1
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Liu F, Chao S, Yang L, Chen C, Huang W, Chen F, Xu Z. Molecular mechanism of mechanical pressure induced changes in the microenvironment of intervertebral disc degeneration. Inflamm Res 2024:10.1007/s00011-024-01954-w. [PMID: 39379638 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-024-01954-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2024] [Revised: 09/27/2024] [Accepted: 09/27/2024] [Indexed: 10/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lower back pain, as a typical clinical symptom of spinal degenerative diseases, is emerging as a major social problem. According to recent researches, the primary cause of this problem is intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD). IVDD is closely associated with factors such as age, genetics, mechanical stimulation (MS), and inadequate nutrition. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have further elucidated the relationship between MS and IVDD. However, the exact molecular mechanisms by which MS induces IVDD remain unclear, highlighting the need for in-depth exploration and study of the relationship between MS and IVDD. METHODS Search for relevant literature on IVDD and MS published from January 1, 2010, to the present in the PubMed database. RESULTS One of the main causes of IVDD is MS, and loading modalities have an impact on the creation of matrix metalloproteinase, the metabolism of the cellular matrix, and other biochemical processes in the intervertebral disc. Nucleus pulposus cell death induced by MS, cartilage end-plate destruction accompanied by pyroptosis, apoptosis, iron death, senescence, autophagy, oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and ECM degradation interact with one another to form a cooperative signaling network. CONCLUSION This review discusses the molecular mechanisms of the changes in the microenvironment of intervertebral discs caused by mechanical pressure, explores the interaction between mechanical pressure and IVDD, and provides new insights and approaches for the clinical prevention and treatment of IVDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, RuiKang Hospital, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, 530001, China
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Song Chao
- Department of Orthopedics, RuiKang Hospital, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, 530001, China
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, RuiKang Hospital, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, 530001, China
| | - Chaoqi Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, RuiKang Hospital, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, 530001, China
| | - Wutao Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, RuiKang Hospital, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, 530001, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, RuiKang Hospital, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, 530001, China.
| | - Zhiwei Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, RuiKang Hospital, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, 530001, China.
- Department of National Medical Masters Hall, RuiKang Hospital, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, 530001, China.
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2
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Yao Q, He L, Bao C, Yan X, Ao J. The role of TNF-α in osteoporosis, bone repair and inflammatory bone diseases: A review. Tissue Cell 2024; 89:102422. [PMID: 39003912 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2024.102422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is a pleiotropic cytokine synthesised primarily by mononuclear cells; it has a potent pro-inflammatory effect, playing a crucial role in metabolic, immune, and inflammatory diseases. This cytokine has been studied in various biological systems. In bone tissue, TNF-α plays an integral role in skeletal disorders such as osteoporosis, fracture repair and rheumatoid arthritis through its involvement in regulating the balance between osteoblasts and osteoclasts, mediating inflammatory responses, promoting angiogenesis and exacerbating synovial proliferation. The biological effect TNF-α exerts in this context is determined by a combination of the signalling pathway it activates, the type of receptor it binds, and the concentration and duration of exposure. This review summarises the participation and pathophysiological role of TNF-α in osteoporosis, bone damage repair, chronic immunoinflammatory bone disease and spinal cord injury, and discusses its main mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Li He
- Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, China.
| | | | - Xuhang Yan
- Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, China.
| | - Jun Ao
- Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, China.
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3
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Sun R, Wang F, Zhong C, Shi H, Peng X, Gao JW, Wu XT. The regulatory mechanism of cyclic GMP-AMP synthase on inflammatory senescence of nucleus pulposus cell. J Orthop Surg Res 2024; 19:421. [PMID: 39034400 PMCID: PMC11265083 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-024-04919-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellular senescence features irreversible growth arrest and secretion of multiple proinflammatory cytokines. Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) detects DNA damage and activates the DNA-sensing pathway, resulting in the upregulation of inflammatory genes and induction of cellular senescence. This study aimed to investigate the effect of cGAS in regulating senescence of nucleus pulposus (NP) cells under inflammatory microenvironment. METHODS The expression of cGAS was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining in rat intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration model induced by annulus stabbing. NP cells were harvested from rat lumbar IVD and cultured with 10ng/ml IL-1β for 48 h to induce premature senescence. cGAS was silenced by cGAS specific siRNA in NP cells and cultured with IL-1β. Cellular senescence was evaluated by senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) staining and flow cytometry. The expression of senescence-associated secretory phenotype including IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-a was evaluated by ELISA and western blotting. RESULTS cGAS was detected in rat NP cells in cytoplasm and the expression was significantly increased in degenerated IVD. Culturing in 10ng/ml IL-1β for 48 h induced cellular senescence in NP cells with attenuation of G1-S phase transition. In senescent NP cells the expression of cGAS, p53, p16, NF-kB, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α was significantly increased while aggrecan and collagen type II was reduced than in normal NP cells. In NP cells with silenced cGAS, the expression of p53, p16, NF-kB, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α was reduced in inflammatory culturing with IL-1β. CONCLUSION cGAS was increased by NP cells in degenerated IVD promoting cellular senescence and senescent inflammatory phenotypes. Targeting cGAS may alleviate IVD degeneration by reducing NP cell senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, NO. 87 Ding Jia Qiao, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210003, China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210003, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, NO. 87 Ding Jia Qiao, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210003, China
| | - Cong Zhong
- Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, NO. 87 Ding Jia Qiao, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210003, China
| | - Hang Shi
- Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, NO. 87 Ding Jia Qiao, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210003, China
| | - Xin Peng
- Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, NO. 87 Ding Jia Qiao, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210003, China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210003, China
| | - Jia-Wei Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, NO. 87 Ding Jia Qiao, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210003, China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210003, China
| | - Xiao-Tao Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, NO. 87 Ding Jia Qiao, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210003, China.
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210003, China.
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4
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Wu P, Xue J, Zhu Z, Yu Y, Sun Q, Xie M, Wang B, Huang P, Feng Z, Zhao J. Puerariae lobatae Radix ameliorates chronic kidney disease by reshaping gut microbiota and downregulating Wnt/β‑catenin signaling. Mol Med Rep 2024; 30:117. [PMID: 38757304 PMCID: PMC11129539 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2024.13241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota dysfunction is a key factor affecting chronic kidney disease (CKD) susceptibility. Puerariae lobatae Radix (PLR), a traditional Chinese medicine and food homologous herb, is known to promote the gut microbiota homeostasis; however, its role in renoprotection remains unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the efficacy and potential mechanism of PLR to alleviate CKD. An 8‑week 2% NaCl‑feeding murine model was applied to induce CKD and evaluate the therapeutic effect of PLR supplementary. After gavage for 8 weeks, The medium and high doses of PLR significantly alleviated CKD‑associated creatinine, urine protein increasement and nephritic histopathological injury. Moreover, PLR protected kidney from fibrosis by reducing inflammatory response and downregulating the canonical Wnt/β‑catenin pathway. Furthermore, PLR rescued the gut microbiota dysbiosis and protected against high salt‑induced gut barrier dysfunction. Enrichment of Akkermansia and Bifidobacterium was found after PLR intervention, the relative abundances of which were in positive correlation with normal maintenance of renal histology and function. Next, fecal microbiota transplantation experiment verified that the positive effect of PLR on CKD was, at least partially, exerted through gut microbiota reestablishment and downregulation of the Wnt/β‑catenin pathway. The present study provided evidence for a new function of PLR on kidney protection and put forward a potential therapeutic strategy target for CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wu
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Jingwen Xue
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Zhangrui Zhu
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Yao Yu
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Qi Sun
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Ming Xie
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Benlin Wang
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Pengcheng Huang
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Zhengyuan Feng
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Jie Zhao
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
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5
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Eintracht J, Owen N, Harding P, Moosajee M. Disruption of common ocular developmental pathways in patient-derived optic vesicle models of microphthalmia. Stem Cell Reports 2024; 19:839-858. [PMID: 38821055 PMCID: PMC11390689 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2024.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Genetic perturbations influencing early eye development can result in microphthalmia, anophthalmia, and coloboma (MAC). Over 100 genes are associated with MAC, but little is known about common disease mechanisms. In this study, we generated induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived optic vesicles (OVs) from two unrelated microphthalmia patients and healthy controls. At day 20, 35, and 50, microphthalmia patient OV diameters were significantly smaller, recapitulating the "small eye" phenotype. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis revealed upregulation of apoptosis-initiating and extracellular matrix (ECM) genes at day 20 and 35. Western blot and immunohistochemistry revealed increased expression of lumican, nidogen, and collagen type IV, suggesting ECM overproduction. Increased apoptosis was observed in microphthalmia OVs with reduced phospho-histone 3 (pH3+) cells confirming decreased cell proliferation at day 35. Pharmacological inhibition of caspase-8 activity with Z-IETD-FMK decreased apoptosis in one patient model, highlighting a potential therapeutic approach. These data reveal shared pathophysiological mechanisms contributing to a microphthalmia phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mariya Moosajee
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London EC1V 9EL, UK; Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK.
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6
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Chen M, Yang D, Zhou Y, Yang C, Lin W, Li J, Liu J, Ye J, Huang W, Ma W, Li W, Chen J, Zhang Y, Shi GP, Luo J, Li J, Luo S. Colchicine Blocks Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Development by Maintaining Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Homeostasis. Int J Biol Sci 2024; 20:2092-2110. [PMID: 38617538 PMCID: PMC11008260 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.93544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Development of non-surgical treatment of human abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) has clinical significance. Colchicine emerges as an effective therapeutic regimen in cardiovascular diseases. Yet, whether colchicine slows AAA growth remain controversy. Here, we demonstrated that daily intragastric administration of low-dose colchicine blocked AAA formation, prevented vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) phenotype switching and apoptosis, and vascular inflammation in both peri-aortic CaPO4 injury and subcutaneous angiotensin-II infusion induced experimental AAA mice models. Mechanistically, colchicine increased global mRNA stability by inhibiting the METTL14/YTHDC1-mediated m6A modification, resulting in increased sclerostin (SOST) expression and consequent inactivation of the WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway in vascular SMCs from mouse AAA lesions and in cultured human aortic SMCs. Moreover, human and mouse AAA lesions all showed increased m6A methylation, decreased SOST expression, and skewed synthetic SMC de-differentiation phenotype, compared to those without AAA. This study uncovers a novel mechanism of colchicine in slowing AAA development by using the METTL14/SOST/WNT/β-catenin axis to control vascular SMC homeostasis in mouse aortic vessels and in human aortic SMCs. Therefore, use of colchicine may benefit AAA patients in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dafeng Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yangzhao Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chongzhe Yang
- Department of Geriatrics, National Key Clinic Specialty, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenhui Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jitao Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiamin Ye
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenhui Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wentao Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital Zhuhai Hospital, Zhuhai, China
| | - Jiyan Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guo-Ping Shi
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jianfang Luo
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Geriatrics, National Key Clinic Specialty, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Songyuan Luo
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Cardiology, Ganzhou Hospital of Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Ganzhou Municipal Hospital, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
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7
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Zhang X, Zhang Z, Zou X, Wang Y, Qi J, Han S, Xin J, Zheng Z, Wei L, Zhang T, Zhang S. Unraveling the mechanisms of intervertebral disc degeneration: an exploration of the p38 MAPK signaling pathway. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 11:1324561. [PMID: 38313000 PMCID: PMC10834758 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1324561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (IDD) is a worldwide spinal degenerative disease. Low back pain (LBP) is frequently caused by a variety of conditions brought on by IDD, including IVD herniation and spinal stenosis, etc. These conditions bring substantial physical and psychological pressure and economic burden to patients. IDD is closely tied with the structural or functional changes of the IVD tissue and can be caused by various complex factors like senescence, genetics, and trauma. The IVD dysfunction and structural changes can result from extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, differentiation, inflammation, oxidative stress, mechanical stress, and senescence of IVD cells. At present, the treatment of IDD is basically to alleviate the symptoms, but not from the pathophysiological changes of IVD. Interestingly, the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) signaling pathway is involved in many processes of IDD, including inflammation, ECM degradation, apoptosis, senescence, proliferation, oxidative stress, and autophagy. These activities in degenerated IVD tissue are closely relevant to the development trend of IDD. Hence, the p38 MAPK signaling pathway may be a fitting curative target for IDD. In order to better understand the pathophysiological alterations of the intervertebral disc tissue during IDD and offer potential paths for targeted treatments for intervertebral disc degeneration, this article reviews the purpose of the p38 MAPK signaling pathway in IDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingmin Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Center of Orthopedics, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Engineering Research Center for Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Changchun, China
| | - Zilin Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Center of Orthopedics, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Engineering Research Center for Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaosong Zou
- Department of Spine Surgery, Center of Orthopedics, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Engineering Research Center for Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Changchun, China
| | - Yongjie Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Center of Orthopedics, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Engineering Research Center for Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Changchun, China
| | - Jinwei Qi
- Department of Spine Surgery, Center of Orthopedics, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Engineering Research Center for Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Changchun, China
| | - Song Han
- Department of Spine Surgery, Center of Orthopedics, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Engineering Research Center for Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Changchun, China
| | - Jingguo Xin
- Department of Spine Surgery, Center of Orthopedics, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Engineering Research Center for Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Changchun, China
| | - Zhi Zheng
- Department of Spine Surgery, Center of Orthopedics, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Engineering Research Center for Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Changchun, China
| | - Lin Wei
- Department of Spine Surgery, Center of Orthopedics, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Engineering Research Center for Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Changchun, China
| | - Tianhui Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Center of Orthopedics, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shaokun Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Center of Orthopedics, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Engineering Research Center for Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Changchun, China
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Li L, Wei X, Li K, Gong H, Zhu L, Yang S, Wang S, Gu J, Chen M, Yin X, Zhan J, Feng M, Yu J, Sun W, Chen X. Traditional Chinese Medicine formula Bu-Shen-Huo-Xue-Fang (BSHXF) protects nucleus pulposus cells against the inflammatory and oxidative stress-induced degenerative changes. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 236:115656. [PMID: 37688906 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Degeneration of the intervertebral disc is primarily caused by the loss of nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) and extracellular matrix (ECM) (IDD). Bu-Shen-Huo-Xue-Fang (BSHXF), a traditional Chinese medicine decoction, has been used to treat IDD in clinical; nevertheless, the active components and underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. BSHXF improved IL-1β and H2O2 stimulation-induced injuries on NPCs by promoting cell viability, increasing ECM deposition, inhibiting cell senescence, and decreasing the levels of inflammatory factors. The active ingredients in BSHXF were identified by LC-MS/MS analysis; three active ingredients from the principal drugs, Aucubin, Tanshinol, and Tanshinone II A promoted NPC viability; and Aucubin and Tanshinol promoted NPC viability more. Aucubin and Tanshinol, respectively, improved H2O2 stimulation-induced injuries on NPCs by promoting cell viability, increasing ECM deposition, inhibiting cell senescence, and decreasing the levels of inflammatory factors. The activator of NF-κB and Wnt signaling pathways attenuated Aucubin and Tanshinol's protective effects by promoting ECM degradation and NPC senescence. Aucubin, Tanshinol, and Tanshinone II A were identified as the most potent compounds in BSHXF protection against degenerative changes in NPCs. The NF-κB and Wnt signaling pathways might be involved in the protective effects of Aucubin and Tanshinol against H2O2-induced degenerative changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linghui Li
- Department of General Orthopedics, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Huajiadi Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Xu Wei
- Department of Academic Development, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Huajiadi Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Kaiming Li
- Department of General Orthopedics, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Huajiadi Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Hao Gong
- Department of Orthopaedics, Changping Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, No. 219 Huangping Street, Changping District, Beijing 102208, China
| | - Liguo Zhu
- Department of General Orthopedics, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Huajiadi Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Shaofeng Yang
- Department of General Orthopedics, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Huajiadi Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100102, China; Department of Spine, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410007, China.
| | - Shangquan Wang
- Department of General Orthopedics, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Huajiadi Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Jinyu Gu
- Department of General Orthopedics, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Huajiadi Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of General Orthopedics, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Huajiadi Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Xunlu Yin
- Department of General Orthopedics, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Huajiadi Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Jiawen Zhan
- Department of General Orthopedics, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Huajiadi Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Minshan Feng
- Department of General Orthopedics, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Huajiadi Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Department of General Orthopedics, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Huajiadi Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Wu Sun
- Department of General Orthopedics, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Huajiadi Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of General Orthopedics, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Huajiadi Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100102, China
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9
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Du X, Liang K, Ding S, Shi H. Signaling Mechanisms of Stem Cell Therapy for Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2467. [PMID: 37760908 PMCID: PMC10525468 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Low back pain is the leading cause of disability worldwide. Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is the primary clinical risk factor for low back pain and the pathological cause of disc herniation, spinal stenosis, and spinal deformity. A possible approach to improve the clinical practice of IDD-related diseases is to incorporate biomarkers in diagnosis, therapeutic intervention, and prognosis prediction. IDD pathology is still unclear. Regarding molecular mechanisms, cellular signaling pathways constitute a complex network of signaling pathways that coordinate cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, and metabolism. Recently, stem cells have shown great potential in clinical applications for IDD. In this review, the roles of multiple signaling pathways and related stem cell treatment in IDD are summarized and described. This review seeks to investigate the mechanisms and potential therapeutic effects of stem cells in IDD and identify new therapeutic treatments for IDD-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Haifei Shi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; (X.D.); (K.L.); (S.D.)
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10
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Tu J, Li W, Hansbro PM, Yan Q, Bai X, Donovan C, Kim RY, Galvao I, Das A, Yang C, Zou J, Diwan A. Smoking and tetramer tryptase accelerate intervertebral disc degeneration by inducing METTL14-mediated DIXDC1 m 6 modification. Mol Ther 2023; 31:2524-2542. [PMID: 37340635 PMCID: PMC10422004 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Although cigarette smoking (CS) and low back pain (LBP) are common worldwide, their correlations and the mechanisms of action remain unclear. We have shown that excessive activation of mast cells (MCs) and their proteases play key roles in CS-associated diseases, like asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), blood coagulation, and lung cancer. Previous studies have also shown that MCs and their proteases induce degenerative musculoskeletal disease. By using a custom-designed smoke-exposure mouse system, we demonstrated that CS results in intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration and release of MC-restricted tetramer tryptases (TTs) in the IVDs. TTs were found to regulate the expression of methyltransferase 14 (METTL14) at the epigenetic level by inducing N6-methyladenosine (m6A) deposition in the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of the transcript that encodes dishevelled-axin (DIX) domain-containing 1 (DIXDC1). That reaction increases the mRNA stability and expression of Dixdc1. DIXDC1 functionally interacts with disrupted in schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) to accelerate the degeneration and senescence of nucleus pulposus (NP) cells by activating a canonical Wnt pathway. Our study demonstrates the association between CS, MC-derived TTs, and LBP. These findings raise the possibility that METTL14-medicated DIXDC1 m6A modification could serve as a potential therapeutic target to block the development of degeneration of the NP in LBP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Tu
- Spine Labs, St. George & Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Wentian Li
- Spine Labs, St. George & Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Qi Yan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xupeng Bai
- Center for Innovation and Translational Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, First Affiliated Hospital, and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chantal Donovan
- Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard Y Kim
- Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Izabela Galvao
- Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Abhirup Das
- Spine Labs, St. George & Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Cao Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical School, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Jun Zou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Ashish Diwan
- Spine Labs, St. George & Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Spine Service, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, St. George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia.
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11
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Xu WB, Kotheeranurak V, Chen DQ, Sun NK, Cai DX, Chen CM, Lin GX, Rui G. Pan-cancer analysis of the intervertebral-disc-degeneration-related innate immunity gene NAIP. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286647. [PMID: 37267294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a progressive chronic condition that commonly causes low back pain. Cancer is among the primary reasons for deaths worldwide. Our purpose was to identify the characteristic genes of IDD and explore the potential association between IDD and cancer. METHODS Immune cell infiltration and differentially expressed analysis were conducted utilizing data from the GSE124272 database. Enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was performed to explore the possible mechanisms underlying IDD development. Moreover, weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA) was applied to select IDD-related hub genes. The immune-related key genes were determined by intersecting DEGs, IDD-related hub genes, and immune genes. Subsequently, machine learning models based on these genes were built to identify and verify the characteristic genes. RNA sequencing and clinical data of 33 carcinoma categories were obtained from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). The association between NAIP expression and prognosis was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier analysis. To gain a deeper understanding of the impact of NAIP in tumor immunotherapy, the association between NAIP and immune infiltration and two immunotherapeutic biomarkers were explored. Ultimately, the association between NAIP and immunotherapeutic response was investigated utilizing two independent cohorts. RESULTS NAIP was identified as an immune-related characteristic gene between IDD and normal intervertebral disc tissue. In certain carcinoma categories, NAIP expression levels were elevated (4/33) and significantly correlated to the respective tumor stage (4/21). Survival analysis revealed that the expression levels of NAIP have prognostic significance in different cancer types. Generally, NAIP presented a strong association with immune cell infiltration and modulators. NAIP may influence immunotherapy effects through tumor mutational burden and microsatellite instability. No remarkable association between NAIP and immunotherapy response was found in either cohort. CONCLUSION Our study is the first to identify NAIP as an immune-related characteristic gene. Pan-cancer analysis revealed that NAIP could serve as a novel clinical prognostic marker and therapeutic target for a variety of carcinoma categories, reducing the risk of IDD in tumor patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Bin Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Vit Kotheeranurak
- Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Biomechanics and Innovative Spine Surgery, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ding-Qiang Chen
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Nai-Kun Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Di-Xin Cai
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Chien-Min Chen
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
- Department of Leisure Industry Management, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Guang-Xun Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Gang Rui
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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Gallate ZS, D'Erminio DN, Nasser P, Laudier DM, Iatridis JC. Galectin-3 and RAGE differentially control advanced glycation endproduct-induced collagen damage in murine intervertebral disc organ culture. JOR Spine 2023; 6:e1254. [PMID: 37361328 PMCID: PMC10285763 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Back and neck pain are leading causes of global disability that are associated with intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration. Causes of IVD degeneration are multifactorial, and diet, age, and diabetes have all been linked to IVD degeneration. Advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) accumulate in the IVD as a result of aging, diet, and diabetes, and AGE accumulation in the IVD has been shown to induce oxidative stress and catabolic activity that result in collagen damage. An association between AGE accumulation and IVD degeneration is emerging, yet mechanism behind this association remains unclear. The Receptor for AGEs (RAGE) is thought to induce catabolic responses in the IVD, and the AGE receptor Galectin 3 (Gal3) had a protective effect in other tissue systems but has not been evaluated in the IVD. Methods This study used an IVD organ culture model with genetically modified mice to analyze the roles of RAGE and Gal3 in an AGE challenge. Results Gal3 was protective against an AGE challenge in the murine IVD ex vivo, limiting collagen damage and biomechanical property changes. Gal3 receptor levels in the AF significantly decreased upon an AGE challenge. RAGE was necessary for AGE-induced collagen damage in the IVD, and RAGE receptor levels in the AF significantly increased upon AGE challenge. Discussion These findings suggest both RAGE and Gal3 are important in the IVD response to AGEs and highlight Gal3 as an important receptor with protective effects on collagen damage. This research improves understanding the mechanisms of AGE-induced IVD degeneration and suggests Gal3 receptor modulation as a potential target for preventative and therapeutic treatment for IVD degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary S. Gallate
- Leni & Peter W. May Department of OrthopedicsIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Danielle N. D'Erminio
- Leni & Peter W. May Department of OrthopedicsIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Philip Nasser
- Leni & Peter W. May Department of OrthopedicsIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Damien M. Laudier
- Leni & Peter W. May Department of OrthopedicsIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - James C. Iatridis
- Leni & Peter W. May Department of OrthopedicsIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
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13
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Chen Y, Hu Y. Wnt Signaling Activation in Gingival Epithelial Cells and Macrophages of Experimental Periodontitis. Dent J (Basel) 2023; 11:129. [PMID: 37232780 PMCID: PMC10217294 DOI: 10.3390/dj11050129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Wingless/integrated (Wnt) signaling plays critical roles in maintaining environmental homeostasis and is also involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. However, its role in macrophages during periodontitis is not well understood. The present study aims to investigate the interaction between Wnt signaling and macrophages in the context of periodontitis. Methods: Experimental periodontitis was induced in C57/BL6 mice using a Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.g)-associated ligature for 14 days. Immunohistochemistry was performed to study the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), the stabilization of β-catenin, and the macrophage marker F4/80 in the periodontal tissues. The effect of Wnt signaling on TNF-α was examined using Western blot analysis in Raw 264.7 murine macrophages stimulated by Wnt3a-conditioned medium, with or without Wnt3a antibody neutralization, and compared with primary cultured gingival epithelial cells (GECs). The effect of P.g lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on Wnt signaling was assessed by analyzing key components of the Wnt signaling pathway, including the activity of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) 6 and nuclear accumulation of β-catenin in GEC and Raw 264.7 cells. Results: Over-expressions of TNF-α and activated β-catenin were presented in the macrophages in the gingiva from mice with P.g-associated ligature-induced periodontitis. The expression patterns of TNF-α and activated β-catenin were consistent with the expression of F4/80. In Raw 264.7 cells, activation of the Wnt signaling pathway led to an increase in TNF-α, but this effect was not observed in GEC. Additionally, treatment with LPS induced β-catenin accumulation and LRP6 activation in Raw 264.7 cells, which were blocked by the addition of Dickkopf-1(DKK1). Conclusions: Wnt signaling was aberrantly activated in the macrophages in experimental periodontitis. The activation of Wnt signaling in the macrophages may play a pro-inflammatory role in periodontitis. Targeting specific signaling pathways, such as the Wnt pathway, may hold promise for developing novel therapeutic interventions for periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yang Hu
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Forsyth Institute, 245 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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14
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Liu Y, Liu DK, Wang ZW, Zhao C, Miao J. Baicalein alleviates TNF-α-induced apoptosis of human nucleus pulposus cells through PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. J Orthop Surg Res 2023; 18:292. [PMID: 37041597 PMCID: PMC10088118 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-023-03759-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nucleus pulposus (NP) cell apoptosis contributed to disc degeneration. Baicalein, a natural steroid saponin, has been demonstrated to have anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, and antioxidative effects in various diseases. However, little is known about the roles of baicalein in intervertebral disc degeneration. METHODS To evaluate the roles of baicalein in disc degeneration and its specific mechanism, human NP cells were incubated with TNF-α and various concentrations of baicalein. Cell viability, extracellular matrix protein expression, catabolic factors, degree of apoptosis, inflammatory factors, and related signaling pathways were evaluated by western blotting, fluorescence immunostaining, TUNEL staining, and reverse transcription PCR. RESULTS Baicalein inhibited TNF-α-activated apoptotic signaling and catabolic activity in NP cells. Baicalein promoted PI3K/Akt signaling and attenuated the level of apoptosis-related markers in TNF-α-stimulated human NP cells. CONCLUSION Our work provides that baicalein attenuates TNF-α-activated apoptosis in human NP cells through promoting the PI3K/Akt pathway, indicating that baicalein is a new potential candidate for clinical therapy to attenuate disc degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Dao-Kuo Liu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Hebei Province Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Cangzhou, 061013, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Wang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Hebei Province Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Cangzhou, 061013, China
| | - Chong Zhao
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Hebei Province Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Cangzhou, 061013, China
| | - Jun Miao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin University, No. 406 Jiefang South Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300211, China.
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15
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Pan H, Li H, Guo S, Wang C, Long L, Wang X, Shi H, Zhang K, Chen H, Li S. The mechanisms and functions of TNF-α in intervertebral disc degeneration. Exp Gerontol 2023; 174:112119. [PMID: 36758650 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2023.112119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Low back pain (LBP) is one of the most common health problems in people's lives, which brings a massive burden to clinicians, and the leading cause of LBP is intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). IDD is mainly caused by factors such as aging, mechanical stress, and lack of nutrition. The pathological mechanism of IDD is very complex, involving inflammatory response, cell metabolism disorder, and so on. Unfortunately, in the current treatment of IDD, only relieving symptoms as the primary means of relieving a patient's pain cannot effectively inhibit or reverse the progression of IDD. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a multifunctional pro-inflammatory factor involved in many diseases' pathological processes. With the in-depth study of the pathological mechanism of IDD, more and more evidence has shown that TNF-α is an essential activator of IDD, which is related to the metabolic disorder, inflammatory responses, apoptosis, and other pathological processes of extracellular dissociation in the intervertebral disc. Therefore, anti-TNF-α therapy is an effective therapeutic target for alleviating IDD, especially in inhibiting extracellular matrix degradation and reducing inflammatory responses. This article reviews the pathological role of TNF-α in IDD and the latest research progress of TNF-α inhibitors in treating IDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Pan
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongtao Li
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Sheng Guo
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Chenglong Wang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Longhai Long
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Wang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Houyin Shi
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Kaiquan Zhang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
| | - Sen Li
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
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16
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Kornsuthisopon C, Tompkins KA, Osathanon T. Tideglusib enhances odontogenic differentiation in human dental pulp stem cells in vitro. Int Endod J 2023; 56:369-384. [PMID: 36458950 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
AIM Tideglusib is a small molecule agonist of the canonical Wnt pathway. The present study investigated the influence of Tideglusib on human dental pulp stem cell (hDPSC) proliferation, apoptosis, migration and odonto/osteogenic differentiation. METHODOLOGY hDPSCs were treated with 50, 100 nM or 200 nM Tideglusib. β-catenin accumulation was detected by immunofluorescence staining. Colony-forming unit ability was assessed by staining with Coomassie blue. Cell cycle progression and cell apoptosis were investigated using flow cytometry. Cell migration was examined using an in vitro wound-healing assay. Osteogenic differentiation was examined using alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining, alizarin red S staining and osteogenic-related gene expression. The gene expression profile was examined using a high-throughput RNA sequencing technique. All experiments were repeated using cells derived from at least four different donors (n = 4). The Mann-Whitney U-test was used to identify significant differences between two independent group comparisons. For three or more group comparisons, statistical differences were assessed using the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by pairwise comparison. The significance level was set at 5% (p < .05). RESULTS Tideglusib activated the Wnt signalling pathway in hDPSCs as demonstrated by an increase in cytoplasmic β-catenin accumulation and nuclear translocation. Tideglusib did not affect hDPSC proliferation, cell cycle progression, cell apoptosis or cell migration. In contrast, 50 and 100 nM Tideglusib significantly enhanced mineralization and osteogenic marker gene expression (RUNX2, ALP, BMP2 and DSPP; p < .05). CONCLUSIONS Tideglusib enhanced the odonto/osteogenic differentiation of hDPSCs. Therefore, incorporating this bioactive molecule in a pulp-capping material could be a promising strategy to promote dentine repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chatvadee Kornsuthisopon
- Dental Stem Cell Biology Research Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kevin A Tompkins
- Office of Research Affairs, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thanaphum Osathanon
- Dental Stem Cell Biology Research Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Office of Research Affairs, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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17
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The Dialogue Between Neuroinflammation and Adult Neurogenesis: Mechanisms Involved and Alterations in Neurological Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:923-959. [PMID: 36383328 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03102-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis occurs mainly in the subgranular zone of the hippocampal dentate gyrus and the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles. Evidence supports the critical role of adult neurogenesis in various conditions, including cognitive dysfunction, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Parkinson's disease (PD). Several factors can alter adult neurogenesis, including genetic, epigenetic, age, physical activity, diet, sleep status, sex hormones, and central nervous system (CNS) disorders, exerting either pro-neurogenic or anti-neurogenic effects. Compelling evidence suggests that any insult or injury to the CNS, such as traumatic brain injury (TBI), infectious diseases, or neurodegenerative disorders, can provoke an inflammatory response in the CNS. This inflammation could either promote or inhibit neurogenesis, depending on various factors, such as chronicity and severity of the inflammation and underlying neurological disorders. Notably, neuroinflammation, driven by different immune components such as activated glia, cytokines, chemokines, and reactive oxygen species, can regulate every step of adult neurogenesis, including cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, survival of newborn neurons, maturation, synaptogenesis, and neuritogenesis. Therefore, this review aims to present recent findings regarding the effects of various components of the immune system on adult neurogenesis and to provide a better understanding of the role of neuroinflammation and neurogenesis in the context of neurological disorders, including AD, PD, ischemic stroke (IS), seizure/epilepsy, TBI, sleep deprivation, cognitive impairment, and anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors. For each disorder, some of the most recent therapeutic candidates, such as curcumin, ginseng, astragaloside, boswellic acids, andrographolide, caffeine, royal jelly, estrogen, metformin, and minocycline, have been discussed based on the available preclinical and clinical evidence.
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18
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Moustafa S, Kassela K, Bampali M, Dovrolis N, Kakkanas A, Beloukas A, Mavromara P, Karakasiliotis I. Hepatitis C Core Protein Induces a Genotype-Specific Susceptibility of Hepatocytes to TNF-Induced Death In Vitro and In Vivo. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112521. [PMID: 36423130 PMCID: PMC9692671 DOI: 10.3390/v14112521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) core protein is a multifunctional protein that is involved in the proliferation, inflammation, and apoptosis mechanism of hepatocytes. HCV core protein genetic variability has been implicated in various outcomes of HCV pathology and treatment. In the present study, we aimed to analyze the role of the HCV core protein in tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-induced death under the viewpoint of HCV genetic variability. Immortalized hepatocytes (IHH), and not the Huh 7.5 hepatoma cell line, stably expressing HCV subtype 4a and HCV subtype 4f core proteins showed that only the HCV 4a core protein could increase sensitivity to TNFα-induced death. Development of two transgenic mice expressing the two different core proteins under the liver-specific promoter of transthyretin (TTR) allowed for the in vivo assessment of the role of the core in TNFα-induced death. Using the TNFα-dependent model of lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine (LPS/Dgal), we were able to recapitulate the in vitro results in IHH cells in vivo. Transgenic mice expressing the HCV 4a core protein were more susceptible to the LPS/Dgal model, while mice expressing the HCV 4f core protein had the same susceptibility as their littermate controls. Transcriptome analysis in liver biopsies from these transgenic mice gave insights into HCV core molecular pathogenesis while linking HCV core protein genetic variability to differential pathology in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savvina Moustafa
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Katerina Kassela
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
- Laboratory of Biology, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Maria Bampali
- Laboratory of Biology, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Nikolas Dovrolis
- Laboratory of Biology, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Athanassios Kakkanas
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Apostolos Beloukas
- National AIDS Reference Center of Southern Greece, Department of Public Health Policy, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece
- Molecular Microbiology & Immunology Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Penelope Mavromara
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Ioannis Karakasiliotis
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
- Laboratory of Biology, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
- Correspondence:
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19
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Tekari A, Marazza A, Crump K, Bermudez‐Lekerika P, Gantenbein B. Inhibition of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway reduces the inflammatory component in nucleus pulposus cells. J Orthop Res 2022; 40:2362-2371. [PMID: 35106811 PMCID: PMC9788225 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is a spinal disorder that triggers an inflammatory response and subsequent development of spinal pseudoarthrosis. The aim of the present study is to elucidate the role of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway in inflammation-induced IVD cells. Inflammatory human nucleus pulposus (NP) cells (NPCs) were induced using tumor necrosis factor-α and the ERK pathway was blocked using a selective molecule-based inhibitor U0126. Gene expression of catabolic and anabolic markers, proinflammatory, and NPCs markers was investigated. The enzymatic activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)2/MMP9 was determined by gelatin zymography and nitrite production was assessed by Griess reaction. The NPC metabolic activity and viability were assessed using resazurin sodium-salt and live/dead assays, and subsequently, the specificity of U0126 on ERK1/2 signaling was determined. The catabolic enzyme MMP3 (p = 0.0001) and proinflammatory cytokine interleukin 6 (p = 0.036) were downregulated by U0126 in NPCs under inflammatory conditions. A significant increase of the cytokeratin 19 (p = 0.0031) was observed, suggesting a partial and possible recovery of the NP phenotype. U0126 does not seem to have an effect on prostaglandin production, aggrecanases, or other anabolic genes. We confirmed that U0126 selectively blocks the ERK phosphorylation and only affects the cell metabolic activity without the reduction of viable cells. Inhibition of ERK signaling downregulates important metalloproteinases and proinflammatory cytokines, and upregulates some NP markers, suggesting its potential to treat IVD degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Tekari
- Tissue Engineering for Orthopaedics and Mechanobiology, Bone and Joint Program, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), Medical FacultyUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland,Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Screening Processes, Centre of Biotechnology of SfaxUniversity of SfaxSfaxTunisia
| | - Alessandro Marazza
- Tissue Engineering for Orthopaedics and Mechanobiology, Bone and Joint Program, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), Medical FacultyUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland,Alzheimer's Center at Temple, Lewis Katz School of MedicineTemple UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Katherine Crump
- Tissue Engineering for Orthopaedics and Mechanobiology, Bone and Joint Program, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), Medical FacultyUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Inselspital, Bern University HospitalUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Paola Bermudez‐Lekerika
- Tissue Engineering for Orthopaedics and Mechanobiology, Bone and Joint Program, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), Medical FacultyUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Inselspital, Bern University HospitalUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Benjamin Gantenbein
- Tissue Engineering for Orthopaedics and Mechanobiology, Bone and Joint Program, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), Medical FacultyUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Inselspital, Bern University HospitalUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
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20
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Zhu D, Wang Z, Zhang G, Ma C, Qiu X, Wang Y, Liu M, Guo X, Chen H, Deng Q, Kang X. Periostin promotes nucleus pulposus cells apoptosis by activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22369. [PMID: 35747912 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200123r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (IVDD) is closely linked to degenerative spinal disease, resulting in disability, poor quality of life, and financial burden. Apoptosis of nucleus pulposus (NP) cells (NPCs) is a key pathological basis of IVDD. Periostin (POSTN), an extracellular matrix protein, is expressed in many tissues, whereas its abnormal expression is associated with IVDD. The conventional Wnt/β-catenin pathway is also involved in IVDD and contributes to NPCs apoptosis. However, research on the mechanisms of POSTN in IVDD is lacking. This study investigated the relationship between POSTN and β-catenin expression in degenerated IVDs. We detected the expression of POSTN, β-catenin, and cleaved-caspase-3 (C-caspase3) in degenerated and non-degenerated IVD tissues of different grades (n = 8) using RT-qPCR, immunohistochemical staining, and western blotting analysis. Next, we explored the effects of recombinant periostin (rPOSTN) and isoquercitrin (Iso), an inhibitor of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, on NPCs apoptosis. Finally, we inhibited the expression of POSTN in degenerated NPCs in vivo and investigated the anti-apoptotic effect. The expression of β-catenin, POSTN, and C-caspase3 in severe degenerative IVDs was significantly higher than that in mild degenerative IVDs. These findings were confirmed in rat and cell-based degenerative models. When treated with rPOSTN, the Wnt/β-catenin pathway activity and cell apoptosis were time- and dose-dependent. However, rPOSTN-induced NPCs apoptosis decreased after iso-induced inhibition of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. POSTN inhibition reduced apoptosis but was restored by rPOSTN re-addition. Lastly, POSTN inhibition ameliorated puncture-induced IVDD in vivo. Overall, our study demonstrated that POSTN promotes NPCs apoptosis and aggravates degeneration by activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daxue Zhu
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, PR China.,Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Zhaoheng Wang
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, PR China.,Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Guangzhi Zhang
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, PR China.,Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Congwen Ma
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, PR China.,Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaoming Qiu
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, PR China.,Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Yidian Wang
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, PR China.,Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Mingqiang Liu
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, PR China.,Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Xudong Guo
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, PR China.,Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Haiwei Chen
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, PR China.,Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Qiang Deng
- Gansu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xuewen Kang
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, PR China.,Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, PR China
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21
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The CBP/β-Catenin Antagonist, ICG-001, Inhibits Tumor Metastasis via Blocking of the miR-134/ITGB1 Axis-Mediated Cell Adhesion in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14133125. [PMID: 35804897 PMCID: PMC9264930 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14133125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is incurable and remains the main cause of NPC death. Our previous studies found that the CBP/β-catenin Wnt antagonist, IGC-001, could inhibit the primary tumor formation of NPC tumor cells. Here, we further explored the anti-metastatic activity of ICG-001. We started by screening a panel of microRNAs that are related to epithelial–mesenchymal transition and cancer stem cell phenotypes; both properties can contribute to tumor metastasis. MicroRNA-134 was found to be consistently upregulated by ICG-001. The role of miR-134 in NPC is largely unknown but some studies found an association between low expression of miR-134 and poor prognosis. We examined the role of miR-134 in NPC with both in vitro and in vivo models and found that miR-134 could inhibit cancer cell adhesion, migration, and invasion. Our study provided a functional explanation for the poor prognosis observed in NPC patients with low or loss of miR-134 expression in their tumors and showed that modulation of the Wnt signaling by ICG-001 could effectively inhibit NPC metastasis via the miR-134/ITGB1 axis. Abstract Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is an Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-associated malignancy ranking as the 23rd most common cancer globally, while its incidence rate ranked the 9th in southeast Asia. Tumor metastasis is the dominant cause for treatment failure in NPC and metastatic NPC is yet incurable. The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway plays an important role in many processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), and self-renewal of stem cells and cancer stem cells (CSCs). Both the EMT process and CSCs are believed to play a critical role in cancer metastasis. We here investigated whether the specific CBP/β-catenin Wnt antagonist, IGC-001, affects the metastasis of NPC cells. We found that ICG-001 treatment could reduce the adhesion capability of NPC cells to extracellular matrix and to capillary endothelial cells and reduce the tumor cell migration and invasion, events which are closely associated with distant metastasis. Through a screening of EMT and CSC-related microRNAs, it was found that miR-134 was consistently upregulated by ICG-001 treatment in NPC cells. Very few reports have mentioned the functional role of miR-134 in NPC, except that the expression was found to be downregulated in NPC. Transient transfection of miR-134 into NPC cells reduced their cell adhesion, migration, and invasion capability, but did not affect the growth of CSC-enriched tumor spheres. Subsequently, we found that the ICG-001-induced miR-134 expression resulting in downregulation of integrin β1 (ITGB1). Such downregulation reduced cell adhesion and migration capability, as demonstrated by siRNA-mediated knockdown of ITGB1. Direct targeting of ITGB1 by miR-134 was confirmed by the 3′-UTR luciferase assay. Lastly, using an in vivo lung metastasis assay, we showed that ICG-001 transient overexpression of miR-134 or stable overexpression of miR-134 could significantly reduce the lung metastasis of NPC cells. Taken together, we present here evidence that modulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway could inhibit the metastasis of NPC through the miR-134/ITGB1 axis.
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22
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Kroon T, Bhadouria N, Niziolek P, Edwards D, Choi R, Clinkenbeard EL, Robling A, Holguin N. Suppression of Sost/Sclerostin and Dickkopf-1 Augment Intervertebral Disc Structure in Mice. J Bone Miner Res 2022; 37:1156-1169. [PMID: 35278242 PMCID: PMC9320845 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is a leading cause of low back pain, characterized by accelerated extracellular matrix breakdown and IVD height loss, but there is no approved pharmacological therapeutic. Deletion of Wnt ligand competitor Lrp5 induces IVD degeneration, suggesting that Wnt signaling is essential for IVD homeostasis. Therefore, the IVD may respond to neutralization of Wnt ligand competitors sost(gene)/sclerostin(protein) and/or dickkopf-1 (dkk1). Anti-sclerostin antibody (scl-Ab) is an FDA-approved bone therapeutic that activates Wnt signaling. We aimed to (i) determine if pharmacological neutralization of sclerostin, dkk1, or their combination would stimulate Wnt signaling and augment IVD structure and (ii) determine the prolonged adaptation of the IVD to global, persistent deletion of sost. Nine-week-old C57Bl/6J female mice (n = 6-7/group) were subcutaneously injected 2×/week for 5.5 weeks with scl-Ab (25 mg/kg), dkk1-Ab (25 mg/kg), 3:1 scl-Ab/dkk1-Ab (18.75:6.25 mg/kg), or vehicle (veh). Separately, IVD of sost KO and wild-type (WT) mice (n = 8/group) were harvested at 16 weeks of age. First, compared with vehicle, injection of scl-Ab, dkk1-Ab, and 3:1 scl-Ab/dkk1-Ab similarly increased lumbar IVD height and β-catenin gene expression. Despite these similarities, only injection of scl-Ab alone strengthened IVD mechanical properties and decreased heat shock protein gene expressions. Genetically and compared with WT, sost KO enlarged IVD height, increased proteoglycan staining, and imbibed IVD hydration. Notably, persistent deletion of sost was compensated by upregulation of dkk1, which consequently reduced the cell nuclear fraction for Wnt signaling co-transcription factor β-catenin in the IVD. Lastly, RNA-sequencing pathway analysis confirmed the compensatory suppression of Wnt signaling and revealed a reduction of cellular stress-related pathways. Together, suppression of sost/sclerostin or dkk1 each augmented IVD structure by stimulating Wnt signaling, but scl-Ab outperformed dkk1-Ab in strengthening the IVD. Ultimately, postmenopausal women prescribed scl-Ab injections to prevent vertebral fracture may also benefit from a restoration of IVD height and health. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tori Kroon
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringIUPUIIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Neharika Bhadouria
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
| | | | - Daniel Edwards
- Indiana Center of Musculoskeletal HealthIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Roy Choi
- Department for Anatomy and Cell BiologyIUPUIIndianapolisINUSA
| | | | - Alexander Robling
- Indiana Center of Musculoskeletal HealthIndianapolisINUSA
- Department for Anatomy and Cell BiologyIUPUIIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Nilsson Holguin
- Indiana Center of Musculoskeletal HealthIndianapolisINUSA
- Department for Anatomy and Cell BiologyIUPUIIndianapolisINUSA
- Department of Mechanical and Energy EngineeringIUPUIIndianapolisINUSA
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23
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Hiyama A, Suyama K, Sakai D, Tanaka M, Watanabe M. Correlational analysis of chemokine and inflammatory cytokine expression in the intervertebral disc and blood in patients with lumbar disc disease. J Orthop Res 2022; 40:1213-1222. [PMID: 34191345 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The involvement of intervertebral disc (IVD) tissues, whole blood (WB) cytokines, and chemokines in pain in patients with lumbar degenerative disc disease (LDD) is unknown. We investigated the relationships between inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in human IVD tissues and WB samples and their association with pain. Expression levels of chemokines and cytokine gene expression were measured in samples from 20 patients with LDD and compared between IVD tissues and WB samples. The associations between WB chemokine and cytokine gene expression levels and pain intensity (numeric rating scale) were also analyzed. The mRNA of C-C chemokine ligand 20 (CCL20), C-C chemokine receptor 6 (CCR6), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β, IL-17, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) was expressed in degenerated IVD tissues. Pearson's product-moment correlation analysis produced positive correlations between CCR6 and IL-6 expression levels in IVD tissues (r = 0.845, p < 0.001) and WB samples (r = 0.963, p < 0.001). WB IL-6 and CCR6 mRNA expression levels correlated significantly with present pain, maximum pain, and average pain. By contrast, low back pain (LBP) did not correlate with serum chemokine/cytokine expression. This is the first study to report correlations between chemokine and inflammatory cytokine gene expression levels in IVD tissues and WB samples in patients with LDD in relation to pain intensity. WB CCR6 and IL-6 gene expression levels correlated significantly with present pain, maximum pain, and average pain, but not with LBP. These data provide a new understanding of the role of chemokines and inflammatory cytokines in patients with LDD and may lead to new treatment strategies for pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Hiyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kaori Suyama
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Basic Medical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sakai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tanaka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
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24
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GSK-3β inhibition protects human nucleus pulposus cell against oxidative stress-inducing apoptosis through mitochondrial pathway. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:3783-3792. [PMID: 35179667 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07218-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress in the intervertebral disc leads to nucleus pulposus (NP) degeneration by inducing cell apoptosis. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this process remain unclear. Increasing evidence indicates that GSK-3β is related to cell apoptosis induced by oxidative stress. In this study, we explored whether GSK-3β inhibition protects human NP cell against apoptosis under oxidative stress. METHODS AND RESULTS Immunofluorescence staining was used to show the expression of GSK-3β in human NP cells (NPCs). Flow cytometry, mitochondrial staining and western blot (WB) were used to detect apoptosis of treated NPCs, changes of mitochondrial membrane potential and the expression of mitochondrial apoptosis-related proteins using GSK-3β specific inhibitor SB216763. Co-Immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) was used to demonstrate the interaction between GSK-3β and Bcl-2. We delineated the protective effect of GSK-3β specific inhibitor SB216763 on human NPCs apoptosis induced by oxidative stress in vitro. Further, we showed SB216763 exert the protective effect by preservation of the mitochondrial membrane potential and inhibition of caspase 3/7 activity during oxidative injury. The detailed mechanism underlying the antiapoptotic effect of GSK-3β inhibition was also studied by analyzing mitochondrial apoptosis pathway in vitro. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that the GSK-3β inhibitor SB216763 protected mitochondrial membrane potential to delay nucleus pulposus cell apoptosis by inhibiting the interaction between GSK-3β and Bcl-2 and subsequently reducing cytochrome c(Cyto-C) release and caspase-3 activation. Together, inhibition of GSK-3β using SB216763 in NPCs may be a favorable therapeutic strategy to slow intervertebral disc degeneration.
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25
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Yiğit U, Kırzıoğlu FY, Özmen Ö. Effects of low dose doxycycline and caffeic acid phenethyl ester on sclerostin and bone morphogenic protein-2 expressions in experimental periodontitis. Biotech Histochem 2022; 97:567-575. [PMID: 35135409 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2022.2036370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) and low-dose doxycycline (LDD) on sclerostin and bone morphogenic protein (BMP)-2 expression in experimental periodontitis. We used male rats in groups as follows: control group (C), periodontitis + CAPE group (PC), periodontitis + LDD group (PD), periodontitis + LDD + CAPE group (PCD) and periodontitis group (P). We administered 10 µmol/kg/day CAPE by an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection and 10 mg/kg/day LDD by oral gavage. Histopathological changes among groups were evaluated and compared. Sclerostin and BMP-2 expression was analyzed using immunohistochemistry. LDD and/or CAPE treatment ameliorated pathology. The highest sclerostin and lowest BMP-2 expressions were found in P group. Group PC exhibited the highest BMP-2 expression scores and the most significant improvement among the treatment groups. The lowest sclerostin expression was observed in the PD group. We found that preventing sclerostin activity may be a useful treatment alternative for bone resorption, especially in cases of periodontitis and peri-implantitis. We found that CAPE and/or LDD may act as anti-sclerostin agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umut Yiğit
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Uşak University, Uşak, Turkey
| | - Fatma Yeşim Kırzıoğlu
- Department of Periodontogy, Faculty of Dentistry, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Özlem Özmen
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
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26
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Ma X, Su J, Wang B, Jin X. Identification of Characteristic Genes in Whole Blood of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Patients by Weighted Gene Coexpression Network Analysis (WGCNA). COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2022; 2022:6609901. [PMID: 35069789 PMCID: PMC8776439 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6609901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a major cause of lower back pain. However, to date, the molecular mechanism of the IDD remains unclear. Gene expression profiles and clinical traits were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Firstly, weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) was used to screen IDD-related genes. Moreover, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) logistic regression and support vector machine (SVM) algorithms were used to identify characteristic genes. Furthermore, we further investigated the immune landscape by the Cell-type Identification By Estimating Relative Subsets Of RNA Transcripts (CIBERSORT) algorithm and the correlations between key characteristic genes and infiltrating immune cells. Finally, a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network was established to show the regulatory mechanisms of characteristic genes. A total of 2458 genes were identified by WGCNA, and 48 of them were disordered. After overlapping the genes obtained by LASSO and SVM-RFE algorithms, genes including LINC01347, ASAP1-IT1, lnc-SEPT7L-1, B3GNT8, CHRNB3, CLEC4F, LOC102724000, SERINC2, and LOC102723649 were identified as characteristic genes of IDD. Moreover, differential analysis further identified ASAP1-IT1 and SERINC2 as key characteristic genes. Furthermore, we found that the expression of both ASAP1-IT1 and SERINC2 was related to the proportions of T cells gamma delta and Neutrophils. Finally, a ceRNA network was established to show the regulatory mechanisms of ASAP1-IT1 and SERINC2. In conclusion, the present study identified ASAP1-IT1 and SERINC2 as the key characteristic genes of IDD through integrative bioinformatic analyses, which may contribute to the diagnosis and treatment of IDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Ma
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yuncheng Central Hospital, Shanxi University, Yuncheng, China 044000
| | - Junqiang Su
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yuncheng Central Hospital, Shanxi University, Yuncheng, China 044000
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yuncheng Central Hospital, Shanxi University, Yuncheng, China 044000
| | - Xiasheng Jin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yuncheng Central Hospital, Shanxi University, Yuncheng, China 044000
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27
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Liu W, Wang Y. Protective role of the alpha-1-antitrypsin in intervertebral disc degeneration. J Orthop Surg Res 2021; 16:516. [PMID: 34416893 PMCID: PMC8377970 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-021-02668-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intervertebral disc degeneration is a complex disease with high prevalence. It suggests that cell death, senescence, and extracellular matrix degradation are involved in the pathogenesis. Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT), a serine protease inhibitor, was previously correlated with inflammation-related diseases. However, its function on intervertebral disc degeneration remains unclear. METHODS A latex-enhanced immunoturbidimetric assay measured the serum level of AAT. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blot were used to testify the expression of RNA and proteins related to cell apoptosis and the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. The animal model for intervertebral disc degeneration was built by disc puncture. The degeneration grades were analyzed by safranin o staining. RESULTS We showed that alpha-1 antitrypsin could ameliorate intervertebral disc degeneration in vitro and in vivo. We also found that the serum alpha-1 antitrypsin level in Intervertebral disc degeneration patients is negative related to the severity of intervertebral disc degeneration. Moreover, alpha-1 antitrypsin was also showed to suppress tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) induced WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway activation in human nucleus pulposus cells. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides evidence for AAT to serve as a potential therapeutic reagent for the treatment of intervertebral disc degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weikun Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, People's Hospital of Dongxihu District, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfu Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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28
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Zhao Y, Meng K, Yan Y, Miao Y, Zhao X, Wei Q, Ma B. Inhibition of cell proliferation and promotion of acinus-like structure formation from goat mammary epithelial cells via Wnt/β-catenin signaling. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2021; 57:676-684. [PMID: 34312803 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-021-00600-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mammary epithelial cells have been suggested to be central to control the expansion and remodeling of mammary gland. Wnt/β-catenin signaling modulates cell fate in animals throughout their life span, and represents indispensable roles in tissue homeostasis, cell renewal, and regeneration in organs. Here, we utilized the small molecule 6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime (BIO), an activator of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, and investigated whether Wnt/β-catenin signaling regulated the proliferation and acinus-like structure formation of goat mammary epithelial cells (GMECs). We showed that isolated GMECs displayed the typical epithelial cobblestone morphology and expressed specific markers of mammary epithelial cells. BIO inhibited the proliferation of GMECs and decreased the expression of proliferation marker c-myc and cell cycle protein cyclin D1. However, the ability of GMECs to form spheroids was accelerated, and the level of E-cadherin mRNA was upregulated with BIO treatment. E-cadherin showed a bright cytomembrane with DMSO treatment, yet E-cadherin was present in cytomembrane and cytoplasm in GMECs with BIO treatment. Meanwhile, BIO increased the protein level of β-catenin and enhanced the translocation of β-catenin into the nucleus in GMECs. Furthermore, the mRNA level of Axin2 was also upregulated. This study suggested that Wnt/β-catenin signaling may play an important role in the proliferation and the acinus-like formation of GMECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kai Meng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yutong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuyang Miao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoe Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Baohua Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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29
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Wu ZL, Xie QQ, Liu TC, Yang X, Zhang GZ, Zhang HH. Role of the Wnt pathway in the formation, development, and degeneration of intervertebral discs. Pathol Res Pract 2021; 220:153366. [PMID: 33647863 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2021.153366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is an age-related degenerative disease that is the main cause of low back pain. It seriously affects the quality of life of patients and places a heavy economic burden on families and society. The Wnt pathway plays an important role in the growth, development, and degeneration of intervertebral discs (IVDs). In the embryonic stage, the Wnt pathway participates in the growth and development of IVD by promoting the transformation of progenitor cells into notochord cells and the extension of the notochord. However, the activation of the Wnt pathway after birth promotes IVD cell senescence, apoptosis, and degradation of the extracellular matrix and induces the production of inflammatory factors, thereby accelerating the IVDD process. This article reviews the relationship between the Wnt pathway and IVD, emphasizing its influence on IVD growth, development, and degeneration. Targeting this pathway may become an effective strategy for the treatment of IVDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuo-Long Wu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China; Department of Orthopaedics, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics Disease of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Qi-Qi Xie
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China; Department of Orthopaedics, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics Disease of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Tai-Cong Liu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China; Department of Orthopaedics, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics Disease of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Xing Yang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China; Department of Orthopaedics, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics Disease of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Guang-Zhi Zhang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China; Department of Orthopaedics, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics Disease of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Hai-Hong Zhang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China; Department of Orthopaedics, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics Disease of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China.
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Baumgartner L, Wuertz-Kozak K, Le Maitre CL, Wignall F, Richardson SM, Hoyland J, Ruiz Wills C, González Ballester MA, Neidlin M, Alexopoulos LG, Noailly J. Multiscale Regulation of the Intervertebral Disc: Achievements in Experimental, In Silico, and Regenerative Research. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E703. [PMID: 33445782 PMCID: PMC7828304 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is a major risk factor of low back pain. It is defined by a progressive loss of the IVD structure and functionality, leading to severe impairments with restricted treatment options due to the highly demanding mechanical exposure of the IVD. Degenerative changes in the IVD usually increase with age but at an accelerated rate in some individuals. To understand the initiation and progression of this disease, it is crucial to identify key top-down and bottom-up regulations' processes, across the cell, tissue, and organ levels, in health and disease. Owing to unremitting investigation of experimental research, the comprehension of detailed cell signaling pathways and their effect on matrix turnover significantly rose. Likewise, in silico research substantially contributed to a holistic understanding of spatiotemporal effects and complex, multifactorial interactions within the IVD. Together with important achievements in the research of biomaterials, manifold promising approaches for regenerative treatment options were presented over the last years. This review provides an integrative analysis of the current knowledge about (1) the multiscale function and regulation of the IVD in health and disease, (2) the possible regenerative strategies, and (3) the in silico models that shall eventually support the development of advanced therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Baumgartner
- BCN MedTech, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08018 Barcelona, Spain; (L.B.); (C.R.W.); (M.A.G.B.)
| | - Karin Wuertz-Kozak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT), Rochester, NY 14623, USA;
- Schön Clinic Munich Harlaching, Spine Center, Academic Teaching Hospital and Spine Research Institute of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg (Austria), 81547 Munich, Germany
| | - Christine L. Le Maitre
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK;
| | - Francis Wignall
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; (F.W.); (S.M.R.); (J.H.)
| | - Stephen M. Richardson
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; (F.W.); (S.M.R.); (J.H.)
| | - Judith Hoyland
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; (F.W.); (S.M.R.); (J.H.)
| | - Carlos Ruiz Wills
- BCN MedTech, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08018 Barcelona, Spain; (L.B.); (C.R.W.); (M.A.G.B.)
| | - Miguel A. González Ballester
- BCN MedTech, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08018 Barcelona, Spain; (L.B.); (C.R.W.); (M.A.G.B.)
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Pg. Lluis Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael Neidlin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece; (M.N.); (L.G.A.)
| | - Leonidas G. Alexopoulos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece; (M.N.); (L.G.A.)
| | - Jérôme Noailly
- BCN MedTech, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08018 Barcelona, Spain; (L.B.); (C.R.W.); (M.A.G.B.)
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Chen RF, Lin YN, Liu KF, Wang CT, Ramachandran S, Wang CJ, Kuo YR. The Acceleration of Diabetic Wound Healing by Low-Intensity Extracorporeal Shockwave Involves in the GSK-3β Pathway. Biomedicines 2020; 9:biomedicines9010021. [PMID: 33396580 PMCID: PMC7824083 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) could accelerate diabetic wound healing and that the inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) is involved in epithelial differentiation during wound healing. This study investigated whether the enhancement of diabetic wound healing by ESWT is associated with the GSK-3β-mediated Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. A dorsal skin wounding defect model using streptozotocin-induced diabetic rodents was established. Rats were divided into 4 groups: group 1, normal controls without diabetes; group 2, diabetic controls without treatment; group 3, diabetic rats receiving ESWT; and group 4, rats receiving 6-bromoindirubin-3′oxime (BIO), a GSK-3β inhibitor, to trigger Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Tissue samples were collected and analyzed by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining and quantitative RT-PCR. The ESWT and BIO-treated groups both exhibited significant promotion of wound healing compared to the healing in controls without treatment. RT-PCR analysis of Wnt-1, -3a, -4, -5a, and -10 and β-catenin expression showed significantly increased expression in the ESWT group. The IHC staining showed that Wnt-3a and -5a and β-catenin levels were significantly increased in the ESWT and BIO treatment groups compared to the control groups. ESWT enhancement of diabetic wound healing is associated with modulation of the GSK-3β-mediated Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Fu Chen
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (R.-F.C.); (Y.-N.L.); (K.-F.L.); (C.-T.W.)
| | - Yun-Nan Lin
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (R.-F.C.); (Y.-N.L.); (K.-F.L.); (C.-T.W.)
| | - Keng-Fan Liu
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (R.-F.C.); (Y.-N.L.); (K.-F.L.); (C.-T.W.)
| | - Chun-Ting Wang
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (R.-F.C.); (Y.-N.L.); (K.-F.L.); (C.-T.W.)
| | - Savitha Ramachandran
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore;
| | - Ching-Jen Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan;
| | - Yur-Ren Kuo
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (R.-F.C.); (Y.-N.L.); (K.-F.L.); (C.-T.W.)
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Orthopaedic Research Center, Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
- Academic Clinical Programme for Musculoskeletal Sciences, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-7-3121101 (ext. 7675); Fax: +886-7-7311482
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Identification and Characterization of Serum microRNAs as Biomarkers for Human Disc Degeneration: An RNA Sequencing Analysis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10121063. [PMID: 33302347 PMCID: PMC7762572 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10121063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) have been associated with various degenerative diseases, including intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration. Lumbar disc herniation (LDH) often occurs in young patients, although the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. The aim of this work was to generate RNA deep sequencing data of peripheral blood samples from patients suffering from LDH, identify circulating miRNAs, and analyze them using bioinformatics applications. Serum was collected from 10 patients with LDH (Disc Degeneration Group); 10 patients without LDH served as the Control Group. RNA sequencing analysis identified 73 differential circulating miRNAs (p < 0.05) between the Disc Degeneration Group and Control Group. Gene ontology enrichment analysis (p < 0.05) showed that these differentially expressed miRNAs were associated with extracellular matrix, damage reactions, inflammatory reactions, and regulation of apoptosis. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that the differentially expressed genes were involved in diverse signaling pathways. The profile of miR-766-3p, miR-6749-3p, and miR-4632-5p serum miRNAs was significantly enriched (p < 0.05) in multiple pathways associated with IVD degeneration. miR-766-3p, miR-6749-3p, and miR-4632-5p signature from serum may serve as a noninvasive diagnostic biomarker for LHD manifestation of IVD degeneration. Furthermore, several dysregulated miRNAs may be involved in the pathogenesis of IVD degeneration. Further study is needed to confirm the functional role of the identified miRNAs.
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Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration: From Pathogenesis to Therapeutic Target. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/8880320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are cytosolic organelles essential for cellular function and survival. The function of mitochondria is maintained by mitochondrial quality control systems including mitochondrial fission and fusion to adapt the altered environment and mitophagy for removal of damaged mitochondria. Mitochondrial dysfunction is closely involved in aging-related diseases. Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration, an aging-associated process, is the major contributor to low back pain. Growing evidence has suggested that the mitochondrial function in IVD cells is severely compromised during the degenerative process of IVD, and dysfunctional mitochondria along with impaired mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy cause a series of cascade reactions that have been implicated in increased oxidative stress, senescence, matrix catabolism, and apoptosis of IVD cells, thereby contributing to the degeneration of IVD. Accordingly, therapies that target mitochondrial dysfunction and related mechanisms, such as ROS generation, mitophagy, and specific molecules and signaling, hold great promise. The present review summarizes the current state of the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathophysiology of IVD degeneration and potential therapeutic strategies that could be developed.
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Guo HY, Guo MK, Wan ZY, Song F, Wang HQ. Emerging evidence on noncoding-RNA regulatory machinery in intervertebral disc degeneration: a narrative review. Arthritis Res Ther 2020; 22:270. [PMID: 33198793 PMCID: PMC7667735 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-020-02353-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is the most common cause of low-back pain. Accumulating evidence indicates that the expression profiling of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), are different between intervertebral disc tissues obtained from healthy individuals and patients with IDD. However, the roles of ncRNAs in IDD are still unclear until now. In this review, we summarize the studies concerning ncRNA interactions and regulatory functions in IDD. Apoptosis, aberrant proliferation, extracellular matrix degradation, and inflammatory abnormality are tetrad fundamental pathologic phenotypes in IDD. We demonstrated that ncRNAs are playing vital roles in apoptosis, proliferation, ECM degeneration, and inflammation process of IDD. The ncRNAs participate in underlying mechanisms of IDD in different ways. MiRNAs downregulate target genes’ expression by directly binding to the 3′-untranslated region of mRNAs. CircRNAs and lncRNAs act as sponges or competing endogenous RNAs by competitively binding to miRNAs and regulating the expression of mRNAs. The lncRNAs, circRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs widely crosstalk and form complex regulatory networks in the degenerative processes. The current review presents novel insights into the pathogenesis of IDD and potentially sheds light on the therapeutics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yu Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Ke Guo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of PLA Army Medical University Warrant Officer School, Shijiazhuang, 050000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Yuan Wan
- Department of Orthopedics, The Seventh Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Song
- Department of Stomatology, PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, 100088, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Qiang Wang
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xixian Avenue, Xixian District, Shaanxi Province, 712046, People's Republic of China.
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Deshmukh V, Ibanez M, Hu H, Cahiwat J, Wei Y, Stewart J, Hood J, Yazici Y. A small-molecule inhibitor of the Wnt pathway, lorecivivint (SM04690), as a potential disease-modifying agent for the treatment of degenerative disc disease. Spine J 2020; 20:1492-1502. [PMID: 32413487 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2020.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Abnormal Wnt signaling in intervertebral discs (IVDs) progresses degenerative disc disease (DDD) pathogenesis by impairing nucleus pulposus cell function, decreasing matrix deposition, and accelerating fibrosis. PURPOSE This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of lorecivivint (LOR; SM04690), a small-molecule Wnt pathway inhibitor, on IVD cells and in an animal model of DDD. STUDY DESIGN We used in vitro assays and a rat model of DDD to test the effects of LOR on nucleus pulposus cell senescence and viability, annulus fibrosus (AF) cell fibrosis, and cartilage regeneration and protection. METHODS Wnt pathway gene expression was measured in human NP and AF cell cultures treated with LOR or DMSO (vehicle). Chondrocyte-like differentiation of rat and human NP cells, NP cell senescence and protection, and AF cell fibrosis were assessed using gene expression and immunocytochemistry. Disc and plasma pharmacokinetics were analyzed following intradiscal LOR injection in rats. In vivo effects of LOR and vehicle on AF integrity, AF/NP junction, NP cellularity and matrix, and disc height were compared using histopathology and radiography in a rat coccygeal IVD needle-puncture model of DDD. RESULTS In NP and AF cell cultures, LOR-inhibited Wnt pathway gene expression compared with vehicle. In NP cells, LOR inhibited senescence, decreased catabolism, and induced differentiation into chondrocyte-like cells; in AF cells, LOR decreased catabolism and inhibited fibrosis. A single intradiscal LOR injection in rats resulted in therapeutic disc concentrations (~30 nM) for >180 days and minimal systemic exposure. DDD-model rats receiving LOR qualitatively demonstrated increased cartilage matrix and reduced AF lamellar disorganization and fragmentation with significantly (p<.05) improved histology scores and increased disc height compared with vehicle. CONCLUSIONS LOR showed beneficial effects on IVD cells in vitro and reduced disease progression in a rat model of DDD compared with vehicle, suggesting that LOR may have disease-modifying therapeutic potential. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The current therapeutic options for DDD are pain management and surgical intervention; there are no approved therapies that alter the progression of DDD. Our data support advancing LOR into clinical development as an injectable, small-molecule, potential disease-modifying treatment for DDD in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Haide Hu
- Formerly Samumed, LLC, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Ying Wei
- Formerly Samumed, LLC, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - John Hood
- Formerly Samumed, LLC, San Diego, CA, USA
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Ajrawat P, Touma Z, Sari I, Taheri C, Diaz Martinez JP, Haroon N. Effect of TNF-inhibitor therapy on spinal structural progression in ankylosing spondylitis patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Rheum Dis 2020; 23:728-743. [PMID: 32419337 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.13829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
To review the effect of tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitor (TNFi) therapies on radiographic progression in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients as evaluated by the modified Stoke Ankylosing Spondylitis Spine Score (mSASSS). Pubmed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library databases were searched from inception to August 2019. All comparative and non-comparative studies that evaluated the clinical effectiveness of TNFi on radiographic progression as assessed by mSASSS change at a minimum follow-up of 1 year were included. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias Tool were utilized to assess the methodological quality. Pooled analysis was performed for continuous and binomial variables where appropriate. Inter-rater reliability of mSASSS status and change scores were assessed with intra-class coefficients (ICC). Twenty-one studies were identified with a total of 4460 patients (mean age: 40.4 years [range 25.3-50 years]; 76% male; mean baseline mSASSS: 12.7 units [range 5.5-19.8 units]). All studies (3 randomized and 18 observational studies) were considered to have moderate-to-high methodological quality. The inter-rater reliability of mSASSS status and change scores from 14 of the 21 studies were excellent (ICC ranges, 0.91-0.99) and moderate-to-excellent (ICC ranges, 0.58-0.90), respectively. From the 21 studies, 11/21 (50%) demonstrated a delayed effect in mSASSS in AS patient administered TNFi. When stratifying these studies into those with ≤4 years of follow-up and >4 years follow-up, 3/11 (27%) and 8/10 (80%) studies respectively indicated a delayed effect of mSASSS with TNFi in AS patients. Pooling for meta-analysis from 3 studies (1159 patients) with study durations ranging 4-8 years, indicated that TNFi-treated patients had reduced odds of structural progression (odds ratio 0.81; 95% CI 0.68-0.96; P = .01; I2 = 0%). Mean rate of mSASSS change from 16 studies ranged from -0.15 to 7.3 mSASSS units for all AS patients. Meta-analysis indicated a numerical, but statistically non-significant, reduction in the rate of mSASSS change with TNFi treatment (7 studies [1438 patients]; mean difference, -0.24; 95% CI, -0.49-0.01; P = .06; I2 = 0%). This systematic review and meta-analysis indicated that >4 years of TNFi usage was associated with delayed structural progression by mSASSS. The narrative analysis of the data from 21 studies further confirmed that studies with >4 years of follow-up had delayed structural progression with TNFi use in AS patients. The systematic review also confirmed that mSASSS has good-to-excellent inter-rater reliability in AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabjit Ajrawat
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zahi Touma
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ismail Sari
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Rheumatology, Dokuz Eylul University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Cameron Taheri
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Juan Pablo Diaz Martinez
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nigil Haroon
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Volleman TNE, Schol J, Morita K, Sakai D, Watanabe M. Wnt3a and wnt5a as Potential Chondrogenic Stimulators for Nucleus Pulposus Cell Induction: A Comprehensive Review. Neurospine 2020; 17:19-35. [PMID: 32252152 PMCID: PMC7136098 DOI: 10.14245/ns.2040040.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Low back pain remains a highly prevalent pathology engendering a tremendous socioeconomic burden. Low back pain is generally associated with intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration, a process involving the deterioration of nucleus pulpous (NP) cells and IVD matrix. Scientific interest has directed efforts to restoring cell numbers as a strategy to enable IVD regeneration. Currently, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are being explored as cell therapy agents, due to their easy accessibility and differentiation potential. For enhancement of MSCs, growth factor supplementation is commonly applied to induce differentiation towards a chondrogenic (NP) cell phenotype. The wnt signaling pathways play a crucial role in chondrogenesis, nonetheless, literature appears to present controversies with regard to wnt3a and wnt5a for the induction of NP cells, chondrocytes, and MSCs. This review aims to summarize the reporting on wnt3a/wnt5a mediated NP cell differentiation, and to elucidate the mechanisms involved in wnt3a and wnt5a mediated chondrogenesis for potential application as cell therapy supplements for IVD regeneration. Our review suggests that wnt3a, subsequently replaced with a chondrogenic stimulating growth factor, can enhance the chondrogenic potential of MSCs in vitro. Contrariwise, wnt5a is suggested to play a role in maintaining cell potency of differentiated NP or chondrogenic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibo Nico Emmie Volleman
- Department Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jordy Schol
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Kosuke Morita
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sakai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
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Hingert D, Nawilaijaroen P, Aldridge J, Baranto A, Brisby H. Investigation of the Effect of Secreted Factors from Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Disc Cells from Degenerated Discs. Cells Tissues Organs 2020; 208:76-88. [PMID: 32092752 DOI: 10.1159/000506350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Low back pain is experienced by a large number of people in western countries and may be caused and influenced by many different pathologies and psychosocial factors including disc degeneration. Disc degeneration involves the increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the disc environment, which leads to the loss of extracellular matrix (ECM) and the viability of the native disc cells (DCs). Treatment approaches using growth factors and cell therapy have been proposed due to the compelling results that growth factors and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can influence the degenerated discs. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of conditioned media (CM) from human MSCs (hMSCs) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and TGF-β on disc cells, and hMSCs isolated from patients with degenerative discs and severe low back pain. The aim was also to examine the constituents of CM in order to study the peptides that could bring about intervertebral disc (IVD) regeneration. DCs and hMSC pellets (approx.. 200,000 cells) were cultured and stimulated with hMSC-derived CM or CTGF and TGF-β over 28 days. The effects of CM and CTGF on DCs and hMSCs were assessed via cell viability, proteoglycan production, the expression of ECM proteins, and chondrogenesis in 3D pellet culture. To identify the constituents of CM, CM was analyzed with tandem mass spectrometry. The findings indicate that CM enhanced the cellular viability and ECM production of DCs while CTGF and the control exhibited nonsignificant differences. The same was observed in the hMSC group. Mass spectrometry analysis of CM identified >700 peptides, 129 of which showed a relative abundance of ≥2 (CTGF among them). The results suggest that CM holds potential to counter the progression of disc degeneration, likely resulting from the combination of all the substances released by the hMSCs. The soluble factors released belong to different peptide families. The precise mechanism underlying the regenerative effect needs to be investigated further, prior to incorporating peptides in the development of new treatment strategies for low back pain that is potentially caused by IVD degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne Hingert
- Department of Orthopedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden,
| | | | - Jonathan Aldridge
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Adad Baranto
- Department of Orthopedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Orthopedics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Helena Brisby
- Department of Orthopedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Orthopedics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Chen F, Guo Q, Chen Q, Han Z, Zhou X, Wu L, Guo X, Ni B, Yang J. TRIM32 triggers β-catenin signaling through ubiquitylation of AXIN1 to promote inflammatory factor-induced apoptosis of rat nucleus pulposus cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 318:C695-C703. [PMID: 31967859 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00386.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The dysregulation of ubiquitin ligase is the cause of many human diseases. Tripartite motif protein 32 (TRIM32) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase whose role in nucleus pulposus (NP) cell apoptosis is unclear. The expression of TRIM family protein and β-catenin in 40 NP tissue samples was detected by RT-PCR. Interleukin (IL)-1β or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α was used to treat rat NP cells. Knockdown and overexpression of Trim32 were achieved using specific siRNA and recombinant plasmids. Western blotting, RT-PCR, and flow cytometry were used to assess the expression of TRIM32/β-catenin and the apoptosis rate of NP cells. Coimmunoprecipitation was adopted to analyze the possible interactions between AXIN1 and TRIM32. In clinical samples, TRIM32 expression was of positive relevance with the expression of CTNNB1 (β-catenin). In vitro, apoptosis of IL-1β- or TNF-α-treated rat NP cells was induced through upregulated Trim32 expression and activated β-catenin signaling, whereas Trim32 siRNA and inhibition of β-catenin reversed the induction effect of cytokines. Further studies indicated that TRIM32 activated the β-catenin signaling pathway through ubiquitination of AXIN1, thereby regulating apoptosis. Collectively, this study reveals that TRIM32 promotes inflammatory factor-induced apoptosis of rat NP cells, in part by direct degradation of AXIN1 to trigger β-catenin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qunfeng Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qunxiang Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhao Han
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lecheng Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Ni
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Takeuchi S, Hirasaki E, Kumakura H. Muscle Spindle Density of Lateral Rotators of the Thigh in Japanese Macaques and a Gibbon. Cells Tissues Organs 2020; 208:1-12. [PMID: 31927538 PMCID: PMC7212700 DOI: 10.1159/000504958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined the six small lateral rotators of the hip joint, which is one of the most flexible joints and allows kinematically complex motions of the hindlimb, to elucidate the functional differentiation among these muscles and to test the hypothesis that species-specific characteristics in hindlimb use during locomotion are reflected in the muscle spindle density and in other parameters of the deep small hip joint rotators. For these purposes, we estimated the number of muscle spindles of the superior gemellus muscle (SG), inferior gemellus muscle, quadratus femoris muscle, obturator internus muscle (OI), obturator externus muscle, and piriformis muscle in three Japanese macaques and a gibbon, using 30-µm-thick serial sections throughout each muscle length after azan staining. The numbers of muscle spindles per 10,000 muscle fibers were determined to compare inter-muscle variation. The spindle density was highest in the SG and lowest in the OI in the Japanese macaques, suggesting that the SG, which is attached to the tendon of the OI, functions as a kinesiological monitor of the OI. On the other hand, SG the was missing in the gibbon, and the OI in the gibbon contained more spindles than that in the Japanese macaques. This suggests that the SG and the OI fused into one muscle in the gibbon. We postulate that the relative importance of the deep small hip rotator muscles differs between the Japanese macaques and gibbon and that the gibbon's muscles are less differentiated in terms of the spindle density, probably because this brachiating species uses its hindlimbs less frequently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawa Takeuchi
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Eishi Hirasaki
- Section of Evolutionary Morphology, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan,
| | - Hiroo Kumakura
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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Yli-Karjanmaa M, Larsen KS, Fenger CD, Kristensen LK, Martin NA, Jensen PT, Breton A, Nathanson L, Nielsen PV, Lund MC, Carlsen SL, Gramsbergen JB, Finsen B, Stubbe J, Frich LH, Stolp H, Brambilla R, Anthony DC, Meyer M, Lambertsen KL. TNF deficiency causes alterations in the spatial organization of neurogenic zones and alters the number of microglia and neurons in the cerebral cortex. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 82:279-297. [PMID: 31505254 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.08.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors are used to treat chronic inflammatory diseases, there is little information about how long-term inhibition of TNF affects the homeostatic functions that TNF maintains in the intact CNS. MATERIALS AND METHODS To assess whether developmental TNF deficiency causes alterations in the naïve CNS, we estimated the number of proliferating cells, microglia, and neurons in the developing neocortex of E13.5, P7 and adult TNF knock out (TNF-/-) mice and wildtype (WT) littermates. We also measured changes in gene and protein expression and monoamine levels in adult WT and TNF-/- mice. To evaluate long-term effects of TNF inhibitors, we treated healthy adult C57BL/6 mice with either saline, the selective soluble TNF inhibitor XPro1595, or the nonselective TNF inhibitor etanercept. We estimated changes in cell number and protein expression after two months of treatment. We assessed the effects of TNF deficiency on cognition by testing adult WT and TNF-/- mice and mice treated with saline, XPro1595, or etanercept with specific behavioral tasks. RESULTS TNF deficiency decreased the number of proliferating cells and microglia and increased the number of neurons. At the same time, TNF deficiency decreased the expression of WNT signaling-related proteins, specifically Collagen Triple Helix Repeat Containing 1 (CTHRC1) and Frizzled receptor 6 (FZD6). In contrast to XPro1595, long-term inhibition of TNF with etanercept in adult C57BL/6 mice decreased the number of BrdU+ cells in the granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus. Etanercept, but not XPro1595, also impaired spatial learning and memory in the Barnes maze memory test. CONCLUSION TNF deficiency impacts the organization of neurogenic zones and alters the cell composition in brain. Long-term inhibition of TNF with the nonselective TNF inhibitor etanercept, but not the soluble TNF inhibitor XPro1595, decreases neurogenesis in the adult mouse hippocampus and impairs learning and memory after two months of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Yli-Karjanmaa
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kathrine Solevad Larsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Christina Dühring Fenger
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lotte Kellemann Kristensen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Nellie Anne Martin
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Peter Toft Jensen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Lubov Nathanson
- Institute for Neuro Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Pernille Vinther Nielsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Minna Christiansen Lund
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Stephanie Lindeman Carlsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jan Bert Gramsbergen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Bente Finsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; BRIDGE - Brain Research - Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jane Stubbe
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lars Henrik Frich
- Orthopedic Research Unit, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Helen Stolp
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Roberta Brambilla
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; BRIDGE - Brain Research - Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Daniel Clive Anthony
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; BRIDGE - Brain Research - Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Morten Meyer
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; BRIDGE - Brain Research - Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kate Lykke Lambertsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; BRIDGE - Brain Research - Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
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Long J, Wang X, Du X, Pan H, Wang J, Li Z, Liu H, Li X, Zheng Z. JAG2/Notch2 inhibits intervertebral disc degeneration by modulating cell proliferation, apoptosis, and extracellular matrix. Arthritis Res Ther 2019; 21:213. [PMID: 31619270 PMCID: PMC6796488 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-019-1990-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD)-related disorders are the major causes of low back pain. A previous study suggested that Notch activation serves as a protective mechanism and is a part of the compensatory response that maintains the necessary resident nucleus pulposus (NP) cell proliferation to replace lost or non-functional cells. However, the exact mechanism remains to be determined. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of JAG2/Notch2 in NP cell proliferation and apoptosis. Methods Recombinant JAG2 or Notch2, Hes1, and Hey2 siRNAs were used to activate or inhibit Notch signaling. Cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle regulatory factors, and pathways associated with Notch-mediated proliferation were examined. In vivo experiments involving an intradiscal injection of Sprague-Dawley rats were performed. Results Recombinant JAG2 induced Notch2 and Hes1/Hey2 expression together with NP cell proliferation. Downregulation of Notch2/Hes1/Hey2 induced G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest in NP cells. Moreover, Notch2 mediated NP cell proliferation by regulating cyclin D1 and by activating PI3K/Akt and Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Furthermore, Notch signaling inhibited TNF-α-promoted NP cell apoptosis by suppressing the formation of the RIP1-FADD-caspase-8 complex. Finally, we found that intradiscal injection of JAG2 alleviated IVDD and that sh-Notch2 aggravated IVDD in a rat model. These results indicated that JAG2/Notch2 inhibited IVDD by modulating cell proliferation, apoptosis, and extracellular matrix. The JAG2/Notch2 axis regulated NP cell proliferation via PI3K/Akt and Wnt/β-catenin signaling and inhibited TNF-α-induced apoptosis by suppressing the formation of the RIP1-FADD-caspase-8 complex. Conclusions The current and previous results shed light on the therapeutic implications of targeting the JAG2/Notch2 axis to inhibit or reverse IVDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Long
- Department of Spine Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan Second Road, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Organ Transplant Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan Second Road, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianfa Du
- Department of Spine Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan Second Road, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hehai Pan
- Department of Spine Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan Second Road, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianru Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan Second Road, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zemin Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan Second Road, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan Second Road, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xudong Li
- Pain Research Center and Department of Physiology, Zhongshan Medical School of Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan Second Road, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaomin Zheng
- Department of Spine Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan Second Road, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China. .,Pain Research Center and Department of Physiology, Zhongshan Medical School of Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan Second Road, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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Furlan R, Melloni E, Finardi A, Vai B, Di Toro S, Aggio V, Battistini L, Borsellino G, Manfredi E, Falini A, Colombo C, Poletti S, Benedetti F. Natural killer cells protect white matter integrity in bipolar disorder. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 81:410-421. [PMID: 31254622 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bipolar Disorder (BD) associates with disrupted white matter (WM) microstructure and functional connectivity, and with a perturbation of the immune system. Higher cytokines, and reduced T cells, correlated with WM disruption and fMRI responses. A core component of the innate immune system, natural killer (NK) cells were detected in brain parenchyma, but never studied in BD. METHODS We studied Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) measures of water diffusion, fMRI corticolimbic functional response and connectivity, and multi-parameter cytofluorometry analysis of NK (CD56+) subpopulations, in 30 inpatients with active Bipolar Disorder type I. NK cells were also obtained in 36 healthy controls. RESULTS Patients had significantly higher circulating counts of CD56+GMCSF+, CD56+INFγ+, and CD56+IL17+. NK cell levels positively associated to fractional anisotropy (FA) measures. CD56+TNFα+, CD56+INFγ+, and CD56+GMCSF+ directly correlated with FA, and inversely with radial (RD) and mean (MD) diffusivity. Duration of lithium treatment associated with higher CD56+TNFα+, CD56+IL2+, and CD56+IL4+, and positively associated with FA in tracts were NKs had significant effects. A mediation model suggested a partial mediation of CD56+TNFα+ cells, higher in patients on lithium, on the effects of lithium on FA. Frequencies of the same cytokine-producing NK cells also influenced fMRI cortico-limbic functional connectivity during processing of both, emotional and non-emotional stimuli. DISCUSSION Higher circulating cytokine-producing NK cells associated with lithium treatment, and with DTI measures of WM integrity, partially mediating the effect of lithium on WM. The same cells associated with fMRI responses and connectivity, thus suggesting an effect on structural and functional connectomics in BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Furlan
- Clinical Neuroimmunology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Elisa Melloni
- University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Italy; Psychiatry & Clinical Psychobiology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Annamaria Finardi
- Clinical Neuroimmunology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Benedetta Vai
- University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Italy; Psychiatry & Clinical Psychobiology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Sara Di Toro
- Clinical Neuroimmunology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Veronica Aggio
- University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Italy; Psychiatry & Clinical Psychobiology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Andrea Falini
- University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Italy; Department of Neuroradiology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Cristina Colombo
- University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Italy; Psychiatry & Clinical Psychobiology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Sara Poletti
- University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Italy; Psychiatry & Clinical Psychobiology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Benedetti
- University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Italy; Psychiatry & Clinical Psychobiology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy.
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Li Z, Chen S, Chen S, Huang D, Ma K, Shao Z. Moderate activation of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling promotes the survival of rat nucleus pulposus cells via regulating apoptosis, autophagy, and senescence. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:12519-12533. [PMID: 31016779 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiliang Li
- Department of Orthopaedics Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Songfeng Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Donghua Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Kaige Ma
- Department of Orthopaedics Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Zengwu Shao
- Department of Orthopaedics Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
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Zhou J, Liang A, Hong J, Sun J, Lin X, Peng Y, Wang X, Sun S, Xiao D, Xu K, Ye W. MicroRNA-155 suppresses the catabolic effect induced by TNF-α and IL-1β by targeting C/EBPβ in rat nucleus pulposus cells. Connect Tissue Res 2019; 60:165-177. [PMID: 29852820 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2018.1483356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
AIM miR-155 is a pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory factor depending on the cell type in which it is expressed. miR-155 controls apoptosis and matrix degradation in nucleus pulposus (NP) cells in vitro. The aim of this study is to explore the effect of miR-155 in vivo and further investigate the mechanism of miR-155 in vitro. METHODS MRI, hematoxylin-eosin staining, or Collagen-II immunochemistry were performed to observe intervertebral disk degeneration in conditional miR-155 overexpression mice and miR-155 knockout mice. In vitro, a dual luciferase reporter assay, real-time PCR and western blot experiments were performed to demonstrate the effect of miR-155 on the expression of catabolic genes induced by inflammatory cytokines and determine the role of β-catenin and C/EBPβ in the miR-155-mediated modulation of the expression of catabolic genes. RESULTS Degeneration was observed in the lumbar disks of 1-year-old miR-155 knockout mice but not in the conditional miR-155 overexpression mice. miR-155 overexpression repressed the catabolic effect induced by TNF-α or IL-1β in vitro. Furthermore, specifically in NP cells, miR-155 overexpression suppressed the expression of C/EBPβ but not of β-catenin. Additionally, in the loss-of-function experiments using C/EBPβ siRNA, C/EBPβ knockdown repressed the expression of catabolic genes induced by TNF-α and IL-1β, which is consistent with the miR-155 results. CONCLUSION miR-155 is a sustainable factor for intervertebral disk and suppresses the expression of catabolic genes induced by TNF-α and IL-1β by targeting C/EBPβ in rat NP cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- a Department of Surgery , Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , China.,b Department of Spine Surgery , Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Anjing Liang
- b Department of Spine Surgery , Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China.,c Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation , Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Junmin Hong
- b Department of Spine Surgery , Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China.,c Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation , Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Jianchao Sun
- b Department of Spine Surgery , Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China.,c Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation , Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Xiaolin Lin
- d Cancer Research Institute , Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China.,e Institute of Comparative Medicine & Laboratory Animal Center , Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Yan Peng
- b Department of Spine Surgery , Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China.,c Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation , Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- b Department of Spine Surgery , Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China.,c Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation , Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Siguo Sun
- f Department of Orthopedics , Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , China
| | - Dong Xiao
- d Cancer Research Institute , Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China.,e Institute of Comparative Medicine & Laboratory Animal Center , Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Kang Xu
- c Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation , Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China.,g Experimental Center of Surgery , Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Wei Ye
- b Department of Spine Surgery , Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China.,c Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation , Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
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Chen J, Mei Z, Huang B, Zhang X, Liu J, Shan Z, Wang J, Wang X, Zhao F. IL-6/YAP1/β-catenin signaling is involved in intervertebral disc degeneration. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:5964-5971. [PMID: 30511395 PMCID: PMC6686169 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Yes‐associated protein 1 (YAP1) is a transcriptional coactivator and negative regulator of the Hippo pathway. It regulates diverse cellular processes, such as cell proliferation, contact inhibition, and tissue size. However, the role of YAP1 in intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) remains elusive. Here, we demonstrated that YAP1 was activated by Interleukin 6 (IL‐6) through tyrosine phosphorylation in nucleus pulposus cells (NP cells). Overexpression of YAP1 decreased Sox‐9, Col‐II, aggrecan expression, whereas increased matrix metalloproteinases 13 level. In contrast, knockdown of YAP1 by small interfering RNA (siRNA) showed opposite effects and rescued IL‐6 induced NP cells degeneration. In addition, western blot showed that IL‐6 treatment increased YAP1 and β‐catenin protein level; co‐immunoprecipitation (Co‐IP) and immunofluorescence analysis showed that IL‐6 enhanced YAP1 and β‐catenin interaction and nuclear accumulation. Knockdown of β‐catenin by siRNA blocked IL‐6 treatment or YAP1 overexpression induced degeneration. Moreover, we found that verteporfin, a specific inhibitor of YAP1, effectively alleviated IDD development in rat disks. Taken together, our findings indicated that YAP1 plays an important role in IDD, and β‐catenin is essential for IL‐6/YAP1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhengfeng Mei
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third People Hospital of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bao Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuyang Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junhui Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhi Shan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiasheng Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xianjun Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Linhai Second People's Hospital, Taizhou, China
| | - Fengdong Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Pizzute T, He F, Zhang XB, Pei M. Impact of Wnt signals on human intervertebral disc cell regeneration. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:3196-3207. [PMID: 30035326 PMCID: PMC7261601 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Although preconditioning strategies are growing areas of interest for therapies targeting intervertebral discs (IVDs), it is unknown whether the Wnt signals previously implicated in chondrogenesis, Wnt3A, Wnt5A, and Wnt11, play key roles in the promotion of human nucleus pulposus (NP) cell redifferentiation. In this study, NP cells isolated from herniated disc patients were transduced with lentiviral vectors to overexpress the WNT3A, WNT5A, or WNT11 genes, or CRISPR associated protein 9 (Cas9)/single-guide RNA (sgRNA) vectors to knock out these genes. Following expansion, transduced NP cells were induced for redifferentiation toward the NP phenotype. The overexpression of specific WNT factors led to increases in both glycosaminoglycan (GAG) deposition and expression of redifferentiation genes. These effects were attenuated by knockout of the same WNT genes. These results indicate that specific WNT signals can regulate the expression of redifferentiation genes, unequally impact GAG deposition, and contribute to the redifferentiation of human NP cells. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:3196-3207, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Pizzute
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA;,Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Fan He
- Orthopaedic Institute, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tianjin, China;,Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA;,Co-Corresponding Author: Xiao-Bing Zhang PhD, Division of Regenerative Medicine MC 1528B, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11234 Anderson Street, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA,
| | - Ming Pei
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA;,Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA;,WVU Cancer Institute, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA,Corresponding author: Ming Pei MD, PhD, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, PO Box 9196, One Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV 26506-9196, USA, Telephone: 304-293-1072; Fax: 304-293-7070;
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Hiyama A, Morita K, Sakai D, Watanabe M. CCN family member 2/connective tissue growth factor (CCN2/CTGF) is regulated by Wnt-β-catenin signaling in nucleus pulposus cells. Arthritis Res Ther 2018; 20:217. [PMID: 30268161 PMCID: PMC6162946 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-018-1723-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aims of this study were to investigate the gene expression of CCN family members in rat intervertebral disc (IVD) cells and to examine whether Wnt–β-catenin signaling regulates the expression of CCN family 2 (CCN2)/connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) in rat nucleus pulposus (NP) cells. Methods The gene expression of CCN family members were assessed in rat IVD cells using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The expression pattern of CCN2 was also assessed in rat IVD cells using western blot and immunohistochemical analyses. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function experiments were performed to identify the mechanisms by which Wnt–β-catenin signaling influences the activity of the CCN2 promoter. To further determine if the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is required for the Wnt–β-catenin signaling-induced regulation of CCN2 expression in the NP cells, CCN2 expression was analyzed by reporter assay, RT-PCR and western blot analysis. Results CCN2 messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein were expressed in rat IVDs. Expression of CCN2 was significantly higher than for mRNA of other CCN family members in both rat NP and annulus fibrosus (AF) cells. The relative activity of the CCN2 promoter decreased 24 h after treatment with 6-bromoindirubin-3′-oxime (1.0 μM) (0.773 (95% 0.735, 0.812) P = 0.0077) in NP cells. In addition, treatment with the WT–β-catenin vector (500 ng) significantly decreased CCN2 promoter activity (0.688 (95% 0.535, 0.842) P = 0.0063), whereas β-catenin small interfering RNA (500 ng) significantly increased CCN2 promoter activity (1.775 (95% 1.435, 2.115) P < 0.001). Activation of Wnt–β-catenin signaling decreased the expression of CCN2 mRNA and protein by NP cells. Regulation of CCN2 by Wnt–β-catenin signaling involved the MAPK pathway in rat NP cells. Conclusions This study shows that Wnt–β-catenin signaling regulates the expression of CCN2 through the MAPK pathway in NP cells. Understanding the balance between Wnt–β-catenin signaling and CCN2 is necessary for developing therapeutic alternatives for the treatment of IVD degeneration. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13075-018-1723-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Hiyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan. .,Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan.
| | - Kosuke Morita
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan.,Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sakai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan.,Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan.,Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
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Sun J, Hong J, Sun S, Wang X, Peng Y, Zhou J, Huang Y, Li S, Chen W, Li C, Xu K, Ye W. Transcription factor 7-like 2 controls matrix degradation through nuclear factor κB signaling and is repressed by microRNA-155 in nucleus pulposus cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 108:646-655. [PMID: 30245464 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM TCF7L2, a key transcription factor in the canonical Wnt pathway, plays a vital role in the matrix degradation of chondrocytes. However, it is unknown whether TCF7L2 is important in the matrix metabolism of inner gel-like nucleus pulposus (NP) cells; thus, the aim of this study was to explore the effect and mechanism of TCF7L2 in this process. METHODS Western blotting and immunofluorescence analyses were used to observe TCF7L2 expression in rat and human NP tissues. Real-time PCR and western blotting were performed to detect the expression of TCF7L2 stimulated by inflammatory cytokines. Dual luciferase reporter assay, real-time PCR, western blotting and knockdown experiments were performed to demonstrate the role of NF-κB signaling in matrix regulation by TCF7L2 and the regulation of TCF7L2 by miR-155 in intervertebral disc degeneration. KEY FINDINGS TCF7L2 is present in rat and human NP tissues and is expressed in the nucleus of NP cells. TCF7L2 is refractory to stimulation of rat and human NP cells with the inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β, in contrast to the results in other cell types. Loss-of-function experiments using TCF7L2 siRNA or lentiviral shTCF7L2 showed that TCF7L2 knockdown suppresses matrix degradation through p65/NF-κB signaling in the absence and presence of TNF-α. In addition, TCF7L2 expression is repressed by miR-155 overexpression and promoted by miR-155 inhibition. SIGNIFICANCE Overall, these results demonstrate that the suppression of TCF7L2, which is modulated by miR-155, inhibits matrix degradation through p65/NF-κB signaling. TCF7L2 suppression may have therapeutic potential in intervertebral disc degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchao Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Spine Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junmin Hong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Spine Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siguo Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Orthopedics, The fifth affiliated hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Peng
- Department of Spine Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingjie Huang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Orthopedics, The fifth affiliated hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuangxing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Spine Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weijian Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The fifth affiliated hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunhai Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kang Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Experimental Center of Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Wei Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Spine Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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50
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Wang X, Wang B, Zou M, Li J, Lü G, Zhang Q, Liu F, Lu C. CircSEMA4B targets miR-431 modulating IL-1β-induced degradative changes in nucleus pulposus cells in intervertebral disc degeneration via Wnt pathway. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:3754-3768. [PMID: 30251693 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (IDD), characterized by elevated levels of proinflammatory mediators, increased Aggrecan and collagen degradation, and increased degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM), has been widely regarded as a significant contributor to low back pain. Genetics are significant factors contribute to IDD. Based on previous data, circular RNA SEMA4B (circSEMA4B) is down-regulated in IDD specimens; herein, we demonstrated circSEMA4B overexpression could attenuate the effect of IL-1β on nucleus pulposus cell (NPC) proliferation, senescence, and ECM and Aggrecan degradation in IDD via Wnt signaling. Moreover, miR-431, a direct target of circSEMA4B, could bind to the 3'UTR of SFRP1 or GSK-3β, two inhibitory regulators of Wnt signaling, to inhibit their expression thus playing a role similar to the activator of Wnt signaling in NPCs. The effect of circSEMA4B knockdown on NPCs was partially reversed by miR-431 inhibition; circSEMA4B serves as a miR-431 sponge to compete with SFRP1 or GSK-3β for miR-431 binding, thus inhibiting IL-1β-induced degenerative process in NPCs through Wnt signaling. Rescuing circSEMA4B expression in NPCs in IDD might present a potential strategy for IDD improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China
| | - Mingxiang Zou
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China.
| | - Guohua Lü
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China.
| | - Qianshi Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China
| | - Fubin Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China
| | - Chang Lu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China
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