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Wang Y, Vallée E, Heuer C, Wang Y, Guo A, Zhang Z, Compton C. A scoping review on the epidemiology and public significance of Brucella abortus in Chinese dairy cattle and humans. One Health 2024; 18:100683. [PMID: 39010971 PMCID: PMC11247298 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2024.100683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis, caused by Brucella spp., is a re-emerging One Health disease with increased prevalence and incidence in Chinese dairy cattle and humans, severely affecting animal productivity and public health. In dairy cattle, B. abortus is the primary causative agent although infections with other Brucella species occur occasionally. However, the epidemiological and comparative importance of B. abortus in dairy cattle and humans remains inadequately understood throughout China due to the heterogeneity in locations, quality, and study methods. This scoping review aims to describe the changing status of B. abortus infection in dairy cattle and humans, investigate the circulating Brucella species and biovars, and identify factors driving the disease transmission by retrieving publicly accessible literature from four databases. After passing the prespecified inclusion criteria, 60 original articles were included in the final synthesis. Although the reported animal-level and farm-level prevalence of brucellosis in dairy cattle was lower compared to other endemic countries (e.g. Iran and India), it has been reported to increase over the last decade. The incidence of brucellosis in humans displayed seasonal increases. The Rose Bengal Test and Serum Agglutination Test, interpreted in series, were the most used serological test to diagnose Brucella spp. in dairy cattle and humans. B. abortus biovar 3 was the predominant species (81.9%) and biovar (70.3%) in dairy cattle, and B. melitensis biovar 3 was identified as the most commonly detected strain in human brucellosis cases. These strains were mainly clustered in Inner Mongolia and Shannxi Province (75.7%), limiting the generalizability of the results to other provinces. Live cattle movement or trade was identified as the key factor driving brucellosis transmission, but its transmission pattern remains unknown within the Chinese dairy sector. These knowledge gaps require a more effective One Health approach to be bridged. A coordinated and evidence-based research program is essential to inform regional or national control strategies that are both feasible and economical in the Chinese context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- EpiCentre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Emilie Vallée
- EpiCentre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Cord Heuer
- EpiCentre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Youming Wang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Aizhen Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Henan Dairy Herd Improvement Center, Zhengzhou, Henan 450045, China
| | - Chris Compton
- EpiCentre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Kalu CM, Mudau KL, Masindi V, Ijoma GN, Tekere M. Occurrences and implications of pathogenic and antibiotic-resistant bacteria in different stages of drinking water treatment plants and distribution systems. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26380. [PMID: 38434035 PMCID: PMC10906316 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Different stages of drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) play specific roles in diverse contaminants' removal present in natural water sources. Although the stages are recorded to promote adequate treatment of water, the occurrence of pathogenic bacteria (PB) and antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) in the treated water and the changes in their diversity and abundance as it passed down to the end users through the drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs), is a great concern, especially to human health. This could imply that the different stages and the distribution system provide a good microenvironment for their growth. Hence, it becomes pertinent to constantly monitor and document the diversity of PB and ARB present at each stage of the treatment and distribution system. This review aimed at documenting the occurrence of PB and ARB at different stages of treatment and distribution systems as well as the implication of their occurrence globally. An exhaustive literature search from Web of Science, Science-Direct database, Google Scholar, Academic Research Databases like the National Center for Biotechnology Information, Scopus, and SpringerLink was done. The obtained information showed that the different treatment stages and distribution systems influence the PB and ARB that proliferate. To minimize the human health risks associated with the occurrence of these PB, the present review, suggests the development of advanced technologies that can promote quick monitoring of PB/ARB at each treatment stage and distribution system as well as reduction of the cost of environomics analysis to promote better microbial analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chimdi M. Kalu
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida, 1710, South Africa
| | - Khuthadzo L. Mudau
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida, 1710, South Africa
| | - Vhahangwele Masindi
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida, 1710, South Africa
- Magalies Water, Scientific Services, Research & Development Division, Brits, South Africa
| | - Grace N. Ijoma
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida, 1710, South Africa
| | - Memory Tekere
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida, 1710, South Africa
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Wen X, Wang Y, Shao Z. The spatiotemporal trend of human brucellosis in China and driving factors using interpretability analysis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4880. [PMID: 38418566 PMCID: PMC10901783 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55034-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Human brucellosis has reemerged in China, with a distinct change in its geographical distribution. The incidence of human brucellosis has significantly risen in inland regions of China. To gain insights into epidemic characteristics and identify factors influencing the geographic spread of human brucellosis, our study utilized the Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) algorithm and interpretable machine learning techniques. The results showed a consistent upward trend in the incidence of human brucellosis, with a significant increase of 8.20% from 2004 to 2021 (95% CI: 1.70, 15.10). The northern region continued to face a serious human situation, with a gradual upward trend. Meanwhile, the western and southern regions have experienced a gradual spread of human brucellosis, encompassing all regions of China over the past decade. Further analysis using Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) demonstrated that higher Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita and increased funding for education have the potential to reduce the spread. Conversely, the expansion of human brucellosis showed a positive correlation with bed availability per 1000 individuals, humidity, railway mileage, and GDP. These findings strongly suggest that socioeconomic factors play a more significant role in the spread of human brucellosis than other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Wen
- Department of Epidemiology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710000, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Central Sterile Services Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710000, China
| | - Zhongjun Shao
- Department of Epidemiology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710000, China.
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Bai L, Ta N, Zhao A, Muren H, Li X, Wang BC, Bagen H, Wen Y. A follow-up study of 100 patients with acute brucellosis for its prognosis and prevention. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1110907. [PMID: 38020155 PMCID: PMC10655092 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1110907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To prevent chronic brucellosis, this study analysed the changes in patient antibody titers, and the trajectories of biochemical indicators at different stages of brucellosis, identified relevant biomarkers, and explored risk factors affecting the prognosis of brucellosis patients. Methods A prospective cohort study was conducted to follow 100 patients with acute brucellosis. Laboratory serological test results [taken with a serum (tube) agglutination test (SAT)] and biochemical parameters (liver function, renal function, and hematological system) were measured repeatedly at four-time points: 0 weeks-baseline survey, 6 weeks after the first treatment, 12 weeks after the second treatment, and 3 months after the third treatment. The changes in the antibody titres and biochemical parameters at each time point were analysed for trend changes. Results One hundred patients with acute brucellosis were enrolled in this follow-up study, with 100% retention in follow-up. By the third follow-up, 21 patients had turned subacute and 11 had turned chronic. One-way repeated measures analysis of variance results showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.01) across the time points for the following five indicators: alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total bilirubin, serum creatinine (SCr) and platelet count. The clinical symptoms of patients in the acute stage were mainly joint pain, fatigue, and fever, while those in the chronic stage complained primarily of joint pain and fatigue. The results of multivariate logistic analysis showed that joint pain [odds ratio (OR) = 3.652, 95% confidence interval (CI) =1.379-9.672], monoarticular pain (OR = 6.356, 95% CI = 4.660-8.669), elevated SCr (OR = 15.804, 95% CI = 1.644-151.966) and elevated haemoglobin (Hb) (OR = 1.219, 95% CI = 1.065-1.736) were risk factors for poor prognosis (not cured or chronic) in patients with brucellosis. Conclusion The trajectory of changes in patient SAT posirates and antibody titers can be used to distinguish patients with chronic brucellosis. The brucellosis is preventable and treatable, and the standard treatment can be effective in reducing the clinical symptoms of affected patients. If patients are not treated in a timely manner, joint pain, monoarticular pain, and elevated SCr are risk factors for patients who are not cured. Therefore, the treatment cycle for these patients should be extended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Bai
- Inner Mongolia Medical University College of Mongolian Medicine and Pharmacy, Hohhot, China
| | - Na Ta
- Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Center for Disease Control and Research, Hohhot, China
| | - Aoning Zhao
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Huhe Muren
- Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Xueyong Li
- Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | | | - Hurile Bagen
- Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yongjun Wen
- Chi Feng Center for Disease Control and Research, Chifeng, China
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Li S, Kan H, Zheng Y. Endovascular Treatment of Aortic Brucellosis, an Overlooked Cause of Aortic Infection in China. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2023; 66:743-744. [PMID: 37716469 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2023.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Siting Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Department of State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Haoxuan Kan
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Department of State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuehong Zheng
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Department of State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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Sun ZX, Wang Y, Li YJ, Yu SH, Wu W, Huang DS, Guan P. Socioeconomic, meteorological factors and spatiotemporal distribution of human brucellosis in China between 2004 and 2019-A study based on spatial panel model. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011765. [PMID: 37956207 PMCID: PMC10681303 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human brucellosis continues to be a great threat to human health in China. The present study aimed to investigate the spatiotemporal distribution of human brucellosis in China from 2004 to 2019, to analyze the socioeconomic factors, meteorological factors and seasonal effect affecting human brucellosis incidence in different geographical regions with the help of spatial panel model, and to provide a scientific basis for local health authorities to improve the prevention of human brucellosis. METHODS The monthly reported number and incidence of human brucellosis in China from January 2004 to December 2019 were obtained from the Data Center for China Public Health Science. Monthly average air temperature and monthly average relative humidity of 31 provincial-level administrative units (22 provinces, 5 autonomous regions and 4 municipalities directly under the central government) in China from October 2003 to December 2019 were obtained from the National Meteorological Science Data Centre. The inventory of cattle, the inventory of sheep, beef yield, mutton yield, wool yield, milk yield and gross pastoral product of 31 provincial-level administrative units in China from 2004 to 2019 were obtained from the National Bureau of Statistics of China. The temporal and geographical distribution of human brucellosis was displayed with Microsoft Excel and ArcMap software. The spatial autocorrelation and hotspot analysis was used to describe the association among different areas. Spatial panel model was constructed to explore the combined effects on the incidence of human brucellosis in China. RESULTS A total of 569,016 cases of human brucellosis were reported in the 31 provincial-level administrative units in China from January 2004 to December 2019. Human brucellosis cases were concentrated between March and July, with a peak in May, showing a clear seasonal increase. The incidence of human brucellosis in China from 2004 to 2019 showed significant spatial correlations, and hotspot analysis indicated that the high incidence of human brucellosis was mainly in the northern China, particularly in Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, and Heilongjiang. The results from spatial panel model suggested that the inventory of cattle, the inventory of sheep, beef yield, mutton yield, wool yield, milk yield, gross pastoral product, average air temperature (the same month, 2-month lagged and 3-month lagged), average relative humidity (the same month) and season variability were significantly associated with human brucellosis incidence in China. CONCLUSIONS The epidemic area of human brucellosis in China has been expanding and the spatial clustering has been observed. Inner Mongolia and adjacent provinces or autonomous regions are the high-risk areas of human brucellosis. The inventory of cattle and sheep, beef yield, mutton yield, wool yield, milk yield, gross pastoral product, average air temperature, average relative humidity and season variability played a significant role in the progression of human brucellosis. The present study strengthens the understanding of the relationship between socioeconomic, meteorological factors and the spatial heterogeneity of human brucellosis in China, through which 'One Health'-based strategies and countermeasures can be provided for the government to tackle the brucellosis menace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Xin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control & Prevention (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control & Prevention (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying-Jie Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control & Prevention (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shi-Hao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control & Prevention (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control & Prevention (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - De-Sheng Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Intelligent Computing, School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Peng Guan
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control & Prevention (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Shen L, Sun MH, Ma WT, Hu QW, Zhao CX, Yang ZR, Jiang CH, Shao ZJ, Liu K. Synergistic driving effects of risk factors on human brucellosis in Datong City, China: A dynamic perspective from spatial heterogeneity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 894:164948. [PMID: 37336414 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Brucellosis is a highly contagious zoonotic and systemic infectious disease caused by Brucella, which seriously affects public health and socioeconomic development worldwide. Particularly, in China accumulating eco-environmental changes and agricultural intensification have increased the expansion of human brucellosis (HB) infection. As a traditional animal husbandry area adjacent to Inner Mongolia, Datong City in northwestern China is characterized by a high HB incidence, demonstrating obvious variations in the risk pattern of HB infection in recent years. In this study, we built Bayesian spatiotemporal models to detect the transfer of high-risk clusters of HB occurrence in Datong from 2005 to 2020. Geographically and Temporally Weighted Regression and GeoDetector were employed to investigate the synergistic driving effects of multiple potential risk factors. Results confirmed an evident dynamic expansion of HB from the east to the west and south in Datong. The distribution of HB showed a negative correlation with urbanization level, economic development, population density, temperature, precipitation, and wind speed, while a positive correlation with the normalized difference vegetation index, and grassland/cropland cover areas. Especially, the local animal husbandry and related industries imposed a large influence on the spatiotemporal distribution of HB. This work strengthens the understanding of how HB spatial heterogeneity is driven by environmental factors, through which helpful insights can be provided for decision-makers to formulate and implement disease control strategies and policies for preventing the further spread of HB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Shen
- School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming-Hao Sun
- School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen-Tao Ma
- Department of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Datong Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Datong, China
| | - Qing-Wu Hu
- School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen-Xi Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zu-Rong Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Cheng-Hao Jiang
- School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Zhong-Jun Shao
- Department of Epidemiology, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China.
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Yu X, Fang M, Li Y, Yu J, Cheng L, Ding S, Kou Z. Epidemiological characteristics and spatio-temporal analysis of brucellosis in Shandong province, 2015-2021. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:669. [PMID: 37814221 PMCID: PMC10561485 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08503-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brucellosis is one of the major public health problems in China, it not only causes huge economic losses to the society, but also threatens the human's physical and mental health. The reported cases of brucellosis in Shandong province were at a high level, therefore, it is necessary for us to understand the epidemic characteristics and distribution trend of Brucellosis in Shandong province. This study aims to describe the epidemiological characteristics and spatial clustering characteristics of brucellosis in Shandong Province, provide a reference for the scientific prevention and control. METHODS Human brucellosis data in Shandong province from 2015 to 2021 were obtained from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention, the data were analyzed by descriptive epidemiological methods, spatial autocorrelation analysis and spatial-temporal cluster analysis methods use ArcGIS and SaTScan software, the results were presented in ArcMap. RESULTS A total of 22,251 human cases of brucellosis were reported, the annual incidence ranged between 2.41/100,000 and 4.07/100,000 from 2015 to 2021 in Shandong province, incidence has been decreasing year by year, while there was a significant increase in 2021. The distribution of brucellosis was of a seasonal trend, mainly concentrating during March to August. The age of the cases was mainly concentrated in the 30-74 age ranges, the average annual incidence rate was significantly higher in males than in females. The spatial analysis showed that the epidemics were mainly concentrated in the north and southwest. For the spatial autocorrelation analysis, a high global autocorrelation was observed at the county level, and the high-high clusters mainly distributed in the north and southwest region. For the spatio-temporal scanning, the most likely cluster areas mainly distributed in the north area, and then gradually moved southward, and the radius of clustered narrowed. CONCLUSIONS Human brucellosis remains a common challenge, particularly in northern region in spring and summer. More disease prevention and control measures should be taken in high-risk populations, and such higher-risk susceptible areas to reduce the incidence of brucellosis and ensure the health of the people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Yu
- Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ming Fang
- Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Li
- Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jianmei Yu
- Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of public health and health management, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lixiao Cheng
- Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shujun Ding
- Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zengqiang Kou
- Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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Singh T, Kaur R, Kant S, Mani K, Yadav K, Gupta SK. Maternal Healthcare Services in a Rural Area of Haryana during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Community-Based Study. Indian J Community Med 2023; 48:715-720. [PMID: 37970159 PMCID: PMC10637588 DOI: 10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_43_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background It is well documented that the utilization of maternal healthcare services during pregnancy and childbirth plays a significant role in reducing maternal morbidity and mortality. Disruptions in maternal healthcare services during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have been reported. However, there is a paucity of literature from rural areas, as most of the previous studies are either record-based or conducted in tertiary care centers. This study aimed to determine the proportion of women who received the recommended maternal healthcare services during the COVID-19 pandemic and to study various factors associated with the utilization of services. Material and Methods In this community-based study, we assessed the utilization of maternal healthcare services among 520 women residing in the Ballabgarh Block of District Faridabad, Haryana, whose antenatal, intrapartum, and postnatal period coincided with the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic. Domiciliary visits were made, and women were interviewed retrospectively regarding maternal healthcare services utilized by them. The antenatal care (ANC) cards were reviewed, and details were corroborated. Results Full ANC was received by 15.3% of women, and 45% of women had less than four antenatal visits. 30.9% of participants had cesarean delivery. The proportion of cesarean delivery in private facilities was significantly higher than in government facilities [Odds Ratio (OR) (95% Confidence intervals (CI)) =10.04 (5.87-17.19); P < 0.001]. In multivariate logistic regression, gravidity was negatively associated with full ANC [OR (95% CI) =0.43 (0.25-0.74); P = 0.002]. Conclusion Fewer women received the recommended maternal healthcare services during the COVID-19 pandemic. Detailed assessment of health systems and factors affecting routine healthcare services, during the pandemic, can help improve the readiness and response in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejbeer Singh
- Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ravneet Kaur
- Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shashi Kant
- Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Kalaivani Mani
- Department of Biostatistics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Kapil Yadav
- Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Gupta
- Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Chen HC, Wang JY, Lee YC, Yang SY. Examining the Predictors of Turnover Behavior in Newly Employed Certified Nurse Aides: A Prospective Cohort Study. Saf Health Work 2023; 14:185-192. [PMID: 37389317 PMCID: PMC10300465 DOI: 10.1016/j.shaw.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The turnover rate of nurse aides in Taiwan is high. However, the predictors of turnover behavior in the newly employed are still unclear. Objective To examine the predictors of turnover behavior in newly employed licensed nurse aides. Methods A longitudinal study design was used and subjects were newly employed certified nurse aides from a nurse aid training association in Taiwan. A total of five questionnaire surveys were conducted. The questionnaire was mainly used to collect information on turnover behavior, personal socioeconomic background, workplace psychosocial hazards, worker health hazards, and musculoskeletal disorders. Results A total of 300 participants were recruited in the study. Cox regression analysis results showed that short working experience (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.21, p < 0.01), work as non-home nurse aides (HR = 0.58, p = 0.01), low monthly salary (HR = 0.68, p < 0.01), high work mental load (HR = 1.01, p = 0.01), low workplace justice (HR = 0.97, p < 0.01), high workplace violence (HR = 1.60, p < 0.01), high burnout (HR = 1.01, p = 0.04), poor mental health (HR = 1.06, p = 0.04), and high total number of musculoskeletal disorder sites (HR = 1.08, p = 0.01) contribute to a higher risk of turnover. Conclusion The results indicated that employment period, work as a home nurse aide, monthly salary, work mental load, workplace justice, workplace violence, work-related burnout, mental health, and total number of musculoskeletal disorder sites are predictors of turnover behavior in newly employed certified nurse aides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Ching Chen
- Department of Healthcare Administration, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Yi Wang
- Department of Healthcare Administration, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chen Lee
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Yu Yang
- Department of Healthcare Administration, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Chen H, Lin MX, Wang LP, Huang YX, Feng Y, Fang LQ, Wang L, Song HB, Wang LG. Driving role of climatic and socioenvironmental factors on human brucellosis in China: machine-learning-based predictive analyses. Infect Dis Poverty 2023; 12:36. [PMID: 37046326 PMCID: PMC10091610 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-023-01087-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brucellosis is a common zoonotic infectious disease in China. This study aimed to investigate the incidence trends of brucellosis in China, construct an optimal prediction model, and analyze the driving role of climatic factors for human brucellosis. METHODS Using brucellosis incidence, and the socioeconomic and climatic data for 2014-2020 in China, we performed spatiotemporal analyses and calculated correlations with brucellosis incidence in China, developed and compared a series of regression and Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average X (SARIMAX) models for brucellosis prediction based on socioeconomic and climatic data, and analyzed the relationship between extreme weather conditions and brucellosis incidence using copula models. RESULTS In total, 327,456 brucellosis cases were reported in China in 2014-2020 (monthly average of 3898 cases). The incidence of brucellosis was distinctly seasonal, with a high incidence in spring and summer and an average annual peak in May. The incidence rate was highest in the northern regions' arid and continental climatic zones (1.88 and 0.47 per million people, respectively) and lowest in the tropics (0.003 per million people). The incidence of brucellosis showed opposite trends of decrease and increase in northern and southern China, respectively, with an overall severe epidemic in northern China. Most regression models using socioeconomic and climatic data cannot predict brucellosis incidence. The SARIMAX model was suitable for brucellosis prediction. There were significant negative correlations between the proportion of extreme weather values for both high sunshine and high humidity and the incidence of brucellosis as follows: high sunshine, [Formula: see text] = -0.59 and -0.69 in arid and temperate zones; high humidity, [Formula: see text] = -0.62, -0.64, and -0.65 in arid, temperate, and tropical zones. CONCLUSIONS Significant seasonal and climatic zone differences were observed for brucellosis incidence in China. Sunlight, humidity, and wind speed significantly influenced brucellosis. The SARIMAX model performed better for brucellosis prediction than did the regression model. Notably, high sunshine and humidity values in extreme weather conditions negatively affect brucellosis. Brucellosis should be managed according to the "One Health" concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese People's Liberation Army, 20 Dong-Da-Jie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Meng-Xuan Lin
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Science of Chinese People's Liberation Army, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100036, China
| | - Li-Ping Wang
- Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yin-Xiang Huang
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yao Feng
- Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Qun Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20 Dong-Da Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Science of Chinese People's Liberation Army, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100036, China.
| | - Hong-Bin Song
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese People's Liberation Army, 20 Dong-Da-Jie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Li-Gui Wang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese People's Liberation Army, 20 Dong-Da-Jie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, China.
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Nayak G, Kavitha A, Satpathy N, Mohapatra I, Epari V, Kishore J, Jena PK, Mohanty P, Panda S, Behera C, Singh A. Gendered Pattern and Predictors of Tobacco use in India: Evidence from the Second Round of Global adult Tobacco Survey. Indian J Community Med 2023; 48:241-249. [PMID: 37323741 PMCID: PMC10263025 DOI: 10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_102_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background India has completed the second round of the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) to monitor adult tobacco use and progress in tobacco control efforts. This study assesses the gendered pattern of tobacco use and its predictors in the second rounds of GATS. Material and Methods Publicly available GATS-2 (2016-2017) data was analyzed which contains self-reported tobacco use information of ≥15 years Indians (n = 74,037). The independent predictors of "smoking only," "smokeless only," and "dual use" among current male and female tobacco users were assessed using the multinomial regression model. Results The burden of "smoking only," "smokeless only," and "dual-use" of tobacco were 8.9% (8.74-9.15), 16.69% (16.42-16.96), and 3.89% (3.75-4.03), respectively, in the second round with wide regional variation as well as male dominance in use. Region, age, education, caste, and religion were significantly and consistently associated with different types of tobacco use in both genders. Other contextual predictors of tobacco use were residence, marital status, occupation, awareness, and wealth index (WI). Conclusions Tobacco use predictors and their gendered patterns are contextual. Monitoring the predictors for tobacco use, which may change over time, should be given priority in the national tobacco control program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayatri Nayak
- Public Health Manager, Tata Steel Foundation, Meramandali, Odisha, India
| | - A.K. Kavitha
- Regional Medical Research Centre ICMR, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Nancy Satpathy
- Department of Community Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences (IMS) and SUM Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Ipsa Mohapatra
- Department of Community Medicine, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Venkatarao Epari
- Department of Community Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences (IMS) and SUM Hospital, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Jugal Kishore
- Department of Community Medicine, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, Delhi, India
| | - Pratap K. Jena
- Department of Public Health, KIIT School of Public Health, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Parimala Mohanty
- Department of Community Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences (IMS) and SUM Hospital, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Santosh Panda
- Department of Paediatrics, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Chinmay Behera
- Department of Paediatrics, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Ajit Singh
- Biomedical Manager, GBH American Hospital, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
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Xu N, Qu C, Sai L, Wen S, Yang L, Wang S, Yang H, Liu H, Wang G. Evaluating the efficacy of serological testing of clinical specimens collected from patients with suspected brucellosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011131. [PMID: 36802393 PMCID: PMC9942959 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of the standard agglutination test (SAT), the Brucellacapt test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in clinical specimens collected from patients with suspected brucellosis. METHODS A prospective study was conducted from December 2020 to December 2021. Brucellosis was diagnosed on the basis of clinical evidence, and confirmed by isolation of Brucella or a four-fold rise in SAT titer. All samples were tested by the SAT, ELISA and the Brucellacapt test. Titers ≥1:100 were considered as SAT positive; ELISA was considered positive when an index greater than 11 was detected, while titers ≥1/160 indicated positivity on the Brucellacapt test. The specificity, sensitivity, and positive (PPVs) and negative predictive values (NPVs) of the three different methods were calculated. RESULTS A total of 149 samples were collected from patients with suspected brucellosis. The sensitivities for the SAT, IgG, and IgM detection were 74.42%, 88.37% and 74.42%, respectively. The specificities were 95.24%, 93.65%, and 88.89%, respectively. The simultaneous measurement of IgG and IgM improved the sensitivity (98.84%) but reduced the specificity (84.13%) compared to each antibody test separately. The Brucellacapt test had excellent specificity (100%) and a high PPV (100%); however, the sensitivity and NPV were 88.37% and 86.30%, respectively. The combination of IgG detection by ELISA and the Brucellacapt test had excellent diagnostic performance, with 98.84% sensitivity and 93.65% specificity. CONCLUSION This study showed that the simultaneous performance of IgG detection by ELISA and the Brucellacapt test has the potential to overcome the current limitations of detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Xu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan Shandong, China
| | - Chunmei Qu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan Shandong, China
| | - Lintao Sai
- Department of Infectious Disease, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan Shandong, China
| | - Sai Wen
- Department of Infectious Disease, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan Shandong, China
| | - Lulu Yang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan Shandong, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan Shandong, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan Shandong, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Institute of Bacterial Disease, Jinan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan Shandong, China
- * E-mail: (HL); (GW)
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan Shandong, China
- * E-mail: (HL); (GW)
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Khan MT, Shah IA, Hossain MF, Akther N, Zhou Y, Khan MS, Al-Shaeli M, Bacha MS, Ihsanullah I. Personal protective equipment (PPE) disposal during COVID-19: An emerging source of microplastic and microfiber pollution in the environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 860:160322. [PMID: 36414071 PMCID: PMC9675081 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Waste generated by healthcare facilities during the COVID-19 pandemic has become a new source of pollution, particularly with the widespread use of single-use personal protective equipment (PPE). Releasing microplastics (MPs) and microfibers (MFs) from discarded PPE becomes an emerging threat to environmental sustainability. MPs/MFs have recently been reported in a variety of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, including water, deep-sea sediments, air, and soil. As COVID-19 spreads, the use of plastic-made PPE in healthcare facilities has increased significantly worldwide, resulting in massive amounts of plastic waste entering the terrestrial and marine environments. High loads of MPs/MFs emitted into the environment due to excessive PPE consumption are easily consumed by aquatic organisms, disrupting the food chain, and potentially causing chronic health problems in humans. Thus, proper management of PPE waste is critical for ensuring a post-COVID sustainable environment, which has recently attracted the attention of the scientific community. The current study aims to review the global consumption and sustainable management of discarded PPE in the context of COVID-19. The severe impacts of PPE-emitted MPs/MFs on human health and other environmental segments are briefly addressed. Despite extensive research progress in the area, many questions about MP/MF contamination in the context of COVID-19 remain unanswered. Therefore, in response to the post-COVID environmental remediation concerns, future research directions and recommendations are highlighted considering the current MP/MF research progress from COVID-related PPE waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Tariq Khan
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai po New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Izaz Ali Shah
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Md Faysal Hossain
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai po New Territories, Hong Kong; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, No. 130, Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Nasrin Akther
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, No. 130, Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China; Department of Soil Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Yanbo Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, No. 130, Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | | | - Muayad Al-Shaeli
- Institute for Micro Process Engineering (IMVT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | | | - Ihsanullah Ihsanullah
- Center for Environment and Water, Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia.
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An C, Shen L, Sun M, Sun Y, Fan S, Zhao C, Nie S, Luo B, Fu T, Liu K, Shao Z, Chang W. Exploring risk transfer of human brucellosis in the context of livestock agriculture transition: A case study in Shaanxi, China. Front Public Health 2023; 10:1009854. [PMID: 36777766 PMCID: PMC9911661 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1009854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
With the booming of worldwide agriculture intensification, brucellosis, one of the most neglected zoonotic diseases, has become an increasing challenge for global public health. Although the transmission patterns of human brucellosis (HB) have been studied in many regions, the dynamic transfer processes of risk and its driving factors remain poorly understood, especially in the context of agricultural intensification. This study attempted to explore the risk transfer of HB between the exact epidemic areas and the neighboring or distant low-risk areas to explain the impact of livestock agriculture intensification and foodborne infections on the transmission of HB in Shaanxi Province as a case study. We adopted multiple approaches, including test-based methods, model-based methods, and a geographical detector to detect the spatial-temporal dynamic changes of high-risk epidemic areas of HB at the county scale. We also quantitatively estimated how the related factors drove the risk transfer of the disease. Results confirmed the risk transfer pattern of HB with an expansion from north to south in Shaanxi Province and identified two primary transfer routes. In particular, in the traditional epidemic areas of the Shaanbei plateau, the farm agglomeration effect can significantly increase the risk of HB. Meanwhile, retail outlets for milk and dairy products were partially responsible for the foodborne infections of HB in the emerging epidemic areas of Xi'an. This study not only contributed helpful insights to support HB control and prevention in the rapid transition of livestock agriculture but also provided possible directions for further research on foodborne HB infections in urbanized areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuihong An
- Department of Plague and Brucellosis, Shaanxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an, China,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li Shen
- School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Minghao Sun
- School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yangxin Sun
- Department of Plague and Brucellosis, Shaanxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an, China
| | - Suoping Fan
- Department of Plague and Brucellosis, Shaanxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an, China
| | - Chenxi Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shoumin Nie
- Department of Plague and Brucellosis, Shaanxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an, China
| | - Boyan Luo
- Department of Plague and Brucellosis, Shaanxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an, China
| | - Ting Fu
- Department of Epidemiology, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China,*Correspondence: Kun Liu ✉
| | - Zhongjun Shao
- Department of Epidemiology, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China,Zhongjun Shao ✉
| | - WenHui Chang
- Department of Plague and Brucellosis, Shaanxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an, China,WenHui Chang ✉
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Beker BA, Kansal ML. Complexities of the urban drinking water systems in Ethiopia and possible interventions for sustainability. ENVIRONMENT, DEVELOPMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY 2023; 26:1-31. [PMID: 36624733 PMCID: PMC9813897 DOI: 10.1007/s10668-022-02901-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Rapid urbanization in developing countries has imposed threats and challenges to basic urban infrastructures like drinking water, transportation, and energy systems. The existing urban drinking water systems (UDWS) are highly stressed and unsustainable, particularly under changing hydroclimatic conditions, population growth, changing socioeconomic conditions, government decisions, and various policies. This study focuses on the complexities of UDWS in Sub-Saharan African countries, especially in Ethiopia. The objective of this study is to investigate the issues and challenges of urban drinking water systems (UDWS) in Ethiopia, specifically, to assess the gap between water supply and demand, water loss/non-revenue water, environmental, technical, institutional, and governance, etc. and propose sustainable interventions to deal with such issues so as to improve. For this purpose, a mix of methods involving primary data (including key informant interviews, field observations, and field measured data) and secondary data (including published articles, books, various reports, and design documents), as well as various computer-aided applications (mainly, ArcGIS and WaterGEMS) are used to collect data. The issues are deliberated through the UDWSs of Addis Ababa, Adama, Mekelle, and Dire Dawa cities in Ethiopia. Complexities like water shortage, high and low pressure in the water distribution network (WDN), non-revenue water (NRW)/water loss, source pollution, ineffective policies and governance, and weak institutions are the main challenges to Ethiopian cities' water utilities. Further, the case study noticed that in Addis Ababa alone, potable water is only accessible to 66% of the city population. A significant water supply deficit was observed in Mekelle city, where only half of the city population has access to potable water from the system. Additionally, in Addis Ababa, Adama, Mekelle, and Dire Dawa, above 35% of the freshwater produced is either NRW, unaccounted for, or lost, which is significantly higher than the upper 25% limit suggested by the World Bank. Therefore, it is recommended to adopt certain sustainable interventions, such as integrated water resource management, installing appurtenances like pressure-reducing valves, check valves in the WDN, controlling and monitoring of WDN through supervisory control and data acquisition and Internet of Things, effective and long-term planning and policy, etc. It is felt that the study will help the decision-makers and the operators of the UDWS utilities to run the water supply schemes in a sustainable manner. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10668-022-02901-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahar Adem Beker
- Department of Water Resources Development and Management, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667 India
| | - Mitthan Lal Kansal
- Department of Water Resources Development and Management, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667 India
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Zhang Q, Liu W, Wang W, Zhang L, Li J, Tang R, Jin J, Chen W, Zhang L. Analysis of spatial-temporal distribution characteristics and natural infection status of SFTS cases in Hefei from 2015 to 2021. Environ Health Prev Med 2023; 28:70. [PMID: 37967947 PMCID: PMC10654213 DOI: 10.1265/ehpm.23-00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To analyze the prevalence and spatial-temporal characteristics of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS), clustering mode of transmission, and the serological dynamic detection results in multiple areas in Hefei from 2015 to 2021, and to provide the basis for SFTS prevention and control. METHOD Case data were obtained from the Chinese Disease Control and Prevention Information System. Information on the clustering outbreak was obtained from the outbreak investigation and disposal report. Population latent infection rate information was obtained from field sampling in multiple-incidence counties in 2016 and 2021 by multi-stage random sampling. Epi data3.2 and SPSS 16.0 softwares were used to perform a statistical analysis of the data on SFTS cases, and QGIS 3.26 software was used to draw the incidence map with township (street) as unit. RESULTS The an average annual reported incidence rate of SFTS in Hefei from 2015 to 2021 was 0.65/100,000, and the case fatality rate was 9.73%. The overall prevalence of SFTS epidemics in Hefei City showed a fluctuating upward trend from 2015 to 2021 (χ2trends = 103.353, P < 0.001). Chaohu City, Feixi County, Feidong County and Lujiang County ranked the top 4 in the city in terms of average annual incidence rate. The number of epidemic-involved towns (streets) kept increasing ((χ2trend = 47.640, P = 0.000)). Co-exposure to ticks accounted for the majority of clustered outbreaks and also human-to-human outbreaks. Population-based latent infection rate surveys were conducted in four SFTS multi-incidence counties, with 385 people surveyed in 2016 and 403 people surveyed in 2021, increasing the population-based latent infection rate from 6.75% to 10.91%, just as the incidence rate increased. CONCLUSIONS The incidence rate of SFTS in Hefei is obviously regional, with an expanding trend in the extent of the epidemic involved. Co-exposure to ticks accounted for the majority of clustered outbreaks and the latent infection rate cannot be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Hefei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
| | - Wenwen Liu
- Hefei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- Hefei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Hefei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
| | - Juan Li
- Hefei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
| | - Renshu Tang
- Hefei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
| | - Jing Jin
- Hefei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Hefei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Hefei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
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Zhao D, Zhang H. The research on TBATS and ELM models for prediction of human brucellosis cases in mainland China: a time series study. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:934. [PMID: 36510150 PMCID: PMC9746081 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07919-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human brucellosis is a serious public health concern in China. The objective of this study is to develop a suitable model for forecasting human brucellosis cases in mainland China. METHODS Data on monthly human brucellosis cases from January 2012 to December 2021 in 31 provinces and municipalities in mainland China were obtained from the National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China website. The TBATS and ELM models were constructed. The MAE, MSE, MAPE, and RMSE were calculated to evaluate the prediction performance of the two models. RESULTS The optimal TBATS model was TBATS (1, {0,0}, -, {< 12,4 >}) and the lowest AIC value was 1854.703. In the optimal TBATS model, {0,0} represents the ARIMA (0,0) model, {< 12,4 >} are the parameters of the seasonal periods and the corresponding number of Fourier terms, respectively, and the parameters of the Box-Cox transformation ω are 1. The optimal ELM model hidden layer number was 33 and the R-squared value was 0.89. The ELM model provided lower values of MAE, MSE, MAPE, and RMSE for both the fitting and forecasting performance. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the forecasting performance of ELM model outperforms the TBATS model in predicting human brucellosis between January 2012 and December 2021 in mainland China. Forecasts of the ELM model can help provide early warnings and more effective prevention and control measures for human brucellosis in mainland China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daren Zhao
- Department of Medical Administration, Sichuan Provincial Orthopedics Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan China
| | - Huiwu Zhang
- Department of Medical Administration, Sichuan Provincial Orthopedics Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan China
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19
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Driving effect of multiplex factors on human brucellosis in high incidence region, implication for brucellosis based on one health concept. One Health 2022; 15:100449. [DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2022.100449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Alidadi M, Sharifi A. Effects of the built environment and human factors on the spread of COVID-19: A systematic literature review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 850:158056. [PMID: 35985590 PMCID: PMC9383943 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Soon after its emergence, COVID-19 became a global problem. While different types of vaccines and treatments are now available, still non-pharmacological policies play a critical role in managing the pandemic. The literature is enriched enough to provide comprehensive, practical, and scientific insights to better deal with the pandemic. This research aims to find out how the built environment and human factors have affected the transmission of COVID-19 on different scales, including country, state, county, city, and urban district. This is done through a systematic literature review of papers indexed on the Web of Science and Scopus. Initially, these databases returned 4264 papers, and after different stages of screening, we found 166 relevant papers and reviewed them. The empirical papers that had at least one case study and analyzed the effects of at least one built environment factor on the spread of COVID-19 were selected. Results showed that the driving forces can be divided into seven main categories: density, land use, transportation and mobility, housing conditions, demographic factors, socio-economic factors, and health-related factors. We found that among other things, overcrowding, public transport use, proximity to public spaces, the share of health and services workers, levels of poverty, and the share of minorities and vulnerable populations are major predictors of the spread of the pandemic. As the most studied factor, density was associated with mixed results on different scales, but about 58 % of the papers reported that it is linked with a higher number of cases. This study provides insights for policymakers and academics to better understand the dynamic roles of the non-pharmacological driving forces of COVID-19 at different levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Alidadi
- Graduate School of Engineering and Advanced Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
| | - Ayyoob Sharifi
- Graduate School of Humanities and Social Science, Network for Education and Research on Peace and Sustainability (NERPS), and the Center for Peaceful and Sustainable Futures (CEPEAS), Hiroshima University, Japan.
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Nair AN, Anand P, George A, Mondal N. A review of strategies and their effectiveness in reducing indoor airborne transmission and improving indoor air quality. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 213:113579. [PMID: 35714688 PMCID: PMC9192357 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Airborne transmission arises through the inhalation of aerosol droplets exhaled by an infected person and is now thought to be the primary transmission route of COVID-19. Thus, maintaining adequate indoor air quality levels is vital in mitigating the spread of the airborne virus. The cause-and-effect flow of various agents involved in airborne transmission of viruses has been investigated through a systematic literature review. It has been identified that the airborne virus can stay infectious in the air for hours, and pollutants such as particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), Sulphur dioxide (SO2), Carbon monoxide (CO), Ozone (O3), Carbon dioxide (CO2), and Total Volatile Organic Compounds (TVOCs) and other air pollutants can enhance the incidence, spread and mortality rates of viral disease. Also, environmental quality parameters such as humidity and temperature have shown considerable influence in virus transmission in indoor spaces. The measures adopted in different research studies that can curb airborne transmission of viruses for an improved Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) have been collated for their effectiveness and limitations. A diverse set of building strategies, components, and operation techniques from the recent literature pertaining to the ongoing spread of COVID-19 disease has been systematically presented to understand the current state of techniques and building systems that can minimize the viral spread in built spaces This comprehensive review will help architects, builders, realtors, and other organizations improve or design a resilient building system to deal with COVID-19 or any such pandemic in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajith N Nair
- Department of Architecture and Regional Planning, IIT, Kharagpur, India
| | - Prashant Anand
- Department of Architecture and Regional Planning, IIT, Kharagpur, India.
| | - Abraham George
- Department of Architecture and Regional Planning, IIT, Kharagpur, India
| | - Nilabhra Mondal
- Department of Architecture and Regional Planning, IIT, Kharagpur, India
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22
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Predicting the Spatial-Temporal Distribution of Human Brucellosis in Europe Based on Convolutional Long Short-Term Memory Network. THE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY = JOURNAL CANADIEN DES MALADIES INFECTIEUSES ET DE LA MICROBIOLOGIE MEDICALE 2022; 2022:7658880. [PMID: 35967090 PMCID: PMC9365592 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7658880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Brucellosis is a chronic infectious disease caused by brucellae or other bacteria directly invading human body. Brucellosis presents the aggregation characteristics and periodic law of infectious diseases in temporal and spatial distribution. Taking major European countries as an example, this study established the temporal and spatial distribution sequence of brucellosis, analyzed the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of brucellosis, and quantitatively predicted its epidemic law by using different traditional or machine learning models. This paper indicates that the epidemic of brucellosis in major European countries has statistical periodic characteristics, and in the same cycle, brucellosis has the characteristics of piecewise trend. Through the comparison of the prediction results of the three models, it is found that the prediction effect of long short-term memory and convolutional long short-term memory models is better than autoregressive integrated moving average model. The first mock exam using Conv layer and data vectorizations predicted that the convolutional long short-term memory model outperformed the traditional long short-term memory model. Compared with the monthly scale, the prediction of the trend stage of brucellosis can achieve better results under the single model prediction. These findings will help understand the development trend and liquidity characteristics of brucellosis, provide corresponding scientific basis and decision support for potential risk assessment and brucellosis epidemic prevention and control, and reduce the loss of life and property.
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Xu L, Deng Y. Spatiotemporal Pattern Evolution and Driving Factors of Brucellosis in China, 2003-2019. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10082. [PMID: 36011728 PMCID: PMC9408399 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191610082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Brucellosis is a prevalent zoonotic disease worldwide. However, the spatiotemporal patterns evolution and its driving factors of Brucellosis have not been well explored. In this study, spatiotemporal scan statistics were applied to describe the spatiotemporal pattern of evolution in Brucellosis from 2003 to 2019 in mainland China, and GeoDetector analysis was further conducted to explore the driving effects of environmental, meteorological, and socioeconomic factors. We identified a distinct seasonal pattern for Brucellosis, with a peak in May and lowest incidence between September and December. High-risk clusters were first observed in the northwestern pastoral areas and later expanded to the southern urban areas. The spatiotemporal heterogeneity was mainly explained by total SO2 emissions, average annual temperature, sheep output, and consumption of meat per capita with explanatory powers of 45.38%, 44.60%, 40.76%, and 30.46% respectively. However, the explanatory power changed over time. Specifically, the explanatory power of average annual temperature tended to decrease over time, while consumption of meat per capita and total output of animal husbandry tended to increase. The most favorable conditions for the spread of Brucellosis include 0.66-0.70 million tons of SO2 emissions, 9.54-11.68 °C of average annual temperature, 63.28-72.40 million heads of sheep output, and 16.81-20.58 kg consumption of meat per capita. Brucellosis remains more prevalent in traditional pastoral areas in Northwest China, with the tendency of spreading from pastoral to non-pastoral, and rural to urban, areas. Total SO2 emission, average annual temperature, sheep output, and consumption of meat per capita dominated the spatial heterogeneity of Brucellosis with changes in explanatory power over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xu
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-139-2889-0096
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24
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Safety concerns and potential hazards of occupational brucellosis in developing countries: a review. J Public Health (Oxf) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10389-022-01732-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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Bandyopadhyay A, Ghosal R, Dasgupta P, Mukherjee A. Assessment of Occupational Noise Generation and Associated Noise-Induced Hearing Loss among Employees of a Black Tea Processing Factory in Darjeeling District, India. Indian J Occup Environ Med 2022; 26:183-188. [PMID: 36408437 PMCID: PMC9674075 DOI: 10.4103/ijoem.ijoem_356_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Exposure to high levels of noise is a problem among tea factory workers worldwide, but it is poorly studied in India. AIMS This study aimed to assess noise generation in various parts of a black tea factory and find out prevalence of occupational noise-induced hearing loss (ONIHL) and its determinants among employees. MATERIALS AND METHODS An observational cross-sectional study was performed in a black tea processing factory of Darjeeling District. Noise levels and exposure data at different parts of the factory were measured using a sound level meter. Participant characteristics were obtained using a questionnaire and noise-induced hearing loss data obtained by audiometry. A sound map was generated based on noise exposure data and a multivariable logistic regression performed to assess determinants of ONIHL. RESULTS Sound pressure levels ranged from 58.7 to 90.3 dBA, with the highest levels in the crushing-tearing-curling (CTC) room. Noise exposure of workers was the highest during curling process and the lowest during packaging in the packing room. The prevalence of ONIHL was found to be 28.3%, most of which were of moderate degree, and the highest prevalence was among CTC room workers. Multivariable analysis showed significant association only between daily noise exposure and the presence of ONIHL (AOR 1.68, P value = 0.018). None of the study participants used any hearing protection equipment during work. CONCLUSIONS Generation of high levels of noise is a pertinent problem in the black tea factory, which, coupled with non-use of personal protective equipment, led to a high risk and prevalence of ONIHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alapan Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Community Medicine, North Bengal Medical College and Hospital, Sushrutanagar, Darjeeling, India
| | - Rishav Ghosal
- Department of Community Medicine, North Bengal Medical College and Hospital, Sushrutanagar, Darjeeling, India
| | - Pallabi Dasgupta
- Department of Community Medicine, North Bengal Medical College and Hospital, Sushrutanagar, Darjeeling, India
| | - Abhijit Mukherjee
- Department of Community Medicine, Nil Ratan Sircar Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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26
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Izadyar N, Miller W. Ventilation strategies and design impacts on indoor airborne transmission: A review. BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT 2022; 218:109158. [PMID: 35573806 PMCID: PMC9075988 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 outbreak has brought the indoor airborne transmission issue to the forefront. Although ventilation systems provide clean air and dilute indoor contaminated air, there is strong evidence that airborne transmission is the main route for contamination spread. This review paper aims to critically investigate ventilation impacts on particle spread and identify efficient ventilation strategies in controlling aerosol distribution in clinical and non-clinical environments. This article also examines influential ventilation design features (i.e., exhaust location) affecting ventilation performance in preventing aerosols spread. This paper shortlisted published documents for a review based on identification (keywords), pre-processing, screening, and eligibility of these articles. The literature review emphasizes the importance of ventilation systems' design and demonstrates all strategies (i.e., mechanical ventilation) could efficiently remove particles if appropriately designed. The study highlights the need for occupant-based ventilation systems, such as personalized ventilation instead of central systems, to reduce cross-infections. The literature underlines critical impacts of design features like ventilation rates and the number and location of exhausts and suggests designing systems considering airborne transmission. This review underpins that a higher ventilation rate should not be regarded as a sole indicator for designing ventilation systems because it cannot guarantee reducing risks. Using filtration and decontamination devices based on building functionalities and particle sizes can also increase ventilation performance. This paper suggests future research on optimizing ventilation systems, particularly in high infection risk spaces such as multi-storey hotel quarantine facilities. This review contributes to adjusting ventilation facilities to control indoor aerosol transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Izadyar
- School of Built Environment, College of Engineering and Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Wendy Miller
- School of Architecture & Built Environment, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
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Wulandari RD, Laksono AD, Nantabah ZK, Rohmah N, Zuardin Z. Hospital utilization in Indonesia in 2018: do urban-rural disparities exist? BMC Health Serv Res 2022; 22:491. [PMID: 35413914 PMCID: PMC9006552 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-022-07896-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The government must ensure equality in health services access, minimizing existing disparities between urban and rural areas. The referral system in Indonesia is conceptually sound. However, there are still problems of uneven service access, and there is an accumulation of patients in certain hospitals. The study aims to analyze the urban–rural disparities in hospital utilization in Indonesia. Methods The study used secondary data from the 2018 Indonesian Basic Health Survey. This cross-sectional study gathered 629,370 respondents through stratification and multistage random sampling. In addition to the kind of home and hospital utilization, the study looked at age, gender, marital status, education, occupation, wealth, and health insurance as control factors. The research employed multinomial logistic regression to evaluate the data in the final step. Results According to the findings, someone who lives in an urban region has 1.493 times higher odds of using outpatient hospital services than someone in a rural area (AOR 1.493; 95% CI 1.489–1.498). Meanwhile, someone who lives in an urban region has 1.075 times higher odds of using an inpatient facility hospital than someone who lives in a rural one (AOR 1.075; 95% CI 1.073–1.077). Furthermore, someone living in an urban region has 1.208 times higher odds than someone who lives in a rural area using outpatient and inpatient hospital services simultaneously (AOR 1.208; 95% CI 1.204–1.212). Conclusion The study concluded there were urban–rural disparities in hospital utilization in Indonesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratna Dwi Wulandari
- Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia. .,The Airlangga Centre for Health Policy (ACeHAP), Surabaya, Indonesia.
| | - Agung Dwi Laksono
- The Airlangga Centre for Health Policy (ACeHAP), Surabaya, Indonesia.,National Research and Innovation Agency, Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Nikmatur Rohmah
- Faculty of Health Science, Muhammadiyah University of Jember, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Zuardin Zuardin
- Faculty of Psychology and Health, UIN Sunan Ampel, Surabaya, Indonesia
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28
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Wang X, Zhao Y, Liu S, Gu B. Analysis of Brucellosis Cases Between 2010 and 2020 in Guangdong Province, China. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2022; 106:tpmd210870. [PMID: 35405641 PMCID: PMC9209929 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-0870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease with more than half a million people diagnosed worldwide. In China, 99% of cases were historically reported in the northern part of the country, and few were diagnosed in Guangdong province. Recently, Guangzhou has become as an emerging focus for brucellosis, with personal awareness of brucellosis and inexperience of clinicians hindering timely clinical diagnosis. To improve clinical management of this disease, we retrospectively analyzed 60 brucellosis cases from 2010 to 2020 in Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital. There were no manifestation differences between southern and northern patients. However, 68.3% of patients lacked awareness of risk factors for Brucella infection. Therefore, to prevent its spread and avoid delays in diagnosis, implemented infected-animal control programs and enhanced education on brucellosis are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Wang
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Yunhu Zhao
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Suling Liu
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Bing Gu
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
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29
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Kiran BR, Kopperi H, Venkata Mohan S. Micro/nano-plastics occurrence, identification, risk analysis and mitigation: challenges and perspectives. RE/VIEWS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND BIO/TECHNOLOGY 2022; 21:169-203. [PMID: 35103051 PMCID: PMC8792138 DOI: 10.1007/s11157-021-09609-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Micro/nanoplastics (MP/NPs) are emerging global pollutants that garnered enormous attention due to their potential threat to the ecosystem in virtue of their persistence and accumulation. Notably, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) yearbook in 2014 proposed MPs as one among ten emergent issues that the Earth is facing today. MP/NPs can be found in most regularly used products (primary microplastics) or formed by the fragmentation of bigger plastics (secondary microplastics) and are inextricably discharged into the environment by terrestrial and land-based sources, particularly runoff. They are non-degradable, biologically incompatible, and their presence in the air, soil, water, and food can induce ecotoxicological issues and also a menace to the environment. Due to micro size and diverse chemical nature, MP/NPs easily infiltrate wastewater treatment processes. This communication reviews the current understanding of MP/NPs occurrence, mobility, aggregation behavior, and degradation/assimilation in terrestrial, aquatic (fresh & marine), atmospheric depositions, wetlands and trophic food chain. This communication provide current perspectives and understanding on MP/NPs concerning (1) Source, occurrence, distribution, and properties (2) Impact on the ecosystem and its services, (3) Techniques in detection and identification and (4) Strategies to manage and mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boda Ravi Kiran
- Bioengineering and Environmental Sciences Lab, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering (DEEE), CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad, 500007 India
| | - Harishankar Kopperi
- Bioengineering and Environmental Sciences Lab, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering (DEEE), CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad, 500007 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002 India
| | - S. Venkata Mohan
- Bioengineering and Environmental Sciences Lab, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering (DEEE), CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad, 500007 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002 India
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30
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Adam MG, Tran PTM, Balasubramanian R. Air quality changes in cities during the COVID-19 lockdown: A critical review. ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH 2021; 264:105823. [PMID: 34456403 PMCID: PMC8384485 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2021.105823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In response to the rapid spread of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) within and across countries and the need to protect public health, governments worldwide introduced unprecedented measures such as restricted road and air travel and reduced human mobility in 2020. The curtailment of personal travel and economic activity provided a unique opportunity for researchers to assess the interplay between anthropogenic emissions of primary air pollutants, their physical transport, chemical transformation, ultimate fate and potential health impacts. In general, reductions in the atmospheric levels of outdoor air pollutants such as particulate matter (PM), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were observed in many countries during the lockdowns. However, the levels of ozone (O3), a secondary air pollutant linked to asthma and respiratory ailments, and secondary PM were frequently reported to remain unchanged or even increase. An increase in O3 can enhance the formation of secondary PM2.5, especially secondary organic aerosols, through the atmospheric oxidation of VOCs. Given that the gaseous precursors of O3 (VOCs and NOx) are also involved in the formation of secondary PM2.5, an integrated control strategy should focus on reducing the emission of the common precursors for the co-mitigation of PM2.5 and O3 with an emphasis on their complex photochemical interactions. Compared to outdoor air quality, comprehensive investigations of indoor air quality (IAQ) are relatively sparse. People spend more than 80% of their time indoors with exposure to air pollutants of both outdoor and indoor origins. Consequently, an integrated assessment of exposure to air pollutants in both outdoor and indoor microenvironments is needed for effective urban air quality management and for mitigation of health risk. To provide further insights into air quality, we do a critical review of scientific articles, published from January 2020 to December 2020 across the globe. Finally, we discuss policy implications of our review in the context of global air quality improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max G Adam
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Phuong T M Tran
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore
- Faculty of Environment, University of Science and Technology, The University of Danang, 54 Nguyen Luong Bang Street, Lien Chieu District, Danang City, Viet Nam
| | - Rajasekhar Balasubramanian
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore
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Yang XM, Jia YL, Zhang Y, Zhang PN, Yao Y, Yin YL, Tian Y. Clinical Effect of Doxycycline Combined with Compound Sulfamethoxazole and Rifampicin in the Treatment of Brucellosis Spondylitis. Drug Des Devel Ther 2021; 15:4733-4740. [PMID: 34848945 PMCID: PMC8627273 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s341242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The purpose of this study was to determine the clinical value of triple antibiotic therapy consisting of doxycycline, compound sulfamethoxazole and rifampicin in the treatment of brucellosis spondylitis. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on 100 patients with brucellosis spondylitis admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University from March 2016 to June 2019. Patients were divided into the following two groups: the control group (n = 50) treated with dual antibiotic therapy (rifampicin + compound sulfamethoxazole), and the observation group (n = 50) treated with triple antibiotic therapy (rifampicin + doxycycline + compound sulfamethoxazole). The treatment effect, low back pain relief, levels of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), procalcitonin (PCT) and C-reactive protein (CRP), as well as the adverse reactions were compared between the two groups. Results The response rate of the observation group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P < 0.05). Before treatment, there was no significant difference in the low back pain assessed by the visual analogue scale (VAS), or levels of ESR, PCT and CRP between the two groups (P > 0.05). But after treatment, the VAS score and the levels of ESR, PCT and CRP in observation group were lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05). No significant difference was found in the incidence of adverse reactions (P > 0.05). Conclusion The triple antibiotic therapy of doxycycline, compound sulfamethoxazole and rifampicin is effective in the treatment of brucellosis spondylitis. It can significantly alleviate patients’ back pain and inflammation with a high safety profile, which is worthy of clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Ming Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075000, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Li Jia
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075000, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075000, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei-Nan Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075000, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Yao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075000, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Lin Yin
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075000, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075000, Hebei, People's Republic of China
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Sodiq A, Khan MA, Naas M, Amhamed A. Addressing COVID-19 contagion through the HVAC systems by reviewing indoor airborne nature of infectious microbes: Will an innovative air recirculation concept provide a practical solution? ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 199:111329. [PMID: 34004171 PMCID: PMC8123526 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
As the world continues to grapple with the reality of coronavirus disease, global research communities are racing to develop practical solutions to adjust to the new challenges. One such challenge is the control of indoor air quality in the COVID-19 era and beyond. Since COVID-19 became a global pandemic, the "super spread" of the virus has continued to amaze policymakers despite measures put in place by public health officials to sensitize the general public on the need for social distancing, personal hygiene, etc. In this work, we have reviewed the literature to demonstrate, by investigating the historical and present circumstances, that indoor spread of infectious diseases may be assisted by the conditions of the HVAC systems. While little consideration has been given to the possibility of indoor airborne transmission of the virus, the available reports have demonstrated that the virus, with average aerodynamic diameter up to 80-120 nm, is viable as aerosol in indoor atmosphere for more than 3 h, and its spread may be assisted by the HVAC systems. Having reviewed the vulnerability of the conventional ventilation systems, we recommend innovative air circulation concept supported by the use of UVGI in combination with nanoporous air filter to combat the spread of SARS-CoV-2 and other harmful microbes in enclosed spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Sodiq
- Qatar Environment and Energy Institute (QEERI), Qatar.
| | | | - Mahmoud Naas
- Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
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Babaie E, Alesheikh AA, Tabasi M. Spatial prediction of human brucellosis (HB) using a GIS-based adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). Acta Trop 2021; 220:105951. [PMID: 33979640 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.105951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study pursues three main objectives: 1) exploring the spatial distribution patterns of human brucellosis (HB); 2) identifying parameters affecting the disease spread; and 3) modeling and predicting the spatial distribution of HB cases in 2012-2016 and 2017-2018, respectively, in rural districts of Mazandaran province, Iran. METHODS We collected data on the disease incidence, demography, ecology, climate, topography, and vegetation. Using the Global Moran's I statistic, we measured spatial autocorrelation between log (number of HB cases). We applied the Getis-Ord Gi* statistic to identify areas with high and low risk of the disease. To investigate the relationships between the factors affecting the incidence of HB as input variables together and the factors with the log (number of HB cases) as an output variable, we used the statistical linear regression model and the Pearson correlation coefficient. Then, we implemented a GIS-based adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) with two subtractive clustering and fuzzy c-means (FCM) clustering methods to model and predict the spatial distribution of HB. RESULTS Global Moran's I spatial autocorrelation analysis indicated that the type of HB distribution is clustered in all years except 2014 and 2017, which are random. According to the Getis-Ord Gi* analysis, the location of the hot spots varied during 2012-2018. In 2012 and 2013, most of the hot spots were seen in the west of the province. While in 2018, they were mostly concentrated in the eastern regions of the province. The linear regression model indicated that the parameters affecting the incidence of HB are independent of each other and can explain only 25.3% of the total changes in the log (number of HB cases). The results of the Pearson correlation coefficient showed that there were positive relationships between vegetation, log (population), and the number of sheep and cattle (p-value < 0.05). The above-mentioned factors had the strongest positive correlation with the log (number of HB cases) (p-value < 0.01). These results may be due to the fact that vegetation regions are suitable for livestock grazing, attracting large crowds of people. Therefore, this will increase HB cases. We compared the results of subtractive clustering and FCM clustering methods by evaluation criteria (e.g., linear correlation coefficient (LCC) and mean absolute error (MAE)) in two phases of development and assessment of the ANFIS model. In the assessment phase, we predicted the spatial distribution of log (number of HB cases) in 2017 and 2018 by subtractive clustering (R2 = 0.699, LCC or R = 0.692, MAE = 0.509, MSE = 0.455) and by FCM clustering (R2 = 0.704, LCC or R = 0.697, MAE = 0.512, MSE = 0.448) that showed FCM clustering outperformed the subtractive clustering. CONCLUSION The findings may have important implications for public health. The emergence of the hot spots in the east of the province can be a warning to the health system. Health authorities can use the findings of this study to predict the spread of HB and perform HB prevention programs. They can also investigate the factors affecting the prevalence of the disease, identify high-risk areas, and ultimately allocate resources to high-risk regions.
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Wang Y, Wang Y, Zhang L, Wang A, Yan Y, Chen Y, Li X, Guo A, Robertson ID. An epidemiological study of brucellosis on mainland China during 2004-2018. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:2353-2363. [PMID: 33118288 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Brucellosis has re-emerged in China in recent years, resulting in an increasing health burden and economic losses for humans and the livestock industries. This study integrated data from human and livestock brucellosis surveillance systems to explore the changing epidemiology of brucellosis from 2004 to 2018 in China. A total of 524,980 human cases of brucellosis were reported, with the average annual incidence in humans being significantly higher for the period 2012-2018 than for 2004-2011 (3.3 vs. 1.9 per 100,000 residents). An autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model predicted an upward trend in the monthly incidence of brucellosis in humans in 2019 and 2020. Characteristics including being male, aged 45-54 years, working in the livestock industries, and residing in the northern provinces of China increased the risk of people contracting brucellosis. The percentage of provinces with infected people increased from 67.7% (21/31) in 2004 to all provinces in 2018. A total of 29,115 outbreaks were reported in livestock from 2004 to 2018, with 443,883 seropositive animals although only 381,224 (85.9%) of these were culled. The monthly incidence of brucellosis in humans was strongly positively correlated (r = .539, p < .001) with the number of outbreaks of brucellosis in livestock reported 3 months prior to the human cases. At the provincial level, the annual incidence of brucellosis in humans was significantly positively correlated with the sheep population (r = .786, p < .01). In conclusion, brucellosis in humans and livestock has been spreading in mainland China in the past decade. A more active surveillance of brucellosis in both livestock and humans in China should be coordinated and adjusted by adopting an evidence-based 'One Health' approach, particularly in high-risk regions and livestock industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lina Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Anping Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Yan
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingyu Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,China-Australia Joint Research and Training Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiang Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Aizhen Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,China-Australia Joint Research and Training Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ian D Robertson
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,China-Australia Joint Research and Training Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
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Pavilonis B, Ierardi AM, Levine L, Mirer F, Kelvin EA. Estimating aerosol transmission risk of SARS-CoV-2 in New York City public schools during reopening. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 195:110805. [PMID: 33508262 PMCID: PMC7835536 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to estimate the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission among students and teachers in New York City public schools, the largest school system in the US. Classroom measurements conducted from December 2017 to September 2018 were used to estimate risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission using a modified Wells-Riley equation under a steady-state conditions and varying exposure scenarios (infectious student versus teacher, susceptible student versus teacher, with and without masks). We then used multivariable linear regression with GEE to identify school and classroom factors that impact transmission risk. Overall, 101 classrooms in 19 schools were assessed, 86 during the heating season, 69 during cooling season, and 54 during both. The mean probability of transmission was generally low but varied by scenario (range: 0.0015-0.81). Transmission rates were higher during the heating season (beta=0.108, p=0.010), in schools in higher income neighborhoods (>80K versus 20K-40K beta=0.196, p<0.001) and newer buildings (<50 years beta=0.237, p=<0.001; 50-99 years beta=0.230, p=0.013 versus 100+ years) and lower in schools with mechanical ventilation (beta=0.141, p=0.057). Surprisingly, schools located in older buildings and lower-income neighborhoods had lower transmission probabilities, likely due to the greater outdoor airflow associated with an older, non-renovated buildings that allow air to leak in (i.e. drafty buildings). Despite the generally low risk of school-based transmission found in this study, with SARS-CoV-2 prevalence rising in New York City this risk will increase and additional mitigation steps should be implemented in schools now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Pavilonis
- Department of Environmental, Occupational, and Geospatial Health Sciences, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, NY, USA.
| | - A Michael Ierardi
- Department of Environmental, Occupational, and Geospatial Health Sciences, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, NY, USA; Cardno ChemRisk, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Leon Levine
- Department of Environmental, Occupational, and Geospatial Health Sciences, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, NY, USA
| | - Franklin Mirer
- Department of Environmental, Occupational, and Geospatial Health Sciences, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Kelvin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, NY, USA; CUNY Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
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Khezzani B, Narimane Aouachria A, Khechekhouche EA, Djaballah S, Djedidi T, Bosilkovski M. [Not Available]. SANTE PUBLIQUE (VANDOEUVRE-LES-NANCY, FRANCE) 2021; 33:275-284. [PMID: 34553872 DOI: 10.3917/spub.212.0275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Brucellosis, the most common zoonosis globally, is considered a major public health problem. OBJECTIVE A retrospective study was carried out over 21 years (1998-2018) to determine the epidemiological features of human brucellosis in the province of El-Oued (south-eastern Algeria). RESULTS 1,832 confirmed cases of human brucellosis were reported during the study period, with an average incidence rate of around 12.26 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. The annual distribution of the incidence was characterized by an increasing trend and a strong fluctuation ; its values ranged between 2.27 and 24.96 per 100,000 inhabitants. The monthly distribution showed that the highest incidence rates were recorded from mid-February to July, with a peak of 2.74 cases per 100,000 inhabitants in April.Human brucellosis has affected all municipalities. The highest incidence rate was observed in border municipalities such as Ben Guecha and Oum Tiour (89.76 and 66.14 per inhabitants, respectively).The incidence in the male population was higher than that of the female at 14.63 versus 9.83 per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively, noting that it increases with age. Individuals over 65 years are the most at risk, with an incidence rate of 22.32 per 100,000 inhabitants. CONCLUSION Along with strengthening preventive measures in the population, eliminating brucellosis in animals is the most effective method to protect humans against infection.
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Zhu X, Zhao Z, Ma S, Guo Z, Wang M, Li Z, Liu Z. Brucella melitensis, a latent "travel bacterium," continual spread and expansion from Northern to Southern China and its relationship to worldwide lineages. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 9:1618-1627. [PMID: 32594852 PMCID: PMC7473006 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1788995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Brucellosis caused by Brucella melitensis is considered to
be one of the most important zoonotic diseases in China. In this study, Conventional
bio-typing, MLVA (multiple locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis), and WGS
(whole-genome sequencing)-SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) were used to study the
genetic similarity of B. melitensis in northern and southern
China and analyze its relationship with worldwide lineages. Currently, the distribution of
species/biovars of B. melitensis has obviously changed, and
B. melitensis has become the dominant species in southern
regions of China. Strains from the southern had a common geographic origin with strains
from the northern. Many MLVA-16 events were shared in the genotypes of the southern and
northern strains, suggest that genotypic movement occurred from north to south. Based on
WGS-SNP analysis, strains from different provinces were closely related and may have
descended from one common ancestor, suggests that the southern strains originated from
northern China. These data indicate that B. melitensis is a
latent “travel bacterium” that spread and expanded from North China to South China.
Moreover, B. melitensis strains from China are also
genetically related to strains from other Asian regions (Kazakhstan, Russia, Mongolia, and
India). The movement of infected sheep and their products requires control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Zhu
- Sanya People's Hospital, Sanya, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongzhi Zhao
- School of Medical Technology, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuyi Ma
- Qinghai Institute for Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Xining, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Guo
- Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Center for Comprehensive Disease Control and Prevention, Huhhot, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao Wang
- Ulanqab Centre for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Jining, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenjun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiguo Liu
- Sanya People's Hospital, Sanya, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Zou W, Xia M, Jiang K, Cao Z, Zhang X, Hu X. Photo-Oxidative Degradation Mitigated the Developmental Toxicity of Polyamide Microplastics to Zebrafish Larvae by Modulating Macrophage-Triggered Proinflammatory Responses and Apoptosis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:13888-13898. [PMID: 33078945 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous in the environment and pose substantial threats to the water ecosystem. However, the impact of natural aging of MPs on their toxicity has rarely been considered. This study found that visible light irradiation with hydrogen peroxide at environmentally relevant concentration for 90 days significantly altered the physicochemical properties and mitigated the toxicity of polyamide (PA) fragments to infantile zebrafish. The size of PA particles was reduced from ∼8.13 to ∼6.37 μm, and nanoparticles were produced with a maximum yield of 5.03%. The end amino groups were volatilized, and abundant oxygen-containing groups (e.g., hydroxyl and carboxyl) and carbon-centered free radicals were generated, improving the hydrophilicity and colloidal stability of degraded MPs. Compared with pristine PA, the depuration of degraded MPs mediated by multixenobiotics resistance was much quicker, leading to markedly lower bioaccumulation in fish and weaker inhibition on musculoskeletal development. By integrating transcriptomics and transgenic zebrafish [Tg(lyz:EGFP)] tests, differences in macrophages-triggered proinflammatory effects, apoptosis via IL-17 signaling pathway, and antioxidant damages were identified as the underlying mechanisms for the attenuated toxicity of degraded MPs. This work highlights the importance of natural degradation on the toxicity of MPs, which has great implications for risk assessment of MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zou
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory on Key Techniques in Water Treatment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Mengli Xia
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory on Key Techniques in Water Treatment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Kai Jiang
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory on Key Techniques in Water Treatment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Zhiguo Cao
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory on Key Techniques in Water Treatment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xingli Zhang
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory on Key Techniques in Water Treatment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xiangang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education)/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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Peng C, Zhou H, Guan P, Wu W, Huang DS. An estimate of the incidence and quantitative risk assessment of human brucellosis in mainland China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:1898-1908. [PMID: 32077219 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Two epidemiological models were applied to simulate whether animals with latent infections were contagious and calculate the outcomes of people that contracting brucellosis by all possible transmission routes under control measures implemented by the Chinese government. The health and economic burden of brucellosis overall presented an increasing trend from 2004 to 2017. Scenarios from epidemiological models showed that a larger scale of vaccine coverage would contribute to fewer infections in livestock and humans. S2 vaccine, the disinfection of the environment and the protection of the susceptible animals and humans could effectively reverse the trend of increasing brucellosis and reduce the incidence rates of brucellosis in humans to curb the epidemic of brucellosis in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Peng
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Impression Evidence Examination Technology, Criminal Investigation Police, University of China, Shenyang, China
| | - Peng Guan
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - De-Sheng Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Mathematics, School of Fundamental Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Aragón-Aranda B, de Miguel MJ, Lázaro-Antón L, Salvador-Bescós M, Zúñiga-Ripa A, Moriyón I, Iriarte M, Muñoz PM, Conde-Álvarez R. Development of attenuated live vaccine candidates against swine brucellosis in a non-zoonotic B. suis biovar 2 background. Vet Res 2020; 51:92. [PMID: 32703299 PMCID: PMC7376850 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00815-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucella is a genus of gram-negative bacteria that cause brucellosis. B. abortus and B. melitensis infect domestic ruminants while B. suis (biovars 1-3) infect swine, and all these bacteria but B. suis biovar 2 are zoonotic. Live attenuated B. abortus S19 and B. melitensis Rev1 are effective vaccines in domestic ruminants, though both can infect humans. However, there is no swine brucellosis vaccine. Here, we investigated the potential use as vaccines of B. suis biovar 2 rough (R) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) mutants totally lacking O-chain (Bs2ΔwbkF) or only producing internal O-chain precursors (Bs2Δwzm) and mutants with a smooth (S) LPS defective in the core lateral branch (Bs2ΔwadB and Bs2ΔwadD). We also investigated mutants in the pyruvate phosphate dikinase (Bs2ΔppdK) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (Bs2ΔpckA) genes encoding enzymes bridging phosphoenolpyruvate and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. When tested in the OIE mouse model at the recommended R or S vaccine doses (108 and 105 CFU, respectively), CFU/spleen of all LPS mutants were reduced with respect to the wild type and decreased faster for the R than for the S mutants. At those doses, protection against B. suis was similar for Bs2ΔwbkF, Bs2Δwzm, Bs2ΔwadB and the Rev1 control (105 CFU). As described before for B. abortus, B. suis biovar 2 carried a disabled pckA so that a double mutant Bs2ΔppdKΔpckA had the same metabolic phenotype as Bs2ΔppdK and ppdK mutation was enough to generate attenuation. At 105 CFU, Bs2ΔppdK also conferred the same protection as Rev1. As compared to other B. suis vaccine candidates described before, the mutants described here simultaneously carry irreversible deletions easy to identify as vaccine markers, lack antibiotic-resistance markers and were obtained in a non-zoonotic background. Since R vaccines should not elicit antibodies to the S-LPS and wzm mutants carry immunogenic O-chain precursors and did not improve Bs2ΔwbkF, the latter seems a better R vaccine candidate than Bs2Δwzm. However, taking into account that all R vaccines interfere in ELISA and other widely used assays, whether Bs2ΔwbkF is advantageous over Bs2ΔwadB or Bs2ΔppdK requires experiments in the natural host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Aragón-Aranda
- Instituto de Salud Tropical (ISTUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA) and Dpto. de Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad de Navarra, c/Irunlarrea 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - María Jesús de Miguel
- Unidad de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Avda. Montañana 930, 50059, Zaragoza, Spain.,Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Leticia Lázaro-Antón
- Instituto de Salud Tropical (ISTUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA) and Dpto. de Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad de Navarra, c/Irunlarrea 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Miriam Salvador-Bescós
- Instituto de Salud Tropical (ISTUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA) and Dpto. de Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad de Navarra, c/Irunlarrea 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Amaia Zúñiga-Ripa
- Instituto de Salud Tropical (ISTUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA) and Dpto. de Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad de Navarra, c/Irunlarrea 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Moriyón
- Instituto de Salud Tropical (ISTUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA) and Dpto. de Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad de Navarra, c/Irunlarrea 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maite Iriarte
- Instituto de Salud Tropical (ISTUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA) and Dpto. de Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad de Navarra, c/Irunlarrea 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pilar M Muñoz
- Unidad de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Avda. Montañana 930, 50059, Zaragoza, Spain. .,Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Raquel Conde-Álvarez
- Instituto de Salud Tropical (ISTUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA) and Dpto. de Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad de Navarra, c/Irunlarrea 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.
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Liu Z, Wei D, Li Y, Zhou H, Huang D, Guan P. Different Clinical Manifestations of Human Brucellosis in Pregnant Women: A Systematic Scoping Review of 521 Cases from 10 Countries. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:1067-1079. [PMID: 32341659 PMCID: PMC7166055 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s248779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction This systematic scoping review aims to assess the frequency and severity of clinical manifestations of pregnant women with brucellosis. Methods Three literature databases, PubMed, Web of Science and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and two search engines (Google and Yahoo) were adopted to identify the relevant articles that published until 31 December 2019. Two investigators independently screened the publications and extracted the data; the case reports and case series which described at least two symptoms or clinical manifestations of pregnant women with brucellosis were included. Results A total of 27 articles describing the information of 521 pregnant women with brucellosis were included. Serum agglutination test was the most common laboratory test in the diagnosis of brucellosis. A total of 36 clinical manifestations were extracted from the included articles, and the most common clinical manifestations were fever (400, 76.8%), joint pain/swelling/arthralgia (389, 74.7%), sweats (382, 73.3%), fatigue/asthenia/weakness (262, 50.3%) and back pain (189, 36.3%). Among the 32 included individual cases that with available obstetric outcome information, 10 (31.3%) suffered preterm delivery, 12 (37.5%) had an abortion and 3 (9.8%) had intrauterine fetal death. Conclusion Brucellosis is popular and threatening for pregnant women. Regarding the localized body system complications, osteoarticular system was mostly involved, the obstetrics outcomes were severe among pregnant women with brucellosis. The detailed clinical and epidemiological characteristics in this scoping review may add a better and more complete understanding of the disease for both physicians and policy-makers, and provide evidence for timely diagnosis, adequate therapy and better prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Dawei Wei
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjun Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.,Department of Impression Evidence Examination Technology, Criminal Investigation Police University of China, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Desheng Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.,Department of Mathematics, School of Fundamental Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Guan
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
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Yang H, Zhang S, Wang T, Zhao C, Zhang X, Hu J, Han C, Hu F, Luo J, Li B, Zhao W, Li K, Wang Y, Zhen Q. Epidemiological Characteristics and Spatiotemporal Trend Analysis of Human Brucellosis in China, 1950-2018. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E2382. [PMID: 32244493 PMCID: PMC7178157 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17072382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The rate of brucellosis, a zoonotic disease, has rapidly increased in humans brucellosis(HB) in recent years. In 1950-2018, a total of 684,380 HB cases (median 2274/year (interquartile range (IQR) 966-8325)) were reported to the National Infectious Disease Surveillance System in mainland China. The incidence of HB peaked in 2014 (4.32/100,000), and then showed a downward trend; we predict that it will maintain a steady downward trend in 2019-2020. Since 2015, the incidence of HB has shown opposite trends in the north and south of China; rates in the north have fallen and rates in the south have increased. In 2004-2018, the most significant increases in incidence of HB were in Yunnan (IQR 0.002-0.463/100,000), Hubei (IQR 0.000-0.338/100,000), and Guangdong (IQR 0.015-0.350/100,000). The areas where HB occurs have little overlap with areas with high per capita GDP in China. The "high-high" clusters of HB are located in northeastern China (Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Ningxia, Shanxi, and Gansu), and the "low-low" clusters of HB are located in southern China (Yunnan, Jiangxi, Shanghai, Guangxi, Guangdong, Zhejiang, Guizhou, and Hunan). In recent years, the incidence of HB in China has been controlled to some extent, but the incidence of HB has increased in southern China, and the disease has spread geographically in China from north to south. Further research is needed to address this change and to continue to explore the relationship between the incidence of HB and relevant factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixin Yang
- Jilin University School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130000, China; (H.Y.); (S.Z.); (T.W.); (C.Z.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (C.H.); (F.H.); (J.L.); (B.L.)
| | - Siwen Zhang
- Jilin University School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130000, China; (H.Y.); (S.Z.); (T.W.); (C.Z.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (C.H.); (F.H.); (J.L.); (B.L.)
| | - Taijun Wang
- Jilin University School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130000, China; (H.Y.); (S.Z.); (T.W.); (C.Z.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (C.H.); (F.H.); (J.L.); (B.L.)
| | - Chenhao Zhao
- Jilin University School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130000, China; (H.Y.); (S.Z.); (T.W.); (C.Z.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (C.H.); (F.H.); (J.L.); (B.L.)
| | - Xiangyi Zhang
- Jilin University School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130000, China; (H.Y.); (S.Z.); (T.W.); (C.Z.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (C.H.); (F.H.); (J.L.); (B.L.)
| | - Jing Hu
- Jilin University School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130000, China; (H.Y.); (S.Z.); (T.W.); (C.Z.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (C.H.); (F.H.); (J.L.); (B.L.)
| | - Chenyu Han
- Jilin University School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130000, China; (H.Y.); (S.Z.); (T.W.); (C.Z.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (C.H.); (F.H.); (J.L.); (B.L.)
| | - Fangfang Hu
- Jilin University School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130000, China; (H.Y.); (S.Z.); (T.W.); (C.Z.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (C.H.); (F.H.); (J.L.); (B.L.)
| | - Jingjing Luo
- Jilin University School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130000, China; (H.Y.); (S.Z.); (T.W.); (C.Z.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (C.H.); (F.H.); (J.L.); (B.L.)
| | - Biao Li
- Jilin University School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130000, China; (H.Y.); (S.Z.); (T.W.); (C.Z.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (C.H.); (F.H.); (J.L.); (B.L.)
| | - Wei Zhao
- Jilin Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Microbiological laboratory, Changchun 130000, China; (W.Z.); (K.L.)
| | - Kewei Li
- Jilin Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Microbiological laboratory, Changchun 130000, China; (W.Z.); (K.L.)
| | - Ying Wang
- Jilin Province First Institute of Endemic Disease Control, Brucellosis Research Laboratory, Changchun 130000, China;
| | - Qing Zhen
- Jilin University School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130000, China; (H.Y.); (S.Z.); (T.W.); (C.Z.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (C.H.); (F.H.); (J.L.); (B.L.)
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