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Whitfield HJ, Berthelet J, Mangiola S, Bell C, Anderson RL, Pal B, Yeo B, Papenfuss AT, Merino D, Davis MJ. Single-cell RNA sequencing captures patient-level heterogeneity and associated molecular phenotypes in breast cancer pleural effusions. Clin Transl Med 2023; 13:e1356. [PMID: 37691350 PMCID: PMC10493486 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malignant pleural effusions (MPEs) are a common complication of advanced cancers, particularly those adjacent to the pleura, such as lung and breast cancer. The pathophysiology of MPE formation remains poorly understood, and although MPEs are routinely used for the diagnosis of breast cancer patients, their composition and biology are poorly understood. It is difficult to distinguish invading malignant cells from resident mesothelial cells and to identify the directionality of interactions between these populations in the pleura. There is a need to characterize the phenotypic diversity of breast cancer cell populations in the pleural microenvironment, and investigate how this varies across patients. METHODS Here, we used single-cell RNA-sequencing to study the heterogeneity of 10 MPEs from seven metastatic breast cancer patients, including three Miltenyi-enriched samples using a negative selection approach. This dataset of almost 65 000 cells was analysed using integrative approaches to compare heterogeneous cell populations and phenotypes. RESULTS We identified substantial inter-patient heterogeneity in the composition of cell types (including malignant, mesothelial and immune cell populations), in expression of subtype-specific gene signatures and in copy number aberration patterns, that captured variability across breast cancer cell populations. Within individual MPEs, we distinguished mesothelial cell populations from malignant cells using key markers, the presence of breast cancer subtype expression patterns and copy number aberration patterns. We also identified pleural mesothelial cells expressing a cancer-associated fibroblast-like transcriptomic program that may support cancer growth. CONCLUSIONS Our dataset presents the first unbiased assessment of breast cancer-associated MPEs at a single cell resolution, providing the community with a valuable resource for the study of MPEs. Our work highlights the molecular and cellular diversity captured in MPEs and motivates the potential use of these clinically relevant biopsies in the development of targeted therapeutics for patients with advanced breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly J. Whitfield
- Department of Medical Biology, The Faculty of MedicineDentistry and Health Science, The University of MelbourneCarltonVictoriaAustralia
- Bioinformatics DivisionThe Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Jean Berthelet
- Olivia Newton‐John Cancer Research InstituteHeidelbergVictoriaAustralia
- School of Cancer MedicineLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVictoriaAustralia
| | - Stefano Mangiola
- Department of Medical Biology, The Faculty of MedicineDentistry and Health Science, The University of MelbourneCarltonVictoriaAustralia
- Bioinformatics DivisionThe Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Caroline Bell
- Olivia Newton‐John Cancer Research InstituteHeidelbergVictoriaAustralia
- School of Cancer MedicineLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVictoriaAustralia
| | - Robin L. Anderson
- Olivia Newton‐John Cancer Research InstituteHeidelbergVictoriaAustralia
- School of Cancer MedicineLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVictoriaAustralia
- Peter MacCallum Cancer CentreParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of MedicineDentistry and Health Science, The University of MelbourneCarltonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Bhupinder Pal
- Olivia Newton‐John Cancer Research InstituteHeidelbergVictoriaAustralia
- School of Cancer MedicineLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVictoriaAustralia
| | - Belinda Yeo
- Olivia Newton‐John Cancer Research InstituteHeidelbergVictoriaAustralia
- School of Cancer MedicineLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVictoriaAustralia
- Austin HealthHeidelbergVictoriaAustralia
| | - Anthony T. Papenfuss
- Department of Medical Biology, The Faculty of MedicineDentistry and Health Science, The University of MelbourneCarltonVictoriaAustralia
- Bioinformatics DivisionThe Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of MedicineDentistry and Health Science, The University of MelbourneCarltonVictoriaAustralia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of OncologyThe University of MelbourneCarltonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Delphine Merino
- Department of Medical Biology, The Faculty of MedicineDentistry and Health Science, The University of MelbourneCarltonVictoriaAustralia
- Olivia Newton‐John Cancer Research InstituteHeidelbergVictoriaAustralia
- School of Cancer MedicineLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVictoriaAustralia
- Immunology DivisionThe Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Melissa J. Davis
- Department of Medical Biology, The Faculty of MedicineDentistry and Health Science, The University of MelbourneCarltonVictoriaAustralia
- Bioinformatics DivisionThe Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of MedicineDentistry and Health Science, The University of MelbourneCarltonVictoriaAustralia
- The University of Queensland Diamantina InstituteThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- The South Australian Immunogenomics Cancer InstituteThe University of AdelaideAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
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2
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Zhang A, Wang L, Lei JH, Miao Z, Valecha MV, Hu P, Miao K, Deng CX. SB Digestor: a tailored driver gene identification tool for dissecting heterogeneous Sleeping Beauty transposon-induced tumors. Int J Biol Sci 2023; 19:1764-1777. [PMID: 37063417 PMCID: PMC10092771 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.81317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleeping Beauty (SB) insertional mutagenesis has been widely used for genome-wide functional screening in mouse models of human cancers, however, intertumor heterogeneity can be a major obstacle in identifying common insertion sites (CISs). Although previous algorithms have been successful in defining some CISs, they also miss CISs in certain situations. A major common characteristic of these previous methods is that they do not take tumor heterogeneity into account. However, intertumoral heterogeneity directly influences the sequence read number for different tumor samples and then affects CIS identification. To precisely detect and define cancer driver genes, we developed SB Digestor, a computational algorithm that overcomes biological heterogeneity to identify more potential driver genes. Specifically, we define the relationship between the sequenced read number and putative gene number to deduce the depth cutoff for each tumor, which can reduce tumor complexity and precisely reflect intertumoral heterogeneity. Using this new tool, we re-analyzed our previously published SB-based screening dataset and identified many additional potent drivers involved in Brca1-related tumorigenesis, including Arhgap42, Tcf12, and Fgfr2. SB Digestor not only greatly enhances our ability to identify and prioritize cancer drivers from SB tumors but also substantially deepens our understanding of the intrinsic genetic basis of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiping Zhang
- Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
- Centre for Precision Medicine Research and Training, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Lijian Wang
- Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
- Centre for Precision Medicine Research and Training, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Josh Haipeng Lei
- Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
- Centre for Precision Medicine Research and Training, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Zhengqiang Miao
- Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
- Genomics & Bioinformatics Core, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Monica Vishnu Valecha
- Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
- Centre for Precision Medicine Research and Training, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Peng Hu
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Miao
- Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
- Centre for Precision Medicine Research and Training, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
- MoE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
- ✉ Corresponding authors: Kai Miao; ; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China. Tel: (853) 8822-2903; Fax: (853) 8822 2314. Chu-Xia Deng; ; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China. Tel: (853) 8822-4997; Fax: (853) 8822 2314
| | - Chu-Xia Deng
- Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
- Centre for Precision Medicine Research and Training, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
- MoE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
- ✉ Corresponding authors: Kai Miao; ; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China. Tel: (853) 8822-2903; Fax: (853) 8822 2314. Chu-Xia Deng; ; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China. Tel: (853) 8822-4997; Fax: (853) 8822 2314
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3
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Biological Role of the 3β-Corner Structural Motif in Proteins. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10112159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we analyze the occurrence of the unique structural motif, the 3β-corner, belonging to the Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) folds, in proteins of various origins. We further assess the structural and functional role of this motif as well as the clustering of the biological functions of proteins in which it occurs. It has been shown previously that the 3β-corner occurs with different probabilities in all beta proteins, alpha and beta proteins (α + β and α/β), and alpha classes occur most often in the composition of β-proteins. The 3β-corner is often found as a building block in protein structures, such as β-barrels, -sandwiches, and -sheets/-layers.
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4
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Leyden GM, Shapland CY, Davey Smith G, Sanderson E, Greenwood MP, Murphy D, Richardson TG. Harnessing tissue-specific genetic variation to dissect putative causal pathways between body mass index and cardiometabolic phenotypes. Am J Hum Genet 2022; 109:240-252. [PMID: 35090585 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2021.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Body mass index (BMI) is a complex disease risk factor known to be influenced by genes acting via both metabolic pathways and appetite regulation. In this study, we aimed to gain insight into the phenotypic consequences of BMI-associated genetic variants, which may be mediated by their expression in different tissues. First, we harnessed meta-analyzed gene expression datasets derived from subcutaneous adipose (n = 1257) and brain (n = 1194) tissue to identify 86 and 140 loci, respectively, which provided evidence of genetic colocalization with BMI. These two sets of tissue-partitioned loci had differential effects with respect to waist-to-hip ratio, suggesting that the way they influence fat distribution might vary despite their having very similar average magnitudes of effect on BMI itself (adipose = 0.0148 and brain = 0.0149 standard deviation change in BMI per effect allele). For instance, BMI-associated variants colocalized with TBX15 expression in adipose tissue (posterior probability [PPA] = 0.97), but not when we used TBX15 expression data derived from brain tissue (PPA = 0.04) This gene putatively influences BMI via its role in skeletal development. Conversely, there were loci where BMI-associated variants provided evidence of colocalization with gene expression in brain tissue (e.g., NEGR1, PPA = 0.93), but not when we used data derived from adipose tissue, suggesting that these genes might be more likely to influence BMI via energy balance. Leveraging these tissue-partitioned variant sets through a multivariable Mendelian randomization framework provided strong evidence that the brain-tissue-derived variants are predominantly responsible for driving the genetically predicted effects of BMI on cardiovascular-disease endpoints (e.g., coronary artery disease: odds ratio = 1.05, 95% confidence interval = 1.04-1.07, p = 4.67 × 10-14). In contrast, our analyses suggested that the adipose tissue variants might predominantly be responsible for the underlying relationship between BMI and measures of cardiac function, such as left ventricular stroke volume (beta = 0.21, 95% confidence interval = 0.09-0.32, p = 6.43 × 10-4).
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5
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Badodekar N, Sharma A, Patil V, Telang G, Sharma R, Patil S, Vyas N, Somasundaram I. Angiogenesis induction in breast cancer: A paracrine paradigm. Cell Biochem Funct 2021; 39:860-873. [PMID: 34505714 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most prevalent type of cancer among women globally. Angiogenesis contributes significantly to breast cancer progression and dissemination. Neovascularization is concurrent with the progression and growth of breast cancer. Breast cancer cells control angiogenesis by secreting pro-angiogenic factors like fibroblast growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, interleukin, transforming growth factor-β, platelet-derived growth factor and several others. These pro-angiogenic factors trigger neovascularization, and thereby lead to breast cancer development and metastasis. The hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-regulated angiogenesis cascade is a crucial underlying factor in breast cancer growth and metastasis. To that end, several efforts have been made to identify druggable targets within the HIF-angiogenesis components. However, escape pathways are a major hindrance for targeted therapies against angiogenesis. Thus, understanding the key factors that trigger breast cancer angiogenesis is critical in elucidating ways to inhibit breast cancer. The current review provides an overview of the key growth factors that trigger breast cancer angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Akshita Sharma
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, D. Y. Patil Education Society, Kolhapur, India
| | | | | | - Rakesh Sharma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, D. Y. Patil Medical College, Kolhapur, India
| | - Shankargouda Patil
- Department of Maxilofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Division of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Indumathi Somasundaram
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, D. Y. Patil Education Society, Kolhapur, India
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6
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Liu Y, Wang C, Li J, Zhu J, Zhao C, Xu H. Novel Regulatory Factors and Small-Molecule Inhibitors of FGFR4 in Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:633453. [PMID: 33981224 PMCID: PMC8107720 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.633453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) is a tyrosine kinase receptor that is a member of the fibroblast growth factor receptor family and is stimulated by highly regulated ligand binding. Excessive expression of the receptor and its ligand, especially FGF19, occurs in many types of cancer. Abnormal FGFR4 production explains these cancer formations, and therefore, this receptor has emerged as a potential target for inhibiting cancer development. This review discusses the diverse mechanisms of oncogenic activation of FGFR4 and highlights some currently available inhibitors targeting FGFR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Liu
- Affiliated Yueqing Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Canwei Wang
- Affiliated Yueqing Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jifa Li
- Affiliated Yueqing Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiandong Zhu
- Affiliated Yueqing Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chengguang Zhao
- Affiliated Yueqing Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huanhai Xu
- Affiliated Yueqing Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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7
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Schrörs B, Boegel S, Albrecht C, Bukur T, Bukur V, Holtsträter C, Ritzel C, Manninen K, Tadmor AD, Vormehr M, Sahin U, Löwer M. Multi-Omics Characterization of the 4T1 Murine Mammary Gland Tumor Model. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1195. [PMID: 32793490 PMCID: PMC7390911 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Tumor models are critical for our understanding of cancer and the development of cancer therapeutics. The 4T1 murine mammary cancer cell line is one of the most widely used breast cancer models. Here, we present an integrated map of the genome, transcriptome, and immunome of 4T1. Results: We found Trp53 (Tp53) and Pik3g to be mutated. Other frequently mutated genes in breast cancer, including Brca1 and Brca2, are not mutated. For cancer related genes, Nav3, Cenpf, Muc5Ac, Mpp7, Gas1, MageD2, Dusp1, Ros, Polr2a, Rragd, Ros1, and Hoxa9 are mutated. Markers for cell proliferation like Top2a, Birc5, and Mki67 are highly expressed, so are markers for metastasis like Msln, Ect2, and Plk1, which are known to be overexpressed in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). TNBC markers are, compared to a mammary gland control sample, lower (Esr1), comparably low (Erbb2), or not expressed at all (Pgr). We also found testis cancer antigen Pbk as well as colon/gastrointestinal cancer antigens Gpa33 and Epcam to be highly expressed. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I is expressed, while MHC class II is not. We identified 505 single nucleotide variations (SNVs) and 20 insertions and deletions (indels). Neoantigens derived from 22 SNVs and one deletion elicited CD8+ or CD4+ T cell responses in IFNγ-ELISpot assays. Twelve high-confidence fusion genes were observed. We did not observe significant downregulation of mismatch repair (MMR) genes or SNVs/indels impairing their function, providing evidence for 6-thioguanine resistance. Effects of the integration of the murine mammary tumor virus were observed at the genome and transcriptome level. Conclusions: 4T1 cells share substantial molecular features with human TNBC. As 4T1 is a common model for metastatic tumors, our data supports the rational design of mode-of-action studies for pre-clinical evaluation of targeted immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Schrörs
- TRON gGmbH - Translationale Onkologie an der Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Gemeinnützige GmbH, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sebastian Boegel
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg, University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Albrecht
- TRON gGmbH - Translationale Onkologie an der Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Gemeinnützige GmbH, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Bukur
- TRON gGmbH - Translationale Onkologie an der Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Gemeinnützige GmbH, Mainz, Germany
| | - Valesca Bukur
- TRON gGmbH - Translationale Onkologie an der Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Gemeinnützige GmbH, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Holtsträter
- TRON gGmbH - Translationale Onkologie an der Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Gemeinnützige GmbH, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Ritzel
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg, University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Katja Manninen
- TRON gGmbH - Translationale Onkologie an der Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Gemeinnützige GmbH, Mainz, Germany
| | - Arbel D Tadmor
- TRON gGmbH - Translationale Onkologie an der Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Gemeinnützige GmbH, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mathias Vormehr
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg, University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,BioNTech SE, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ugur Sahin
- TRON gGmbH - Translationale Onkologie an der Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Gemeinnützige GmbH, Mainz, Germany.,HI-TRON - Helmholtz-Institut für Translationale Onkologie Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Martin Löwer
- TRON gGmbH - Translationale Onkologie an der Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Gemeinnützige GmbH, Mainz, Germany
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8
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Madu CO, Wang S, Madu CO, Lu Y. Angiogenesis in Breast Cancer Progression, Diagnosis, and Treatment. J Cancer 2020; 11:4474-4494. [PMID: 32489466 PMCID: PMC7255381 DOI: 10.7150/jca.44313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a significant event in a wide range of healthy and diseased conditions. This process frequently involves vasodilation and an increase in vascular permeability. Numerous players referred to as angiogenic factors, work in tandem to facilitate the outgrowth of endothelial cells (EC) and the consequent vascularity. Conversely, angiogenic factors could also feature in pathological conditions. Angiogenesis is a critical factor in the development of tumors and metastases in numerous cancers. An increased level of angiogenesis is associated with decreased survival in breast cancer patients. Therefore, a good understanding of the angiogenic mechanism holds a promise of providing effective treatments for breast cancer progression, thereby enhancing patients' survival. Disrupting the initiation and progression of this process by targeting angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (Vegf)-one of the most potent member of the VEGF family- or by targeting transcription factors, such as Hypoxia-Inducible Factors (HIFs) that act as angiogenic regulators, have been considered potential treatment options for several types of cancers. The objective of this review is to highlight the mechanism of angiogenesis in diseases, specifically its role in the progression of malignancy in breast cancer, as well as to highlight the undergoing research in the development of angiogenesis-targeting therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikezie O. Madu
- Departments of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152. USA
| | - Stephanie Wang
- Departments of Biology and Advanced Placement Biology, White Station High School, Memphis, TN 38117. USA
| | - Chinua O. Madu
- Departments of Biology and Advanced Placement Biology, White Station High School, Memphis, TN 38117. USA
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163. USA
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9
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Jafarian AH, Kooshkiforooshani M, Farzad F, Mohamadian Roshan N. The Relationship Between Fibroblastic Growth Factor Receptor-1 (FGFR1) Gene Amplification in Triple Negative Breast Carcinomas and Clinicopathological Prognostic Factors. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 14:299-304. [PMID: 31754359 PMCID: PMC6824770 DOI: 10.30699/ijp.2019.96713.1952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background & Objective: In Triple-Negative Breast Cancers (TNBCs), estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and HER2/neu genes are not expressed. Fibroblastic Growth Factor Receptor-1 (FGFR1) gene product is a protein that acts as a receptor of thyrosin kinase. It plays a role in the proliferation, differentiation, and migration of malignant cells. The objective was to evaluate the possible relation between FGFR1 over-expression and amplification in TNBCs and other clinicopathological variables. Methods: In this cross sectional study, purposive sampling was used to collect eighty-four TNBC specimens from mastectomy specimens collected between 2013 and 2017. Tissue microarrays were evaluated for FGFR1 over-expression and amplification respectively by immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining and real time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The needed clinical and paraclinical information were obtained from patients’ files. To analyze the correlation among prognostic factors, we used a wide range of different statistic methods, namely Chi-square test, independent t-test, Fisher's exact test, and ANOVA. Results: FGFR1 over-expression was found in 15 of the 84 samples (17.9%). FGFR1 gene amplification was observed in 33.3% (28 of 84) of the samples. We found no association between FGFR1 and clinicopathological parameters, including tumor grade, stage, and patient survival (P>0.005). Conclusion: FGFR1 over-expression and amplification may not be related to clinicopathological parameters, namely age, stage, and grade of the cancer not to mention TNBC survival. Using FGFR1 as a prognostic factor in TNBCs requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Hossein Jafarian
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Melika Kooshkiforooshani
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farzane Farzad
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nema Mohamadian Roshan
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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10
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Zhong J, Zhang S, Zhang L, Cai Y, Deng Y, Zheng Q, Deng N. Fine epitope mapping of a human disulphide-stabilized diabody against fibroblast growth factor-2. J Biochem 2019; 165:487-495. [PMID: 30597085 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvy122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The human fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) highly expressed in tumours is an important factor to promote tumour angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. A disulphide-stabilized diabody (ds-Diabody) could specifically target FGF-2 and show its advantages in inhibition of tumour angiogenesis and growth. It is very important for antibody drugs to confirm the fine epitope. Here, theoretical structure models of FGF-2 and antibody were built by homology modelling. The amino acid residues in the interaction interface of antigen and antibody were analysed by molecular docking. The potential epitope was predicted by homology modelling and molecular docking of antigen-antibody and site-directed mutation assays of alanine scanning. The predicted epitope was verified by antigen mutagenesis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The epitope mapping assay showed that the epitope of ds-Diabody against FGF-2 was defined by the discontinuous sites including six amino acid residues (P23, Q65, R69, G70, Y82 and R118). The results showed that the epitope was localized in the interaction interface of FGF-2 and ds-Diabody. The fine epitope mapping provided the important information for understanding the inhibition activity of ds-Diabody against FGF-2 and helping in the further development of ds-Diabody against FGF-2 as a potentially promising antibody drug for future cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangchuan Zhong
- Department of Biology, Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center for Antibody Drug and Immunoassay, Jinan University, Huangpu Avenue, 601, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Simin Zhang
- Department of Biology, Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center for Antibody Drug and Immunoassay, Jinan University, Huangpu Avenue, 601, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ligang Zhang
- Department of Biology, Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center for Antibody Drug and Immunoassay, Jinan University, Huangpu Avenue, 601, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yaxiong Cai
- Department of Biology, Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center for Antibody Drug and Immunoassay, Jinan University, Huangpu Avenue, 601, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanrui Deng
- Department of Biology, Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center for Antibody Drug and Immunoassay, Jinan University, Huangpu Avenue, 601, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qubo Zheng
- The 458 Hospital of PLA, Dongfeng East Road, 801, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ning Deng
- Department of Biology, Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center for Antibody Drug and Immunoassay, Jinan University, Huangpu Avenue, 601, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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11
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Brenner DR, Ruan Y, Adams SC, Courneya KS, Friedenreich CM. The impact of exercise on growth factors (VEGF and FGF2): results from a 12-month randomized intervention trial. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act 2019; 16:8. [PMID: 31285780 PMCID: PMC6589878 DOI: 10.1186/s11556-019-0215-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) are angiogenic cytokines in normal tissues and tumors. Evidence suggests that increased growth factor expression in adipose tissue leads to improved vascularity and decreased hypoxia, fibrosis, and inflammation, which may, in turn, reduce post-menopausal breast cancer risk. Objective We investigated whether or not exercise had dose-response effects on levels of plasma VEGF and FGF2 in postmenopausal women. Methods Four hundred previously inactive but healthy postmenopausal women aged 50–74 years of age were randomized to 150 or 300 min per week of aerobic exercise in a year-long exercise intervention. VEGF and FGF2 were measured from fasting serum samples with a custom-plex multiplex assay. Results A high compared to moderate volume of aerobic exercise did not cause chronic changes in plasma VEGF or FGF2 levels in intention-to-treat or per-protocol analyses. Conclusions We did not detect differences in growth factor levels related to increasing doses of exercise. It is unlikely that changes in VEGF and FGF2 levels mediate the reduction in risk of post-menopausal breast cancer development in associated with increased levels of exercise. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT01435005.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren R Brenner
- 1Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada.,2Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada.,3Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, CancerControl Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Holy Cross Centre - Room 513C, Box ACB, 2210 - 2nd St. SW, Calgary, Alberta T2S 3C3 Canada
| | - Yibing Ruan
- 1Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada
| | - Scott C Adams
- 4Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta Canada
| | - Kerry S Courneya
- 4Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta Canada
| | - Christine M Friedenreich
- 1Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada.,2Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada.,3Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, CancerControl Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Holy Cross Centre - Room 513C, Box ACB, 2210 - 2nd St. SW, Calgary, Alberta T2S 3C3 Canada
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12
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Carter JH, Cottrell CE, McNulty SN, Vigh-Conrad KA, Lamp S, Heusel JW, Duncavage EJ. FGFR2 amplification in colorectal adenocarcinoma. Cold Spring Harb Mol Case Stud 2017; 3:mcs.a001495. [PMID: 28835367 PMCID: PMC5701301 DOI: 10.1101/mcs.a001495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
FGFR2 is recurrently amplified in 5% of gastric cancers and 1%–4% of breast cancers; however, this molecular alteration has never been reported in a primary colorectal cancer specimen. Preclinical studies indicate that several FGFR tyrosine-kinase inhibitors (TKIs), such as AZD4547, have in vitro activity against the FGFR2-amplified colorectal cell line, NCI-H716. The efficacy of these inhibitors is currently under investigation in clinical trials for breast and gastric cancer. Thus, better characterizing colorectal tumors for FGFR2 amplification could identify a subset of patients who may benefit from FGFR TKI therapies. Here, we describe a novel FGFR2 amplification identified by clinical next-generation sequencing in a primary colorectal cancer. Further characterization of the tumor by immunohistochemistry showed neuroendocrine differentiation, similar to the reported properties of the NCI-H716 cell line. These findings demonstrate that the spectrum of potentially clinically actionable mutations detected by targeted clinical sequencing panels is not limited to only single-nucleotide polymorphisms and insertions/deletions but also to copy-number alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal H Carter
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Catherine E Cottrell
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA.,Department of Genetics, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Samantha N McNulty
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | | | - Stephen Lamp
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Jonathan W Heusel
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA.,Department of Genetics, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Eric J Duncavage
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
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13
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Luo J, Liu S, Leung S, Gru AA, Tao Y, Hoog J, Ho J, Davies SR, Allred DC, Salavaggione AL, Snider J, Mardis ER, Nielsen TO, Ellis MJ. An mRNA Gene Expression-Based Signature to Identify FGFR1-Amplified Estrogen Receptor-Positive Breast Tumors. J Mol Diagn 2017; 19:147-161. [PMID: 27993329 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) amplification drives poor prognosis and is an emerging therapeutic target. We sought to construct a multigene mRNA expression signature to efficiently identify FGFR1-amplified estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast tumors. Five independent breast tumor series were analyzed. Genes discriminative for FGFR1 amplification were screened transcriptome-wide by receiver operating characteristic analyses. The METABRIC series was leveraged to construct/evaluate four approaches to signature composition. A locked-down signature was validated with 651 ER+ formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues (the University of British Columbia-tamoxifen cohort). A NanoString nCounter assay was designed to profile selected genes. For a gold standard, FGFR1 amplification was determined by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). Prognostic effects of FGFR1 amplification were assessed by survival analyses. Eight 8p11-12 genes (ASH2L, BAG4, BRF2, DDHD2, LSM1, PROSC, RAB11FIP1, and WHSC1L1) together with the a priori selected FGFR1 gene, highly discriminated FGFR1 amplification (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve ≥0.82, all genes and all cohorts). The nine-gene signature Call-FGFR1-amp accurately identified FGFR1 FISH-amplified ER+ tumors in the University of British Columbia-tamoxifen cohort (specificity, 0.94; sensitivity, 0.96) and exhibited prognostic effects (disease-specific survival hazard ratio, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.14-2.16; P = 0.005). Call-FGFR1-amp includes several understudied 8p11-12 amplicon-driven oncogenes and accurately identifies FGFR1-amplified ER+ breast tumors. Our study demonstrates an efficient approach to diagnosing rare amplified therapeutic targets with FISH as a confirmatory assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqin Luo
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Surgery, the Siteman Cancer Center Biostatistics Shared Resource, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Shuzhen Liu
- Genetic Pathology Evaluation Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Samuel Leung
- Genetic Pathology Evaluation Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alejandro A Gru
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Yu Tao
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Surgery, the Siteman Cancer Center Biostatistics Shared Resource, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jeremy Hoog
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Julie Ho
- Genetic Pathology Evaluation Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sherri R Davies
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - D Craig Allred
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Andrea L Salavaggione
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jacqueline Snider
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Elaine R Mardis
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Torsten O Nielsen
- Genetic Pathology Evaluation Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Matthew J Ellis
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor School of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
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14
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Yotsukura S, Karasuyama M, Takigawa I, Mamitsuka H. Exploring phenotype patterns of breast cancer within somatic mutations: a modicum in the intrinsic code. Brief Bioinform 2017; 18:619-633. [PMID: 27197545 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbw040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative (TN) breast cancer (BC) patients have limited treatment options and poor prognosis even after extant treatments and standard chemotherapeutic regimens. Linking TN patients to clinically known phenotypes with appropriate treatments is vital. Location-specific sequence variants are expected to be useful for this purpose by identifying subgroups within a disease population. Single gene mutational signatures have been widely reported, with related phenotypes in literature. We thoroughly survey currently available mutations (and mutated genes), linked to BC phenotypes, to demonstrate their limited performance as sole predictors/biomarkers to assign phenotypes to patients. We then explore mutational combinations, as a pilot study, using The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network mutational data of BC and three machine learning methods: association rules (limitless arity multiple procedure), decision tree and hierarchical disjoint clustering. The study results in a patient classification scheme through combinatorial mutations in Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-Bisphosphate 3-Kinase and tumor protein 53, being consistent with all three methods, implying its validity from a diverse viewpoint. However, it would warrant further research to select multi-gene signatures to identify phenotypes specifically and be clinically used routinely.
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15
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Ying S, Du X, Fu W, Yun D, Chen L, Cai Y, Xu Q, Wu J, Li W, Liang G. Synthesis, biological evaluation, QSAR and molecular dynamics simulation studies of potential fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 inhibitors for the treatment of gastric cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 127:885-899. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.10.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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16
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Shi M, O'Brien KM, Sandler DP, Taylor JA, Zaykin DV, Weinberg CR. Previous GWAS hits in relation to young-onset breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2017; 161:333-344. [PMID: 27848153 PMCID: PMC5226879 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-016-4053-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified dozens of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with breast cancer. Few studies focused on young-onset breast cancer, which exhibits etiologic and tumor-type differences from older-onset disease. Possible confounding by prenatal effects of the maternal genome has also not been considered. METHODS Using a family-based design for breast cancer before age 50, we assessed the relationship between breast cancer and 77 GWAS-identified breast cancer risk SNPs. We estimated relative risks (RR) for inherited and maternally mediated genetic effects. We also used published RR estimates to calculate genetic risk scores and model joint effects. RESULTS Seventeen of the candidate SNPs were nominally associated with young-onset breast cancer in our 1296 non-Hispanic white affected families (uncorrected p value <0.05). Top-ranked SNPs included rs3803662-A (TOX3, RR = 1.39; p = 7.0 × 10-6), rs12662670-G (ESR1, RR = 1.56; p = 5.7 × 10-4), rs2981579-A (FGFR2, RR = 1.24; p = 0.002), and rs999737-G (RAD51B, RR = 1.37; p = 0.003). No maternally mediated effects were found. A risk score based on all 77 SNPs indicated that their overall relationship to young-onset breast cancer risk was more than additive (additive-fit p = 2.2 × 10-7) and consistent with a multiplicative joint effect (multiplicative-fit p = 0.27). With the multiplicative formulation, the case sister's genetic risk score exceeded that of her unaffected sister in 59% of families. CONCLUSIONS The results of this family-based study indicate that no effects of previously identified risk SNPs were explained by prenatal effects of maternal variants. Many of the known breast cancer risk variants were associated with young-onset breast cancer, with evidence that TOX3, ESR1, FGFR2, and RAD51B are important for young-onset disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Shi
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 TW Alexander Dr, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Katie M O'Brien
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 TW Alexander Dr, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Dale P Sandler
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 TW Alexander Fr, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Jack A Taylor
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 TW Alexander Fr, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Dmitri V Zaykin
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 TW Alexander Dr, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Clarice R Weinberg
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 TW Alexander Dr, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA.
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17
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Cai Y, Zhang J, Lao X, Jiang H, Yu Y, Deng Y, Zhong J, Liang Y, Xiong L, Deng N. Construction of a disulfide-stabilized diabody against fibroblast growth factor-2 and the inhibition activity in targeting breast cancer. Cancer Sci 2016; 107:1141-50. [PMID: 27251178 PMCID: PMC4982589 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor‐2 (FGF‐2) is one of the most important angiogenic factors to promote tumor growth, progression and metastasis. Neutralizing antibodies against FGF‐2 may suppress the growth of tumor cells by blocking the FGF‐2 signaling pathway. In this study, a disulfide‐stabilized diabody (ds‐Diabody) that specifically targets FGF‐2 was designed. Compared to its parent antibody, the introduction of disulphide bonds in the diabody could significantly increase the stability of ds‐Diabody and maintain its antigen binding activity. The ds‐Diabody against FGF‐2 could effectively inhibit the tube formation and migration of vascular endothelial cells and block the proliferation and invasion of human breast cancer cells. In the mouse model of breast cancer xenograft tumors, the ds‐Diabody against FGF‐2 could significantly inhibit the growth of tumor cells. Moreover, the densities of microvessels stained with CD31 and lymphatic vessels stained with LYVE1 in tumors showed a significant decrease following treatment with the ds‐Diabody against FGF‐2. Our data indicated that the ds‐Diabody against FGF‐2 could inhibit tumor angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis and tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxiong Cai
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Antibody Engineering, Biomedicine Translational Institute in Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinxia Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Antibody Engineering, Biomedicine Translational Institute in Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuejun Lao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the First Clinical School in Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haowu Jiang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Antibody Engineering, Biomedicine Translational Institute in Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunfei Yu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Antibody Engineering, Biomedicine Translational Institute in Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanrui Deng
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Antibody Engineering, Biomedicine Translational Institute in Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiangchuan Zhong
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Antibody Engineering, Biomedicine Translational Institute in Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiye Liang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Antibody Engineering, Biomedicine Translational Institute in Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Likuan Xiong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Birth Defects in Baoan Maternal and Child Health Care Affiliated Hospital in Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ning Deng
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Antibody Engineering, Biomedicine Translational Institute in Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Birth Defects in Baoan Maternal and Child Health Care Affiliated Hospital in Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
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18
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Akl MR, Nagpal P, Ayoub NM, Tai B, Prabhu SA, Capac CM, Gliksman M, Goy A, Suh KS. Molecular and clinical significance of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2 /bFGF) in malignancies of solid and hematological cancers for personalized therapies. Oncotarget 2016; 7:44735-44762. [PMID: 27007053 PMCID: PMC5190132 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling is essential for normal and cancer biology. Mammalian FGF family members participate in multiple signaling pathways by binding to heparan sulfate and FGF receptors (FGFR) with varying affinities. FGF2 is the prototype member of the FGF family and interacts with its receptor to mediate receptor dimerization, phosphorylation, and activation of signaling pathways, such as Ras-MAPK and PI3K pathways. Excessive mitogenic signaling through the FGF/FGFR axis may induce carcinogenic effects by promoting cancer progression and increasing the angiogenic potential, which can lead to metastatic tumor phenotypes. Dysregulated FGF/FGFR signaling is associated with aggressive cancer phenotypes, enhanced chemotherapy resistance and poor clinical outcomes. In vitro experimental settings have indicated that extracellular FGF2 affects proliferation, drug sensitivity, and apoptosis of cancer cells. Therapeutically targeting FGF2 and FGFR has been extensively assessed in multiple preclinical studies and numerous drugs and treatment options have been tested in clinical trials. Diagnostic assays are used to quantify FGF2, FGFRs, and downstream signaling molecules to better select a target patient population for higher efficacy of cancer therapies. This review focuses on the prognostic significance of FGF2 in cancer with emphasis on therapeutic intervention strategies for solid and hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed R. Akl
- Genomics and Biomarkers Program, The John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - Poonam Nagpal
- Genomics and Biomarkers Program, The John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - Nehad M. Ayoub
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Betty Tai
- Genomics and Biomarkers Program, The John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - Sathyen A. Prabhu
- Genomics and Biomarkers Program, The John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - Catherine M. Capac
- Genomics and Biomarkers Program, The John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - Matthew Gliksman
- Genomics and Biomarkers Program, The John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - Andre Goy
- Lymphoma Division, The John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - K. Stephen Suh
- Genomics and Biomarkers Program, The John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
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19
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Chen Y, Shi C, Guo Q. TNRC9 rs12443621 and FGFR2 rs2981582 polymorphisms and breast cancer risk. World J Surg Oncol 2016; 14:50. [PMID: 26911390 PMCID: PMC4765088 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-016-0795-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study is to investigate the association of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) rs2981582, trinucleotide-repeat-containing 9 (TNRC9) rs3803662, rs12443621, and leukocyte-specific protein 1 (LSP1) rs3817198 polymorphisms with breast cancer and mammographic density in Han Chinese population. METHODS TaqMan Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) Genotyping Assays and unconditional logistic regression analysis were used to examine these SNPs in 105 breast cancer cases and 382 controls. RESULTS The genotype frequencies of rs12443621 and rs2981582 were significantly different between controls and cases (P=0.017 and 0.006, respectively). Subjects carrying G allele of rs12443621 had increased breast cancer risk (AG vs AA: OR=2.017, 95% CI=0.910-4.471; GG vs AA: OR=2.684, 95% CI=1.318-5.463). Subjects carrying an allele of rs2981582 had reduced breast cancer risk (GA vs GG: OR=0.444, 95% CI=0.262-0.752; AA vs GG: OR=0.579, 95% CI=0.342-0.983). rs3803662 and rs3817198 SNPs did not significantly differ between cases and controls (P=0.408 and 0.116, respectively). Interestingly, the AA genotype of rs2981582 was also associated with reduced mammographic densities (P=0.0092, 95% CI=0.334-0.926). CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that the GG genotype of rs12443621 is associated with increased breast cancer risk whereas the GA and AA genotypes of rs2981582 are reduced risk in Han Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, No. 36, Sanhao ST, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110004, China.
| | - Chunying Shi
- Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Post ST, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150081, China.
| | - Qiyong Guo
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, No. 36, Sanhao ST, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110004, China.
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Castañeda-Gill JM, Vishwanatha JK. Antiangiogenic mechanisms and factors in breast cancer treatment. J Carcinog 2016; 15:1. [PMID: 27013929 PMCID: PMC4785777 DOI: 10.4103/1477-3163.176223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is known to metastasize in its latter stages of existence. The different angiogenic mechanisms and factors that allow for its progression are reviewed in this article. Understanding these mechanisms and factors will allow researchers to design drugs to inhibit angiogenic behaviors and control the rate of tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M. Castañeda-Gill
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Jamboor K. Vishwanatha
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
- Institute for Cancer Research, Texas Center for Health Disparities, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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Wajnberg G, Passetti F. Using high-throughput sequencing transcriptome data for INDEL detection: challenges for cancer drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2016; 11:257-68. [PMID: 26787005 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2016.1143813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A cancer cell is a mosaic of genomic and epigenomic alterations. Distinct cancer molecular signatures can be observed depending on tumor type or patient genetic background. One type of genomic alteration is the insertion and/or deletion (INDEL) of nucleotides in the DNA sequence, which may vary in length, and may change the encoded protein or modify protein domains. INDELs are associated to a large number of diseases and their detection is done based on low-throughput techniques. However, high-throughput sequencing has also started to be used for detection of novel disease-causing INDELs. This search may identify novel drug targets. AREAS COVERED This review presents examples of using high-throughput sequencing (DNA-Seq and RNA-Seq) to investigate the incidence of INDELs in coding regions of human genes. Some of these examples successfully utilized RNA-Seq to identify INDELs associated to diseases. In addition, other studies have described small INDELs related to chemo-resistance or poor outcome of patients, while structural variants were associated with a better clinical outcome. EXPERT OPINION On average, there is twice as much RNA-Seq data available at the most used repositories for such data compared to DNA-Seq. Therefore, using RNA-Seq data is a promising strategy for studying cancer samples with unknown mechanisms of drug resistance, aiming at the discovery of proteins with potential as novel drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Wajnberg
- a Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Oswaldo Cruz Institute , Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) , Rio de Janeiro , RJ , Brazil
| | - Fabio Passetti
- a Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Oswaldo Cruz Institute , Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) , Rio de Janeiro , RJ , Brazil
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22
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Cheng CL, Thike AA, Tan SYJ, Chua PJ, Bay BH, Tan PH. Expression of FGFR1 is an independent prognostic factor in triple-negative breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2015; 151:99-111. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-015-3371-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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23
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Chen H, Shen DP, Zhang ZZ, Liu JH, Shen YY, Ni XZ. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 protein expression and clinicopathological features in gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:1838-1844. [PMID: 25684949 PMCID: PMC4323460 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i6.1838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) protein expression in Chinese patients with resectable gastric cancer (GC) and the association with clinicopathological characteristics and survival.
METHODS: One hundred and seventy-five GC patients who underwent curative surgical procedures were enrolled in this study. The protein expression of FGFR4 in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) GC tissues was determined by immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis. Patient clinicopathological data and survival information were also collected and χ2 statistical analysis was performed to analyze FGFR4 protein expression in the subgroups with differing clinicopathological characteristics including; gender, age, tumor location, differentiation, tumor-node-metastasis stage, macroscopic type, depth of invasion, lymph node metastases, distant metastasis, neural invasion and vascular invasion. Furthermore, some common molecular markers of GC in our cancer center, including p53, p27, topoisomerase IIα (Topo IIα) were also determined by IHC and their association with FGFR4 protein expression evaluated. The probability of survival for different subgroups with different clinicopathological characteristics was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method and survival curves plotted using the log rank test.
RESULTS: Seventy seven cases (44%) were found to have high expression of FGFR4 protein. Significantly different FGFR4 expression was observed between gastric cancers with differing expression of Topo IIα (log rank χ2 = 9.4760, P = 0.0236). No significant differences were observed between subgroups defined by any of the other clinicopathological characteristics. The median survival time of the FGFR4 high expression (77 cases) and low expression groups (98 cases) was 27 mo and 39 mo, respectively. The five-year survival rates and median survival times of gastric cancers with high FGFR4 expression were worse than those with low expression (30.8% vs 39.2%, 27 mo vs 39 mo), respectively, however, no significant difference was observed in survival time (log rank χ2 = 1.0477, P = 0.3060). Survival analysis revealed that high expression of FGFR4 was a predictor of poor outcome in GC patients if the tumor was small (less than or equal to 3 cm in size) (log rank χ2 = 5.5033, P = 0.0190), well differentiated (log rank χ2 = 7.9757, P = 0.0047), and of T1 or T2 stage invasion depth (log rank χ2 = 4.8827, P = 0.0271).
CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that high tumor expression of FGFR4 protein is not an independent risk factor for GC cancer initiation, but is a useful prognostic marker for GC patients when the tumor is relatively small, well differentiated, or in the early stages of invasion.
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Increased breast cancer risk in in vitro fertilisation treated women with a multiple pregnancy: A new hypothesis based on historical in vitro fertilisation treatment data. Eur J Cancer 2015; 51:112-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2014.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Diaz C, Corentin H, Thierry V, Chantal A, Tanguy B, David S, Jean-Marc H, Pascual F, Françoise B, Edgardo F. Virtual screening on an α-helix to β-strand switchable region of the FGFR2 extracellular domain revealed positive and negative modulators. Proteins 2014; 82:2982-97. [PMID: 25082719 DOI: 10.1002/prot.24657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The secondary structure of some protein segments may vary between α-helix and β-strand. To predict these switchable segments, we have developed an algorithm, Switch-P, based solely on the protein sequence. This algorithm was used on the extracellular parts of FGF receptors. For FGFR2, it predicted that β4 and β5 strands of the third Ig-like domain were highly switchable. These two strands possess a high number of somatic mutations associated with cancer. Analysis of PDB structures of FGF receptors confirmed the switchability prediction for β5. We thus evaluated if compound-driven α-helix/β-strand switching of β5 could modulate FGFR2 signaling. We performed the virtual screening of a library containing 1.4 million of chemical compounds with two models of the third Ig-like domain of FGFR2 showing different secondary structures for β5, and we selected 32 compounds. Experimental testing using proliferation assays with FGF7-stimulated SNU-16 cells and a FGFR2-dependent Erk1/2 phosphorylation assay with FGFR2-transfected L6 cells, revealed activators and inhibitors of FGFR2. Our method for the identification of switchable proteinic regions, associated with our virtual screening approach, provides an opportunity to discover new generation of drugs with under-explored mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantino Diaz
- Exploratory Unit, Sanofi-Aventis Research and Development, 195 Route d'Espagne, 31036, Toulouse, France
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Lee HJ, Seo AN, Park SY, Kim JY, Park JY, Yu JH, Ahn JH, Gong G. Low Prognostic Implication of Fibroblast Growth Factor Family Activation in Triple-negative Breast Cancer Subsets. Ann Surg Oncol 2014; 21:1561-8. [DOI: 10.1245/s10434-013-3456-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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The Roles of Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) and Mesenchymal-to-Epithelial Transition (MET) in Breast Cancer Bone Metastasis: Potential Targets for Prevention and Treatment. J Clin Med 2013; 2:264-82. [PMID: 26237148 PMCID: PMC4470149 DOI: 10.3390/jcm2040264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have revealed molecular connections between breast and bone. Genes, important in the control of bone remodeling, such as receptor activator of nuclear kappa (RANK), receptor activator of nuclear kappa ligand (RANKL), vitamin D, bone sialoprotein (BSP), osteopontin (OPN), and calcitonin, are expressed in breast cancer and lactating breast. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) effectors play critical roles during embryonic development, postnatal growth, and epithelial homeostasis, but also are involved in a number of pathological conditions, including wound repair, fibrosis, inflammation, as well as cancer progression and bone metastasis. Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), insulin-like growth factor I & II (IGF I & II), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTH(rP)), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), epithelial growth factors II/I (ErbB/EGF), interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-8, IL-11, IL-1, integrin αvβ3, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), catepsin K, hypoxia, notch, Wnt, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP), and hedgehog signaling pathways are important EMT and MET effectors identified in the bone microenviroment facilitating bone metastasis formation. Recently, Runx2, an essential transcription factor in the regulation of mesenchymal cell differentiation into the osteoblast lineage and proper bone development, is also well-recognized for its expression in breast cancer cells promoting osteolytic bone metastasis. Understanding the precise mechanisms of EMT and MET in the pathogenesis of breast cancer bone metastasis can inform the direction of therapeutic intervention and possibly prevention.
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Fearon AE, Gould CR, Grose RP. FGFR signalling in women's cancers. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:2832-42. [PMID: 24148254 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
FGFs, in a complex with their receptors (FGFRs) and heparan sulfate (HS), are responsible for a range of cellular functions, from embryogenesis to metabolism. Both germ line and somatic FGFR mutations are known to play a role in a range of diseases, most notably craniosynestosis dysplasias, dwarfism and cancer. Because of the ability of FGFR signalling to induce cell proliferation, migration and survival, FGFRs are readily co-opted by cancer cells. Mutations in, and amplifications of, these receptors are found in a range of cancers with some of the most striking clinical findings relating to their contribution to pathogenesis and progression of female cancers. Here, we outline the molecular mechanisms of FGFR signalling and discuss the role of this pathway in women's cancers, focusing on breast, endometrial, ovarian and cervical carcinomas, and their associated preclinical and clinical data. We also address the rationale for therapeutic intervention and the need for FGFR-targeted therapy to selectively target cancer cells in view of the fundamental roles of FGF signalling in normal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbie E Fearon
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute - A Cancer Research UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
Phospholipases are enzymes that use phospholipids as substrate and are classified in three major classes A, C and D based on the reaction they catalyse. Phosphatidylinositol-specific Phospholipase C enzymes utilize phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate as substrate and cleave the bond between the glycerol and the phosphate to produce important second messenger such as inositol trisphosphate and diacylglycerol. The Phospholipase C members are the most well-known phospholipases for their role in lipid signalling and cell proliferation and comprise 13 isoforms classified in 6 distinct sub-families. In particular, signalling activated by Phospholipase C γ, mostly activated by receptor and non-receptor tyrosine kinases, is well characterized in different cell systems. Increasing evidence suggest that Phospholipase C γ plays a key role in cell migration and invasion. Because of its role in cell growth and invasion, aberrant Phospholipase C γ signalling can contribute to carcinogenesis. A major challenge facing investigators who seek to target Phospholipase C γ directly is the fact that it is considered an "undruggable" protein. Indeed, isoform specificity and toxicity represents a big hurdle in the development of Phospholipase C γ small molecule inhibitors. Therefore, a future development in the field could be the identification of interacting partners as therapeutic targets that could be more druggable than Phospholipase C γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossano Lattanzio
- Aging Research Centre, G. d'Annunzio University Foundation, 66013 Chieti, Italy.
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Montero JC, Seoane S, Pandiella A. Phosphorylation of P-Rex1 at serine 1169 participates in IGF-1R signaling in breast cancer cells. Cell Signal 2013; 25:2281-9. [PMID: 23899556 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Former reports demonstrated that P-Rex, a Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), participated in signaling upon activation of the ErbB receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). Activation of ErbB receptors turned on a phosphorylation/dephosphorylation cycle of P-Rex in which stimulation of serine(1169) phosphorylation played a critical role in the activation of this GEF. This precedent raised the important question of whether this P-Rex1 activation mechanism was restricted to ErbB receptors or could represent a general signaling event shared by several RTKs. To explore that possibility the effect of activation of distinct RTKs on the phosphorylation of P-Rex1 at serine(1169) was analyzed. Here we report that IGF-1 and FGF receptors activate serine(1169) phosphorylation of P-Rex1. P-Rex1 phosphorylation was required for IGF-1-induced up-regulation of Rac activity and cell proliferation. Moreover, IGF-1-induced adhesion was impaired in MCF7 breast cancer cells by knocking down P-Rex1. These results demonstrate that phosphorylation P-Rex1 at S(1169) represents a mechanism of activation of P-Rex1 common to multiple RTKs. We suggest that P-Rex proteins may act as novel and important transducers of pro-oncogenic signals that emanate from RTKs, and could even participate in other biological responses, such as metabolic control, which are not strictly related to the proliferation effects of RTKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Montero
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Spain
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Olanich ME, Barr FG. A call to ARMS: targeting the PAX3-FOXO1 gene in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2013; 17:607-23. [PMID: 23432728 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2013.772136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Expression of fusion oncoproteins generated by recurrent chromosomal translocations represents a major tumorigenic mechanism characteristic of multiple cancers, including one-third of all sarcomas. Oncogenic fusion genes provide novel targets for therapeutic intervention. The PAX3-FOXO1 oncoprotein in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS) is presented as a paradigm to examine therapeutic strategies for targeting sarcoma-associated fusion genes. AREAS COVERED This review discusses the role of PAX3-FOXO1 in ARMS tumors. Besides evaluating various approaches to molecularly target PAX3-FOXO1 itself, this review highlights therapeutically attractive downstream genes activated by PAX3-FOXO1. EXPERT OPINION Oncogenic fusion proteins represent desirable therapeutic targets because their expression is specific to tumor cells, but these fusions generally characterize rare malignancies. Full development and testing of potential drugs targeted to these fusions are complicated by the small numbers of patients in these disease categories. Although efforts to develop targeted therapies against fusion proteins should continue, molecular targets that are applicable to a broader tumor landscape should be pursued. A shift of the traditional paradigm to view therapeutic intervention as target-specific rather than tumor-specific will help to circumvent the challenges posed by rare tumors and maximize the possibility of developing successful new treatments for patients with these rare translocation-associated sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Olanich
- National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Laboratory of Pathology , Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Gru AA, Allred DC. FGFR1 amplification and the progression of non-invasive to invasive breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2012; 14:116. [PMID: 23151501 PMCID: PMC4053127 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of invasive breast cancer (IBC) can be dramatically reduced by improving our abilities to detect and treat ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Progress will be based on a detailed understanding of molecular mechanisms responsible for tumor progression. An interesting study by Jang and colleagues evaluated and compared the frequency of amplification of four oncogenes (HER2, c-MYC, CCND1 and FGFR1) in large cohorts of pure DCIS, in the DCIS component of IBC, and in corresponding IBC. Of particular interest, they found a twofold increase in FGFR1 amplification in IBC versus pure DCIS, and significantly reduced disease-free survival in amplified versus unamplified IBC - leading the authors to conclude that FGFR1 plays an important role in the development and progression of IBC. These observations indeed provide hints that FGFR1 is important in this setting, although the issue is very complex and far from resolved.
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