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Hoisington ZW, Gangal H, Phamluong K, Shukla C, Ehinger Y, Moffat JJ, Homanics GE, Wang J, Ron D. Prosapip1 in the dorsal hippocampus mediates synaptic protein composition, long-term potentiation, and spatial memory. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.13.597459. [PMID: 38915579 PMCID: PMC11195216 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.13.597459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Prosapip1 is a brain-specific protein localized to the postsynaptic density, where it promotes dendritic spine maturation in primary hippocampal neurons. However, nothing is known about the role of Prosapip1 in vivo . To examine this, we utilized the Cre-loxP system to develop a Prosapip1 neuronal knockout mouse. We found that Prosapip1 controls the synaptic localization of its binding partner SPAR, along with PSD-95 and the GluN2B subunit of the NMDA receptor (NMDAR) in the dorsal hippocampus (dHP). We next sought to identify the potential contribution of Prosapip1 to the activity and function of the NMDAR and found that Prosapip1 plays an important role in NMDAR-mediated transmission and long-term potentiation (LTP) in the CA1 region of the dHP. As LTP is the cellular hallmark of learning and memory, we examined the consequences of neuronal knockout of Prosapip1 on dHP-dependent memory. We found that global or dHP-specific neuronal knockout of Prosapip1 caused a deficit in learning and memory whereas developmental, locomotor, and anxiety phenotypes were normal. Taken together, Prosapip1 in the dHP promotes the proper localization of synaptic proteins which, in turn, facilitates LTP driving recognition, social, and spatial learning and memory.
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Lenormand D, Fauvel B, Piolino P. The formation of episodic autobiographical memory is predicted by mental imagery, self-reference, and anticipated details. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1355343. [PMID: 38476385 PMCID: PMC10930760 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1355343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Despite the ecological nature of episodic memory (EM) and the importance of consolidation in its functioning, studies tackling both subjects are still scarce. Therefore, the present study aims at establishing predictions of the future of newly encoded information in EM in an ecological paradigm. Methods Participants recorded two personal events per day with a SenseCam portable camera, for 10 days, and characterized the events with different subjective scales (emotional valence and intensity, self-concept and self-relevance, perspective and anticipated details at a month, mental images…). They then performed a surprise free recall at 5 days and 1 month after encoding. Machine learning algorithms were used to predict the future of events (episodic or forgotten) in memory at 1 month. Results The best algorithm showed an accuracy of 78%, suggesting that such a prediction is reliably possible. Variables that best differentiated between episodic and forgotten memories at 1 month were mental imagery, self-reference, and prospection (anticipated details) at encoding and the first free recall. Discussion These results may establish the basis for the development of episodic autobiographical memory during daily experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Lenormand
- Laboratoire Mémoire, Cerveau & Cognition (LMC2 UR 7536), Institut de Psychologie, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Pascale Piolino
- Laboratoire Mémoire, Cerveau & Cognition (LMC2 UR 7536), Institut de Psychologie, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
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Looser VN, Gerber M, Ludyga S. Physical activity and verbal memory performance: Mediating effects of resting-state brain activity. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2024; 286:33-66. [PMID: 38876578 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2024.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Verbal short-term and long-term memory are crucial neuropsychological functions involved in core cognitive abilities. They constitute vital components of subjective well-being and academic achievement. To date, there is limited research on the association between regular physical activity and memory abilities during young adulthood. The Individual Alpha Peak Frequency (IAPF) contributes to various cognitive abilities and also appears to be sensitive to physical activity. Consequently, the IAPF has the potential to underlie the association between physical activity and verbal memory. We examined the direct relation of physical activity and verbal memory, and the potential indirect relation via IAPF in young adults. Regular physical activity was assessed via accelerometry on seven consecutive days in 115 participants (N=115, 48% female) aged 18-35 years (M=24.1, SD=3.8). In addition, verbal memory performance was assessed using an immediate and delayed free-recall task. Brain activity during rest was recorded with EEG, and IAPF was extracted for mediation analyses. Path analysis revealed pronounced sex differences in the association between physical activity, IAPF, and verbal memory performance. Exclusively in female participants, higher vigorous physical activity levels were associated with better recall performance. In contrast, no association of physical activity and memory was found in male participants. However, being more physically active was related to a higher IAPF exclusively in male participants. Physical activity shows differential associations between IAPF and verbal memory in male and female participants. However, the lack of a mediating role of IAPF suggests that this neurophysiological marker cannot explain these specific associations in young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Nina Looser
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Markus Gerber
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Ludyga
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Singh K, Barsoum S, Schilling KG, An Y, Ferrucci L, Benjamini D. Neuronal microstructural changes in the human brain are associated with neurocognitive aging. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.11.575206. [PMID: 38260525 PMCID: PMC10802615 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.11.575206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Gray matter (GM) alterations play a role in aging-related disorders like Alzheimer's disease and related dementias, yet MRI studies mainly focus on macroscopic changes. Although reliable indicators of atrophy, morphological metrics like cortical thickness lack the sensitivity to detect early changes preceding visible atrophy. Our study aimed at exploring the potential of diffusion MRI in unveiling sensitive markers of cortical and subcortical age-related microstructural changes and assessing their associations with cognitive and behavioral deficits. We leveraged the Human Connectome Project-Aging cohort that included 707 unimpaired participants (394 female; median age = 58, range = 36-90 years) and applied the powerful mean apparent diffusion propagator model to measure microstructural parameters, along with comprehensive behavioral and cognitive test scores. Both macro- and microstructural GM characteristics were strongly associated with age, with widespread significant microstructural correlations reflective of cellular morphological changes, reduced cellular density, increased extracellular volume, and increased membrane permeability. Importantly, when correlating MRI and cognitive test scores, our findings revealed no link between macrostructural volumetric changes and neurobehavioral performance. However, we found that cellular and extracellular alterations in cortical and subcortical GM regions were associated with neurobehavioral performance. Based on these findings, it is hypothesized that increased microstructural heterogeneity and decreased neurite orientation dispersion precede macrostructural changes, and that they play an important role in subsequent cognitive decline. These alterations are suggested to be early markers of neurocognitive performance that may distinctly aid in identifying the mechanisms underlying phenotypic aging and subsequent age-related functional decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Singh
- Multiscale Imaging and Integrative Biophysics Unit, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stephanie Barsoum
- Multiscale Imaging and Integrative Biophysics Unit, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kurt G Schilling
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yang An
- Brain Aging and Behavior Section, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dan Benjamini
- Multiscale Imaging and Integrative Biophysics Unit, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Lentoor AG. Cognitive and neural mechanisms underlying false memories: misinformation, distortion or erroneous configuration? AIMS Neurosci 2023; 10:255-268. [PMID: 37841346 PMCID: PMC10567586 DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2023020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Errors can affect our memory, yet even when there are gaps in our recollection of events, memory often serves us fairly well. Memory formation involves at least three different sub-processes, that are regulated by an underlying neural structure. From a cognitive neuropsychological perspective, a complex process of encoding, consolidating, and retrieval is involved in remembering an event, and it might be hindered by one's emotional state, physiological response to the event itself, and misinformation. As a result, it is very likely that one may struggle to remember specifics of what happened which can increase our susceptibility to the formation of false memories. This has major implications for everyday functioning, as in the case when you mistakenly remember you took your pills when you never did, or where errors have led to false accusations about trauma or abuse, and wrongful convictions of crimes. Memories sometimes contain biases and inaccuracies that prevent them from accurately recalling events. The review will provide an updated overview of current research advances on the cognitive and neural mechanisms underlying inaccurate, distorted, or false memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio G. Lentoor
- Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, South Africa
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Tulliani N, Bye R, Bissett M, Coutts S, Liu KPY. A Semantic-Based Cognitive Training Programme on Everyday Activities: A Feasibility and Acceptability Study among Cognitively Healthy Older Adults. Occup Ther Int 2023; 2023:2153223. [PMID: 37664163 PMCID: PMC10468288 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2153223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background During the normal ageing process, a person's cognitive functions and memory gradually decline, which can affect their ability to perform everyday activities including cooking, cleaning, managing finances, and shopping. Semantic memory encoding strategies benefit older adults' cognitive and functional performance. Such strategies can be taught by an accessible, cost-effective, and flexible app-based programme. Currently, no studies examine such an app-based programme focussed on everyday activities. Objectives To determine if an app-based programme constructed on the principles of semantic memory encoding strategies, targeted towards older adults, called Enhancing Memory in Daily Life (E-MinD Life) is (1) feasible by examining acceptance, engagement, and attendance and (2) acceptable by examining the perceived effectiveness, relevancy, clarity, and convenience. Methods Eleven participants were recruited to a nine-week (18 sessions) programme using E-MinD Life. Feasibility was measured by collecting data on recruitment and retention rates, attendance, and duration of sessions. Acceptability was measured via a Likert scale questionnaire and free comments. Likert scale responses were analysed using descriptive statistics; open-ended responses were categorised qualitatively via constant comparative approach. Results Nine participants completed the programme. Overall, most participants found the programme relevant, convenient, logical, and easy to understand and perceived it to be effective to address functional cognitive problems impacting performance of everyday activities. The results from the qualitative analysis showed that participants found the programme enjoyable and the interaction with the research team throughout the intervention beneficial. Conclusion E-MinD Life shows promise as the focus of further research to determine the effectiveness of the programme and sematic-based cognitive strategies in maintaining cognition and performance in everyday activities among older adults with and without cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki Tulliani
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Rosalind Bye
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Michelle Bissett
- Faculty of Health, Southern Cross University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Samantha Coutts
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Karen P. Y. Liu
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
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Illesca-Matus R, Ardiles NM, Munoz F, Moya PR. Implications of Physical Exercise on Episodic Memory and Anxiety: The Role of the Serotonergic System. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11372. [PMID: 37511128 PMCID: PMC10379296 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing interest in investigating the effects of physical exercise on cognitive performance, particularly episodic memory. Similarly, an increasing number of studies in recent decades have studied the effects of physical activity on mood and anxiety disorders. Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic has raised awareness of the importance of regular physical activity for both mental and physical health. Nevertheless, the exact mechanisms underlying these effects are not fully understood. Interestingly, recent findings suggest that the serotonergic system may play a key role in mediating the effects of physical exercise on episodic memory and anxiety. In this review, we discuss the impact of physical exercise on both episodic memory and anxiety in human and animal models. In addition, we explore the accumulating evidence that supports a role for the serotonergic system in the effects of physical exercise on episodic memory and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Illesca-Matus
- Laboratorio de Neurodinámica Básica y Aplicada, Escuela de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Avanzada en Educación (CIAE), Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Nicolás M Ardiles
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile
- Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile
| | - Felipe Munoz
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias e Ingeniería para la Salud, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de O'Higgins, Rancagua 2820000, Chile
| | - Pablo R Moya
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile
- Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile
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Caetano T, Pinho MS, Ramadas E, Lopes J, Areosa T, Ferreira D, Dixe MDA. Substance abuse and susceptibility to false memory formation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1176564. [PMID: 37213356 PMCID: PMC10196796 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1176564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Substance abuse has an impact on various cognitive domains, including memory. Even though this impact has been extensively examined across different subdomains, false memory has been sparsely studied. This systematic review and meta-analysis seek to synthesize the current scientific data concerning false memory formation in individuals with a history of substance abuse. Methods PubMed, Scopus, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and PsycINFO were searched to identify all experimental and observational studies in English, Portuguese, and Spanish. Studies were then examined by four independent reviewers and, if they met the inclusion criteria, assessed for their quality. The Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool for randomized controlled trials (RCT) and the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal checklists for quasi-experimental and analytic cross-sectional studies were used to assess the risk of bias. Results From the 443 screened studies, 27 (and two more from other sources) were considered eligible for full-text review. A final 18 studies were included in the present review. Of these, 10 were conducted with alcoholics or heavy drinkers, four focused on ecstasy/polydrug users, three were done with cannabis users and one focused on methadone maintenance patients with current cocaine dependence. Regarding false memory type, 15 studies focused on false recognition/recall, and three on provoked confabulation. Conclusions None but one of the studies considering false recognition/recall of critical lures found any significant differences between individuals with a history of substance abuse and healthy controls. However, most of the studies taking into account false recognition/recall of related and unrelated events found that individuals with a history of substance abuse showed significantly higher rates of false memories than controls. Future research should continue to consider different types of false memories as well as their potential association with relevant clinical variables. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=266503, identifier: CRD42021266503.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Caetano
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences of University of Coimbra, Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioral Intervention (CINEICC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences of University of Coimbra, Neuropsychological Assessment and Ageing Processes (NAAP), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Care and Health Technology (ciTechCare), Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
- VillaRamadas International Treatment Centre, Research and Innovation Department, Leiria, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Tânia Caetano
| | - Maria Salomé Pinho
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences of University of Coimbra, Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioral Intervention (CINEICC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences of University of Coimbra, Neuropsychological Assessment and Ageing Processes (NAAP), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Ramadas
- Center for Innovative Care and Health Technology (ciTechCare), Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
- VillaRamadas International Treatment Centre, Research and Innovation Department, Leiria, Portugal
| | - Jessica Lopes
- VillaRamadas International Treatment Centre, Research and Innovation Department, Leiria, Portugal
| | - Timóteo Areosa
- Center for Innovative Care and Health Technology (ciTechCare), Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
| | - Daniela Ferreira
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences of University of Coimbra, Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioral Intervention (CINEICC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria dos Anjos Dixe
- Center for Innovative Care and Health Technology (ciTechCare), Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
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Comrie AE, Frank LM, Kay K. Imagination as a fundamental function of the hippocampus. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210336. [PMID: 36314152 PMCID: PMC9620759 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Imagination is a biological function that is vital to human experience and advanced cognition. Despite this importance, it remains unknown how imagination is realized in the brain. Substantial research focusing on the hippocampus, a brain structure traditionally linked to memory, indicates that firing patterns in spatially tuned neurons can represent previous and upcoming paths in space. This work has generally been interpreted under standard views that the hippocampus implements cognitive abilities primarily related to actual experience, whether in the past (e.g. recollection, consolidation), present (e.g. spatial mapping) or future (e.g. planning). However, relatively recent findings in rodents identify robust patterns of hippocampal firing corresponding to a variety of alternatives to actual experience, in many cases without overt reference to the past, present or future. Given these findings, and others on hippocampal contributions to human imagination, we suggest that a fundamental function of the hippocampus is to generate a wealth of hypothetical experiences and thoughts. Under this view, traditional accounts of hippocampal function in episodic memory and spatial navigation can be understood as particular applications of a more general system for imagination. This view also suggests that the hippocampus contributes to a wider range of cognitive abilities than previously thought. This article is part of the theme issue 'Thinking about possibilities: mechanisms, ontogeny, functions and phylogeny'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison E. Comrie
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Departments of Physiology and Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Loren M. Frank
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Departments of Physiology and Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Kenneth Kay
- Zuckerman Institute, Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, Columbia University, 3227 Broadway, New York, NY 10027, USA
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Shao X, Liu W, Guo Y, Zhu B. Age Effects on Neural Discriminability and Monitoring Process During Memory Retrieval for Auditory Words. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:884993. [PMID: 35928997 PMCID: PMC9343999 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.884993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
After hearing a list of words (e.g., dream, awake, and bed), older adults tended to have more difficulty than younger adults in distinguishing targets (e.g., dream) from lures (e.g., sleep) and foils (e.g., pen) in a visual recognition test. Age-related reduction in neural discriminability in the visual cortex has been linked to deficits in memory discriminability of pictures. However, no study has examined age differences in auditory discrimination and prefrontal monitoring during true and false memory retrieval after hearing words. The current study used a visual recognition test following an auditory study of words and showed that older adults had lower true recognition and higher propensity for high-confidence false recognition compared to young adults. Using classification-based multivariate pattern analysis for functional neuroimaging data during memory retrieval, we found that neural activation patterns in the primary auditory cortex could be used to distinguish between auditorily-studied targets and unstudied lures in young adults, but not in older adults. Moreover, prefrontal monitoring for lures was weaker in older adults as compared to young adults. Individual differences analysis showed that neural discriminability in the primary auditory cortex was positively related to true recognition, whereas prefrontal activation for lures was negatively related to the propensity for high-confidence false recognition in young adults but not in older adults. Together, age differences in true and false memories following auditory study are associated with reduced neural discriminability in the primary auditory cortex and reduced prefrontal monitoring during retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhao Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Imaging and Connectomics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenzhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- School of Education, Cangzhou Normal University, Cangzhou, China
| | - Ying Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Bi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Imaging and Connectomics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Bi Zhu
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Jano S, Romeo J, Hendrickx MD, Schlesewsky M, Chatburn A. Sleep influences neural representations of true and false memories: An event-related potential study. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2021; 186:107553. [PMID: 34763072 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Episodic memory is reconstructive and is thus prone to false memory formation. Although false memories are proposed to develop via associative processes, the nature of their neural representations, and the effect of sleep on false memory processing is currently unclear. The present research employed the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm and a daytime nap to determine whether semantic false memories and true memories could be differentiated using event-related potentials (ERPs). We also sought to illuminate the role of sleep in memory formation and learning. Healthy participants (N = 34, 28F, mean age = 23.23, range = 18-33) completed the learning phase of the DRM task followed by an immediate and a delayed recognition phase. The two recognition phases were separated by either a 2hr daytime nap or an equivalent wake period. Linear mixed modelling of effects at delayed recognition revealed larger LPC amplitudes for true memories in contrast to false memories for those in the wake group, and larger P300 amplitudes for false compared to true memories across sleep and wake groups. Larger LPC amplitudes for true memories were associated with enhanced true memory recognition following sleep, whilst larger P300 amplitudes were associated with similar true and false memory recognition rates. These findings are argued to reflect sleep's ability to promote memory generalisation associated with pattern completion, whilst also enhancing true memory recognition when memory traces have a strong episodic basis (linked to pattern separation). The present research suggests that true and false memories have differing neural profiles and are reflective of adaptive memory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Jano
- Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Research Hub, University of South Australia, Australia.
| | - Julia Romeo
- Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Research Hub, University of South Australia, Australia
| | - Matthew D Hendrickx
- Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Research Hub, University of South Australia, Australia
| | - Matthias Schlesewsky
- Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Research Hub, University of South Australia, Australia
| | - Alex Chatburn
- Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Research Hub, University of South Australia, Australia
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Fields C, Glazebrook JF, Levin M. Minimal physicalism as a scale-free substrate for cognition and consciousness. Neurosci Conscious 2021; 2021:niab013. [PMID: 34345441 PMCID: PMC8327199 DOI: 10.1093/nc/niab013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Theories of consciousness and cognition that assume a neural substrate automatically regard phylogenetically basal, nonneural systems as nonconscious and noncognitive. Here, we advance a scale-free characterization of consciousness and cognition that regards basal systems, including synthetic constructs, as not only informative about the structure and function of experience in more complex systems but also as offering distinct advantages for experimental manipulation. Our "minimal physicalist" approach makes no assumptions beyond those of quantum information theory, and hence is applicable from the molecular scale upwards. We show that standard concepts including integrated information, state broadcasting via small-world networks, and hierarchical Bayesian inference emerge naturally in this setting, and that common phenomena including stigmergic memory, perceptual coarse-graining, and attention switching follow directly from the thermodynamic requirements of classical computation. We show that the self-representation that lies at the heart of human autonoetic awareness can be traced as far back as, and serves the same basic functions as, the stress response in bacteria and other basal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Fields
- 23 Rue des Lavandières, 11160 Caunes Minervois, France
| | - James F Glazebrook
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Eastern Illinois University, 600 Lincoln Ave, Charleston, IL 61920 USA
- Department of Mathematics, Adjunct Faculty, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, 1409 W. Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Michael Levin
- Allen Discovery Center, Tufts University, 200 College Avenue, Medford, MA 02155, USA
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13
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Friehs MA, Greene C, Pastötter B. Transcranial direct current stimulation over the left anterior temporal lobe during memory retrieval differentially affects true and false recognition in the DRM task. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:4609-4620. [PMID: 34076917 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a form of non-invasive brain stimulation that has been used to modulate human brain activity and cognition. One area which has not yet been extensively explored using tDCS is the generation of false memories. In this study, we combined the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) task with stimulation of the left anterior temporal lobe (ATL) during retrieval. This area has been shown to be involved in semantic processing in general and retrieval of false memories in the DRM paradigm in particular. During stimulation, 0.7 mA were applied via a 9 cm² electrode over the left ATL, with the 35 cm² return electrode placed over the left deltoid. We contrasted the effects of cathodal, anodal, and sham stimulation, which were applied in the recognition phase of the experiment on a sample of 78 volunteers. Results showed impaired recognition of true memories after both anodal and cathodal stimulation in comparison to sham stimulation, suggesting a reduced signal-to-noise ratio. In addition, the results revealed enhanced false recognition of concept lure items during cathodal stimulation compared to anodal stimulation, indicating a polarity-dependent impact of tDCS on false memories in the DRM task. The pathway by which tDCS modulated false recognition remains unclear: stimulation may have changed the activation of irrelevant lures or affected the weighting and monitoring of lure activations. Nevertheless, these results are a first step towards using brain stimulation to decrease false memories. Practical implications of the findings for real-life settings, for example, in the courtroom, need to be addressed in future work.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ciara Greene
- School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Bernhard Pastötter
- Department of Cognitive Psychology and Methodology, Trier University, Trier, Germany
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Ye M, Wang L, Xiong J, Zheng G. The effect of mind-body exercise on memory in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Aging Clin Exp Res 2021; 33:1163-1173. [PMID: 32329024 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-020-01557-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The current systematic review aims to examine the effect of mind-body exercise on different memory types in the elderly population. METHODS Four literature databases (Pubmed, Cochrane library, Embase and Sinomed) were searched from inception to March 19, 2019. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining the effect of mind-body exercise on memory in older adults were included. The assessment of risk of bias for the included studies and data synthesis were conducted using the software of review manager 5.3 based on the Cochrane handbook. RESULTS Twelve eligible RCTs with a total 1051 participants were identified that met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review. Meta-analysis in elderly adults without known neurological diseases showed mind-body exercise intervention had a large effect on general memory (SMD = 1.24, p = 0.005), a moderate effect on short-term memory (SMD = 0.51, p = 0.02) and long-term memory (SMD = 0.78, p < 0.001), a small effect on working memory (SMD = 0.28, p = 0.009), and a moderate effect on episodic memory (SMD = 0.74, p < 0.001) and semantic memory (SMD = 0.59, p = 0.003) compared to no specific exercise intervention. Similar results were also found in elderly adults with known neurological diseases, showing a moderate effect on general memory (SMD = 0.56, p < 0.001), short-term memory (SMD = 0.68, p = 0.01), and long-term memory (SMD = 0.80, p = 0.003); a small effect on working memory (SMD = 0.46, p < 0.001); and a large effect on episodic memory (SMD = 0.91, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Compared with no specific exercise, mind-body exercise enhances memory in older adults. However, larger, more robust trials with longer follow-up periods and standardized neuropsychological outcome measures are needed before more definitive conclusions can be drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Ye
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Lecong Wang
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jian Xiong
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Guohua Zheng
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- College of Nursing and Health Management, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, China.
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15
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Gellersen HM, Trelle AN, Henson RN, Simons JS. Executive function and high ambiguity perceptual discrimination contribute to individual differences in mnemonic discrimination in older adults. Cognition 2021; 209:104556. [PMID: 33450438 PMCID: PMC8223497 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Mnemonic discrimination deficits, or impaired ability to discriminate between similar events in memory, is a hallmark of cognitive aging, characterised by a stark age-related increase in false recognition. While individual differences in mnemonic discrimination have gained attention due to potential relevance for early detection of Alzheimer's disease, our understanding of the component processes that contribute to variability in task performance across older adults remains limited. The present investigation explores the roles of representational quality, indexed by perceptual discrimination of objects and scenes with overlapping features, and strategic retrieval ability, indexed by standardised tests of executive function, to mnemonic discrimination in a large cohort of older adults (N=124). We took an individual differences approach and characterised the contributions of these factors to performance under Forced Choice (FC) and Yes/No (YN) recognition memory formats, which place different demands on strategic retrieval. Performance in both test formats declined with age. Accounting for age, individual differences in FC memory performance were best explained by perceptual discrimination score, whereas YN memory performance was best explained by executive functions. A linear mixed model and dominance analyses confirmed the relatively greater importance of perceptual discrimination over executive functioning for FC performance, while the opposite was true for YN. These findings highlight parallels between perceptual and mnemonic discrimination in aging, the importance of considering demands on executive functions in the context of mnemonic discrimination, and the relevance of test format for modulating the impact of these factors on performance in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandra N Trelle
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, USA
| | - Richard N Henson
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Jon S Simons
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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16
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Blomstrand P, Engvall J. Effects of a single exercise workout on memory and learning functions in young adults—A systematic review. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/tsm2.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Blomstrand
- Department of Clinical Physiology County Hospital Ryhov Jönköping Sweden
- Department of Natural Science and Biomedicine School of Health and Welfare Jönköping University Jönköping Sweden
| | - Jan Engvall
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences Linköping University Linköping Sweden
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17
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Favre G, Horat SK, Herrmann FR, Gothuey I, Ventura J, Merlo MCG, Missonnier P. False memory production in schizophrenia: A neurophysiological investigation. SCHIZOPHRENIA RESEARCH-COGNITION 2020; 20:100174. [PMID: 32154124 PMCID: PMC7052439 DOI: 10.1016/j.scog.2020.100174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background The topic of false memory in schizophrenia has been well documented in earlier research contributions. To date, there is no study exploring the implications of specific neural networks during this phenomenon in patients suffering from schizophrenia. Methods We compared 17 patients suffering from psychosis (SCZ) to 33 healthy controls (HC) performing a verbal memory task designed to produce false memories, i.e. the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm (DRM). Electroencephalography was used to specifically analyze the P2 and N400 event-related potentials components. Results The SCZ patients showed a reduced ability to distinguish between true and false memories as assessed by the A' index which was calculated based on the false and true memory rates. The morphology of the P2 differed in frontal electrode region with a lower amplitude in SCZ. In addition, the amplitude of N400 was more pronounced (more negative) in HC than in SCZ in centro-parietal electrode site. Conclusions We suggest that the differences found in P2 amplitude are associated with difficulties of SCZ patients to efficiently compare item-specific features of a mnesic elements to incoming stimuli which impair the subsequent verbal memory information processing reflected by the N400 component amplitude decrease. These results are consistent with the idea that SCZ use a different strategy while they perform the DRM paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire Favre
- Laboratory for Psychiatric Neuroscience and Psychotherapy, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Science & Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, CH 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.,Mental Health Network Fribourg (RFSM), Sector of psychiatry and psychotherapy for adults, L'Hôpital 140, Case postale 90, CH 1633 Marsens, Switzerland
| | - Sibylle K Horat
- Laboratory for Psychiatric Neuroscience and Psychotherapy, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Science & Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, CH 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - François R Herrmann
- Division of geriatrics, Department of rehabilitation and geriatrics, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, CH 1226 Thônex, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Gothuey
- Mental Health Network Fribourg (RFSM), Sector of psychiatry and psychotherapy for adults, L'Hôpital 140, Case postale 90, CH 1633 Marsens, Switzerland
| | - Joseph Ventura
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioural Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Marco C G Merlo
- Laboratory for Psychiatric Neuroscience and Psychotherapy, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Science & Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, CH 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Missonnier
- Laboratory for Psychiatric Neuroscience and Psychotherapy, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Science & Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, CH 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.,Mental Health Network Fribourg (RFSM), Sector of psychiatry and psychotherapy for adults, L'Hôpital 140, Case postale 90, CH 1633 Marsens, Switzerland
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18
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The hippocampal sharp wave-ripple in memory retrieval for immediate use and consolidation. Nat Rev Neurosci 2019; 19:744-757. [PMID: 30356103 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-018-0077-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Various cognitive functions have long been known to require the hippocampus. Recently, progress has been made in identifying the hippocampal neural activity patterns that implement these functions. One such pattern is the sharp wave-ripple (SWR), an event associated with highly synchronous neural firing in the hippocampus and modulation of neural activity in distributed brain regions. Hippocampal spiking during SWRs can represent past or potential future experience, and SWR-related interventions can alter subsequent memory performance. These findings and others suggest that SWRs support both memory consolidation and memory retrieval for processes such as decision-making. In addition, studies have identified distinct types of SWR based on representational content, behavioural state and physiological features. These various findings regarding SWRs suggest that different SWR types correspond to different cognitive functions, such as retrieval and consolidation. Here, we introduce another possibility - that a single SWR may support more than one cognitive function. Taking into account classic psychological theories and recent molecular results that suggest that retrieval and consolidation share mechanisms, we propose that the SWR mediates the retrieval of stored representations that can be utilized immediately by downstream circuits in decision-making, planning, recollection and/or imagination while simultaneously initiating memory consolidation processes.
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19
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Warren KN, Beason-Held LL, Carlson O, Egan JM, An Y, Doshi J, Davatzikos C, Ferrucci L, Resnick SM. Elevated Markers of Inflammation Are Associated With Longitudinal Changes in Brain Function in Older Adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2019; 73:770-778. [PMID: 29304217 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glx199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic inflammation has been linked to memory and other cognitive impairments, as well as Alzheimer's disease. Here, we investigate the association between inflammatory markers and changes in brain activity measured by regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) to assess the relationship between inflammation and brain function in older individuals. Methods Annual 15O water resting-state positron emission tomography (PET) scans collected over a 5-year period were assessed in 138 cognitively normal older participants (77 males; mean age at baseline = 71.3; mean scans per participant = 3.5) in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Voxel-wise linear mixed models were used to investigate associations between rCBF and C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) at the time of scanning. We examined relationships between baseline CRP and IL-6 levels and baseline rCBF, and relationships between baseline and mean inflammatory levels over time and longitudinal rCBF changes. Results Higher baseline CRP and IL-6 were each associated with lower baseline rCBF primarily in frontal and occipital regions, with only the lingual gyrus surviving atrophy correction. Higher baseline and mean CRP were also associated with greater rCBF declines over time in anterior cingulate and hippocampal regions, whereas higher baseline and mean IL-6 levels were associated with greater rCBF declines in orbitofrontal and hippocampal regions. Conclusions Higher levels of inflammation are associated with longitudinal changes in brain function in regions important for cognition. These results, along with previous studies, suggest that chronic inflammation in older adults may contribute to age-associated declines in cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen N Warren
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lori L Beason-Held
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Olga Carlson
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Josephine M Egan
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yang An
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jimit Doshi
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | | | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Susan M Resnick
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland
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20
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Ioannidis JPA. Unreformed nutritional epidemiology: a lamp post in the dark forest. Eur J Epidemiol 2019; 34:327-331. [DOI: 10.1007/s10654-019-00487-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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21
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van Kampen HS. The principle of consistency and the cause and function of behaviour. Behav Processes 2018; 159:42-54. [PMID: 30562561 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
At all levels of information processing in the brain, neural and cognitive structures tend towards a state of consistency. When two or more simultaneously active cognitive structures are logically inconsistent, arousal is increased, which activates processes with the expected consequence of increasing consistency and decreasing arousal. Increased arousal is experienced as aversive, while the expected or actual decrease in arousal as a result of increased consistency is experienced as rewarding. Modes of resolution of inconsistency can be divided into purely cognitive solutions, such as changing an attitude or an associated motor plan, and behavioural solutions, such as exploration, aggression, fear, and feeding. Models and theories consistent with the principle of consistency are numerous, have a long and continuing history, and come from many different scientific fields, such as social psychology, perception, neurocognition, learning, motor control, system control, ethology, and stress. The present paper presents a brief overview of relevant information from these fields of research, while focusing mainly on the implications of the principle of consistency for the understanding of the cause and function of behaviour. Based on this overview, it is proposed that all behaviour involving cognitive processing is caused by the activation of inconsistent cognitions and functions to increase perceived consistency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik S van Kampen
- Cognitive Neurobiology and Helmholtz Institute, Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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22
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Sleep and mindfulness meditation as they relate to false memory. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2018; 84:1084-1111. [PMID: 30244286 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-018-1098-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
By a systematic analysis of the current literature, we compare two states of sleep and meditation in terms of their role in the formation or suppression of Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) false memory. We aim to suggest that the occurrence of false memory under these two states is a result of reinforcing some abilities and changes in cognitive systems which can ultimately improve some aspects of cognitive functions. In our analogy, we propose that: (1) both sleep and meditation may improve source monitoring ability whose failure is one of the most important mechanisms in producing false memories, and (2) despite improvement in source monitoring ability, adaptive cognitive processes, as mechanisms which are common in sleep and meditation, can still produce false memories. In conclusion, we propose that in spite of their contribution to false memory through adaptive processes, the beneficial role of sleep and meditation in cognition may be more prominent than their harmful role.
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23
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Controversy and Debate: Memory Based Methods Paper 3: Nutrition's 'Black Swans': Our reply. J Clin Epidemiol 2018; 104:130-135. [PMID: 30063955 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Sejunaite K, Lanza C, Riepe MW. Everyday Memory in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease: Fragmentary and Distorted. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 60:1489-1498. [PMID: 29060940 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Errors of omission are an established hallmark of memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Much less is known about other memory errors in AD such as false memories. OBJECTIVE We investigated false memories in healthy elderly controls (HC; n = 23) and patients with AD (n = 20) using real-life tasks of watching news and commercials. METHODS Participants received a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment and were shown original news and commercials with a subsequent recognition task to assess veridical and false memories. RESULTS Subjective estimate of the number of errors were alike in HC and patients with AD. However, memory performance in both the news and the commercials task was significantly worse in patients with AD. Trail-Making Test and Symbol-Span Test were significant predictors of false memories on viewing news and commercials. In patients with AD, levels of Aβ1 - 42, but not levels of tau-protein were correlated with false memories in both tasks. CONCLUSIONS Everyday life in patients with AD is impeded not due to the incompleteness of memory but also due to its distortions. Furthermore, it is hindered by the lack of awareness towards these deficits. False memory content in patients with AD is associated with Aβ42 levels in the CSF as a surrogate of the overall extent to which the brain has been affected by AD pathology. Future studies will need to address the impact of this duality of memory failure on everyday life of patients with AD and their proxies in greater detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Sejunaite
- Division of Mental Health and Old Age Psychiatry, Psychiatry II, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Claudia Lanza
- Division of Mental Health and Old Age Psychiatry, Psychiatry II, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Matthias W Riepe
- Division of Mental Health and Old Age Psychiatry, Psychiatry II, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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25
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Trepanowski JF, Ioannidis JPA. Perspective: Limiting Dependence on Nonrandomized Studies and Improving Randomized Trials in Human Nutrition Research: Why and How. Adv Nutr 2018; 9:367-377. [PMID: 30032218 PMCID: PMC6054237 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmy014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A large majority of human nutrition research uses nonrandomized observational designs, but this has led to little reliable progress. This is mostly due to many epistemologic problems, the most important of which are as follows: difficulty detecting small (or even tiny) effect sizes reliably for nutritional risk factors and nutrition-related interventions; difficulty properly accounting for massive confounding among many nutrients, clinical outcomes, and other variables; difficulty measuring diet accurately; and suboptimal research reporting. Tiny effect sizes and massive confounding are largely unfixable problems that narrowly confine the scenarios in which nonrandomized observational research is useful. Although nonrandomized studies and randomized trials have different priorities (assessment of long-term causality compared with assessment of treatment effects), the odds for obtaining reliable information with the former are limited. Randomized study designs should therefore largely replace nonrandomized studies in human nutrition research going forward. To achieve this, many of the limitations that have traditionally plagued most randomized trials in nutrition, such as small sample size, short length of follow-up, high cost, and selective reporting, among others, must be overcome. Pivotal megatrials with tens of thousands of participants and lifelong follow-up are possible in nutrition science with proper streamlining of operational costs. Fixable problems that have undermined observational research, such as dietary measurement error and selective reporting, need to be addressed in randomized trials. For focused questions in which dietary adherence is important to maximize, trials with direct observation of participants in experimental in-house settings may offer clean answers on short-term metabolic outcomes. Other study designs of randomized trials to consider in nutrition include registry-based designs and "N-of-1" designs. Mendelian randomization designs may also offer some more reliable leads for testing interventions in trials. Collectively, an improved randomized agenda may clarify many things in nutrition science that might never be answered credibly with nonrandomized observational designs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John P A Ioannidis
- Stanford Prevention Research Center
- Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS)
- Departments of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
- Departments of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
- Departments of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
- Departments of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
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Sejunaite K, Lanza C, Riepe MW. Everyday false memories in older persons with depressive disorder. Psychiatry Res 2018; 261:456-463. [PMID: 29407717 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Generally we tend to think that memory in daily living is complete and accurate in healthy persons. However, current memory research has revealed inconspicuous memory faults. Rarely omissions and distortions of memory are researched with tasks resembling everyday life. We investigated healthy older control subjects (HC) and patients with depressive disorder (DD). Cognitive function was assessed with a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery and mood with the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Scale (MADRS). We assessed everyday veridical and distorted memories on showing participants original news and commercials. In most aspects of attention, executive functions, and memory, patients with DD performed worse than HC. Regarding memory content on viewing news or commercials the difference between patients with DD and HC was more pronounced for false memory content than for veridical memory content. Linear regression analysis showed the extent of false memory content being associated with mental flexibility as assessed with the Trail Making Test and mood as assessed with the MADRS for both information obtained on viewing news and commercials. Increase of false memories impedes overall accuracy of memory more than decrease of veridical memories in older persons with depressive disorder. Diminished executive functions and depressive mood partly explain these memory distortions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Sejunaite
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy II, Mental Health & Old Age Psychiatry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Claudia Lanza
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy II, Mental Health & Old Age Psychiatry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Matthias W Riepe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy II, Mental Health & Old Age Psychiatry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
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27
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Loprinzi PD, Frith E, Edwards MK, Sng E, Ashpole N. The Effects of Exercise on Memory Function Among Young to Middle-Aged Adults: Systematic Review and Recommendations for Future Research. Am J Health Promot 2017; 32:691-704. [PMID: 29108442 DOI: 10.1177/0890117117737409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To systematically summarize the experimental effects of exercise on cognitive-related memory function among young to middle-aged adults, which has yet to be done in the literature. DATA SOURCE PubMed. STUDY INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION CRITERIA Studies were included if they were published in the English language, indexed in PubMed, employed an experimental study design (eg, traditional parallel group randomized controlled trial: either acute intervention or chronic/training intervention study), and conducted among human adults. Studies were excluded if nonhumans (ie, animal models) were studied, if children/adolescents (<18 years) or older adults (>50 years) were evaluated, and if select chronic diseases (eg, diabetes and dementia) were present. DATA EXTRACTION A systematic review approach was employed. DATA SYNTHESIS An extraction table was created synthesizing the key results, and recommendations for future research are emphasized. RESULTS Among the 17 evaluated studies, 2 were published before the year 2000 (ie, 1998 and 1999), 2 were published in 2007, and the remaining 13 were published in the years 2011 and beyond. This highlights the emergence of this research topic within this age-group (young to middle-aged adults). Among the 17 evaluated studies, 14 were conducted among healthy samples, with 3 conducted among those with a diagnosis of depression. Among the 17 studies, 4 employed a chronic training protocol, with 13 utilizing an acute exercise protocol. Among the 3 experimental studies in the depressed population, all demonstrated a favorable effect of exercise on memory function. Among the 14 trials in the nondepressed population, 10 (71%) demonstrated a favorable effect of exercise on some aspect of memory function. CONCLUSION Acute and chronic exercise appears to play a pronounced effect on memory function among young to middle-aged adults. Implications and recommendations for future research are outlined in this systematic review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Loprinzi
- 1 Physical Activity Epidemiology Laboratory and Exercise Psychology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
| | - Emily Frith
- 2 Physical Activity Epidemiology Laboratory and Exercise Psychology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
| | - Meghan K Edwards
- 2 Physical Activity Epidemiology Laboratory and Exercise Psychology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
| | - Eveleen Sng
- 2 Physical Activity Epidemiology Laboratory and Exercise Psychology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
| | - Nicole Ashpole
- 3 Department of BioMolecular Sciences, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
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Santen RJ, Stuenkel CA, Davis SR, Pinkerton JV, Gompel A, Lumsden MA. Managing Menopausal Symptoms and Associated Clinical Issues in Breast Cancer Survivors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:3647-3661. [PMID: 28934376 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-01138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Review evidence to guide management of menopausal signs and symptoms in women after breast cancer and make recommendations accordingly. EVIDENCE Randomized controlled clinical trials, observational studies, evidence-based guidelines, and expert opinion from professional societies. BACKGROUND Symptoms and clinical problems associated with estrogen depletion-sleep disorders, vulvovaginal atrophy (VVA), vasomotor symptoms (VMS), mood changes, depressive symptoms, cardiovascular disease, osteopenia, and osteoporosis-confront the estimated 9.3 million breast cancer survivors globally. RECOMMENDATIONS Following breast cancer, women should not generally be treated with menopausal hormone therapy or tibolone but should optimize lifestyle. Women with moderate to severe symptoms may benefit from mind-brain behavior or nonhormone, pharmacologic therapy. The selective serotonin/noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors and gabapentenoid agents improve VMS and quality of life. For osteoporosis, nonhormonal agents are available. Treatment of VVA remains an area of unmet need. Low-dose vaginal estrogen is absorbed in small amounts with blood levels remaining within the normal postmenopausal range but could potentially stimulate occult breast cancer cells, and although poorly studied, is not generally advised, particularly for those on aromatase inhibitors. Intravaginal dehydroepiandrosterone and oral ospemiphene have been approved to treat dyspareunia, but safety after breast cancer has not been established. Vaginal laser therapy is being used for VVA but efficacy from sham-controlled studies is lacking. Therapies undergoing development include lasofoxifene, neurokinin B inhibitors, stellate ganglion blockade, vaginal testosterone, and estetrol. CONCLUSIONS Nonhormone options and therapies are available for treatment of estrogen depletion symptoms and clinical problems after a diagnosis of breast cancer. Individualization of treatment is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Santen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903
| | - Cynthia A Stuenkel
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Susan R Davis
- School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Australia
| | - JoAnn V Pinkerton
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903
| | - Anne Gompel
- Hopitaux Universitaires Port Royal-Cochin Unite de Gynecologie Endocrinienne, Paris Descartes University, Paris 75014, France
| | - Mary Ann Lumsden
- Department of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow School of Medicine, Glasgow G31 2ER, Scotland
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Li J, Yin X, Li D, Liu X, Wang G, Qu L. Controlling the Anchoring Effect through Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) to the Right Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1079. [PMID: 28701986 PMCID: PMC5487469 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective accessibility mechanisms indicate that anchoring effects are results of selective retrieval of working memory. Neuroimaging studies have revealed that the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is closely related to memory retrieval and performance. However, no research has investigated the effect of changing the cortical excitability in right DLPFC on anchoring effects. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can modulate the excitability of the human cerebral cortex, while anodal and cathodal tDCS are postulated to increase or decrease cortical activity, respectively. In this study, we used tDCS to investigate whether effects of increased or decreased right DLPFC excitability influence anchoring effects in willingness to pay (WTP) experiments. Ninety participants were first randomly assigned to receive either anodal, cathodal, or sham stimulation of 15 min, then they performed a valuation task regarding WTP. The results showed that anchoring effects were negatively related to activities of right DLPFC: the anodal stimulation diminished anchoring effects while the cathodal stimulation increased anchoring effects. These outcomes provide one of the first instances of neural evidence for the role of the right DLPFC in anchoring effects and support psychological explanations of the selective accessibility mechanisms and cognitive sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbiao Li
- Reinhard Selten Laboratory, Business School, Nankai UniversityTianjin, China
| | - Xile Yin
- Reinhard Selten Laboratory, Business School, Nankai UniversityTianjin, China.,Labovitz School of Business and Economics, University of Minnesota Duluth, DuluthMN, United States
| | - Dahui Li
- Labovitz School of Business and Economics, University of Minnesota Duluth, DuluthMN, United States
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Reinhard Selten Laboratory, Business School, Nankai UniversityTianjin, China
| | - Guangrong Wang
- Neural Decision Laboratory, Weifang UniversityWeifang, China
| | - Liang Qu
- MBA School, Zhejiang Gongshang UniversityHangzhou, China
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van Rijn E, Carter N, McMurtrie H, Willner P, Blagrove MT. Sleep does not cause false memories on a story-based test of suggestibility. Conscious Cogn 2017; 52:39-46. [PMID: 28458092 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Sleep contributes to the consolidation of memories. This process may involve extracting the gist of learned material at the expense of details. It has thus been proposed that sleep might lead to false memory formation. Previous research examined the effect of sleep on false memory using the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm. Mixed results were found, including increases and decreases in false memory after sleep relative to wake. It has been questioned whether DRM false memories occur by the same processes as real-world false memories. Here, the effect of sleep on false memory was investigated using the Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scale. Veridical memory deteriorated after a 12-h period of wake, but not after a 12-h period including a night's sleep. No difference in false memory was found between conditions. Although the literature supports sleep-dependent memory consolidation, the results here call into question extending this to a gist-based false memory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine van Rijn
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom.
| | - Neil Carter
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Hazel McMurtrie
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Willner
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Mark T Blagrove
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
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31
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Monaghan P, Shaw JJ, Ashworth-Lord A, Newbury CR. Hemispheric processing of memory is affected by sleep. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2017; 167:36-43. [PMID: 27221468 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Sleep is known to affect learning and memory, but the extent to which it influences behavioural processing in the left and right hemispheres of the brain is as yet unknown. We tested two hypotheses about lateralised effects of sleep on recognition memory for words: whether sleep reactivated recent experiences of words promoting access to the long-term store in the left hemisphere (LH), and whether sleep enhanced spreading activation differentially in semantic networks in the hemispheres. In Experiment 1, participants viewed lists of semantically related words, then slept or stayed awake for 12h before being tested on seen, unseen but related, or unrelated words presented to the left or the right hemisphere. Sleep was found to promote word recognition in the LH, and to spread activation equally within semantic networks in both hemispheres. Experiment 2 ensured that the results were not due to time of day effects influencing cognitive performance.
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32
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Zhou W, Luo J. Adaptive constructive processes: evidence from priming verbal reasoning with false memories. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2017.1302452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weilin Zhou
- Department of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junlong Luo
- Department of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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33
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The effects of sleep restriction and sleep deprivation in producing false memories. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2017; 137:107-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2016.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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34
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Kurkela KA, Dennis NA. Event-related fMRI studies of false memory: An Activation Likelihood Estimation meta-analysis. Neuropsychologia 2016; 81:149-167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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35
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A critical appraisal of the what-where-when episodic-like memory test in rodents: Achievements, caveats and future directions. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 130:71-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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36
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Archer E, Pavela G, Lavie CJ. The Inadmissibility of What We Eat in America and NHANES Dietary Data in Nutrition and Obesity Research and the Scientific Formulation of National Dietary Guidelines. Mayo Clin Proc 2015; 90:911-26. [PMID: 26071068 PMCID: PMC4527547 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Scientific Report of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee was primarily informed by memory-based dietary assessment methods (M-BMs) (eg, interviews and surveys). The reliance on M-BMs to inform dietary policy continues despite decades of unequivocal evidence that M-BM data bear little relation to actual energy and nutrient consumption. Data from M-BMs are defended as valid and valuable despite no empirical support and no examination of the foundational assumptions regarding the validity of human memory and retrospective recall in dietary assessment. We assert that uncritical faith in the validity and value of M-BMs has wasted substantial resources and constitutes the greatest impediment to scientific progress in obesity and nutrition research. Herein, we present evidence that M-BMs are fundamentally and fatally flawed owing to well-established scientific facts and analytic truths. First, the assumption that human memory can provide accurate or precise reproductions of past ingestive behavior is indisputably false. Second, M-BMs require participants to submit to protocols that mimic procedures known to induce false recall. Third, the subjective (ie, not publicly accessible) mental phenomena (ie, memories) from which M-BM data are derived cannot be independently observed, quantified, or falsified; as such, these data are pseudoscientific and inadmissible in scientific research. Fourth, the failure to objectively measure physical activity in analyses renders inferences regarding diet-health relationships equivocal. Given the overwhelming evidence in support of our position, we conclude that M-BM data cannot be used to inform national dietary guidelines and that the continued funding of M-BMs constitutes an unscientific and major misuse of research resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Archer
- Office of Energetics, Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham.
| | - Gregory Pavela
- Office of Energetics, Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham
| | - Carl J Lavie
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, John Ochsner Heart and Vascular Institute, Ochsner Clinical School-the University of Queensland School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
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37
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Colciago A, Casati L, Negri-Cesi P, Celotti F. Learning and memory: Steroids and epigenetics. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 150:64-85. [PMID: 25766520 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Memory formation and utilization is a complex process involving several brain structures in conjunction as the hippocampus, the amygdala and the adjacent cortical areas, usually defined as medial temporal lobe structures (MTL). The memory processes depend on the formation and modulation of synaptic connectivity affecting synaptic strength, synaptic plasticity and synaptic consolidation. The basic neurocognitive mechanisms of learning and memory are shortly recalled in the initial section of this paper. The effect of sex hormones (estrogens, androgens and progesterone) and of adrenocortical steroids on several aspects of memory processes are then analyzed on the basis of animal and human studies. A specific attention has been devoted to the different types of steroid receptors (membrane or nuclear) involved and on local metabolic transformations when required. The review is concluded by a short excursus on the steroid activated epigenetic mechanisms involved in memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Colciago
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Biomedicine and Endocrinology, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Lavinia Casati
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Negri-Cesi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Biomedicine and Endocrinology, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Fabio Celotti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Biomedicine and Endocrinology, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy
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38
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Yan X, Lazar M, Shalev AY, Neylan TC, Wolkowitz OM, Brown AD, Henn-Haase C, Yehuda R, Flory JD, Abu-Amara D, Sodickson DK, Marmar CR. WITHDRAWN: Precuneal and amygdala spontaneous activity and functional connectivity in war-zone-related PTSD. Psychiatry Res 2014:S0925-4927(14)00328-X. [PMID: 25561375 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Yan
- Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for the Study of Posttraumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury, Department of Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Mariana Lazar
- Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Arieh Y Shalev
- Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for the Study of Posttraumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury, Department of Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas C Neylan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Owen M Wolkowitz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Adam D Brown
- Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for the Study of Posttraumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury, Department of Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychology, Sarah Lawrence College, Bronxville, NY, USA
| | - Clare Henn-Haase
- Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for the Study of Posttraumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury, Department of Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rachel Yehuda
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Janine D Flory
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Duna Abu-Amara
- Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for the Study of Posttraumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury, Department of Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel K Sodickson
- Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Charles R Marmar
- Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for the Study of Posttraumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury, Department of Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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39
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Straube B, Meyer L, Green A, Kircher T. Semantic relation vs. surprise: the differential effects of related and unrelated co-verbal gestures on neural encoding and subsequent recognition. Brain Res 2014; 1567:42-56. [PMID: 24746497 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Speech-associated gesturing leads to memory advantages for spoken sentences. However, unexpected or surprising events are also likely to be remembered. With this study we test the hypothesis that different neural mechanisms (semantic elaboration and surprise) lead to memory advantages for iconic and unrelated gestures. During fMRI-data acquisition participants were presented with video clips of an actor verbalising concrete sentences accompanied by iconic gestures (IG; e.g., circular gesture; sentence: "The man is sitting at the round table"), unrelated free gestures (FG; e.g., unrelated up down movements; same sentence) and no gestures (NG; same sentence). After scanning, recognition performance for the three conditions was tested. Videos were evaluated regarding semantic relation and surprise by a different group of participants. The semantic relationship between speech and gesture was rated higher for IG (IG>FG), whereas surprise was rated higher for FG (FG>IG). Activation of the hippocampus correlated with subsequent memory performance of both gesture conditions (IG+FG>NG). For the IG condition we found activation in the left temporal pole and middle cingulate cortex (MCC; IG>FG). In contrast, for the FG condition posterior thalamic structures (FG>IG) as well as anterior and posterior cingulate cortices were activated (FG>NG). Our behavioral and fMRI-data suggest different mechanisms for processing related and unrelated co-verbal gestures, both of them leading to enhanced memory performance. Whereas activation in MCC and left temporal pole for iconic co-verbal gestures may reflect semantic memory processes, memory enhancement for unrelated gestures relies on the surprise response, mediated by anterior/posterior cingulate cortex and thalamico-hippocampal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Straube
- Department of Psychiatry und Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Lea Meyer
- Department of Psychiatry und Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Antonia Green
- Department of Psychiatry und Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Tilo Kircher
- Department of Psychiatry und Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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40
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Martínez NT. [Mental Imagery: Neurophysiology and Implications in Psychiatry]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 43:40-6. [PMID: 26573255 DOI: 10.1016/s0034-7450(14)70041-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide an explanation about what mental imagery is and some implications in psychiatry. METHODS This article is a narrative literature review. RESULTS There are many terms in which imagery representations are described in different fields of research. They are defined as perceptions in the absence of an external stimulus, and can be created in any sensory modality. Their neurophysiological substrate is almost the same as the one activated during sensory perception. There is no unified theory about its function, but it is possibly the way that our brain uses and manipulates the information to respond to the environment. CONCLUSIONS Mental imagery is an everyday phenomenon, and when it occurs in specific patterns it can be a sign of mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Tamayo Martínez
- Especialista en Psiquiatría de Enlace, Maestría en Epidemiología Clínica, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana; Psiquiatra adscrita, Clínica Nuestra Señora de la Paz, Bogotá, Colombia.
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41
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Berndt C, Diekelmann S, Alexander N, Pustal A, Kirschbaum C. Sleep fragmentation and false memories during pregnancy and motherhood. Behav Brain Res 2014; 266:52-7. [PMID: 24589545 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pregnant women, both before and after childbirth, frequently experience memory deficits and disrupted sleep. In the present study we assessed the relationship between false memory generation and fragmented sleep during pregnancy and motherhood. We tested 178 pregnant women and 58 female non-pregnant childless controls, during pregnancy (15-35th week of gestation) and again after childbirth (8-13th month). False memories were defined as memories of gist words that were semantically related to studied word lists but were not presented during learning of these lists in the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm. Sleep was monitored by actigraphy in the home environment for seven consecutive nights. Compared to the controls, the group of pregnant women produced more false memories and displayed more fragmented sleep both during pregnancy and after childbirth. However, false memory generation was not correlated to measures of sleep fragmentation. These results show that pregnant women suffer from sleep fragmentation and a higher susceptibility to false memories, but leave open the question as to whether both phenomena are related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Berndt
- Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Susanne Diekelmann
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, Universität Tübingen, D-72074 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Nina Alexander
- Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Anne Pustal
- Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Clemens Kirschbaum
- Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany.
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Abstract
To develop targeted intervention strategies for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, we first need to identify early markers of brain changes that occur before the onset of cognitive impairment. Here, we examine changes in resting-state brain function in humans from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. We compared longitudinal changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), assessed by (15)O-water PET, over a mean 7 year period between participants who eventually developed cognitive impairment (n = 22) and those who remained cognitively normal (n = 99). Annual PET assessments began an average of 11 years before the onset of cognitive impairment in the subsequently impaired group, so all participants were cognitively normal during the scanning interval. A voxel-based mixed model analysis was used to compare groups with and without subsequent impairment. Participants with subsequent impairment showed significantly greater longitudinal rCBF increases in orbitofrontal, medial frontal, and anterior cingulate regions, and greater longitudinal decreases in parietal, temporal, and thalamic regions compared with those who maintained cognitive health. These changes were linear in nature and were not influenced by longitudinal changes in regional tissue volume. Although all participants were cognitively normal during the scanning interval, most of the accelerated rCBF changes seen in the subsequently impaired group occurred within regions thought to be critical for the maintenance of cognitive function. These changes also occurred within regions that show early accumulation of pathology in Alzheimer's disease, suggesting that there may be a connection between early pathologic change and early changes in brain function.
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Abstract
Memory plays an important role in everyday life but does not provide an exact and unchanging record of experience: research has documented that memory is a constructive process that is subject to a variety of errors and distortions. Yet these memory "sins" also reflect the operation of adaptive aspects of memory. Memory can thus be characterized as an adaptive constructive process, which plays a functional role in cognition but produces distortions, errors, or illusions as a consequence of doing so.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Schacter
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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44
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Markowitsch HJ. Memory and self-neuroscientific landscapes. ISRN NEUROSCIENCE 2013; 2013:176027. [PMID: 24967303 PMCID: PMC4045540 DOI: 10.1155/2013/176027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Relations between memory and the self are framed from a number of perspectives-developmental aspects, forms of memory, interrelations between memory and the brain, and interactions between the environment and memory. The self is seen as dividable into more rudimentary and more advanced aspects. Special emphasis is laid on memory systems and within them on episodic autobiographical memory which is seen as a pure human form of memory that is dependent on a proper ontogenetic development and shaped by the social environment, including culture. Self and episodic autobiographical memory are seen as interlocked in their development and later manifestation. Aside from content-based aspects of memory, time-based aspects are seen along two lines-the division between short-term and long-term memory and anterograde-future-oriented-and retrograde-past-oriented memory. The state dependency of episodic autobiographical is stressed and implications of it-for example, with respect to the occurrence of false memories and forensic aspects-are outlined. For the brain level, structural networks for encoding, consolidation, storage, and retrieval are discussed both by referring to patient data and to data obtained in normal participants with functional brain imaging methods. It is elaborated why descriptions from patients with functional or dissociative amnesia are particularly apt to demonstrate the facets in which memory, self, and personal temporality are interwoven.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans J. Markowitsch
- Physiological Psychology, University of Bielefeld, Universitaetsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
- Center of Excellence “Cognitive Interaction Technology” (CITEC), University of Bielefeld, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
- Hanse Institute of Advanced Science, P. O. Box 1344, 27733 Delmenhorst, Germany
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45
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Abstract
Over more than a century of research has established the fact that sleep benefits the retention of memory. In this review we aim to comprehensively cover the field of "sleep and memory" research by providing a historical perspective on concepts and a discussion of more recent key findings. Whereas initial theories posed a passive role for sleep enhancing memories by protecting them from interfering stimuli, current theories highlight an active role for sleep in which memories undergo a process of system consolidation during sleep. Whereas older research concentrated on the role of rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep, recent work has revealed the importance of slow-wave sleep (SWS) for memory consolidation and also enlightened some of the underlying electrophysiological, neurochemical, and genetic mechanisms, as well as developmental aspects in these processes. Specifically, newer findings characterize sleep as a brain state optimizing memory consolidation, in opposition to the waking brain being optimized for encoding of memories. Consolidation originates from reactivation of recently encoded neuronal memory representations, which occur during SWS and transform respective representations for integration into long-term memory. Ensuing REM sleep may stabilize transformed memories. While elaborated with respect to hippocampus-dependent memories, the concept of an active redistribution of memory representations from networks serving as temporary store into long-term stores might hold also for non-hippocampus-dependent memory, and even for nonneuronal, i.e., immunological memories, giving rise to the idea that the offline consolidation of memory during sleep represents a principle of long-term memory formation established in quite different physiological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Rasch
- Division of Biopsychology, Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Schacter DL, Loftus EF. Memory and law: what can cognitive neuroscience contribute? Nat Neurosci 2013; 16:119-23. [DOI: 10.1038/nn.3294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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McKeon S, Pace-Schott EF, Spencer RMC. Interaction of sleep and emotional content on the production of false memories. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49353. [PMID: 23145159 PMCID: PMC3492291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep benefits veridical memories, resulting in superior recall relative to off-line intervals spent awake. Sleep also increases false memory recall in the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm. Given the suggestion that emotional veridical memories are prioritized for consolidation over sleep, here we examined whether emotion modulates sleep's effect on false memory formation. Participants listened to semantically related word lists lacking a critical lure representing each list's "gist." Free recall was tested after 12 hours containing sleep or wake. The Sleep group recalled more studied words than the Wake group but only for emotionally neutral lists. False memories of both negative and neutral critical lures were greater following sleep relative to wake. Morning and Evening control groups (20-minute delay) did not differ ruling out circadian accounts for these differences. These results support the adaptive function of sleep in both promoting the consolidation of veridical declarative memories and in extracting unifying aspects from memory details.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon McKeon
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Edward F. Pace-Schott
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Neuroscience and Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rebecca M. C. Spencer
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Neuroscience and Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
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