: 25915516 PMCID: PMC4411093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
African horse sickness is a serious equid disease caused by the orbivirus African horse sickness virus (AHSV). The virus has ten double-stranded RNA genome segments encoding seven structural and three non-structural proteins. Recently, an additional protein was predicted to be encoded by genome segment 9 (Seg-9), which also encodes VP6, of most orbiviruses. This has since been confirmed in bluetongue virus and Great Island virus, and the non-structural protein was named NS4. In this study, in silico analysis of AHSV Seg-9 sequences revealed the existence of two main types of AHSV NS4, designated NS4-I and NS4-II, with different lengths and amino acid sequences. The AHSV NS4 coding sequences were in the +1 reading frame relative to that of VP6. Both types of AHSV NS4 were expressed in cultured mammalian cells, with sizes close to the predicted 17–20 kDa. Fluorescence microscopy of these cells revealed a dual cytoplasmic and nuclear, but not nucleolar, distribution that was very similar for NS4-I and NS4-II. Immunohistochemistry on heart, spleen, and lung tissues from AHSV-infected horses showed that NS4 occurs in microvascular endothelial cells and mononuclear phagocytes in all of these tissues, localising to the both the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Interestingly, NS4 was also detected in stellate-shaped dendritic macrophage-like cells with long cytoplasmic processes in the red pulp of the spleen. Finally, nucleic acid protection assays using bacterially expressed recombinant AHSV NS4 showed that both types of AHSV NS4 bind dsDNA, but not dsRNA. Further studies will be required to determine the exact function of AHSV NS4 during viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizahn Zwart
- Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Christiaan A. Potgieter
- Deltamune (Pty) Ltd, Lyttelton, Centurion, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Human Metabonomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Sarah J. Clift
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Vida van Staden
- Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- * E-mail:
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Multiple genome segments determine virulence of bluetongue virus serotype 8. J Virol 2015; 89:5238-49. [PMID: 25822026 PMCID: PMC4442542 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00395-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Bluetongue virus (BTV) causes bluetongue, a major hemorrhagic disease of ruminants. In order to investigate the molecular determinants of BTV virulence, we used a BTV8 strain minimally passaged in tissue culture (termed BTV8L in this study) and a derivative strain passaged extensively in tissue culture (BTV8H) in in vitro and in vivo studies. BTV8L was pathogenic in both IFNAR(-/-) mice and in sheep, while BTV8H was attenuated in both species. To identify genetic changes which led to BTV8H attenuation, we generated 34 reassortants between BTV8L and BTV8H. We found that partial attenuation of BTV8L in IFNAR(-/-) mice was achieved by simply replacing genomic segment 2 (Seg2, encoding VP2) or Seg10 (encoding NS3) with the BTV8H homologous segments. Fully attenuated viruses required at least two genome segments from BTV8H, including Seg2 with either Seg1 (encoding VP1), Seg6 (encoding VP6 and NS4), or Seg10 (encoding NS3). Conversely, full reversion of virulence of BTV8H required at least five genomic segments of BTV8L. We also demonstrated that BTV8H acquired an increased affinity for glycosaminoglycan receptors during passaging in cell culture due to mutations in its VP2 protein. Replication of BTV8H was relatively poor in interferon (IFN)-competent primary ovine endothelial cells compared to replication of BTV8L, and this phenotype was determined by several viral genomic segments, including Seg4 and Seg9. This study demonstrated that multiple viral proteins contribute to BTV8 virulence. VP2 and NS3 are primary determinants of BTV pathogenesis, but VP1, VP5, VP4, VP6, and VP7 also contribute to virulence. IMPORTANCE Bluetongue is one of the major infectious diseases of ruminants, and it is listed as a notifiable disease by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). The clinical outcome of BTV infection varies considerably and depends on environmental and host- and virus-specific factors. Over the years, BTV serotypes/strains with various degrees of virulence (including nonpathogenic strains) have been described in different geographical locations. However, no data are available to correlate the BTV genotype to virulence. This study shows that BTV virulence is determined by different viral genomic segments. The data obtained will help to characterize thoroughly the pathogenesis of bluetongue. The possibility to determine the pathogenicity of virus isolates on the basis of their genome sequences will help in the design of control strategies that fit the risk posed by new emerging BTV strains.
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48
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Stewart ME, Roy P. Structure-based identification of functional residues in the nucleoside-2'-O-methylase domain of Bluetongue virus VP4 capping enzyme. FEBS Open Bio 2015; 5:138-46. [PMID: 25834778 PMCID: PMC4359970 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) encodes a single capping protein, VP4, which catalyzes all reactions required to generate cap1 structures on nascent viral transcripts. Further, structural analysis by X-ray crystallography indicated each catalytic reaction is arranged as a discrete domain, including a nucleoside-2'-O-methyltransferase (2'-O MTase). In this study, we have exploited the structural information to identify the residues that are important for the catalytic activity of 2'-O MTase of VP4 and their influence on BTV replication. The effect of these mutations on GMP binding, guanylyltransferase (GTase) and methylase activities were analysed by a series of in vitro biochemical assays using recombinant mutant proteins; subsequently their effects on virus replication were assessed by introducing the same mutations in replicating viral genome using a reverse genetics system. Our data showed that single substitution mutations in the catalytic tetrad K-D-K-E were sufficient to abolish 2'-O MTase activity in vitro and to completely abrogate BTV replication in cells; although these mutants retained the upstream GMP binding, GTase and guanine-N7-methyltransferase activities. Mutations of the surrounding substrate-binding pocket (predicted to recruit cap0) had variable effects on in vitro VP4 capping activity. Only triple but not single substitution mutations of these residues in genome resulted in reduced virus replication kinetics. This is the first report investigating the importance of 2'-O MTase function for any member of the Reoviridae and highlights the significance of K-D-K-E tetrad and surrounding residues for the efficiency of 2'-O MTase activity and in turn, for virus fitness.
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Key Words
- 2′-O MT, nucleoside-2′-O-methyltransferase domain
- 2′-O MTase, nucleoside-2′-O-methyltransferase
- 2′-O-methyltransferase
- AdoMet, S-adenosyl methionine
- BSR4, BHK-21 sub-clone expressing VP4
- BTV
- BTV, Bluetongue virus
- Capping enzyme
- GTase, guanylyltransferase
- JEV, Japanese encephalitis virus
- Mutagenesis
- N7MTase, guanine-N7-methyltransferase
- PC, polymerase complex
- VSV, vesicular stomatitis virus
- WNV, West Nile virus
- m7, methyl group associated with m7G
- m7G, 7-methylguanosine
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Polly Roy
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
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HaiXiu W, EnCheng S, QingYuan X, Tao Y, Qin Z, YuFei F, JunPing L, Shuang L, Liang S, Jing S, DongLai W. Analysis of murine B-cell epitopes on bluetongue virus 12 nonstructural protein 1. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 99:1309-21. [PMID: 25343975 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6150-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The bluetongue virus (BTV) NS1 protein is one of the major proteins synthesized during BTV infection and is responsible for the generation of virus-specific tubules. Although some functional and structural studies on the BTV NS1 protein have been reported, there have been no reports describing the linear B-cell epitopes recognized by humoral immune responses published to date. In this study, 25 BTV12 NS1-reactive monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and polyclonal antisera (polyclonal antibodies, PAbs) were generated and analyzed. We identified 14 linear NS1 epitopes recognized by the PAbs and MAbs using NS1-derived peptides in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Moreover, we predicted 23 linear B-cell epitopes using the ABCpred online server which employs an artificial neural network. Analysis of the predicted and identified epitopes of NS1 demonstrated the feasibility of B-cell epitope prediction. Sequence alignments indicated that the epitopes recognized by MAbs are highly conserved among BTV serotypes, but not among the other members of the genus Orbivirus, such as the African horse sickness virus (AHSV), epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV), and Chuzan disease virus (CV). Importantly, we identified specific MAbs that recognized all BTV serotypes tested as well as MAbs that recognized only BTV12, suggesting that these NS1-specific MAbs could serve as a basis for BTV diagnostic approaches. The generation and identification of NS1 protein epitopes will provide the foundation for further studies about the function and structure of NS1 and novel epitope-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang HaiXiu
- The Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, 150001, Harbin, People's Republic of China,
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50
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Bluetongue virus capsid assembly and maturation. Viruses 2014; 6:3250-70. [PMID: 25196482 PMCID: PMC4147694 DOI: 10.3390/v6083250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Maturation is an intrinsic phase of the viral life cycle and is often intertwined with egress. In this review we focus on orbivirus maturation by using Bluetongue virus (BTV) as a representative. BTV, a member of the genus Orbivirus within the family Reoviridae, has over the last three decades been subjected to intense molecular study and is thus one of the best understood viruses. BTV is a non-enveloped virus comprised of two concentric protein shells that encapsidate 10 double-stranded RNA genome segments. Upon cell entry, the outer capsid is shed, releasing the core which does not disassemble into the cytoplasm. The polymerase complex within the core then synthesizes transcripts from each genome segment and extrudes these into the cytoplasm where they act as templates for protein synthesis. Newly synthesized ssRNA then associates with the replicase complex prior to encapsidation by inner and outer protein layers of core within virus-triggered inclusion bodies. Maturation of core occurs outside these inclusion bodies (IBs) via the addition of the outer capsid proteins, which appears to be coupled to a non-lytic, exocytic pathway during early infection. Similar to the enveloped viruses, BTV hijacks the exocytosis and endosomal sorting complex required for trafficking (ESCRT) pathway via a non-structural glycoprotein. This exquisitely detailed understanding is assembled from a broad array of assays, spanning numerous and diverse in vitro and in vivo studies. Presented here are the detailed insights of BTV maturation and egress.
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