1
|
Graham JB, Swarts JL, Leist SR, Schäfer A, Bell TA, Hock P, Farrington J, Shaw GD, Ferris MT, Pardo-Manuel de Villena F, Baric RS, Lund JM. Unique immune profiles in collaborative cross mice linked to survival and viral clearance upon infection. iScience 2024; 27:109103. [PMID: 38361611 PMCID: PMC10867580 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The response to infection is generally heterogeneous and diverse, with some individuals remaining asymptomatic while others present with severe disease or a diverse range of symptoms. Here, we address the role of host genetics on immune phenotypes and clinical outcomes following viral infection by studying genetically diverse mice from the Collaborative Cross (CC), allowing for use of a small animal model with controlled genetic diversity while maintaining genetic replicates. We demonstrate variation by deeply profiling a broad range of innate and adaptive immune cell phenotypes at steady-state in 63 genetically distinct CC mouse strains and link baseline immune signatures with virologic and clinical disease outcomes following infection of mice with herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This work serves as a resource for CC strain selection based on steady-state immune phenotypes or disease presentation upon viral infection, and further, points to possible pre-infection immune correlates of survival and early viral clearance upon infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica B. Graham
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jessica L. Swarts
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sarah R. Leist
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Alexandra Schäfer
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Timothy A. Bell
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Pablo Hock
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Joe Farrington
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ginger D. Shaw
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Martin T. Ferris
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Fernando Pardo-Manuel de Villena
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ralph S. Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Lund
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abu-Toamih-Atamni HJ, Lone IM, Binenbaum I, Mott R, Pilalis E, Chatziioannou A, Iraqi FA. Mapping novel QTL and fine mapping of previously identified QTL associated with glucose tolerance using the collaborative cross mice. Mamm Genome 2024; 35:31-55. [PMID: 37978084 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-023-10025-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
A chronic metabolic illness, type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a polygenic and multifactorial complicated disease. With an estimated 463 million persons aged 20 to 79 having diabetes, the number is expected to rise to 700 million by 2045, creating a significant worldwide health burden. Polygenic variants of diabetes are influenced by environmental variables. T2D is regarded as a silent illness that can advance for years before being diagnosed. Finding genetic markers for T2D and metabolic syndrome in groups with similar environmental exposure is therefore essential to understanding the mechanism of such complex characteristic illnesses. So herein, we demonstrated the exclusive use of the collaborative cross (CC) mouse reference population to identify novel quantitative trait loci (QTL) and, subsequently, suggested genes associated with host glucose tolerance in response to a high-fat diet. In this study, we used 539 mice from 60 different CC lines. The diabetogenic effect in response to high-fat dietary challenge was measured by the three-hour intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) test after 12 weeks of dietary challenge. Data analysis was performed using a statistical software package IBM SPSS Statistic 23. Afterward, blood glucose concentration at the specific and between different time points during the IPGTT assay and the total area under the curve (AUC0-180) of the glucose clearance was computed and utilized as a marker for the presence and severity of diabetes. The observed AUC0-180 averages for males and females were 51,267.5 and 36,537.5 mg/dL, respectively, representing a 1.4-fold difference in favor of females with lower AUC0-180 indicating adequate glucose clearance. The AUC0-180 mean differences between the sexes within each specific CC line varied widely within the CC population. A total of 46 QTL associated with the different studied phenotypes, designated as T2DSL and its number, for Type 2 Diabetes Specific Locus and its number, were identified during our study, among which 19 QTL were not previously mapped. The genomic interval of the remaining 27 QTL previously reported, were fine mapped in our study. The genomic positions of 40 of the mapped QTL overlapped (clustered) on 11 different peaks or close genomic positions, while the remaining 6 QTL were unique. Further, our study showed a complex pattern of haplotype effects of the founders, with the wild-derived strains (mainly PWK) playing a significant role in the increase of AUC values.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanifa J Abu-Toamih-Atamni
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 69978, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Iqbal M Lone
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 69978, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Ilona Binenbaum
- Center of Systems Biology, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Soranou Ephessiou Str, 11527, Athens, Greece
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Richard Mott
- Department of Genetics, University College of London, London, UK
| | | | - Aristotelis Chatziioannou
- Center of Systems Biology, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Soranou Ephessiou Str, 11527, Athens, Greece
- e-NIOS Applications PC, 196 Syggrou Ave., 17671, Kallithea, Greece
| | - Fuad A Iraqi
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 69978, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bergmann S, Brunotte L, Schughart K. Differential lung gene expression changes in C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice carrying an identical functional Mx1 gene reveals crucial differences in the host response. BMC Genom Data 2024; 25:19. [PMID: 38360537 PMCID: PMC10870463 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-024-01203-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza virus infections represent a major global health problem. The dynamin-like GTPase MX1 is an interferon-dependent antiviral host protein that confers resistance to influenza virus infections. Infection models in mice are an important experimental system to understand the host response and susceptibility to developing severe disease following influenza infections. However, almost all laboratory mouse strains carry a non-functional Mx1 gene whereas humans have a functional MX1 gene. Most studies in mice have been performed with strains carrying a non-functional Mx1 gene. It is therefore very important to investigate the host response in mouse strains with a functional Mx1 gene. RESULTS Here, we analyzed the host response to influenza virus infections in two congenic mouse strains carrying the functional Mx1 gene from the A2G strain. B6.A2G-Mx1r/r(B6-Mx1r/r) mice are highly resistant to influenza A virus (IAV) H1N1 infections. On the other hand, D2(B6).A2G-Mx1r/r(D2-Mx1r/r) mice, although carrying a functional Mx1 gene, were highly susceptible, exhibited rapid weight loss, and died. We performed gene expression analysis using RNAseq from infected lungs at days 3 and 5 post-infection (p.i.) of both mouse strains to identify genes and pathways that were differentially expressed between the two mouse strains. The susceptible D2-Mx1r/r mice showed a high viral replication already at day 3 p.i. and exhibited a much higher number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and many DEGs had elevated expression levels compared to B6-Mx1r/r mice. On the other hand, some DEGs were specifically up-regulated only in B6-Mx1r/r mice at day 3 p.i., many of which were related to host immune response functions. CONCLUSIONS From these results, we conclude that at early times of infection, D2-Mx1r/r mice showed a very high and rapid replication of the virus, which resulted in lung damage and a hyperinflammatory response leading to death. We hypothesize that the activation of certain immune response genes was missing and that others, especially Mx1, were expressed at a time in D2-Mx1r/r mice when the virus had already massively spread in the lung and were thus not able anymore to protect them from severe disease. Our study represents an important addition to previously published studies in mouse models and contributes to a better understanding of the molecular pathways and genes that protect against severe influenza disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silke Bergmann
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Linda Brunotte
- Institute of Virology Münster, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Straße 56, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Klaus Schughart
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
- Institute of Virology Münster, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Straße 56, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gong HH, Worley MJ, Carver KA, Goldstein DR, Deng JC. Neutrophils drive pulmonary vascular leakage in MHV-1 infection of susceptible A/J mice. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1089064. [PMID: 36685578 PMCID: PMC9853883 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1089064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lung inflammation, neutrophil infiltration, and pulmonary vascular leakage are pathological hallmarks of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) which can lethally complicate respiratory viral infections. Despite similar comorbidities, however, infections in some patients may be asymptomatic while others develop ARDS as seen with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections for example. Methods In this study, we infected resistant C57BL/6 and susceptible A/J strains of mice with pulmonary administration of murine hepatitis virus strain 1 (MHV-1) to determine mechanisms underlying susceptibility to pulmonary vascular leakage in a respiratory coronavirus infection model. Results A/J animals displayed increased lung injury parameters, pulmonary neutrophil influx, and deficient recruitment of other leukocytes early in the infection. Moreover, under basal conditions, A/J neutrophils overexpressed primary granule protein genes for myeloperoxidase and multiple serine proteases. During infection, myeloperoxidase and elastase protein were released in the bronchoalveolar spaces at higher concentrations compared to C57BL/6 mice. In contrast, genes from other granule types were not differentially expressed between these 2 strains. We found that depletion of neutrophils led to mitigation of lung injury in infected A/J mice while having no effect in the C57BL/6 mice, demonstrating that an altered neutrophil phenotype and recruitment profile is a major driver of lung immunopathology in susceptible mice. Conclusions These results suggest that host susceptibility to pulmonary coronaviral infections may be governed in part by underlying differences in neutrophil phenotypes, which can vary between mice strains, through mechanisms involving primary granule proteins as mediators of neutrophil-driven lung injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henry H. Gong
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs (VA) Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Matthew J. Worley
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs (VA) Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Kyle A. Carver
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs (VA) Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Daniel R. Goldstein
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jane C. Deng
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Medicine Service, Veterans Affairs (VA) Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sabikunnahar B, Lahue KG, Asarian L, Fang Q, McGill MM, Haynes L, Teuscher C, Krementsov DN. Sex differences in susceptibility to influenza A virus infection depend on host genotype. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273050. [PMID: 36112601 PMCID: PMC9481031 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with the respiratory pathogen influenza A virus (IAV) causes significant morbidity and mortality each year. While host genotype is thought to contribute to severity of disease, naturally occurring genetic determinants remain mostly unknown. Moreover, more severe disease is seen in women compared with men, but genetic mechanisms underlying this sex difference remain obscure. Here, using IAV infection in a mouse model of naturally selected genetic diversity, namely C57BL6/J (B6) mice carrying chromosomes (Chr) derived from the wild-derived and genetically divergent PWD/PhJ (PWD) mouse strain (B6.ChrPWD consomic mice), we examined the effects of genotype and sex on severity of IAV-induced disease. Compared with B6, parental PWD mice were completely protected from IAV-induced disease, a phenotype that was fully recapitulated in the B6.Chr16PWD strain carrying the PWD-derived allele of Mx1. In contrast, several other consomic strains, including B6.Chr3PWD and B6.Chr5PWD, demonstrated greatly increased susceptibility. Notably, B6.Chr5PWD and B6.ChrX.3PWD strains, the latter carrying the distal one-third of ChrX from PWD, exhibited increased morbidity and mortality specifically in male but not female mice. Follow up analyses focused on B6 and B6.ChrX.3PWD strains demonstrated moderately elevated viral load in B6.ChrX3PWD male, but not female mice. Transcriptional profiling demonstrated genotype- and sex-specific gene expression profiles in the infected lung, with male B6.ChrX.3 mice exhibiting the most significant changes, including upregulation of a proinflammatory gene expression program associated with myeloid cells, and altered sex-biased expression of several X-linked genes that represent positional candidates, including Tlr13 and Slc25a53. Taken together, our results identify novel loci on autosomes and the X chromosome regulating IAV susceptibility and demonstrate that sex differences in IAV susceptibility are genotype-dependent, suggesting that future genetic association studies need to consider sex as a covariate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bristy Sabikunnahar
- Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States of America
| | - Karolyn G. Lahue
- Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States of America
| | - Loredana Asarian
- Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States of America
| | - Qian Fang
- Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States of America
| | - Mahalia M. McGill
- Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States of America
| | - Laura Haynes
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, UConn Center on Aging, Farmington, CT, United States of America
| | - Cory Teuscher
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States of America
| | - Dimitry N. Krementsov
- Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
RNA-based gene therapy requires therapeutic RNA to function inside target cells without eliciting unwanted immune responses. RNA can be ferried into cells using non-viral drug delivery systems, which circumvent the limitations of viral delivery vectors. Here, we review the growing number of RNA therapeutic classes, their molecular mechanisms of action, and the design considerations for their respective delivery platforms. We describe polymer-based, lipid-based, and conjugate-based drug delivery systems, differentiating between those that passively and those that actively target specific cell types. Finally, we describe the path from preclinical drug delivery research to clinical approval, highlighting opportunities to improve the efficiency with which new drug delivery systems are discovered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kalina Paunovska
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David Loughrey
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - James E Dahlman
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Metabolomic Analysis of Diverse Mice Reveals Hepatic Arginase-1 as Source of Plasma Arginase in Plasmodium chabaudi Infection. mBio 2021; 12:e0242421. [PMID: 34607466 PMCID: PMC8546868 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02424-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections disrupt host metabolism, but the factors that dictate the nature and magnitude of metabolic change are incompletely characterized. To determine how host metabolism changes in relation to disease severity in murine malaria, we performed plasma metabolomics on eight Plasmodium chabaudi-infected mouse strains with diverse disease phenotypes. We identified plasma metabolic biomarkers for both the nature and severity of different malarial pathologies. A subset of metabolic changes, including plasma arginine depletion, match the plasma metabolomes of human malaria patients, suggesting new connections between pathology and metabolism in human malaria. In our malarial mice, liver damage, which releases hepatic arginase-1 (Arg1) into circulation, correlated with plasma arginine depletion. We confirmed that hepatic Arg1 was the primary source of increased plasma arginase activity in our model, which motivates further investigation of liver damage in human malaria patients. More broadly, our approach shows how leveraging phenotypic diversity can identify and validate relationships between metabolism and the pathophysiology of infectious disease. IMPORTANCE Malaria is a severe and sometimes fatal infectious disease endemic to tropical and subtropical regions. Effective vaccines against malaria-causing Plasmodium parasites remain elusive, and malaria treatments often fail to prevent severe disease. Small molecules that target host metabolism have recently emerged as candidates for therapeutics in malaria and other diseases. However, our limited understanding of how metabolites affect pathophysiology limits our ability to develop new metabolite therapies. By providing a rich data set of metabolite-pathology correlations and by validating one of those correlations, our work is an important step toward harnessing metabolism to mitigate disease. Specifically, we showed that liver damage in P. chabaudi-infected mice releases hepatic arginase-1 into circulation, where it may deplete plasma arginine, a candidate malaria therapeutic that mitigates vascular stress. Our data suggest that liver damage may confound efforts to increase levels of arginine in human malaria patients.
Collapse
|
8
|
Schaffenrath J, Huang SF, Wyss T, Delorenzi M, Keller A. Characterization of the blood-brain barrier in genetically diverse laboratory mouse strains. Fluids Barriers CNS 2021; 18:34. [PMID: 34321020 PMCID: PMC8317333 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-021-00269-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genetic variation in a population has an influence on the manifestation of monogenic as well as multifactorial disorders, with the underlying genetic contribution dependent on several interacting variants. Common laboratory mouse strains used for modelling human disease lack the genetic variability of the human population. Therefore, outcomes of rodent studies show limited relevance to human disease. The functionality of brain vasculature is an important modifier of brain diseases. Importantly, the restrictive interface between blood and brain—the blood–brain barrier (BBB) serves as a major obstacle for the drug delivery into the central nervous system (CNS). Using genetically diverse mouse strains, we aimed to investigate the phenotypic and transcriptomic variation of the healthy BBB in different inbred mouse strains. Methods We investigated the heterogeneity of brain vasculature in recently wild-derived mouse strains (CAST/EiJ, WSB/EiJ, PWK/PhJ) and long-inbred mouse strains (129S1/SvImJ, A/J, C57BL/6J, DBA/2J, NOD/ShiLtJ) using different phenotypic arms. We used immunohistochemistry and confocal laser microscopy followed by quantitative image analysis to determine vascular density and pericyte coverage in two brain regions—cortex and hippocampus. Using a low molecular weight fluorescence tracer, sodium fluorescein and spectrophotometry analysis, we assessed BBB permeability in young and aged mice of selected strains. For further phenotypic characterization of endothelial cells in inbred mouse strains, we performed bulk RNA sequencing of sorted endothelial cells isolated from cortex and hippocampus. Results Cortical vessel density and pericyte coverage did not differ among the investigated strains, except in the cortex, where PWK/PhJ showed lower vessel density compared to NOD/ShiLtJ, and a higher pericyte coverage than DBA/2J. The vascular density in the hippocampus differed among analyzed strains but not the pericyte coverage. The staining patterns of endothelial arteriovenous zonation markers were similar in different strains. BBB permeability to a small fluorescent tracer, sodium fluorescein, was also similar in different strains, except in the hippocampus where the CAST/EiJ showed higher permeability than NOD/ShiLtJ. Transcriptomic analysis of endothelial cells revealed that sex of the animal was a major determinant of gene expression differences. In addition, the expression level of several genes implicated in endothelial function and BBB biology differed between wild-derived and long-inbred mouse strains. In aged mice of three investigated strains (DBA/2J, A/J, C57BL/6J) vascular density and pericyte coverage did not change—expect for DBA/2J, whereas vascular permeability to sodium fluorescein increased in all three strains. Conclusions Our analysis shows that although there were no major differences in parenchymal vascular morphology and paracellular BBB permeability for small molecular weight tracer between investigated mouse strains or sexes, transcriptomic differences of brain endothelial cells point to variation in gene expression of the intact BBB. These baseline variances might be confounding factors in pathological conditions that may lead to a differential functional outcome dependent on the sex or genetic polymorphism. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12987-021-00269-w.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Schaffenrath
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich University, Zürich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zürich, University of Zürich and ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sheng-Fu Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich University, Zürich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zürich, University of Zürich and ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tania Wyss
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Oncology, University Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Delorenzi
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Oncology, University Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Annika Keller
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich University, Zürich, Switzerland. .,Neuroscience Center Zürich, University of Zürich and ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Spruit CM, Nemanichvili N, Okamatsu M, Takematsu H, Boons GJ, de Vries RP. N-Glycolylneuraminic Acid in Animal Models for Human Influenza A Virus. Viruses 2021; 13:815. [PMID: 34062844 PMCID: PMC8147317 DOI: 10.3390/v13050815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The first step in influenza virus infection is the binding of hemagglutinin to sialic acid-containing glycans present on the cell surface. Over 50 different sialic acid modifications are known, of which N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) are the two main species. Animal models with α2,6 linked Neu5Ac in the upper respiratory tract, similar to humans, are preferred to enable and mimic infection with unadapted human influenza A viruses. Animal models that are currently most often used to study human influenza are mice and ferrets. Additionally, guinea pigs, cotton rats, Syrian hamsters, tree shrews, domestic swine, and non-human primates (macaques and marmosets) are discussed. The presence of NeuGc and the distribution of sialic acid linkages in the most commonly used models is summarized and experimentally determined. We also evaluated the role of Neu5Gc in infection using Neu5Gc binding viruses and cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH)-/- knockout mice, which lack Neu5Gc and concluded that Neu5Gc is unlikely to be a decoy receptor. This article provides a base for choosing an appropriate animal model. Although mice are one of the most favored models, they are hardly naturally susceptible to infection with human influenza viruses, possibly because they express mainly α2,3 linked sialic acids with both Neu5Ac and Neu5Gc modifications. We suggest using ferrets, which resemble humans closely in the sialic acid content, both in the linkages and the lack of Neu5Gc, lung organization, susceptibility, and disease pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cindy M. Spruit
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (C.M.S.); (G.-J.B.)
| | - Nikoloz Nemanichvili
- Division of Pathology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Masatoshi Okamatsu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Hokkaido, Japan;
| | - Hiromu Takematsu
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake, Toyoake 470-1192, Aichi, Japan;
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (C.M.S.); (G.-J.B.)
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Robert P. de Vries
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (C.M.S.); (G.-J.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hosseini S, Michaelsen-Preusse K, Schughart K, Korte M. Long-Term Consequence of Non-neurotropic H3N2 Influenza A Virus Infection for the Progression of Alzheimer's Disease Symptoms. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:643650. [PMID: 33994946 PMCID: PMC8113629 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.643650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses until today are a leading cause of worldwide severe pandemics and represent a major threat to human and animal health. Although the primary target of influenza viruses is the lung, infection may manifest with acute and even chronic neurological complications (e.g., status epilepticus, encephalopathies, and encephalitis) potentially increasing the long-term risk for neurodegenerative diseases. We previously described that a peripheral influenza A virus (IAV) infection caused by non-neurotropic H3N2 (maHK68) variant leads to long-term neuroinflammation and synapse loss together with impaired memory formation in young adult mice. Processes of neuroinflammation have been associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and prolonged or excessive innate immune responses are considered a risk factor for AD. Here, the role of purely peripheral IAV infection for the development and progression of AD in a transgenic mouse model (APP/PS1) was investigated. At 2 months of age, mice were infected with H3N2 IAV and the detailed analysis of microglia morphology revealed neuroinflammation in the hippocampus already of 6 months old non-infected APP/PS1 mice together with impaired spatial learning, however, microglia activation, amyloid-β plaques load and cognitive impairments were even more pronounced in APP/PS1 mice upon H3N2 infection. Moreover, CA1 hippocampal dendritic spine density was reduced even at 120 dpi compared to wild-type and also to non-infected APP/PS1 mice, whereas neuronal cells number was not altered. These findings demonstrate that non-neurotropic H3N2 IAV infection as a peripheral immune stimulation may exacerbate AD symptoms possibly by triggering microglial hyperactivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Hosseini
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, TU-Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Klaus Schughart
- Department of Infection Genetics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Infection Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Martin Korte
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, TU-Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Martin MD, Sompallae R, Winborn CS, Harty JT, Badovinac VP. Diverse CD8 T Cell Responses to Viral Infection Revealed by the Collaborative Cross. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107508. [PMID: 32294433 PMCID: PMC7212788 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.03.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced host protection against re-infection requires generation of memory T cells of sufficient quantity and functional quality. Unlike well-studied inbred mice, T cell responses of diverse size and quality are generated following infection of humans and outbred mice. Thus, additional models are needed that accurately reflect variation in immune outcomes in genetically diverse populations and to uncover underlying genetic causes. The Collaborative Cross (CC), a large recombinant inbred panel of mice, is an ideal model in this pursuit for the high degree of genetic variation present, because it allows for assessment of genetic factors underlying unique phenotypes. Here, we advance the utility of the CC as a tool to analyze the immune response to viral infection. We describe variability in resting immune cell composition and adaptive immune responses generated among CC strains following systemic virus infection and reveal quantitative trait loci responsible for generation of CD62L+ memory CD8 T cells. Martin et al. advance the use of the Collaborative Cross (CC) for studying adaptive immune responses. They demonstrate that the CC better models variation in T cell responses seen in outbred mice and humans and that it can uncover genes linked to generation of qualitatively distinct memory cells following infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Martin
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | | | | | - John T Harty
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Vladimir P Badovinac
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yang HS, Onos KD, Choi K, Keezer KJ, Skelly DA, Carter GW, Howell GR. Natural genetic variation determines microglia heterogeneity in wild-derived mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108739. [PMID: 33567283 PMCID: PMC7937391 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic and genome-wide association studies suggest a central role for microglia in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of microglia in mice, a key preclinical model, has shown mixed results regarding translatability to human studies. To address this, scRNA-seq of microglia from C57BL/6J (B6) and wild-derived strains (WSB/EiJ, CAST/EiJ, and PWK/PhJ) with and without APP/PS1 demonstrates that genetic diversity significantly alters features and dynamics of microglia in baseline neuroimmune functions and in response to amyloidosis. Results show significant variation in the abundance of microglial subtypes or states, including numbers of previously identified disease-associated and interferon-responding microglia, across the strains. For each subtype, significant differences in the expression of many genes are observed in wild-derived strains relative to B6, including 19 genes previously associated with human AD including Apoe, Trem2, and Sorl1. This resource is critical in the development of appropriately targeted therapeutics for AD and other neurological diseases. Neuroinflammation is a key component of Alzheimer’s disease. Yang et al. perform single-cell sequencing of microglia in wild-derived mouse strains that carry amyloid and show that these strains differ from the commonly used strains, exhibiting significant variation in abundance of microglial subtypes, including numbers of disease-associated and interferon-responding microglia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Gregory W Carter
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA; Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Gareth R Howell
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA; Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Griffin LE, Essenmacher L, Racine KC, Iglesias-Carres L, Tessem JS, Smith SM, Neilson AP. Diet-induced obesity in genetically diverse collaborative cross mouse founder strains reveals diverse phenotype response and amelioration by quercetin treatment in 129S1/SvImJ, PWK/EiJ, CAST/PhJ, and WSB/EiJ mice. J Nutr Biochem 2021; 87:108521. [PMID: 33039581 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2020.108521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Significant evidence suggests protective effects of flavonoids against obesity in animal models, but these often do not translate to humans. One explanation for this disconnect is use of a few mouse strains (notably C57BL/6 J) in obesity studies. Obesity is a multifactorial disease. The underlying causes are not fully replicated by the high-fat C57BL/6 J model, despite phenotypic similarities. Furthermore, the impact of genetic factors on the activities of flavonoids is unknown. This study was designed to explore how diverse mouse strains respond to diet-induced obesity when fed a representative flavonoid. A subset of Collaborative Cross founder strains (males and females) were placed on dietary treatments (low-fat, high-fat, high-fat with quercetin, high-fat with quercetin and antibiotics) longitudinally. Diverse responses were observed across strains and sexes. Quercetin appeared to moderately blunt weight gain in male C57 and both sexes of 129S1/SvImJ mice, and slightly increased weight gain in female C57 mice. Surprisingly, quercetin dramatically blunted weight gain in male, but not female, PWK/PhJ mice. For female mice, quercetin blunted weight gain (relative to the high-fat phase) in CAST/PhJ, PWK/EiJ and WSB/EiJ mice compared to C57. Antibiotics did not generally result in loss of protective effects of quercetin. This highlights complex interactions between genetic factors, sex, obesity stimuli, and flavonoid intake, and the need to move away from single inbred mouse models to enhance translatability to diverse humans. These data justify use of genetically diverse Collaborative Cross and Diversity Outbred models which are emerging as invaluable tools in the field of personalized nutrition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Griffin
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lauren Essenmacher
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Kathryn C Racine
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lisard Iglesias-Carres
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jeffery S Tessem
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Susan M Smith
- Department of Nutrition, Nutrition Research Institute, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA
| | - Andrew P Neilson
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Leist SR, Schäfer A, Martinez DR. Cell and animal models of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and immunity. Dis Model Mech 2020; 13:dmm046581. [PMID: 32887790 PMCID: PMC7490513 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.046581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The spread of the novel virus SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was explosive, with cases first identified in December 2019, and >22 million people infected and >775,000 deaths as of August 2020. SARS-CoV-2 can cause severe respiratory disease in humans leading to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The development of effective clinical interventions, such as antivirals and vaccines that can limit or even prevent the burden and spread of SARS-CoV-2, is a global health priority. Testing of leading antivirals, monoclonal antibody therapies and vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 will require robust animal and cell models of viral pathogenesis. In this Special Article, we discuss the cell-based and animal models of SARS-CoV-2 infection and pathogenesis that have been described as of August 2020. We also outline the outstanding questions for which researchers can leverage animal and cell-based models to improve our understanding of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and protective immunity. Taken together, the refinement of models of SARS-CoV-2 infection will be critical to guide the development of therapeutics and vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 to end the COVID-19 pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Leist
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Alexandra Schäfer
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - David R Martinez
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cartwright HN, Barbeau DJ, McElroy AK. Rift Valley Fever Virus Is Lethal in Different Inbred Mouse Strains Independent of Sex. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1962. [PMID: 32973712 PMCID: PMC7472459 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a zoonotic arbovirus affecting humans and livestock in Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. The majority of human cases are mild and self-limiting; however, severe cases can result in hepatitis, encephalitis, or hemorrhagic fever. There is a lack of immunocompetent mouse models that faithfully recapitulate the varied clinical outcomes of RVF in humans. However, there are easily accessible and commonly used inbred mouse strains that have never been challenged with wild-type RVFV. Here, RVFV susceptibility and pathogenesis were evaluated across five commonly used inbred laboratory mouse strains: C57BL/6J, 129S1/SvlmJ, NOD/ShiLtJ, A/J, and NZO/HILtJ. Comparisons between different mouse strains, challenge doses, and sexes revealed exquisite susceptibility to wild-type RVFV in an almost uniform manner. Never before challenged NOD/ShiLtJ, A/J, and NZO/HILtJ mice showed similar phenotypes of Rift Valley fever disease as previously tested inbred mouse strains. The majority of infected mice died or were euthanized by day 5 post-infection due to overwhelming hepatic disease as evidenced by gross liver pathology and high viral RNA loads in the liver. Mice surviving past day 6 across all strains succumbed to late-onset encephalitis. Remarkably, sex was not found to impact survival or viral load and showed only modest effect on time to death and weight loss for any of the challenged mouse strains following RVFV infection. Regardless of sex, these inbred mouse strains displayed extreme susceptibility to wild-type RVFV down to one virus particle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haley N Cartwright
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Dominique J Barbeau
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Anita K McElroy
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Earl PL, Americo JL, Moss B. Natural killer cells expanded in vivo or ex vivo with IL-15 overcomes the inherent susceptibility of CAST mice to lethal infection with orthopoxviruses. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008505. [PMID: 32320436 PMCID: PMC7197867 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The wild-derived inbred CAST/EiJ mouse, one of eight founder strains in the Collaborative Cross panel, is an exceptional model for studying monkeypox virus (MPXV), an emerging human pathogen, and other orthopoxviruses including vaccinia virus (VACV). Previous studies suggested that the extreme susceptibility of the CAST mouse to orthopoxviruses is due to an insufficient innate immune response. Here, we focused on the low number of natural killer (NK) cells in the naïve CAST mouse as a contributing factor to this condition. Administration of IL-15 to CAST mice transiently increased NK and CD8+ T cells that could express IFN-γ, indicating that the progenitor cells were capable of responding to cytokines. However, the number of NK cells rapidly declined indicating a defect in their homeostasis. Furthermore, IL-15-treated mice were protected from an otherwise lethal challenge with VACV or MPXV. IL-15 decreased virus spread and delayed death even when CD4+/CD8+ T cells were depleted with antibody, supporting an early protective role of the expanded NK cells. Purified splenic NK cells from CAST mice proliferated in vitro in response to IL-15 and could be activated with IL-12/IL-18 to secrete interferon-γ. Passive transfer of non-activated or activated CAST NK cells reduced VACV spread but only the latter completely prevented death at the virus dose used. Moreover, antibodies to interferon-γ abrogated the protection by activated NK cells. Thus, the inherent susceptibility of CAST mice to orthopoxviruses can be explained by a low level of NK cells and this vulnerability can be overcome either by expanding their NK cells in vivo with IL-15 or by passive transfer of purified NK cells that were expanded and activated in vitro. With the eradication of smallpox, monkeypox virus (MPXV) remains the only poxvirus causing significant mortality in humans. Although endemic in parts of Africa, human infections have occurred in the United States, the United Kingdom and Israel due to travelers or imported animals. Contrary to its name, MPXV primarily infects rodents and secondarily infects humans and other primates. The wild-derived CAST mouse is an excellent small animal model for studying the pathogenicity of MPXV and related orthopoxviruses including vaccinia virus (VACV) and for evaluating therapeutics. We previously found that the susceptibility of CAST mice is correlated with low numbers of natural killer (NK) cells and a delayed interferon-γ response. Here we showed that in vivo administration of the cytokine IL-15 transiently raised NK cell numbers and protected CAST mice from systemic infections with VACV and MPXV. CAST mouse NK cells that were purified and expanded in vitro with IL-15 also provided protection, further demonstrating the important role of NK cells. The rapid decline in NK cell numbers following cessation of IL-15 administration or NK cell transfer suggests that a low level of NK cell homeostasis contributes to the susceptibility of CAST mice to virus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L. Earl
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey L. Americo
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bernard Moss
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kollmus H, Fuchs H, Lengger C, Haselimashhadi H, Bogue MA, Östereicher MA, Horsch M, Adler T, Aguilar-Pimentel JA, Amarie OV, Becker L, Beckers J, Calzada-Wack J, Garrett L, Hans W, Hölter SM, Klein-Rodewald T, Maier H, Mayer-Kuckuk P, Miller G, Moreth K, Neff F, Rathkolb B, Rácz I, Rozman J, Spielmann N, Treise I, Busch D, Graw J, Klopstock T, Wolf E, Wurst W, Yildirim AÖ, Mason J, Torres A, Balling R, Mehaan T, Gailus-Durner V, Schughart K, Hrabě de Angelis M. A comprehensive and comparative phenotypic analysis of the collaborative founder strains identifies new and known phenotypes. Mamm Genome 2020; 31:30-48. [PMID: 32060626 PMCID: PMC7060152 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-020-09827-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The collaborative cross (CC) is a large panel of mouse-inbred lines derived from eight founder strains (NOD/ShiLtJ, NZO/HILtJ, A/J, C57BL/6J, 129S1/SvImJ, CAST/EiJ, PWK/PhJ, and WSB/EiJ). Here, we performed a comprehensive and comparative phenotyping screening to identify phenotypic differences and similarities between the eight founder strains. In total, more than 300 parameters including allergy, behavior, cardiovascular, clinical blood chemistry, dysmorphology, bone and cartilage, energy metabolism, eye and vision, immunology, lung function, neurology, nociception, and pathology were analyzed; in most traits from sixteen females and sixteen males. We identified over 270 parameters that were significantly different between strains. This study highlights the value of the founder and CC strains for phenotype-genotype associations of many genetic traits that are highly relevant to human diseases. All data described here are publicly available from the mouse phenome database for analyses and downloads.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heike Kollmus
- Department of Infection Genetics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstr.7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Helmut Fuchs
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Lengger
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Hamed Haselimashhadi
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
| | | | - Manuela A Östereicher
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marion Horsch
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thure Adler
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Juan Antonio Aguilar-Pimentel
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Oana Veronica Amarie
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lore Becker
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Beckers
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Experimental Genetics, School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 8, 85354, Freising, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Julia Calzada-Wack
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lillian Garrett
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hans
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sabine M Hölter
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tanja Klein-Rodewald
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Holger Maier
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Mayer-Kuckuk
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gregor Miller
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kristin Moreth
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Frauke Neff
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Birgit Rathkolb
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, Feodor-Lynen Str. 25, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Ildikó Rácz
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Clinic of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Gerontopsychiatry, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan Rozman
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nadine Spielmann
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Irina Treise
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Busch
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Trogerstrasse 30, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Jochen Graw
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Klopstock
- Department of Neurology, Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Klinikum Der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Ziemssenstr. 1a, 80336, Munich, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE) Site Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Adolf-Butenandt-Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, Feodor-Lynen Str. 25, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE) Site Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Adolf-Butenandt-Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Chair of Developmental Genetics, Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, C/O Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ali Önder Yildirim
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jeremy Mason
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Arturo Torres
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Rudi Balling
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Terry Mehaan
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Valerie Gailus-Durner
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Schughart
- Department of Infection Genetics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstr.7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany.
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany.
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
| | - Martin Hrabě de Angelis
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Experimental Genetics, School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 8, 85354, Freising, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Metersky M, Waterer G. Can animal models really teach us anything about pneumonia? Con. Eur Respir J 2020; 55:55/1/1901525. [PMID: 31896677 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01525-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Metersky
- Dept of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Grant Waterer
- Dept of Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology and Lung Institute of Western Australia, University of Western Australia, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Haller O, Kochs G. Mx genes: host determinants controlling influenza virus infection and trans-species transmission. Hum Genet 2019; 139:695-705. [PMID: 31773252 PMCID: PMC7087808 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-019-02092-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The human MxA protein, encoded by the interferon-inducible MX1 gene, is an intracellular influenza A virus (IAV) restriction factor. It can protect transgenic mice from severe IAV-induced disease, indicating a key role of human MxA for host survival and suggesting that natural variations in MX1 may account for inter-individual differences in disease severity among humans. MxA also provides a robust barrier against zoonotic transmissions of avian and swine IAV strains. Therefore, zoonotic IAV must acquire MxA escape mutations to achieve sustained human-to-human transmission. Here, we discuss recent progress in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Otto Haller
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Georg Kochs
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Saul MC, Philip VM, Reinholdt LG, Chesler EJ. High-Diversity Mouse Populations for Complex Traits. Trends Genet 2019; 35:501-514. [PMID: 31133439 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Contemporary mouse genetic reference populations are a powerful platform to discover complex disease mechanisms. Advanced high-diversity mouse populations include the Collaborative Cross (CC) strains, Diversity Outbred (DO) stock, and their isogenic founder strains. When used in systems genetics and integrative genomics analyses, these populations efficiently harnesses known genetic variation for precise and contextualized identification of complex disease mechanisms. Extensive genetic, genomic, and phenotypic data are already available for these high-diversity mouse populations and a growing suite of data analysis tools have been developed to support research on diverse mice. This integrated resource can be used to discover and evaluate disease mechanisms relevant across species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Saul
- The Jackson Laboratory for Mammalian Genetics, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | - Vivek M Philip
- The Jackson Laboratory for Mammalian Genetics, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | | | -
- The Jackson Laboratory for Mammalian Genetics, Bar Harbor, ME, USA; UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; SUNY Binghamton, Binghamton, NY, USA; Pittsburgh University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Elissa J Chesler
- The Jackson Laboratory for Mammalian Genetics, Bar Harbor, ME, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Noll KE, Ferris MT, Heise MT. The Collaborative Cross: A Systems Genetics Resource for Studying Host-Pathogen Interactions. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 25:484-498. [PMID: 30974083 PMCID: PMC6494101 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Host genetic variation has a major impact on infectious disease susceptibility. The study of pathogen resistance genes, largely aided by mouse models, has significantly advanced our understanding of infectious disease pathogenesis. The Collaborative Cross (CC), a newly developed multi-parental mouse genetic reference population, serves as a tractable model system to study how pathogens interact with genetically diverse populations. In this review, we summarize progress utilizing the CC as a platform to develop improved models of pathogen-induced disease and to map polymorphic host response loci associated with variation in susceptibility to pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey E Noll
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Martin T Ferris
- Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Mark T Heise
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Leist SR, Baric RS. Giving the Genes a Shuffle: Using Natural Variation to Understand Host Genetic Contributions to Viral Infections. Trends Genet 2018; 34:777-789. [PMID: 30131185 PMCID: PMC7114642 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The laboratory mouse has proved an invaluable model to identify host factors that regulate the progression and outcome of virus-induced disease. The paradigm is to use single-gene knockouts in inbred mouse strains or genetic mapping studies using biparental mouse populations. However, genetic variation among these mouse strains is limited compared with the diversity seen in human populations. To address this disconnect, a multiparental mouse population has been developed to specifically dissect the multigenetic regulation of complex disease traits. The Collaborative Cross (CC) population of recombinant inbred mouse strains is a well-suited systems-genetics tool to identify susceptibility alleles that control viral and microbial infection outcomes and immune responses and to test the promise of personalized medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Leist
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; https://sph.unc.edu/adv_profile/ralph-s-baric-phd/
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abu Toamih Atamni H, Nashef A, Iraqi FA. The Collaborative Cross mouse model for dissecting genetic susceptibility to infectious diseases. Mamm Genome 2018; 29:471-487. [PMID: 30143822 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-018-9768-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases, also known as communicable diseases, refer to a full range of maladies caused by pathogen invasion to the host body. Host response towards an infectious pathogen varies between individuals, and can be defined by responses from asymptomatic to lethal. Host response to infectious pathogens is considered as a complex trait controlled by gene-gene (host-pathogen) and gene-environment interactions, leading to the extensive phenotypic variations between individuals. With the advancement of the human genome mapping approaches and tools, various genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were performed, aimed at mapping the genetic basis underlying host susceptibility towards infectious pathogens. In parallel, immense efforts were invested in enhancing the genetic mapping resolution and gene-cloning efficacy, using advanced mouse models including advanced intercross lines; outbred populations; consomic, congenic; and recombinant inbred lines. Notwithstanding the evident advances achieved using these mouse models, the genetic diversity was low and quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping resolution was inadequate. Consequently, the Collaborative Cross (CC) mouse model was established by full-reciprocal mating of eight divergent founder strains of mice (A/J, C57BL/6J, 129S1/SvImJ, NOD/LtJ, NZO/HiLtJ, CAST/Ei, PWK/PhJ, and WSB/EiJ) generating a next-generation mouse genetic reference population (CC lines). Presently, the CC mouse model population comprises a set of about 200 recombinant inbred CC lines exhibiting a unique high genetic diversity and which are accessible for multidisciplinary studies. The CC mouse model efficacy was validated by various studies in our lab and others, accomplishing high-resolution (< 1 MB) QTL genomic mapping for a variety of complex traits, using about 50 CC lines (3-4 mice per line). Herein, we present a number of studies demonstrating the power of the CC mouse model, which has been utilized in our lab for mapping the genetic basis of host susceptibility to various infectious pathogens. These include Aspergillus fumigatus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum (causing oral mixed infection), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and the bacterial toxins Lipopolysaccharide and Lipoteichoic acid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanifa Abu Toamih Atamni
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Aysar Nashef
- Department of Prosthodontics, Dental school, The Hebrew University, Hadassah Jerusalem, Israel.,Department of Cranio-maxillofacial Surgery, Poria Medical Centre, The Azrieli School of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Fuad A Iraqi
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Graham JB, Swarts JL, Mooney M, Choonoo G, Jeng S, Miller DR, Ferris MT, McWeeney S, Lund JM. Extensive Homeostatic T Cell Phenotypic Variation within the Collaborative Cross. Cell Rep 2018; 21:2313-2325. [PMID: 29166619 PMCID: PMC5728448 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.10.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Collaborative Cross (CC) is a panel of reproducible recombinant inbred mouse strains with high levels of standing genetic variation, affording an unprecedented opportunity to perform experiments in a small animal model containing controlled genetic diversity while allowing for genetic replicates. Here, we advance the utility of this unique mouse resource for immunology research because it allows for both examination and genetic dissection of mechanisms behind adaptive immune states in mice with distinct and defined genetic makeups. This approach is based on quantitative trait locus mapping: identifying genetically variant genome regions associated with phenotypic variance in traits of interest. Furthermore, the CC can be utilized for mouse model development; distinct strains have unique immunophenotypes and immune properties, making them suitable for research on particular diseases and infections. Here, we describe variations in cellular immune phenotypes across F1 crosses of CC strains and reveal quantitative trait loci responsible for several immune phenotypes. The Collaborative Cross models the phenotypic diversity observed in human immunity QTL mapping in the CC reveals candidate genes linked to T cell phenotypes
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica B Graham
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jessica L Swarts
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Michael Mooney
- Division of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; OHSU Knight Cancer Center Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Gabrielle Choonoo
- Division of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; OHSU Knight Cancer Center Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Sophia Jeng
- Oregon Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Darla R Miller
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Martin T Ferris
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Shannon McWeeney
- Division of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; OHSU Knight Cancer Center Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Oregon Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Jennifer M Lund
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zmora P, Hoffmann M, Kollmus H, Moldenhauer AS, Danov O, Braun A, Winkler M, Schughart K, Pöhlmann S. TMPRSS11A activates the influenza A virus hemagglutinin and the MERS coronavirus spike protein and is insensitive against blockade by HAI-1. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:13863-13873. [PMID: 29976755 PMCID: PMC6130959 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.001273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) facilitates viral entry into target cells. Cleavage of HA by host cell proteases is essential for viral infectivity, and the responsible enzymes are potential targets for antiviral intervention. The type II transmembrane serine protease (TTSP) TMPRSS2 has been identified as an HA activator in cell culture and in the infected host. However, it is less clear whether TMPRSS2-related enzymes can also activate HA for spread in target cells. Moreover, the activity of cellular serine protease inhibitors against HA-activating TTSPs is poorly understood. Here, we show that TMPRSS11A, another member of the TTSP family, cleaves and activates the influenza A virus (FLUAV) HA and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein (MERS-S). Moreover, we demonstrate that TMPRSS11A is expressed in murine tracheal epithelium, which is a target of FLUAV infection, and in human trachea, suggesting that the protease could support FLUAV spread in patients. Finally, we show that HA activation by the TMPRSS11A-related enzymes human airway tryptase and DESC1, but not TMPRSS11A itself, is blocked by the cellular serine protease inhibitor hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type-1 (HAI-1). Our results suggest that TMPRSS11A could promote FLUAV spread in target cells and that HA-activating TTSPs exhibit differential sensitivity to blockade by cellular serine protease inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Zmora
- From the Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center-Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany,
| | - Markus Hoffmann
- From the Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center-Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Heike Kollmus
- the Department of Infection Genetics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Anna-Sophie Moldenhauer
- From the Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center-Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Olga Danov
- the Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, 30625 Hannover, Germany, and
| | - Armin Braun
- the Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, 30625 Hannover, Germany, and
| | - Michael Winkler
- From the Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center-Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Klaus Schughart
- the Department of Infection Genetics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.,the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30599 Hannover, Germany.,the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Stefan Pöhlmann
- From the Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center-Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, .,the Faculty of Biology and Psychology, University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kollmus H, Pilzner C, Leist SR, Heise M, Geffers R, Schughart K. Of mice and men: the host response to influenza virus infection. Mamm Genome 2018; 29:446-470. [PMID: 29947965 PMCID: PMC6132725 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-018-9750-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Influenza virus (IV) infections represent a very serious public health problem. At present, no established biomarkers exist to support diagnosis for respiratory viral infections and more importantly for severe IV disease. Studies in animal models are extremely important to understand the biological, genetic, and environmental factors that contribute to severe IV disease and to validate biomarker candidates from human studies. However, mouse human cross-species comparisons are often compromised by the fact that animal studies concentrate on the infected lungs, whereas in humans almost all studies use peripheral blood from patients. In addition, human studies do not consider genetic background as variable although human populations are genetically very diverse. Therefore, in this study, we performed a cross-species gene expression study of the peripheral blood from human patients and from the highly genetically diverse Collaborative Cross (CC) mouse population after IV infection. Our results demonstrate that changes of gene expression in individual genes are highly similar in mice and humans. The top-regulated genes in humans were also differentially regulated in mice. We conclude that the mouse is a highly valuable in vivo model system to validate and to discover gene candidates which can be used as biomarkers in humans. Furthermore, mouse studies allow confirmation of findings in humans in a well-controlled experimental system adding enormous value to the understanding of expression and function of human candidate genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heike Kollmus
- Department of Infection Genetics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Carolin Pilzner
- Department of Infection Genetics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Sarah R Leist
- Department of Infection Genetics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Brunswick, Germany
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Mark Heise
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Robert Geffers
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Genome Analytics Research Group, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Klaus Schughart
- Department of Infection Genetics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Brunswick, Germany.
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Three Types of Broadly Reacting Antibodies against Influenza B Viruses Induced by Vaccination with Seasonal Influenza Viruses. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:7251793. [PMID: 29854845 PMCID: PMC5964595 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7251793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed the antibody (Ab) repertoire against influenza B viruses induced by vaccination with seasonal influenza viruses in one individual who had never been vaccinated until 2009. The vaccine used in this study comprised B/Massachusetts/2/2012 (Yamagata lineage), A/Texas/50/2012 (H3N2), and A/California/7/2009 (H1N1). One month after the subject received two vaccinations, blood (200 ml) was obtained and peripheral mononuclear cells were prepared, and a large Ab library was constructed using phage display technology. The library was screened with HA-enriched fraction of B/Massachusetts/2/2012 and B/Brisbane/60/2008 (Victoria lineage) virus, and a total of 26 Abs that potentially bound to hemagglutinin (HA) molecules were isolated. Their binding activities to six influenza B viruses, three of Yamagata lineage and three of Victoria lineage, and two influenza A viruses, H1N1 and H3N2, were examined. The Abs showed cross-reactivity at three different levels. The first type bound to all Yamagata lineage viruses. The second type bound to both Yamagata and Victoria lineage viruses. The third type bound to both influenza A and B viruses. These results indicate that common epitopes exist on HA molecules of influenza virus at various levels, and humans have capability to produce Abs that bind to such common epitopes.
Collapse
|
28
|
Stacey HD, Barjesteh N, Mapletoft JP, Miller MS. "Gnothi Seauton": Leveraging the Host Response to Improve Influenza Virus Vaccine Efficacy. Vaccines (Basel) 2018; 6:vaccines6020023. [PMID: 29649134 PMCID: PMC6027147 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines6020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination against the seasonal influenza virus is the best way to prevent infection. Nevertheless, vaccine efficacy remains far from optimal especially in high-risk populations such as the elderly. Recent technological advancements have facilitated rapid and precise identification of the B and T cell epitopes that are targets for protective responses. While these discoveries have undoubtedly brought the field closer to "universal" influenza virus vaccines, choosing the correct antigen is only one piece of the equation. Achieving efficacy and durability requires a detailed understanding of the diverse host factors and pathways that are required for attaining optimal responses. Sequencing technologies, systems biology, and immunological studies have recently advanced our understanding of the diverse aspects of the host response required for vaccine efficacy. In this paper, we review the critical role of the host response in determining efficacious responses and discuss the gaps in knowledge that will need to be addressed if the field is to be successful in developing new and more effective influenza virus vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah D Stacey
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Diseases Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Neda Barjesteh
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Diseases Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Jonathan P Mapletoft
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Diseases Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Matthew S Miller
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Diseases Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Long-Term Neuroinflammation Induced by Influenza A Virus Infection and the Impact on Hippocampal Neuron Morphology and Function. J Neurosci 2018; 38:3060-3080. [PMID: 29487124 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1740-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute influenza infection has been reported to be associated with neurological symptoms. However, the long-term consequences of an infection with neurotropic and non-neurotropic influenza A virus (IAV) variants for the CNS remain elusive. We can show that spine loss in the hippocampus after infection with neurotropic H7N7 (rSC35M) and non-neurotropic H3N2 (maHK68) in female C57BL/6 mice persists well beyond the acute phase of the disease. Although spine number was significantly reduced at 30 d postinfection (dpi) with H7N7 or H3N2, full recovery could only be observed much later at 120 dpi. Infection with H1N1 virus, which was shown previously to affect spine number and hippocampus-dependent learning acutely, had no significant long-term effects. Spine loss was associated with an increase in the number of activated microglia, reduced long-term potentiation in the hippocampus, and impairment in spatial memory formation, indicating that IAV-associated inflammation induced functional and structural alterations in hippocampal networks. Transcriptome analyses revealed regulation of many inflammatory and neuron- and glia-specific genes in H3N2- and H7N7-infected mice at day 18 and in H7N7-infected mice at day 30 pi that related to the structural and functional alterations. Our data provide evidence that neuroinflammation induced by neurotropic H7N7 and infection of the lung with a non-neurotropic H3N2 IAV result in long-term impairments in the CNS. IAV infection in humans may therefore not only lead to short-term responses in infected organs, but may also trigger neuroinflammation and associated chronic alterations in the CNS.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In the acute phase of influenza infection, neuroinflammation can lead to alterations in hippocampal neuronal morphology and cognitive deficits. The results of this study now also provide evidence that neuroinflammation induced by influenza A virus (IAV) infection can induce longer-lasting, virus-specific alterations in neuronal connectivity that are still detectable 1 month after infection and are associated with impairments in spatial memory formation. IAV infection in humans may therefore not only lead to short-term responses in infected organs, but may also trigger neuroinflammation and associated chronic alterations in the CNS.
Collapse
|
30
|
Bayesian Diallel Analysis Reveals Mx1-Dependent and Mx1-Independent Effects on Response to Influenza A Virus in Mice. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2018; 8:427-445. [PMID: 29187420 PMCID: PMC5919740 DOI: 10.1534/g3.117.300438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is a respiratory pathogen that causes substantial morbidity and mortality during both seasonal and pandemic outbreaks. Infection outcomes in unexposed populations are affected by host genetics, but the host genetic architecture is not well understood. Here, we obtain a broad view of how heritable factors affect a mouse model of response to IAV infection using an 8 × 8 diallel of the eight inbred founder strains of the Collaborative Cross (CC). Expanding on a prior statistical framework for modeling treatment response in diallels, we explore how a range of heritable effects modify acute host response to IAV through 4 d postinfection. Heritable effects in aggregate explained ∼57% of the variance in IAV-induced weight loss. Much of this was attributable to a pattern of additive effects that became more prominent through day 4 postinfection and was consistent with previous reports of antiinfluenza myxovirus resistance 1 (Mx1) polymorphisms segregating between these strains; these additive effects largely recapitulated haplotype effects observed at the Mx1 locus in a previous study of the incipient CC, and are also replicated here in a CC recombinant intercross population. Genetic dominance of protective Mx1 haplotypes was observed to differ by subspecies of origin: relative to the domesticus null Mx1 allele, musculus acts dominantly whereas castaneus acts additively. After controlling for Mx1, heritable effects, though less distinct, accounted for ∼34% of the phenotypic variance. Implications for future mapping studies are discussed.
Collapse
|
31
|
Dietert K, Gutbier B, Wienhold SM, Reppe K, Jiang X, Yao L, Chaput C, Naujoks J, Brack M, Kupke A, Peteranderl C, Becker S, von Lachner C, Baal N, Slevogt H, Hocke AC, Witzenrath M, Opitz B, Herold S, Hackstein H, Sander LE, Suttorp N, Gruber AD. Spectrum of pathogen- and model-specific histopathologies in mouse models of acute pneumonia. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188251. [PMID: 29155867 PMCID: PMC5695780 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumonia may be caused by a wide range of pathogens and is considered the most common infectious cause of death in humans. Murine acute lung infection models mirror human pathologies in many aspects and contribute to our understanding of the disease and the development of novel treatment strategies. Despite progress in other fields of tissue imaging, histopathology remains the most conclusive and practical read out tool for the descriptive and semiquantitative evaluation of mouse pneumonia and therapeutic interventions. Here, we systematically describe and compare the distinctive histopathological features of established models of acute pneumonia in mice induced by Streptococcus (S.) pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Legionella pneumophila, Escherichia coli, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus, influenza A virus (IAV) and superinfection of IAV-incuced pneumonia with S. pneumoniae. Systematic comparisons of the models revealed striking differences in the distribution of lesions, the characteristics of pneumonia induced, principal inflammatory cell types, lesions in adjacent tissues, and the detectability of the pathogens in histological sections. We therefore identified core criteria for each model suitable for practical semiquantitative scoring systems that take into account the pathogen- and model-specific patterns of pneumonia. Other critical factors that affect experimental pathologies are discussed, including infectious dose, time kinetics, and the genetic background of the mouse strain. The substantial differences between the model-specific pathologies underscore the necessity of pathogen- and model-adapted criteria for the comparative quantification of experimental outcomes. These criteria also allow for the standardized validation and comparison of treatment strategies in preclinical models.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Acinetobacter baumannii/pathogenicity
- Acinetobacter baumannii/physiology
- Animals
- Disease Models, Animal
- Escherichia coli/pathogenicity
- Escherichia coli/physiology
- Female
- Host Specificity
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Influenza A virus/pathogenicity
- Influenza A virus/physiology
- Klebsiella pneumoniae/pathogenicity
- Klebsiella pneumoniae/physiology
- Legionella pneumophila/pathogenicity
- Legionella pneumophila/physiology
- Lung/microbiology
- Lung/pathology
- Lung/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus/pathogenicity
- Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus/physiology
- Pneumonia, Bacterial/genetics
- Pneumonia, Bacterial/microbiology
- Pneumonia, Bacterial/pathology
- Pneumonia, Bacterial/physiopathology
- Pneumonia, Viral/genetics
- Pneumonia, Viral/pathology
- Pneumonia, Viral/physiopathology
- Pneumonia, Viral/virology
- Species Specificity
- Staphylococcus aureus/pathogenicity
- Staphylococcus aureus/physiology
- Streptococcus pneumoniae/pathogenicity
- Streptococcus pneumoniae/physiology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Dietert
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Birgitt Gutbier
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sandra M. Wienhold
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Reppe
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Xiaohui Jiang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ling Yao
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Catherine Chaput
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Naujoks
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Brack
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexandra Kupke
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Section for Infectious Diseases, Universities Giessen & Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) Giessen, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University of Marburg, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), TTU Emerging Infections, Marburg, Germany
| | - Christin Peteranderl
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Section for Infectious Diseases, Universities Giessen & Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) Giessen, Germany
| | - Stephan Becker
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Section for Infectious Diseases, Universities Giessen & Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) Giessen, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University of Marburg, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), TTU Emerging Infections, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Nelli Baal
- Institute for Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University Hospital Giessen und Marburg, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Hortense Slevogt
- Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas C. Hocke
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Witzenrath
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bastian Opitz
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Herold
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Section for Infectious Diseases, Universities Giessen & Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) Giessen, Germany
| | - Holger Hackstein
- Institute for Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University Hospital Giessen und Marburg, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Leif E. Sander
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Suttorp
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Achim D. Gruber
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Falik-Zaccai TC, Barsheshet Y, Mandel H, Segev M, Lorber A, Gelberg S, Kalfon L, Ben Haroush S, Shalata A, Gelernter-Yaniv L, Chaim S, Raviv Shay D, Khayat M, Werbner M, Levi I, Shoval Y, Tal G, Shalev S, Reuveni E, Avitan-Hersh E, Vlodavsky E, Appl-Sarid L, Goldsher D, Bergman R, Segal Z, Bitterman-Deutsch O, Avni O. Sequence variation in PPP1R13L results in a novel form of cardio-cutaneous syndrome. EMBO Mol Med 2017; 9:319-336. [PMID: 28069640 PMCID: PMC5331242 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201606523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a life-threatening disorder whose genetic basis is heterogeneous and mostly unknown. Five Arab Christian infants, aged 4-30 months from four families, were diagnosed with DCM associated with mild skin, teeth, and hair abnormalities. All passed away before age 3. A homozygous sequence variation creating a premature stop codon at PPP1R13L encoding the iASPP protein was identified in three infants and in the mother of the other two. Patients' fibroblasts and PPP1R13L-knocked down human fibroblasts presented higher expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes in response to lipopolysaccharide, as well as Ppp1r13l-knocked down murine cardiomyocytes and hearts of Ppp1r13l-deficient mice. The hypersensitivity to lipopolysaccharide was NF-κB-dependent, and its inducible binding activity to promoters of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes was elevated in patients' fibroblasts. RNA sequencing of Ppp1r13l-knocked down murine cardiomyocytes and of hearts derived from different stages of DCM development in Ppp1r13l-deficient mice revealed the crucial role of iASPP in dampening cardiac inflammatory response. Our results determined PPP1R13L as the gene underlying a novel autosomal-recessive cardio-cutaneous syndrome in humans and strongly suggest that the fatal DCM during infancy is a consequence of failure to regulate transcriptional pathways necessary for tuning cardiac threshold response to common inflammatory stressors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tzipora C Falik-Zaccai
- Institute of Human Genetics, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel .,Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Yiftah Barsheshet
- Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Hanna Mandel
- Metabolic Disease Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.,Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Meital Segev
- Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Avraham Lorber
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.,Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Shachaf Gelberg
- Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Limor Kalfon
- Institute of Human Genetics, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
| | - Shani Ben Haroush
- Institute of Human Genetics, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
| | - Adel Shalata
- The Winter Genetic Institute, Bnei Zion Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Sarah Chaim
- Institute of Human Genetics, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
| | - Dorith Raviv Shay
- Institute of Human Genetics, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
| | - Morad Khayat
- The Genetic Institute, Ha'emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | - Michal Werbner
- Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Inbar Levi
- Institute of Human Genetics, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
| | - Yishay Shoval
- Institute of Human Genetics, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
| | - Galit Tal
- Metabolic Disease Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.,Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Stavit Shalev
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.,The Genetic Institute, Ha'emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | - Eli Reuveni
- Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | | | - Eugene Vlodavsky
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.,Department of Pathology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Liat Appl-Sarid
- Department of Pathology, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
| | - Dorit Goldsher
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.,Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Reuven Bergman
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.,Department of Dermatology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Zvi Segal
- Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel.,Department of Ophthalmology, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
| | - Ora Bitterman-Deutsch
- Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel.,Dermatology Clinic, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
| | - Orly Avni
- Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Insufficient Innate Immunity Contributes to the Susceptibility of the Castaneous Mouse to Orthopoxvirus Infection. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01042-17. [PMID: 28747505 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01042-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The castaneous (CAST) mouse, a wild-derived inbred strain, is highly susceptible to orthopoxvirus infection by intranasal and systemic routes. The 50% lethal intraperitoneal dose of vaccinia virus (VACV) was 3 PFU for CAST mice, whereas BALB/c mice survived 106 PFU. At all times and in all organs analyzed, virus titers were higher in CAST than in BALB/c mice. In individual CAST mice, luciferase-expressing VACV was seen to replicate rapidly leading to death, whereas virus levels increased for a few days and then declined in BALB/c mice. Increases in gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were delayed and low in CAST mice compared to BALB/c mice following VACV infection or poly(I-C) inoculation, consistent with differences in innate immune responses. In addition, naive CAST mice had considerably lower numbers of NK and T cells than BALB/c mice. The percentage of IFN-γ-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells increased following infection of CAST mice only after considerable virus spread, and the absolute cell numbers remained low. Administration of exogenous IFN-γ or -α to CAST mice before or during the first days of infection suppressed virus replication and prolonged survival, allowing the mice to make adaptive CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses that were necessary to clear the virus after cessation of interferon treatment. Thus, insufficient innate cytokine and cellular immune responses contribute to the unique susceptibility of CAST mice to VACV, whereas the adaptive immune response can be protective only if virus replication is suppressed during the first several days of infection.IMPORTANCE Most inbred mouse strains are relatively resistant to orthopoxviruses. The castaneous (CAST) mouse is a notable exception, exhibiting extreme vulnerability to monkeypox virus, cowpox virus, and vaccinia virus and thus providing a unique model for studying pathogenicity, immunity, vaccines, and antiviral drugs. To fully utilize the CAST mouse for such purposes, it is necessary to understand the basis for virus susceptibility. We showed that naive CAST mice make low IFN-γ and TNF-α responses and have low levels of NK cells and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells compared to a resistant classical inbred mouse strain. Attenuating virus replication with one or more doses of exogenous IFN-α or -γ before or during the first few days of infection enabled the development of adaptive cellular immunity and clearance of virus. Further genetic studies may reveal the basis for the low innate immunity.
Collapse
|
34
|
Suber F, Kobzik L. Childhood tolerance of severe influenza: a mortality analysis in mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 313:L1087-L1095. [PMID: 28882815 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00364.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During the 1918 influenza pandemic, children experienced substantially lower mortality than adults, a striking but unexplained finding. Whether this was due to enhanced resistance (reduced virus load) or better tolerance (reduced impact of infection) has not been defined. We found that prepubertal mice infected with H1N1 influenza virus also showed greater survival than infected pubertal mice, despite similar virus loads. Transcriptome profiling of infected lungs identified estrogen as a regulator of susceptibility in both sexes and also linked better survival to late expression of IL-1β. Blocking puberty with gonadectomy or a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist improved survival. Estrogen or testosterone (which can be converted to estrogen) restored susceptibility of gonadectomized pubertal mice to influenza mortality, but dihydrotestosterone (which cannot be converted to estrogen) did not. Estrogen receptor blockade with fulvestrant in both male and female pubertal mice resulted in improved survival, even when given 3 days after infection. Moreover, late, but not early, IL-1β neutralization after infection was also protective. These findings indicate that pubertal increases in estrogen in both sexes are associated with increased mortality during influenza. This helps explain the reduced mortality of children seen with influenza in 1918 and might also be relevant to childhood tolerance to many other infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Freeman Suber
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lester Kobzik
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Suwanmanee T, Ferris MT, Hu P, Gui T, Montgomery SA, Pardo-Manuel de Villena F, Kafri T. Toward Personalized Gene Therapy: Characterizing the Host Genetic Control of Lentiviral-Vector-Mediated Hepatic Gene Delivery. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2017; 5:83-92. [PMID: 28480308 PMCID: PMC5415322 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The success of lentiviral vectors in curing fatal genetic and acquired diseases has opened a new era in human gene therapy. However, variability in the efficacy and safety of this therapeutic approach has been reported in human patients. Consequently, lentiviral-vector-based gene therapy is limited to incurable human diseases, with little understanding of the underlying causes of adverse effects and poor efficacy. To assess the role that host genetic variation has on efficacy of gene therapy, we characterized lentiviral-vector gene therapy within a set of 12 collaborative cross mouse strains. Lentiviral vectors carrying the firefly luciferase cDNA under the control of a liver-specific promoter were administered to female mice, with total-body and hepatic luciferase expression periodically monitored through 41 weeks post-vector administration. Vector copy number per diploid genome in mouse liver and spleen was determined at the end of this study. We identified major strain-specific contributions to overall success of transduction, vector biodistribution, maximum luciferase expression, and the kinetics of luciferase expression throughout the study. Our results highlight the importance of genetic variation on gene-therapeutic efficacy; provide new models with which to more rigorously assess gene therapy approaches; and suggest that redesigning preclinical studies of gene-therapy methodologies might be appropriate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thipparat Suwanmanee
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Martin T. Ferris
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Peirong Hu
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Tong Gui
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Stephanie A. Montgomery
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Fernando Pardo-Manuel de Villena
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Tal Kafri
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kobzik L. Searching for a Lifeline: Transcriptome Profiling Studies of Influenza Susceptibility and Resistance. J Innate Immun 2017; 9:232-242. [PMID: 28249256 DOI: 10.1159/000457902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Excess or dysregulated host inflammatory responses cause much of the morbidity and mortality caused by severe influenza. Given the limitations of vaccines and antiviral drugs, novel therapeutics to modulate host responses and improve outcomes in severe influenza are needed. One strategy is to learn from the direct comparison of high-survivor versus high-mortality animal models. This review surveys the results of lung transcriptome profiling studies in murine models that directly compare susceptible versus resistant hosts challenged with identical influenza infections. The potential contributions and limitations of these studies are discussed. To amplify their power, the studies are subjected to a meta-analysis, which helps identify frequently dysregulated pathways and potentially novel areas for investigation. Using connectivity map-based tools (LINCS), transcriptome signatures linked to susceptibility can identify candidate drugs that merit testing for in vivo efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lester Kobzik
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, and Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Influenza Virus Susceptibility of Wild-Derived CAST/EiJ Mice Results from Two Amino Acid Changes in the MX1 Restriction Factor. J Virol 2016; 90:10682-10692. [PMID: 27654285 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01213-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The interferon-regulated Mx1 gene of the A2G mouse strain confers a high degree of resistance against influenza A and Thogoto viruses. Most other laboratory inbred mouse strains carry truncated nonfunctional Mx1 alleles and, consequently, exhibit high virus susceptibility. Interestingly, CAST/EiJ mice, derived from wild Mus musculus castaneus, possess a seemingly intact Mx1 gene but are highly susceptible to influenza A virus challenge. To determine whether the enhanced influenza virus susceptibility is due to intrinsically reduced antiviral activity of the CAST-derived Mx1 allele, we generated a congenic C57BL/6J mouse line that carries the Mx locus of CAST/EiJ mice. Adult animals of this line were almost as susceptible to influenza virus challenge as standard C57BL/6J mice lacking functional Mx1 alleles but exhibited far more pronounced resistance to Thogoto virus. Sequencing revealed that CAST-derived MX1 differs from A2G-derived MX1 by two amino acids (G83R and A222V) in the GTPase domain. Especially the A222V mutation reduced GTPase activity of purified MX1 and diminished the inhibitory effect of MX1 in influenza A virus polymerase activity assays. Further, MX1 protein was substantially less abundant in organs of interferon-treated mice carrying the CAST Mx1 allele than in those of mice carrying the A2G Mx1 allele. We found that the CAST-specific mutations reduced the metabolic stability of the MX1 protein although Mx1 mRNA levels were unchanged. Thus, the enhanced influenza virus susceptibility of CAST/EiJ mice can be explained by minor alterations in the MX1 restriction factor that negatively affect its enzymatic activity and reduce its half-life. IMPORTANCE Although the crystal structure of the prototypic human MXA protein is known, the importance of specific protein domains for antiviral activity is still incompletely understood. Novel insights might come from studying naturally occurring MX protein variants with altered antiviral activity. Here we identified two seemingly minor amino acid changes in the GTPase domain that negatively affect the enzymatic activity and metabolic stability of murine MX1 and thus dramatically reduce the influenza virus resistance of the respective mouse inbred strain. These observations highlight our current inability to predict the biological consequences of previously uncharacterized MX mutations in mice. Since this is probably also true for naturally occurring mutations in Mx genes of humans, careful experimental analysis of any natural MXA variants for altered activity is necessary in order to assess possible consequences of such mutations on innate antiviral immunity.
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
UNLABELLED The outcome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and the immunological response to the bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine are highly variable in humans. Deciphering the relative importance of host genetics, environment, and vaccine preparation for the efficacy of BCG has proven difficult in natural populations. We developed a model system that captures the breadth of immunological responses observed in outbred individual mice, which can be used to understand the contribution of host genetics to vaccine efficacy. This system employs a panel of highly diverse inbred mouse strains, consisting of the founders and recombinant progeny of the "Collaborative Cross" project. Unlike natural populations, the structure of this panel allows the serial evaluation of genetically identical individuals and the quantification of genotype-specific effects of interventions such as vaccination. When analyzed in the aggregate, our panel resembled natural populations in several important respects: the animals displayed a broad range of susceptibility to M. tuberculosis, differed in their immunological responses to infection, and were not durably protected by BCG vaccination. However, when analyzed at the genotype level, we found that these phenotypic differences were heritable. M. tuberculosis susceptibility varied between lines, from extreme sensitivity to progressive M. tuberculosis clearance. Similarly, only a minority of the genotypes was protected by vaccination. The efficacy of BCG was genetically separable from susceptibility to M. tuberculosis, and the lack of efficacy in the aggregate analysis was driven by nonresponsive lines that mounted a qualitatively distinct response to infection. These observations support an important role for host genetic diversity in determining BCG efficacy and provide a new resource to rationally develop more broadly efficacious vaccines. IMPORTANCE Tuberculosis (TB) remains an urgent global health crisis, and the efficacy of the currently used TB vaccine, M. bovis BCG, is highly variable. The design of more broadly efficacious vaccines depends on understanding the factors that limit the protection imparted by BCG. While these complex factors are difficult to disentangle in natural populations, we used a model population of mice to understand the role of host genetic composition in BCG efficacy. We found that the ability of BCG to protect mice with different genotypes was remarkably variable. The efficacy of BCG did not depend on the intrinsic susceptibility of the animal but, instead, correlated with qualitative differences in the immune responses to the pathogen. These studies suggest that host genetic polymorphism is a critical determinant of vaccine efficacy and provide a model system to develop interventions that will be useful in genetically diverse populations.
Collapse
|
39
|
Genetically diverse CC-founder mouse strains replicate the human influenza gene expression signature. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26437. [PMID: 27193691 PMCID: PMC4872221 DOI: 10.1038/srep26437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAV) are zoonotic pathogens that pose a major threat to human and animal health. Influenza virus disease severity is influenced by viral virulence factors as well as individual differences in host response. We analyzed gene expression changes in the blood of infected mice using a previously defined set of signature genes that was derived from changes in the blood transcriptome of IAV-infected human volunteers. We found that the human signature was reproduced well in the founder strains of the Collaborative Cross (CC) mice, thus demonstrating the relevance and importance of mouse experimental model systems for studying human influenza disease.
Collapse
|