Role of cytochrome P450 in drug interactions

Investigation of in silico studies for cytochrome P450 isoforms specificity

Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes comprise a highly diverse superfamily of heme-thiolate proteins that responsible for catalyzing over 90 % of enzymatic reactions associated with xenobiotic metabolism in humans. Accurately predicting whether chemicals are substrates or inhibitors of different CYP450 isoforms can aid in pre-selecting hit compounds for the drug discovery process, chemical toxicology studies, and patients treatment planning. In this work, we investigated in silico studies on CYP450s specificity over past twenty years, categorizing these studies into structure-based and ligand-based approaches. Subsequently, we utilized 100 of the most frequently prescribed drugs to test eleven machine learning-based prediction models which were published between 2015 and 2024. We analyzed various aspects of the evaluated models, such as their datasets, algorithms, and performance. This will give readers with a comprehensive overview of these prediction models and help them choose the most suitable one to do prediction. We also provide our insights for future research trend in both structure-based and ligand-based approaches in this field.

Unravelling the complexities of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: The role of metabolism, transporters, and herb-drug interactions

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a mainstream halting liver disease with high prevalence in North America, Europe, and other world regions. It is an advanced form of NAFLD caused by the amassing of fat in the liver and can progress to the more severe form known as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Until recently, there was no authorized pharmacotherapy reported for NASH, and to improve the patient's metabolic syndrome, the focus is mainly on lifestyle modification, weight loss, ensuring a healthy diet, and increased physical activity; however, the recent approval of Rezdiffra (Resmetirom) by the US FDA may change this narrative. As per the reported studies, there is an increased articulation of uptake and efflux transporters of the liver, including OATP and MRP, in NASH, leading to changes in the drug's pharmacokinetic properties. This increase leads to alterations in the pharmacokinetic properties of drugs. Furthermore, modifications in Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes can have a significant impact on these properties. Xenobiotics are metabolized primarily in the liver and constitute liver enzymes and transporters. This review aims to delve into the role of metabolism, transport, and potential herb-drug interactions in the context of NASH.

Drug-Drug Interactions between COVID-19 and Tuberculosis Medications: A Comprehensive Review of CYP450 and Transporter-Mediated Effects

Most medications undergo metabolism and elimination via CYP450 enzymes, while uptake and efflux transporters play vital roles in drug elimination from various organs. Interactions often occur when multiple drugs share CYP450-transporter-mediated metabolic pathways, necessitating a unique clinical care strategy to address the diverse types of CYP450 and transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions (DDI). The primary focus of this review is to record relevant mechanisms regarding DDI between COVID-19 and tuberculosis (TB) treatments, specifically through the influence of CYP450 enzymes and transporters on drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination, and pharmacokinetics. This understanding empowers clinicians to prevent subtherapeutic and supratherapeutic drug levels of COVID medications when co-administered with TB drugs, thereby mitigating potential challenges and ensuring optimal treatment outcomes. A comprehensive analysis is presented, encompassing various illustrative instances of TB drugs that may impact COVID-19 clinical behavior, and vice versa. This review aims to provide valuable insights to healthcare providers, facilitating informed decision-making and enhancing patient safety while managing co-infections. Ultimately, this study contributes to the body of knowledge necessary to optimize therapeutic approaches and improve patient outcomes in the face of the growing challenges posed by infectious diseases.

A Cytochrome P450 TxtE Model System with Mechanistic and Theoretical Evidence for a Heme Peroxynitrite Active Species

The cytochrome P450 homolog, TxtE, efficiently catalyzes the direct and regioselective aromatic nitration of the indolyl moiety of L-tryptophan to 4-nitro-L-tryptophan, using nitric oxide (NO) and dioxygen (O2) as co-substrates. Pathways for such direct and selective nitration of heteroaromatic motifs present platforms for engineering new nitration biocatalysts for pharmacologically beneficial targets, among a medley of other pivotal industrial applications. Precise mechanistic details concerning this pathway are only weakly understood, albeit a heme iron(III)-peroxynitrite active species has been postulated. To shed light on this unique reaction landscape, we investigated the indole nitration pathway of a series of biomimetic ferric heme superoxide mimics, [(Por)FeIII(O2 -⋅)], in the presence of NO. Therein, our model systems gave rise to three distinct nitroindole products, including 4-nitroindole, the product analogous to that obtained with TxtE. Moreover, 15N and 18O isotope labeling studies, along with meticulously designed control experiments lend credence to a heme peroxynitrite active nitrating agent, drawing close similarities to the tryptophan nitration mechanism of TxtE. All organic and inorganic reaction components have been fully characterized using spectroscopic methods. Theoretical investigation into several mechanistic possibilities deem a unique indolyl radical based reaction pathway as the most energetically favorable, products of which, are in excellent agreement with experimental findings.

In silico screening for potential inhibitors from the phytocompounds of Carica papaya against Zika virus NS5 protein

Background

The Zika virus (ZIKV) infection has emerged as a global health threat. The causal reasoning is that Zika infection is linked to the development of microcephaly in newborns and Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults. With no clinically approved antiviral treatment for ZIKV, the need for the development of potential inhibitors against the virus is essential. In this study, we aimed to screen phytochemicals from papaya ( Carica papaya L.) against NS5 protein domains of ZIKV.

Methods

Approximately 193 phytochemicals from an online database (IMPACT) were subjected to molecular docking using AutoDock Vina against the NS5-MTase protein domain (5WXB) and -RdRp domain (5U04).

Results

Our results showed that β-sitosterol, carpaine, violaxanthin, pseudocarpaine, Δ7-avenasterols, Rutin, and cis-β-carotene had the highest binding affinity to both protein domains, with β-sitosterol having the most favorable binding energy. Furthermore, ADMET analysis revealed that selected compounds had good pharmacokinetic properties and were nontoxic.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that papaya-derived phytochemicals could be potential candidates for developing antiviral drugs against ZIKV. However, further experimental studies using cell lines and in vivo models are needed to validate their efficacy and safety.

In vitro and in silico study on the seeds of Veitchia merrillii on trematode worms

Background and Aim

The potential of plants as anthelmintics is very large, but there is still very little research conducted in the search for effective, safe, easily obtained, and affordable anthelmintic candidates. Palem putri (Veitchia merrillii) is an ornamental plant that is interesting to study because it is included in the areca nut group which is reported to have strong abilities as anthelmintics. The study aims to evaluate the anthelmintic efficacy of Veitchia merrillii against trematode worms such as Paramphistomum spp. and Fasciola hepatica.

Materials and Methods

This research employs both in vitro and computational techniques. An anthelmintic in vitro test was carried out on Paramphistomum spp. worms at concentrations of 10%, 25%, and 40% (gr/v), assessing mortality index as the observable outcome, followed by a histopathological investigation of the deceased worms for tissue and cellular damage evaluation. Seventeen compounds from V. merrillii seeds were studied in silico for their anthelmintic activity against F. hepatica worms using the quantitative structure-activity relationship technique, molecular docking, and Lipinski's rule analysis for orally administered medication.

Results

About 25% and 40% extracts of V. merrillii damaged the tegument organs in the worms. Seventeen compounds in V. merrillii seed extract, on average, yielded a higher anthelmintic index on F. hepatica than praziquantel. Eleven of the 17 compounds exhibit stronger affinity than praziquantel, with routine and gallic acid being the top two ligands (∆Gbinding values: -11.65 kcal/mol and -11.07 kcal/mol, respectively). According to Lipinski's rule analysis, only routine compounds cannot be orally administered.

Conclusion

The seeds of V. merrilli have potential as an anthelmintic agent for Paramphistomum spp. at concentrations of 25%-40% (gr/v).

In silico and in vitro evaluation of designed fluconazole analogues as lanosterol 14α-demethylase inhibitors

The drugs fighting against aggressive fungal infections are in limited number, therefore, extensive research is obligatory to develop new therapeutic strategies. Fluconazole (FLZ) is a clinically approved drug, but resistant drug against most fungal pathogens, thus it is vital to identify more compounds that can better check the fungal growth. Analogue-based drug designing is a quick and economical way since it has inherent drug-like properties of marketed drugs. This study aims to generate and evaluate analogues of FLZ with better potency against fungal-borne infections. A total of 3307 analogues of FLZ were developed from six scaffold structures. Only 390 compounds passed Lipinski's rule, of which 247 analogues exhibited lower docking scores than FLZ with 5FSA. These inhibitors were further subjected to pharmacokinetics property evaluation and cytotoxicity test and it was found that only 46 analogues were suitable for further evaluation. Based on the molecular docking score of the best two analogues, 6f (-12.7 kcal/mol) and 8f (-12.8 kcal/mol) were selected for molecular dynamics and in-vitro studies. Antifungal activities of both compounds against 4 strains of Candida albicans were evaluated by disc diffusion assay and micro broth dilution assay and Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for 6f and 8f were observed as 256 µg/ml against 4719, 4918 and 5480 strains but the MIC was extended to 512 µg/ml for strain 3719. Both analogues exhibited low antifungal activities as compared to FLZ (8-16 µg/ml). The interaction of 6f with Mycostatin was also performed using a chequerboard assay that was found additive.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Comparing the oxidative functions of neutrophil myeloperoxidase and cytochrome P450 enzymes in drug metabolism

Drug metabolism is an essential process that chemically alters xenobiotic substrates to activate or terminate drug activity. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a neutrophil-derived haem-containing enzyme that is involved in killing invading pathogens, although consequentially, this same oxidative activity can produce metabolites that damage host tissue and play a role in various human pathologies. Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are a superfamily of haem-containing enzymes that are significantly involved in the metabolism of drugs by functioning as monooxygenases and can be induced or inhibited, resulting in significant drug-drug interactions that lead to unanticipated adverse drug reactions. In this review, the functions of drug metabolism of MPO and CYPs are explored, along with their involvement and association for common enzymatic pathways by certain xenobiotics. MPO and CYPs metabolize numerous xenobiotics, although few reported studies have made a direct comparison between both enzymes. Additionally, we employed molecular docking to compare the active site and haem prosthetic group of MPO and CYPs, supporting their similar catalytic activities. Furthermore, we performed LCMS analysis and observed a shared hydroxylated mefenamic acid metabolite produced in both enzymatic systems. A proper understanding of the enzymology and mechanisms of action of MPO and CYPs is of significant importance when enhancing the beneficial functions of drugs in health and diminishing their damaging effects on diseases. Therefore, awareness of drugs and xenobiotic substrates involved in MPO and CYPs metabolism pathways will add to the knowledge base to foresee and prevent potential drug interactions and adverse events.

A Comprehensive Study to Unleash the Putative Inhibitors of Serotype2 of Dengue Virus: Insights from an In Silico Structure-Based Drug Discovery

Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne disease that claims the lives of millions of people around the world. A number of factors like disease's non-specific symptoms, increased viral mutation, growing antiviral drug resistance due to reduced susceptibility, unavailability of an effective vaccine for dengue, weak immunity against the virus, and many more are involved. Dengue belongs to the Flaviviridae family of viruses. The two species of the vector transmitting dengue are Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, with the former one being dominant. Serotypes 2 of dengue fever are spread to the human body and cause severe illness. Recently, dengue has imposed an aggressive effect synergistically with the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, we concentrated our efforts on finding a potential therapeutic. For this, we chose natural compounds to fight dengue fever, which is currently regarded as successful among many drug therapies. Following this, we started the in silico experiment with 922 plant extracts as lead compounds to fight serotype 2. In this study, we used SwissADME for analyzing ligand drug-likeness, pkCSM for designing an ADMET profile, Autodock vina 4.2 and Swissdock tools for molecular docking, and finally Desmond for molecular dynamics simulation. Ultimately 45 were found effective against the 2'O methyltransferase protein of serotype 2. CHEMBL376820 was found as possible therapeutic candidates for inhibiting methyltransferase protein in this thorough analysis. Nevertheless, more in vitro and in vivo research are required to substantiate their potential therapeutic efficacy.

Identification of new 5-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-5H-thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidine-7-carboxylic acids as p38α MAPK inhibitors: Design, synthesis, antitumor evaluation, molecular docking and in silico studies

In pursuit of discovering novel scaffolds that demonstrate potential inhibitory activity against p38α MAPK and possess strong antitumor effects, we herein report the design and synthesis of new series of 17 final target 5-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-5H-thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidine-7-carboxylic acids (4-20). Chemical characterization of the compounds was performed using FT-IR, NMR, elemental analyses and mass spectra of some representative examples. With many compounds showing potential inhibitory activity against p38α MAPK, two derivatives, 8 and 9, demonstrated the highest activity (>70 % inhibition) among the series. Derivative 9 displayed IC50 value nearly 2.5 folds more potent than 8. As anticipated, they both showed explicit interactions inside the kinase active site with the key binding amino acid residues. Screening both compounds for cytotoxic effects, they exhibited strong antitumor activities against lung (A549), breast (MCF-7 and MDA MB-231), colon (HCT-116) and liver (Hep-G2) cancers more potent than reference 5-FU. Their noticeable strong antitumor activity pointed out to the possibility of an augmented DNA binding mechanism of antitumor action besides their kinase inhibition. Both 8 and 9 exhibited strong ctDNA damaging effects in nanomolar range. Further mechanistic antitumor studies revealed ability of compounds 8 and 9 to arrest cell cycle in MCF-7 cells at S phase, while in HCT-116 treated cells at G0-G1 and G2/M phases. They also displayed apoptotic induction effects in both MCF-7 and HCT-116 with total cell deaths more than control untreated cells in reference to 5-FU. Finally, the compounds were tested for their anti-migratory potential utilizing wound healing assay. They induced a significant decrease in wound closure percentage after 24 h treatment in the examined cancer cells when compared to untreated control MCF-7 and HCT-116 cells better than 5-FU. In silico computation of physicochemical parameters revealed the drug-like properties of 8 and 9 with no violation to Lipinski's rule of five as well as their tolerable ADMET parameters, thus suggesting their utilization as potential future drug leads amenable for further optimization and development.

The potential impact of CYP and UGT drug-metabolizing enzymes on brain target site drug exposure

Drug metabolism is one of the critical determinants of drug disposition throughout the body. While traditionally associated with the liver, recent research has unveiled the presence and functional significance of drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) within the brain. Specifically, cytochrome P-450 enzymes (CYPs) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) enzymes have emerged as key players in drug biotransformation within the central nervous system (CNS). This comprehensive review explores the cellular and subcellular distribution of CYPs and UGTs within the CNS, emphasizing regional expression and contrasting profiles between the liver and brain, humans and rats. Moreover, we discuss the impact of species and sex differences on CYPs and UGTs within the CNS. This review also provides an overview of methodologies for identifying and quantifying enzyme activities in the brain. Additionally, we present factors influencing CYPs and UGTs activities in the brain, including genetic polymorphisms, physiological variables, pathophysiological conditions, and environmental factors. Examples of CYP- and UGT-mediated drug metabolism within the brain are presented at the end, illustrating the pivotal role of these enzymes in drug therapy and potential toxicity. In conclusion, this review enhances our understanding of drug metabolism's significance in the brain, with a specific focus on CYPs and UGTs. Insights into the expression, activity, and influential factors of these enzymes within the CNS have crucial implications for drug development, the design of safe drug treatment strategies, and the comprehension of drug actions within the CNS. To that end, CNS pharmacokinetic (PK) models can be improved to further advance drug development and personalized therapy.

Predictive Minisci late stage functionalization with transfer learning

Structural diversification of lead molecules is a key component of drug discovery to explore chemical space. Late-stage functionalizations (LSFs) are versatile methodologies capable of installing functional handles on richly decorated intermediates to deliver numerous diverse products in a single reaction. Predicting the regioselectivity of LSF is still an open challenge in the field. Numerous efforts from chemoinformatics and machine learning (ML) groups have made strides in this area. However, it is arduous to isolate and characterize the multitude of LSF products generated, limiting available data and hindering pure ML approaches. We report the development of an approach that combines a message passing neural network and 13C NMR-based transfer learning to predict the atom-wise probabilities of functionalization for Minisci and P450-based functionalizations. We validated our model both retrospectively and with a series of prospective experiments, showing that it accurately predicts the outcomes of Minisci-type and P450 transformations and outperforms the well-established Fukui-based reactivity indices and other machine learning reactivity-based algorithms.

Placental cytochrome P450 methylomes in infants exposed to prenatal opioids: exploring the effects of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome on health horizons

Background: Neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome (NOWS), arises due to increased opioid use during pregnancy. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes play a pivotal role in metabolizing a wide range of substances in the human body, including opioids, other drugs, toxins, and endogenous compounds. The association between CYP gene methylation and opioid effects is unexplored and it could offer promising insights. Objective: To investigate the impact of prenatal opioid exposure on disrupted CYPs in infants and their anticipated long-term clinical implications. Study Design: DNA methylation levels of CYP genes were analyzed in a cohort of 96 placental tissues using Illumina Infinium MethylationEPIC (850 k) BeadChips. This involved three groups of placental tissues: 32 from mothers with infants exposed to opioids prenatally requiring pharmacologic treatment for NOWS, 32 from mothers with prenatally opioid-exposed infants not needing NOWS treatment, and 32 from unexposed control mothers. Results: The study identified 20 significantly differentially methylated CpG sites associated with 17 distinct CYP genes, with 14 CpGs showing reduced methylation across 14 genes (CYP19A1, CYP1A2, CYP4V2, CYP1B1, CYP24A1, CYP26B1, CYP26C1, CYP2C18, CYP2C9, CYP2U1, CYP39A1, CYP2R1, CYP4Z1, CYP2D7P1 and), while 8 exhibited hypermethylation (CYP51A1, CYP26B1, CYP2R1, CYP2U1, CYP4X1, CYP1A2, CYP2W1, and CYP4V2). Genes such as CYP1A2, CYP26B1, CYP2R1, CYP2U1, and CYP4V2 exhibited both increased and decreased methylation. These genes are crucial for metabolizing eicosanoids, fatty acids, drugs, and diverse substances. Conclusion: The study identified profound methylation changes in multiple CYP genes in the placental tissues relevant to NOWS. This suggests that disruption of DNA methylation patterns in CYP transcripts might play a role in NOWS and may serve as valuable biomarkers, suggesting a future pathway for personalized treatment. Further research is needed to confirm these findings and explore their potential for diagnosis and treatment.

Deciphering Molecular Mechanisms of Carbon Tetrachloride- Induced Hepatotoxicity: A Brief Systematic Review

The liver plays a critical role in metabolic processes, making it vulnerable to injury. Researchers often study carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity in model organisms because it closely resembles human liver damage. This toxicity occurs due to the activation of various cytochromes, including CYP2E1, CYP2B1, CYP2B2, and possibly CYP3A, which produce the trichloromethyl radical (CCl3*). CCl3* can attach to biological molecules such as lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, impairing lipid metabolism and leading to fatty degeneration. It can also combine with DNA to initiate hepatic carcinogenesis. When exposed to oxygen, CCl3* generates more reactive CCl3OO*, which leads to lipid peroxidation and membrane damage. At the molecular level, CCl4 induces the release of several inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α and NO, which can either help or harm hepatotoxicity through cellular apoptosis. TGF-β contributes to fibrogenesis, while IL-6 and IL-10 aid in recovery by minimizing anti-apoptotic activity and directing cells toward regeneration. To prevent liver damage, different interventions can be employed, such as antioxidants, mitogenic agents, and the maintenance of calcium sequestration. Drugs that prevent CCl4- induced cytotoxicity and proliferation or enhance CYP450 activity may offer a protective response against hepatic carcinoma.

Effects of Calamintha incana (Sm.) Helder Ethanolic Extract on the mRNA Expression of Drug-metabolizing cyp450s in the Mouse Livers

BACKGROUND

Alteration in the expression and activity of drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) can alter the pharmacokinetics and hence the response of the drug. Some chemicals found in herbs and fruits affect the expression of DMEs. Calamintha incana is commonly used in Middle Eastern Arabic countries. There is no report regarding the influence of Calamintha incana on the hepatic expression of DMEs.

AIMS

The current investigation aimed to investigate the effect of Calamintha incana consumption on the mRNA expression of major hepatic drug-metabolizing cytochrome (cyp) P450 genes in mice.

METHODS

The chemical composition of the ethanoic extract was analyzed using liquid chromatography/ mass spectrometry. Then, 21 BALB/c mice were used for the in vivo experiment. The mice were divided into three groups, each consisting of seven mice. The first group (low-dose group) was treated with 41.6 mg/kg of Calamintha incana extract and the second group was administered the high-dose (125 mg/kg) of the extract for one month. The mice in the third "control" group administrated the vehicle 20% polyethylene glycol 200. Then, the expression of cyp3a11, cyp2c29, cyp2d9, and cyp1a1 was analyzed using the real-time polymerase chain reaction. The relative liver weights of the mice and the hepatic pathohistological alterations were assessed.

RESULTS

The ethanolic extract of Calamintha incana contained 27 phytochemical compounds. The most abundant compounds were linolenic acid, myristic acid, and p-cymene. It was found that the low dose of Calamintha incana extract upregulated significantly (P < 0.05) the expression of cyp3a11 by more than ten folds in the liver of treated mice. Furthermore, the histological analysis showed that low- and high-dose administration of the C. incana did not cause pathological alterations.

CONCLUSION

It can be concluded from these findings that consumption of low doses of Calamintha incana upregulated the mRNA expression of mouse cyp3a11 without causing histopathological alterations in the livers. Further studies are needed to determine the influence of Calamintha incana on the pharmacokinetics and response of drugs metabolized by cyp3a11.

In Silico and In Vitro Analyses to Repurpose Quercetin as a Human Pancreatic α-Amylase Inhibitor

Human pancreatic α-amylase (HPA), situated at the apex of the starch digestion hierarchy, is an attractive therapeutic approach to precisely regulate blood glucose levels, thereby efficiently managing diabetes. Polyphenols offer a natural and multifaceted approach to moderate postprandial sugar spikes, with their slight modulation in carbohydrate digestion and potential secondary benefits, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Taking into consideration the unfavorable side effects of currently available commercial medications, we aimed to study a library of polyphenols attributed to their remarkable antidiabetic properties and screened the most potent HPA inhibitor via a comprehensive in silico study encompassing molecular docking, molecular mechanics with generalized Born and surface area solvation (MM/GBSA) calculation, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, density functional theory (DFT) study, and pharmacokinetic properties followed by an in vitro assay. Significant hydrogen bonding with the catalytic triad residues of HPA, prominent MM/GBSA binding energy of -27.03 kcal/mol, and the stable nature of the protein-ligand complex with regard to 100 ns MD simulation screened quercetin as the best HPA inhibitor. Additionally, quercetin showed strong reactivity in the substrate-binding pocket of HPA and exhibited favorable pharmacokinetic properties with a considerable inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 57.37 ± 0.9 μg/mL against α-amylase. This study holds prospects for HPA inhibition and suggests quercetin as an approach to therapy for diabetes; however, it is imperative to conduct further research.

Copine7 deficiency leads to hepatic fat accumulation via mitochondrial dysfunction

Objective

Mitochondrial dysfunction affects hepatic lipid homeostasis and promotes ROS generation. Copine7 (CPNE7) belongs to the ubiquitous copine family of calcium-dependent phospholipid binding proteins. CPNE7 has a high calcium ion binding affinity and the capacity to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS). A recent study reported that abnormalities in fatty acid and lipid metabolism were linked to the gene variant of CPNE7. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the role of Cpne7 in hepatic lipid metabolism based on mitochondrial function.

Methods

Lipid metabolism, mitochondrial function, and ROS production were investigated in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed Cpne7-/- mice and H2O2-damaged HepG2 hepatocytes following CPNE7 silencing or overexpression.

Results

Cpne7 deficiency promoted severe hepatic steatosis in the HFD-induced NAFLD model. More importantly, mitochondrial dysfunction was observed along with an imbalance of mitochondrial dynamics in the livers of HFD-fed Cpne7-/-mice, resulting in high ROS levels. Similarly, CPNE7-silenced HepG2 hepatocytes showed high ROS levels, mitochondrial dysfunction, and increased lipid contents. On the contrary, CPNE7-overexpressed HepG2 cells showed low ROS levels, enhanced mitochondrial function and decreased lipid contents under H2O2-induced oxidative stress.

Conclusions

In the liver, Cpne7 deficiency causes excessive ROS formation and mitochondrial dysfunction, which aggravates lipid metabolism abnormalities. These findings provide evidence that Cpne7 deficiency contributes to the pathogenesis of NAFLD, suggesting Cpne7 as a novel therapeutic target for NAFLD.

Extracellular matrix modulates the spatial hepatic features in hepatocyte-like cells derived from human embryonic stem cells

BACKGROUND

Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) can provide a valuable in vitro model for disease modelling and drug development. However, generating HLCs with characteristics comparable to hepatocytes in vivo is challenging. Extracellular matrix (ECM) plays an important role in supporting liver development and hepatocyte functions, but their impact on hepatocyte differentiation and maturation during hPSC differentiation remains unclear. Here, we investigate the effects of two ECM components-Matrigel and type I collagen on hepatic differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs).

METHODS

hESC-derived HLCs were generated through multistage differentiation in two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) cultures, incorporating either type I collagen or Matrigel during hepatic specification and maturation. The resulting HLCs was characterized for their gene expression and functionality using various molecular and cellular techniques.

RESULTS

Our results showed that HLCs cultured with collagen exhibited a significant increase in albumin and alpha-1 anti-trypsin expression with reduced AFP compared to HLCs cultured with Matrigel. They also secreted more urea than Matrigel cultures. However, these HLCs exhibited lower CYP3A4 activity and glycogen storage than those cultured with Matrigel. These functional differences in HLCs between collagen and Matrigel cultures closely resembled the hepatocytes of periportal and pericentral zones, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Our study demonstrates that Matrigel and collagen have differential effects on the differentiation and functionality of HLCs, which resemble, to an extent, hepatic zonation in the liver lobules. Our finding has an important impact on the generation of hPSC-HLCs for biomedical and medical applications.

DDI-GCN: Drug-drug interaction prediction via explainable graph convolutional networks

Drug-drug interactions (DDI) may lead to unexpected side effects, which is a growing concern in both academia and industry. Many DDIs have been reported, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Predicting and understanding DDIs can help researchers to improve drug safety and protect patient health. Here, we introduce DDI-GCN, a method that utilizes graph convolutional networks (GCN) to predict DDIs based on chemical structures. We demonstrate that this method achieves state-of-the-art prediction performance on the independent hold-out set. It can also provide visualization of structural features associated with DDIs, which can help us to study the underlying mechanisms. To make it easy and accessible to use, we developed a web server for DDI-GCN, which is freely available at http://wengzq-lab.cn/ddi/.

A High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Photodiode Array Detection Method for Simultaneous Determination of Three Compounds Isolated from Wikstroemia ganpi: Assessment of the Effects on Cytochrome P450-Mediated Metabolism In Vitro and In Vivo

In natural products, the content and quality of the marker components differ depending on the part, production area, collection period, and extraction method; therefore, a standardized analysis method is required to obtain consistent results. This study developed a simultaneous analysis method for three marker components (7-methoxylutolin-5-O-glucoseide, pilloin 5-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, rutarensin) isolated and purified from Wikstroemia ganpi (W. ganpi). Simultaneous analysis was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection (HPLC-PDA) method that was validated according to the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines. The developed analytical method exhibited linearity (r2 > 0.999), detection limits (0.72-3.34 μg/mL), and quantification limits (2.19-10.22 μg/mL). The relative standard deviation (RSD) value of intra- and inter-day precisions was less than 1.68%, and analyte recoveries (93.42-117.55%; RSD < 1.86%) were validated according to the analytical procedures, and all parameters were within the allowable range. Quantitative analysis of the three marker components from W. ganpi MeOH extract (WGM) showed 7-methoxylutolin-5-O-glucoseide with the highest content (51.81 mg/g). The inhibitory effects of WGM on cytochrome P450 (CYP) substrate drugs were further investigated. The in vitro study revealed that WGM inhibited the CYP3A-mediated metabolism of buspirone and that 7-methoxylutolin-5-O-glucoseide and pilloin 5-O-β-d-glucopyranoside inhibited the metabolism of buspirone with IC50 values of 2.73 and 18.7 μM, respectively. However, a single oral dose of WGM did not have significant effects on the pharmacokinetics of buspirone in rats, suggesting that WGM cannot function as an inhibitor of CYP3A-mediated metabolism in vivo.

A Comparative Genomic and Phylogenetic Investigation of the Xenobiotic Metabolism Enzymes of Cytochrome P450 in Elephants Shows Loss in CYP2E and CYP4A

Cytochrome P450 is an important enzyme that metabolizes a variety of chemicals, including exogenous substances, such as drugs and environmental chemicals, and endogenous substances, such as steroids, fatty acids, and cholesterol. Some CYPs show interspecific differences in terms of genetic variation. As little is known about the mechanisms of elephant metabolism, we carried out a comparative genomic and phylogenetic analysis of CYP in elephants. Our results suggest that elephant CYP genes have undergone independent duplication, particularly in the CYP2A, CYP2C, and CYP3A genes, a unique cluster specific to elephant species. However, while CYP2E and CYP4A were conserved in other Afrotheria taxa, their decay in elephants resulted in genetic dysfunction (pseudogene). These findings outline several remarkable characteristics of elephant CYP1-4 genes and provide new insights into elephant xenobiotic metabolism. Further functional investigations are necessary to characterize elephant CYP, including expression patterns and interactions with drugs and sensitivities to other chemicals.

Structure-based virtual screening for identification of potential CDC20 inhibitors and their therapeutic evaluation in breast cancer

Cell division cycle 20 (CDC20), a critical partner of anaphase promoting complex (APC/C), is indispensably required for metaphase-to-anaphase transition. CDC20 overexpression in TNBC breast cancer patients has been found to be correlated with poor prognosis, hence, we aimed to target CDC20 for TNBC therapeutics. In silico molecular docking of large-scale chemical libraries (phytochemicals/synthetic drugs) against CDC20 protein structure identified five synthetic drugs and four phytochemicals as potential hits interacting with CDC20 active site. The molecular selection was done based on docking scores, binding interactions, binding energies and MM/GBSA scores. Further, we analysed ADME profiles for all the hits and identified lidocaine, an aminoamide anaesthetic group of synthetic drug, with high drug-likeness properties. We explored the anti-tumorigenic effects of lidocaine on MDA-MB-231 TNBC breast cancer cells, which resulted in increased growth inhibition in dose-dependent manner. The molecular mechanism behind the cell viability defect mediated by lidocaine was found to be induction of G2/M cell cycle arrest and cellular apoptosis. Notably, lidocaine treatment of TNBC cells also resulted in downregulation of CDC20 gene expression. Thus, this study identifies lidocaine as a potential anti-neoplastic agent for TNBC cells emphasizing CDC20 as a suitable therapeutic target for breast cancer.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03554-7.

Synthesis and structure-activity relationship studies of benzimidazole-thioquinoline derivatives as α-glucosidase inhibitors

In this article, different s-substituted benzimidazole-thioquinoline derivatives were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their possible α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. The most active compound in this series, 6j (X = 4-bromobenzyl) exhibited significant potency with an IC₅₀ value of 28.0 ± 0.6 µM compared to acarbose as the positive control with an IC₅₀ value of 750.0 µM. The kinetic study showed a competitive inhibition pattern against α-glucosidase for the 6j derivative. Also, the molecular dynamic simulations were performed to determine key interactions between compounds and the targeted enzyme. The in silico pharmacodynamics and ADMET properties were executed to illustrate the druggability of the novel derivatives. In general, it can be concluded that these derivatives can serve as promising leads to the design of potential α-glucosidase inhibitors.

Possible Side Effects of Polyphenols and Their Interactions with Medicines

Polyphenols are an important component of plant-derived food with a wide spectrum of beneficial effects on human health. For many years, they have aroused great interest, especially due to their antioxidant properties, which are used in the prevention and treatment of many diseases. Unfortunately, as with any chemical substance, depending on the conditions, dose, and interactions with the environment, it is possible for polyphenols to also exert harmful effects. This review presents a comprehensive current state of the knowledge on the negative impact of polyphenols on human health, describing the possible side effects of polyphenol intake, especially in the form of supplements. The review begins with a brief overview of the physiological role of polyphenols and their potential use in disease prevention, followed by the harmful effects of polyphenols which are exerted in particular situations. The individual chapters discuss the consequences of polyphenols’ ability to block iron uptake, which in some subpopulations can be harmful, as well as the possible inhibition of digestive enzymes, inhibition of intestinal microbiota, interactions of polyphenolic compounds with drugs, and impact on hormonal balance. Finally, the prooxidative activity of polyphenols as well as their mutagenic, carcinogenic, and genotoxic effects are presented. According to the authors, there is a need to raise public awareness about the possible side effects of polyphenols supplementation, especially in the case of vulnerable subpopulations.

Modulating effect of Cu(II) complexes with enamine and tetrazole derivatives on CYP2C and CYP3A and their cytotoxic and antiproliferative properties in HepG2 spheroids

CYP2C and CYP3A cytochromes are induced by a variety of compounds and affect the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a large number of drugs. Currently, the possibility of using copper coordination compounds in antitumor therapy is being actively studied. Evaluation of potential interactions between new molecules and P450 cytochromes is necessary at an early stage of drug design.The aim. To study the modulating effect of Cu(II) complexes with enamine and tetrazole derivatives on CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 and their cytotoxic and antiproliferative properties on normal human lung fibroblasts MRC-5 and a 3D model of hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2.Materials and methods. Cytotoxic and antiproliferative activities of copper(II) complexes – [CuL2] (1), [Cu2(bipy)2(PT)4] (2), [Cu2(phen)2(PT)4] (3), {[Cu(phen)(MT)2]∙H2O}n (4) (L – anion of 2-anilinomethylidene-5,5-dimethylcyclohexane-1,3-dione; PT – 5-phenyltetrazolate anion; MT – 5-methyltetrazolate anion; bipy – 2,2’-bipyridine; phen – 1,10-phenanthroline) – were examined in 2D and 3D models using fluorescence-based phenotypic screening. The modulating effect on CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 was studied using fluorescence-based targeted screening. The results of CYP3A4 expression were confirmed by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).Results. Complex (1) increases the CYP3A4 expression and does not affect CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 expression. Complex (2) has no modulating effect on CYP2C and CYP3A. Complexes with 1,10-phenatrolin (3) and (4) induce CYP3A4, inhibit CYP2C9 and do not affect CYP2C19 expression. All compounds have a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect on HepG2 and MRC-5: the compound with 5-methyltetrazolate anion (4) has the same effect on cell lines, compounds with 5-phenyltetrazolate anion (2) and (3) have selective effect. Complexes with 1,10-phenatrolin are effective on both 2D and 3D models.Conclusion. The [Cu2(phen)2(FT)4] complex (3) can be used as a basis for creating an antitumor compound, but further modification of the structure is required to increase the selectivity to tumor cells.

Influence of Antibiotics on Functionality and Viability of Liver Cells In Vitro

(1) Antibiotics are an important weapon in the fight against serious bacterial infections and are considered a common cause of drug-induced liver injury (DILI). The hepatotoxicity of many drugs, including antibiotics, is poorly analyzed in human in vitro models. (2) A standardized assay with a human hepatoma cell line was used to test the hepatotoxicity of various concentrations (Cmax, 5× Cmax, and 10× Cmax) of antibiotics. In an ICU, the most frequently prescribed antibiotics, ampicillin, cefepime, cefuroxime, levofloxacin, linezolid, meropenem, rifampicin, tigecycline, and vancomycin, were incubated with HepG2/C3A cells for 6 days. Cell viability (XTT assay, LDH release, and vitality), albumin synthesis, and cytochrome 1A2 activity were determined in cells. (3) In vitro, vancomycin, rifampicin, and tigecycline showed moderate hepatotoxic potential. The antibiotics ampicillin, cefepime, cefuroxime, levofloxacin, linezolid, and meropenem were associated with mild hepatotoxic reactions in test cells incubated with the testes Cmax concentration. Rifampicin and cefuroxime showed significantly negative effects on the viability of test cells. (4) Further in vitro studies and global pharmacovigilance reports should be conducted to reveal underlying mechanism of the hepatotoxic action of vancomycin, rifampicin, tigecycline, and cefuroxime, as well as the clinical relevance of these findings.

Molecular dynamics simulation analysis of alpha-cobra toxin docked with phytochemical compounds

It is of interest to document data on the molecular dynamics simulation analysis of alpha-cobratoxin docked with phytochemical compounds. This can be used as effective drug candidates against the snake and scorpion venom. It should be noted experimental verification is needed to further validate the current data.

Concurrent Use of Oral Anticoagulants and Sulfonylureas in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes and Risk of Hypoglycemia: A UK Population-Based Cohort Study

Objective

To investigate the association of concurrent use of oral anticoagulants (OACs) and sulfonylureas and the risk of hypoglycemia in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Research Design and Methods

A retrospective cohort study was conducted between 2001 and 2017 using electronic primary healthcare data from the IQVIA Medical Research Data (IMRD) that incorporates data supplied by The Health Improvement Network (THIN), a propriety database of Cegedim SA. Individuals with T2DM who received OAC prescription and sulfonylureas were included. We compared the risk of hypoglycemia with sulfonylureas and OACs using propensity score matching and Cox regression.

Results

109,040 individuals using warfarin and sulfonylureas and 77,296 using direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) and sulfonylureas were identified and included. There were 285 hypoglycemia events in the warfarin with sulfonylureas group (incidence rate = 17.8 per 1,000 person-years), while in the sulfonylureas only, 304 hypoglycemia events were observed (incidence rate = 14.4 per 1,000 person-years). There were 14 hypoglycemic events in the DOACs with sulfonylureas group (incidence rates = 14.8 per 1,000 person-years), while in the sulfonylureas alone group, 60 hypoglycemia events were observed (incidence rate =23.7 per 1,000 person-years). Concurrent use of warfarin and sulfonylureas was associated with increased risk of hypoglycemia compared with sulfonylureas alone (HR 1.38; 95% CI 1.10-1.75). However, we found no evidence of an association between concurrent use of DOACs and sulfonylureas and risk of hypoglycemia (HR 0.54; 95% CI, 0.27-1.10) when compared with sulfonylureas only.

Conclusions

We provide real-world evidence of possible drug-drug interactions between warfarin and sulfonylureas. The decision to prescribe warfarin with coexistent sulfonylureas to individuals with T2DM should be carefully evaluated in the context of other risk factors of hypoglycemia, and availability of alternative medications.

Genetic Variation of the CYP2C9 Genetic of Minangkabau as a Predictor of Side Effect Providing Indications of Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs

BACKGROUND: Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAID) activity showed a varied response based on the genetic polymorphism of the CYP29C enzyme. Metabolism of some NSAIDs such as celecoxib, diclofenac, and ibuprofen is highly dependent on CYP2C9. This enzyme has several variants of the heterozygous and homozygous genotypes such as CYP2C9 *2/2 and CYP2C9 *1/*3 which differ for each population. Genetic testing for specific variations of this allele will help determine whether the drug is a valid pharmacotherapeutic option for the patient or not. AIM: This study aims to analyze the genetic variation of the CYP2C9 gene from the Minangkabau ethnic, West Sumatra, Indonesia, which can later be used as a determinant of selecting the right NSAID with optimal effectiveness and to minimalize side effects. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Respondents of this study were users of NSAID drugs obtained from several hospitals in Padang City and were of Minang ethnicity. Blood samples taken from patients were stored in EDTA tubes and DNA was isolated using a genomic DNA isolation kit, DNAzol® Genomic DNA Kits (Thermofischer Scientific). PCR primer and sequencing were designed using Primer Blast (NCBI) software. The synthesized primer was purified by HPLC. DNA fragment application was carried out using the PCR method. The amplicon DNA was purified and prepared as much as 500 ng for sequencing using Illumina’s Next Generation Sequencing method. This analysis was performed with the help of SPSS software. RESULTS: When analyzing the CYP2C9 gene on Primer F23, 44 people were found to be homozygous for the normal allele (AA genotype), and 11 people were heterozygous (GT genotype), 45 people were normal allele (TT genotype), five people were heterozygous (CG genotype), 49 people were normal allele (AA genotype), and five people were heterozygous (GA genotype). CONCLUSION: This study concluded that relationship between CYP29C genetic variation and NSAID drug metabolism is found at the genotypic frequency rs229837 and rs1934969.

Diurnal effects of polypharmacy with high drug burden index on physical activities over 23 h differ with age and sex

Aging, polypharmacy (concurrent use of ≥ 5 medications), and functional impairment are global healthcare challenges. However, knowledge of the age/sex-specific effects of polypharmacy is limited, particularly on daily physical activities. Using continuous monitoring, we demonstrated how polypharmacy with high Drug Burden Index (DBI-cumulative anticholinergic/sedative exposure) affected behaviors over 23 h in male/female, young/old mice. For comparison, we also evaluated how different drug regimens (polypharmacy/monotherapy) influenced activities in young mice. We found that after 4 weeks of treatment, high DBI (HDBI) polypharmacy decreased exploration (reduced mean gait speed and climbing) during the habituation period, but increased it during other periods, particularly in old mice during the transition to inactivity. After HDBI polypharmacy, mean gait speed consistently decreased throughout the experiment. Some behavioral declines after HDBI were more marked in females than males, indicating treatment × sex interactions. Metoprolol and simvastatin monotherapies increased activities in young mice, compared to control/polypharmacy. These findings highlight that in mice, some polypharmacy-associated behavioral changes are greater in old age and females. The observed diurnal behavioral changes are analogous to drug-induced delirium and sundowning seen in older adults. Future mechanistic investigations are needed to further inform considerations of age, sex, and polypharmacy to optimize quality use of medicines.

Development and Validation of a Novel HPLC Method to Analyse Metabolic Reaction Products Catalysed by the CYP3A2 Isoform: In Vitro Inhibition of CYP3A2 Enzyme Activity by Aspirin (Drugs Often Used Together in COVID-19 Treatment)

Aspirin (also known as acetylsalicylic acid) is a drug intended to treat fever, pain, or inflammation. Treatment of moderate to severe cases of COVID-19 using aspirin along with dexamethasone has gained major attention globally in recent times. Thus, the purpose of this study was to use High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) to evaluate the in vitro inhibition of CYP3A2 enzyme activity using aspirin in rat liver microsomes (RLMs). In this study, an efficient and sensitive HPLC method was developed using a reversed phase C18 column (X Bridge 4.6 mm × 150 mm, 3.5 µm) at 243 nm using acetonitrile and water (70:30 v/v). The linearity (r2 > 0.999), precision (<15%), accuracy and recovery (80–120%), limit of detection (5.60 µM and 0.06 µM), limit of quantification (16.98 µM and 0.19 µM), and stability of the newly developed method were validated for dexamethasone and 6β-hydroxydexamethasone, respectively, following International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. This method was applied in vitro to measure CYP3A2 activity. The results showed that aspirin competitively inhibits 6β-hydroxylation (CYP3A2 activity) with an inhibition constant (Ki) = 95.46 µM and the concentration of the inhibitor causing 50% inhibition of original enzyme activity (IC50) = 190.92 µM. This indicated that there is a minimal risk of toxicity when dexamethasone and aspirin are co-administrated and a very low risk of toxicity and drug interaction with drugs that are a substrate for CYP3A2 in healthcare settings.

Potential bioactive compounds as SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors from extracts of the marine red alga Halymenia durvillei (Rhodophyta) - A computational study

The respiratory infection COVID-19 caused by the virus SARS CoV-2 has continued to be a major health problem worldwide and has caused more than a million mortalities. Even if the development of COVID-19 vaccines has shown much progress, efforts to find novel, natural anti-viral drugs should be pursued. Halymenia durvillei is a marine red alga widely distributed around Southeast Asia. This study aimed to develop new anti SARS CoV-2 compounds from ethanolic and ethyl acetate extracts of H. durvillei via a computational approach, focusing onthe inhibitory action against the main protease (3CL-Mpro). In this study, 37 compounds were extracted and identified by GC–MS analysis. The potentials of compounds 1–2 tetradecandiol and E,E,Z-1,3,12-nonadecatriene-5,14-diol were identified for therapeutic purposes based on our pharmacophore study, while cholest-5-En-3-Ol (3.Beta.)- had a high fitness score in molecular docking studies both in monomer and dimer state compared to the N3 inhibitor and remdesivir affinity scores. As these compounds show competitive affinity scores against the 3CL-Mpro, these natural compounds may be effective for the treatment of COVID-19 infection. The ADME and pharmacokinetic studies should also be employed to assess the ability of the natural compounds as oral drugs. These promising results have shown the potentials of H. durvillei as an alternative drug in addressing COVID-19 infection. Accordingly, further studies should explore the effectiveness of these active compounds.

Salinomycin induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis and modulates hepatic cytochrome P450 mRNA expression in HepG2/C3a cells

Salinomycin (SAL) is a monocarboxylic polyether ionophore antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces albus. It exhibits an effective antitumor potential against numerous human cancer cells. This study aimed to assess the antiproliferative effects of SAL in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2/C3a cell line. We investigated the effects of SAL on cell growth, DNA damage induction, cell cycle changes and apoptosis; and relative changes in expression of cell cycle-related, apoptosis-related, and CYP450 genes. SAL induced cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase, upregulation of CDKN1A and GADD45A and downregulation of cyclin genes including CCNB1 and CCNA2. SAL effectively suppressed mRNA levels of CTNNB1 gene, an important oncogene that promotes tumorigenesis. The decrease of HepG2/C3A cells' survival can also be due to downregulation of antiapoptotic BCL-2 expression, thus promoting the induction of apoptosis by SAL. This study also demonstrated the ability of SAL in modulating hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) mRNA expression, such that SAL caused the upregulation of CYP1A members and CYP3A5; and downregulation of CYP3A4. Taken together, these data contribute to the understanding of the mechanism of action of SAL, highlighting that metabolizing enzymes modulated by SAL can interfere with chemotherapy treatment and it must be considered in associated treatments.

Kratom Alkaloids: Interactions With Enzymes, Receptors, and Cellular Barriers

Parallel to the growing use of kratom, there is a wealth of evidence from self-report, preclinical, and early clinical studies on therapeutic benefits of its alkaloids in particular for treating pain, managing substance use disorder, and coping with emotional or mental health conditions. On the other hand, there are also reports on potential health risks concerning kratom use. These two aspects are often discussed in reviews on kratom. Here, we aim to highlight specific areas that are of importance to give insights into the mechanistic of kratom alkaloids pharmacological actions. This includes their interactions with drug-metabolizing enzymes and predictions of clinical drug-drug interactions, receptor-binding properties, interactions with cellular barriers in regards to barrier permeability, involvement of membrane transporters, and alteration of barrier function when exposed to the alkaloids.

Virtual Screening-Based Identification of Potent DENV-3 RdRp Protease Inhibitors via In-House Usnic Acid Derivative Database

Dengue virus (DENV) is the causative agent of dengue fever, dengue hemorrhagic disease and dengue shock syndrome (DSS), transmitted predominantly in tropical and subtropical regions by Aedes aegypti. It infects millions of people and causes thousands of deaths each year, but there is no antiviral drug against DENV. Usnic acid lately piqued the interest of researchers for extraordinary biological characteristics, including antiviral activity. Based on high larvicidal activities against Aedes aegypti, this study aims to search usnic acid derivatives as novel anti-DENV agents through a combination of ligand-based and pharmacophore-based virtual screening. One hundred and sixteen (116) usnic acid derivatives were obtained from a database of 428 in-house usnic acid derivatives through pharmacophore filtering steps. Subsequent docking simulation on DENV-3 NS-5 RdRp afforded 41 compounds with a strong binding affinity towards the enzyme. The pharmacokinetics and drug likeness prediction resulted in seven hit compounds, which eventually undergo cytochrome P450 enzyme screening to obtain the lead compound, labelled as 362. In addition, molecular dynamic (MD) simulation of lead compound 362 was performed to verify the stability of the docked complex and the binding posture acquired in docking experiments. Overall, the lead compounds have shown a high fit value of pharmacophore, strong binding affinity towards RdRp enzyme, good pharmacokinetics, and drug likeness properties. The discovery of a new usnic acid derivative as a novel anti-DENV agent targeting RdRp could lead to further drug development and optimization to treat dengue.

Potentiation of flutamide-induced hepatotoxicity in mice by Xian-Ling-Gu-Bao through induction of CYP1A2

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Xian-Ling-Gu-Bao (XLGB) Fufang is herbal formula widely used to treat osteoporosis and other bone disorders. Because of its commonality in the clinical use, there is a safety concern over the use of XLGB combined with other androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) drugs such as flutamide (FLU) that is associated with reduced bone density. To date, there have been no evaluations on the side effects of the drug-drug interaction between XLGB and FLU.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The present study was designed to investigate the hepatotoxicity in the context of the combined treatment of XLGB and FLU in a mouse model, and to determine whether the metabolic activation of FLU through induction of CYP1A2 plays a role in the increased hepatoxicity caused by the combination of XLGB and FLU.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

C57 mice were administered with either XLGB (6,160 mg/kg), FLU (300 mg/kg), or with the combination of the two drugs. Animals were treated with XLGB for 5 days before the combined administration of XLGB and FLU for another 4 days. The serum of mice from single or the combined administration groups was collected for biochemical analysis. The mouse liver was collected to examine liver morphological changes, evaluate liver coefficient, as well as determine the mRNA expression of P450 isozymes (Cyp1a2, Cyp3a11 and Cyp2c37). For metabolism analysis, mice were treated with XLGB, FLU, or the combination of XLGB and FLU for 24 h. The urine samples were collected for the analysis of FLU-NAC conjugate by UPLC-Q-Orbitrap MS. The liver microsomes were prepared from fresh livers to determine the activity of metabolizing enzyme CYP1A2.

RESULTS

The combined treatment of XLGB and FLU caused loss of mice body weight and elicited significant liver toxicity as evidenced by an increased liver coefficient and serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity as well as pathological changes of fatty lesion of liver tissue. FLU increased hepatic expression of Cyp1a2 mRNA that was further elevated in the liver of mice when administered with both FLU and XLGB. Treatment of FLU resulted in an increase in the expression of Cyp3a11 mRNA that was negated when mice were co-treated with FLU and XLGB. No significant difference in Cyp2c37 mRNA expression was observed among the different treatment groups as compared to the control. Analysis of metabolic activity showed that the combined administration caused a synergic effect in elevating the activity of the CYP1A2 enzyme. Mass spectrometry analysis identified the presence of FLU reactive metabolite derived FLU-NAC conjugate in the urine of mice treated with FLU. Strikingly, about a two-fold increase of the FLU-NAC conjugate was detected when treated with both FLU and XLGB, indicating an elevated amount of toxic metabolite produced from FLU in the present of XLGB.

CONCLUSION

FLU and XLGB co-treatment potentiated FLU-induced hepatoxicity. This increased hepatoxicity was mediated through the induction of CYP1A2 activity which in turn enhanced bioactivation of FLU leading to over production of FLU-NAC conjugate and oxidative stress. These results offer warnings about serious side effects of the FLU-XLGB interaction in the clinical practice.

Structural optimization, synthesis and in vitro synergistic anticancer activities of combinations of new N3-substituted dihydropyrimidine calcium channel blockers with cisplatin and etoposide

T-type calcium channels are considered potential drug targets to combat cancer. Combining T-type calcium channel blockers with conventional chemotherapy drugs represents a promising strategy towards successful cancer treatment. From this perspective, we report in this study the design and synthesis of a novel series of N3-sustituted dihydropyrimidines (DHPMs) as anticancer adjuvants to cisplatin (Cis) and etoposide (Eto). Full spectral characterization of the new compounds was done using FT-IR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, and HRMS. Structure elucidation was confirmed by 2D NMR ¹H-H COSY, HSQC and NOESY experiments. Novel derivatives were tested for their Ca²⁺ channel blocking activity by employing the whole cell patch-clamp technique. Results demonstrated that most compounds were potential T-type calcium channel blockers with the triazole-based C12 and C13 being the most selective agents against Ca_V3.2 channel. Further electrophysiological studies demonstrated that C12 and C13 inhibited Ca_V3.2 currents with respective affinity of 2.26 and 1.27 µM, and induced 5 mV hyperpolarizing shifts in the half-inactivation potential. Subsequently, C12 and C13 were evaluated for their anticancer activities alone and in combination with Cis and Eto against A549 and MDA-MB 231 cancer cells. Interestingly, both compounds exhibited potential anticancer effects with IC₅₀ values < 5 µM. Combination studies revealed that both compounds had synergistic effects (combination index CI < 1) on Cis and Eto through induction of apoptosis (p53 activation and up-regulation of BAX and p21 gene expression). Importantly, in silico physicochemical and ADMET assessment of both compounds revealed their potential drug-like properties with decreased risk of cardiac toxicity. Hence, C12 and C13 are promising anticancer adjuvants through inhibition of Ca_V3.2 T-type calcium channels, thereby serving as eminent leads for further modification.

In vitro effects of 95% khat ethanol extract (KEE) on human recombinant cytochrome P450 (CYP)1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C19, CYP2E1, CYP2J2 and CYP3A5

OBJECTIVES

Khat, a natural amphetamine-like psychostimulant plant, are widely consumed globally. Concurrent intake of khat and xenobiotics may lead to herb-drug interactions and adverse drug reactions (ADRs). This study is a continuation of our previous study, targeted to evaluate the in vitro inhibitory effects of khat ethanol extract (KEE) on human cytochrome (CYP) 1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C19, CYP2E1, CYP2J2, and CYP3A5, major human drug metabolizing enzymes.

METHODS

In vitro fluorescence enzyme assays were employed to assess CYPs inhibition with the presence and absence of various KEE concentrations.

RESULTS

KEE reversibly inhibited CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C19, CYP2E1, CYP2J2 and CYP3A5 but not CYP1A2 with IC₅₀ values of 25.5, 99, 4.5, 21, 27, 17, and 10 μg/mL respectively. No irreversible inhibition of KEE on all the eight CYPs were identified. The K_i values of CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C19, CYP2E1, CYP2J2 and CYP3A5 were 20.9, 85, 4.8, 18.3, 59.3, 3, and 21.7 μg/mL, respectively. KEE inhibited CYP2B6 via competitive or mixed inhibition; CYP2E1 via un-competitive or mixed inhibition; while CYP2A6, CYP2C8, CYP2C19, CYP2J2 and CYP3A5 via non-competitive or mixed inhibition.

CONCLUSIONS

Caution should be taken by khat users who are on medications metabolized by CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C19, CYP2E1, CYP2J2, and CYP3A5.

A comprehensive review of in silico approaches for the prediction and modulation of aldehyde oxidase-mediated drug metabolism: The current features, challenges and future perspectives

The importance of aldehyde oxidase (AOX) in drug metabolism necessitates the development and application of the in silico rational drug design methods as an integral part of drug discovery projects for the early prediction and modulation of AOX-mediated metabolism. The current study represents an up-to-date and thorough review of in silico studies of AOX-mediated metabolism and modulation methods. In addition, the challenges and the knowledge gap that should be covered have been discussed. The importance of aldehyde oxidase (AOX) in drug metabolism is a hot topic in drug discovery. Different strategies are available for the modulation of the AOX-mediated metabolism of drugs. Application of the rational drug design methods as an integral part of drug discovery projects is necessary for the early prediction of AOX-mediated metabolism. The current study represents a comprehensive review of AOX molecular structure, AOX-mediated reactions, AOX substrates, AOX inhibition, approaches to modify AOX-mediated metabolism, prediction of AOX metabolism/substrates/inhibitors, and the AOX related structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies. Furthermore, an up-to-date and thorough review of in silico studies of AOX metabolism has been carried out. In addition, the challenges and the knowledge gap that should be covered in the scientific literature have been discussed in the current review.

A genome-wide association study in human lymphoblastoid cells supports safety of mitochondrial complex I inhibitor

Novel therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer's disease (AD) are of the greatest priority given the consistent failure of recent clinical trials focused on Aβ or pTau. Earlier, we demonstrated that mild mitochondrial complex I inhibitor CP2 blocks neurodegeneration and cognitive decline in multiple mouse models of AD. To evaluate the safety of CP2 in humans, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using 196 lymphoblastoid cell lines and identified 11 SNP loci and 64 mRNA expression probe sets that potentially associate with CP2 susceptibility. Using primary mouse neurons and pharmacokinetic study, we show that CP2 is generally safe at a therapeutic dose.

Drug-Metabolizing Cytochrome P450 Enzymes Have Multifarious Influences on Treatment Outcomes

Drug metabolism is a critical process for the removal of unwanted substances from the body. In humans, approximately 80% of oxidative metabolism and almost 50% of the overall elimination of commonly used drugs can be attributed to one or more of various cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes from CYP families 1-3. In addition to the basic metabolic effects for elimination, CYP enzymes in vivo are capable of affecting the treatment outcomes in many cases. Drug-metabolizing CYP enzymes are mainly expressed in the liver and intestine, the two principal drug oxidation and elimination organs, where they can significantly influence the drug action, safety, and bioavailability by mediating phase I metabolism and first-pass metabolism. Furthermore, CYP-mediated local drug metabolism in the sites of action may also have the potential to impact drug response, according to the literature in recent years. This article underlines the ability of CYP enzymes to influence treatment outcomes by discussing CYP-mediated diversified drug metabolism in primary metabolic sites (liver and intestine) and typical action sites (brain and tumors) according to their expression levels and metabolic activity. Moreover, intrinsic and extrinsic factors of personal differential CYP phenotypes that contribute to interindividual variation of treatment outcomes are also reviewed to introduce the multifarious pivotal role of CYP-mediated metabolism and clearance in drug therapy.

Impact of Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana Plants on Herbicide Isoproturon Phytoremediation through Expressing Human Cytochrome P450-1A2

The excessive use of herbicides is a major cause of many environmental problems. The use of isoproturon herbicide as a weed controller has been a common practice globally. Phytoremediation technology can help in cleaning up polluted areas. In this paper the ability of CYP1A2 transgenic A. thaliana plants in the phytoremediation of isoproturon herbicides has been investigated. We tested the capability of P450-1A2 overexpression on the detoxification and degradation of isoproturon. We explored the toxic effect of isoproturon on the plant phenotypic characteristics, including the primary root length, rosette diameter, and fresh, dry weight for transgenic and wild type A. thaliana. The results revealed that no morphological changes appeared on CYP1A2 transgenic plants with a high tolerance to isoproturon herbicide applications either via foliar spraying or supplementation of the growth medium. Deleterious effects were observed on the morphological characteristics of plants of the wild type grown in soil under different treatments with isoproturon. The transgenic A. thaliana plants exhibited a vigorous growth even at high doses of isoproturon treatments. In contrast, the growth of the wild type was significantly impaired with doses above 50 µM isoproturon. The transgenic A. thaliana plants expressing P450-1A2 were able to metabolize the phenylurea herbicide isoproturon. Therefore, this method can be determined as a potential bioremediation agent.