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Angelino D, Nucci D, Rabica F, Rota C, Dinu M, Martini D, Gianfredi V. Nutritional quality and level of processing of food items broadcasted on Italian television in advertisements targeted to children. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2024; 75:475-485. [PMID: 38659128 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2024.2343924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
This study evaluates the nutritional quality and level of processing of food and beverage products advertised on television channels most watched by children, in Italy. Data were collected over 20 non-consecutive days from the five top channels in Italy. A total of 209 food items were analysed using the Nutri-Score and the NOVA classification. Additionally, compliance with nutritional criteria established by the World Health Organisation (WHO) and the EU-PLEDGE was assessed. Results indicate a high proportion of energy-dense and low nutritional quality foods, with 68% falling into less favourable Nutri-Score categories (C, D, and E), and 61% classified as ultra-processed by NOVA classification. When applying WHO and PLEDGE criteria, 71% and 56% of products, respectively, did not meet nutritional standards. This study underscores the low prevalence of nutritionally adequate products in food advertisements targeting children on Italian television, despite differences found based on methodological variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato Angelino
- Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Daniele Nucci
- SSD Igiene Alimenti e Nutrizione, ATS Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Filippo Rabica
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Cristian Rota
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Dinu
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniela Martini
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Vincenza Gianfredi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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2
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Izadi B, Moradi Z. Examining school nutrition policies and their effect on the promotion of low-nutrient foods in the context of sports advertising. Nutrition 2024; 123:112392. [PMID: 38554460 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2024.112392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite recommendations to implement nutrition standards in schools, low-nutrient foods and high-energy drinks are still some of the most important challenges for school management and students' purchasing and consumption behavior. In this regard, the aim of the present study is to examine school nutrition policies and their effect on the promotion of low-nutrient foods in the context of sports advertising. METHODS A partial least square technique with SmartPLS 3.0 and bootstrapping with 500 resamples was used to examine the effect of food marketing on school nutrition policies and students' nutritional involvement. Online surveys were done through The Iranian Educational Network of students and measured on a 5-point Likert scale. The survey questionnaire consisted of 3 scales to measure the following: school nutrition policies, advertising of low-nutrient foods, and student nutritional involvement. RESULTS Results from a sample of 382 Iranian high school students revealed that low-nutrient food advertising has a significant effect on student consumption, and the greatest overall effect on students' nutritional involvement. School nutrition policies were affected by media, endorsement, and the environmental advertising, whereas school financial capabilities had the greatest direct effect on students' nutritional involvement. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that advertising through sports media plays a mediating role in school nutrition policies and student nutritional involvement. Policy changes to restrict food marketing for young people must include both television and non-broadcast media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Izadi
- Department of Physical Education, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | - Zanyar Moradi
- Department of Physical Education, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
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Neta ADCPDA, Farias Júnior JCD, Ferreira FELDL, Aznar LAM, Marchioni DML. Association between sedentary behavior, diet and nutritional status in adolescents: baseline results from the LONCAAFS Study. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2024; 29:e17082022. [PMID: 38655956 DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232024294.17082022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to analyze the relationship between time spent engaged in sedentary behaviors, type of diet, and overweight in adolescents. A cross-sectional study using data from the Longitudinal Study on Sedentary Behavior, Physical Activity, Eating Habits, and Health of Adolescents - LONCAAFS Study. A total of 1,438 adolescents (10 to 14 years old) from public schools in the city of João Pessoa, Brazil, participated in the study. To evaluate the combined effects of excessive time in sedentary behavior and consumption from two food groups: Convenience and Prudent on overweight, we performed multiple logistic regression analyses, adjusted for energy, level of physical activity, sex, and age. Excessive time in sedentary behavior increased the chance of adolescents being overweight by 37% (OR = 1.37; 95%CI: 1.04-1.80). This chance increased to 43% when the adolescents were simultaneously engaged in excessive sedentary behavior and had high consumption of the Convenience food group (OR = 1.43; 95%CI: 1.05-1.94) and increased to 39% on those who engaged in excessive sedentary behavior and had low consumption of foods from the Prudent (OR = 1.39; 95%CI: 1.04-1.84). Excessive sedentary behavior is associated with being overweight and the chance increases with the consumption of convenient foods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Luis Alberto Moreno Aznar
- Center for Biomedical Research and Physiopathology in Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), University of Zaragoza. Zaragoza Spain
| | - Dirce Maria Lobo Marchioni
- Departamento de Nutrição, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo. Av. Dr. Arnaldo 715. 01246-904 São Paulo SP Brasil.
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Rodrigues MB, Ferreira VP, Claro RM, Martins APB, Avila S, Horta PM. Revolutionising food advertising monitoring: a machine learning-based method for automated classification of food videos. Public Health Nutr 2023; 26:2717-2727. [PMID: 37946378 PMCID: PMC10755396 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980023002446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Food advertising is an important determinant of unhealthy eating. However, analysing a large number of advertisements (ads) to distinguish between food and non-food content is a challenging task. This study aims to develop a machine learning-based method to automatically identify and classify food and non-food ad videos. DESIGN Methodological study to develop an algorithm model that prioritises both accuracy and efficiency in monitoring and classifying advertising videos. SETTING From a collection of Brazilian television (TV) ads data, we created a database and split it into three sub-databases (i.e. training, validation and test) by extracting frames from ads. Subsequently, the training database was classified using the EfficientNet neural network. The best models and data-balancing strategies were investigated using the validation database. Finally, the test database was used to apply the best model and strategy, and results were verified with field experts. PARTICIPANTS The study used 2124 recorded Brazilian TV programming hours from 2018 to 2020. It included 703 food ads and over 20 000 non-food ads, following the protocol developed by the INFORMAS network for monitoring food marketing on TV. RESULTS The results showed that the EfficientNet neural network associated with the balanced batches strategy achieved an overall accuracy of 90·5 % on the test database, which represents a reduction of 99·9 % of the time spent on identifying and classifying ads. CONCLUSIONS The method studied represents a promising approach for differentiating food and non-food-related video within monitoring food marketing, which has significant practical implications for researchers, public health policymakers, and regulatory bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Bittencourt Rodrigues
- Nutrition Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais. Av. Alfredo Balena 190, 30130-100. Escola de Enfermagem, 3º andar, sala 312, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael Moreira Claro
- Nutrition Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais. Av. Alfredo Balena 190, 30130-100. Escola de Enfermagem, 3º andar, sala 312, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Bortoletto Martins
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715 - Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP, 01246-904, Brazil
- Center for Epidemiological Research in Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715 - Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP, 01246-904, Brazil
| | - Sandra Avila
- Institute of Computing, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Paula Martins Horta
- Nutrition Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais. Av. Alfredo Balena 190, 30130-100. Escola de Enfermagem, 3º andar, sala 312, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Ropero AB, Borrás F, Rodríguez M, Beltrá M. Nutritional Description of Processed Foods with Fibre-Related Nutrition Claims in Spain: The BADALI Project. Nutrients 2023; 15:3656. [PMID: 37630846 PMCID: PMC10459124 DOI: 10.3390/nu15163656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibre is one of the most beneficial nutrients for health and is very frequently used in nutrition claims (NCs) to promote foods. These claims may lead consumers to believe that products bearing them are healthy and/or healthier than those without them. The main objective of this work is to address this belief. This is the first exhaustive analysis of seven processed food types with fibre-related NCs (six cereal-based and one plant-based meat analogues) comparing them with those without these claims. The Spanish Food Database, BADALI, was used for this study. Results show that as many as 88.7% of processed foods with fibre-related NCs are classified as 'less healthy' according to the Nutrient Profile Model developed by the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO-NPM). When compared to foods without these NCs, similar results were obtained in the whole sample. Most of the observed divergences when analysing individual critical nutrients by food type indicate a deterioration of the nutritional quality. Foods with fibre-related NCs contained more fibre. The more frequent use of whole grain cereals or other fibre-specific ingredients may contribute to this. Some other nutritionally relevant differences were observed and half of them reflected a deterioration of the nutritional quality. In addition, these foods presented a lower prevalence of the organic version, as well as similar rates of mineral and vitamin fortification. Therefore, processed foods with fibre-related NCs are not healthy, nor present a better nutritional profile than those without.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana B. Ropero
- Institute of Bioengineering, Miguel Hernández University, 03202 Elche, Spain;
| | - Fernando Borrás
- Department of Statistics, Mathematics and Informatics, Miguel Hernández University, 03202 Elche, Spain;
| | - Marta Rodríguez
- Polytechnic School of Orihuela, Miguel Hernández University, 03202 Elche, Spain;
| | - Marta Beltrá
- Institute of Bioengineering, Miguel Hernández University, 03202 Elche, Spain;
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6
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Ropero AB, Borrás F, Rodríguez M, Beltrá M. Nutritional Description of Organic and Conventional Food Products in Spain: The BADALI Project. Nutrients 2023; 15:1876. [PMID: 37111095 PMCID: PMC10144859 DOI: 10.3390/nu15081876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic food and drink is undoubtedly a growing market. Consumers perceive organic food as healthy, and nutrition claims (NCs) and fortification may add to this perception. Whether this is true is still a matter of controversy, particularly for organic food products. We present here the first comprehensive study of large samples of six specific organic food types, analysing the nutritional quality (nutrient composition and "healthiness") as well as the use of NCs and fortification. In parallel, a comparison with conventional food is also carried out. For this purpose, the Food Database of products in the Spanish market, BADALI, was used. Four cereal-based and two dairy-substitute food types were analysed. Our results show that as many as 81% of organic foods are considered "less healthy" by the Pan American Health Organization Nutrient Profile Model (PAHO-NPM). Organic foods present a slightly improved nutrient profile compared to conventional foods. However, many of the differences, though statistically significant, are nutritionally irrelevant. Organic foods use NCs very frequently, more than conventional foods, with very little micronutrient fortification. The main conclusion of this work is that consumers' perception that organic food products are healthy is unfounded from a nutritional point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana B. Ropero
- Institute of Bioengineering, Miguel Hernández University, 03202 Elche, Spain;
| | - Fernando Borrás
- Department of Statistics, Mathematics and Informatics, Miguel Hernández University, 03202 Elche, Spain;
| | - Marta Rodríguez
- Polytechnic School of Orihuela, Miguel Hernández University, 03202 Elche, Spain;
| | - Marta Beltrá
- Institute of Bioengineering, Miguel Hernández University, 03202 Elche, Spain;
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Carvalho CMPD, Johns P, Albiero M, Martins APB, Mais LA, Ralston R, Collin J. "Private and personal": Corporate political activity, informal governance, and the undermining of marketing regulation in Brazil. Glob Public Health 2022; 17:1902-1912. [PMID: 34648410 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2021.1988128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have investigated corporate political activity by unhealthy commodity industries in low- and middle-income countries, and the significance of social and political context has been largely neglected. This study aimed to explore the stalled development of marketing restriction policies in Brazil with an analysis of strategies used to undermine the Legal Framework for Early Childhood. Using a constructivist approach based on a typology of corporate political strategies, decision-making processes were assessed to understand interference by food companies in the Legal Framework, and how this was perceived by policy actors. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with public health advocates, academics and legislature officials. Three broad strategies that contributed to the stalling of marketing restrictions in the Legal Framework were identified: relational approaches to policy influence; collective participation in formal decision-making; and specific strategy choices (information and financial incentives). Key opportunities for policy influence through informal social networks in the 'backstage' of policy making are found to privilege commercial sector actors. Informal policy making may have a critical function in obstructing the development of health-focused regulation in Brazil. This highlights the need for a better understanding of non-codified and hidden corporate efforts to shape the policy environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Maranha Paes de Carvalho
- ACT Health Promotion (ACT Promoção da Saúde), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Social Nutrition Department, Faculty of Nutrition Emília de Jesus Ferreiro, Fluminense Federal University (Departamento de Nutrição Social, Faculdade de Nutrição Emília de Jesus Ferreiro, Universidade Federal Fluminense - UFF), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paula Johns
- ACT Health Promotion (ACT Promoção da Saúde), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marília Albiero
- ACT Health Promotion (ACT Promoção da Saúde), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Bortoletto Martins
- Brazilian Institute for Consumer Defense (Instituto Brasileiro de Defesa do Consumidor - Idec), São Paulo, Brazil.,Center for Epidemiological Research in Nutrition and Health, University of São Paulo (Núcleo de Pesquisas Epidemiológicas em Nutrição e Saúde, Universidade de São Paulo - Nupens/USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Laís Amaral Mais
- Brazilian Institute for Consumer Defense (Instituto Brasileiro de Defesa do Consumidor - Idec), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rob Ralston
- Global Health Policy Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Shaping Public Health Policies to Reduce Inequalities and Harm, SPECTRUM Consortium, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jeff Collin
- Global Health Policy Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Shaping Public Health Policies to Reduce Inequalities and Harm, SPECTRUM Consortium, Edinburgh, UK
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Lei N, Liu Z, Xiang L, Ye L, Zhang J. The extent and nature of television food and non-alcoholic beverage advertising to children during chinese New Year in Beijing, China. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1417. [PMID: 35883126 PMCID: PMC9316732 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13801-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exposure to food and non-alcoholic beverage advertisements (F&B ads) on television, which can affect children’s nutrition knowledge, food consumption, diet quality, and purchasing preferences, is one aspect of the obesogenic environment. This aspect has been well-studied and assessed in many countries. In China, however, only few studies have been done in earlier years and all of them were focus on regular days. This study aimed to assess the extent and nature of F&B ads on television (TV) during the public holiday directed towards children aged 4–14 years in Beijing. Method Top 3 channels viewed by children aged 4–14 years in Beijing were selected by TV viewership data, survey, and expert consultation. Each channel was recorded for 7 days (24 h) during the public holiday of the Chinese New Year in 2019. F&B ads were coded and analyzed following the adapted food promotion module of INFORMAS protocol. Three nutrient profile models were used to classify F&B ads as healthy or unhealthy F&B ads. Results Of the 10,082 ads in 504-hour recorded programs, 42.9% were F&B ads. The hourly average ads and F&B ads per channel were 19.8 (SD 15.32) and 8.6 (SD 9.84), while that was higher on the national children’s channel (17.15, SD 12.25) than other channels (p < 0.05). Of F&B ads classified with the three nutrient profile models, more than 55% were unhealthy for children. The categories most frequently advertised were savory snacks, milk drinks, nonpermitted milk drinks, cakes/sweet biscuits, and beverages. Unhealthy F&B ads were more likely to use promotional characters, brand benefit claims, and health claims than permitted F&B ads (p < 0.05). Conclusions Children in Beijing were exposed to a high proportion of unhealthy F&B ads during the Chinese New Year holiday. Our findings support the need to assess and regulate TV F&B ads marketing for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Lei
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Peking Union Medical College / Chinese Academy of Medical Science, 100730, Beijing, China.,Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, A1C 5S7, St. John's, Canada
| | - Zechen Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, 02115, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lin Xiang
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Peking Union Medical College / Chinese Academy of Medical Science, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Lihong Ye
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Peking Union Medical College / Chinese Academy of Medical Science, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Peking Union Medical College / Chinese Academy of Medical Science, 100730, Beijing, China.
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Batista CHK, Leite FHM, Borges CA. Association between advertising patterns and ultra-processed food in small markets. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2022; 27:2667-2678. [PMID: 35730837 DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232022277.19122021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This article aims to characterize the advertising appeals present in the food environment to market ultra-processed foods and to analyze the nutritional profile of these foods according to PAHO criteria and the presence of food additives. Cross-sectional study, with data audited in 20 small supermarkets in São Paulo. The INFORMAS protocol was used to classify the advertising messages. The foods were classified according to NOVA. The PAHO profile model was used to classify foods high in critical nutrients. Advertising patterns were identified by factor analysis. The association between patterns and food groups was investigated by linear regression. More than 95% of the ultraprocessed foods had at least 1 critical nutrient in excess. There was a positive association between the new brand, fun and advantageous pattern with snacks, ready-made products, dairy products and cookies; between the new brand and suggested use pattern with dairy products. The standardization of food advertising in small retail stores is associated with offering snacks, dairy products, ready-to-eat foods and cookies, products that exceed critical nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Hatsuko Kikuta Batista
- Programa de Graduação em Nutrição, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo. Av. Dr. Arnaldo 715, Cerqueira César. 01243-904 São Paulo SP Brasil.
| | - Fernanda Helena Marrocos Leite
- Núcleo de Pesquisas Epidemiológicas em Nutrição e Saúde, Universidade de São Paulo. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Global e Sustentabilidade, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo. São Paulo SP Brasil
| | - Camila Aparecida Borges
- Núcleo de Pesquisas Epidemiológicas em Nutrição e Saúde, Universidade de São Paulo. São Paulo SP Brasil
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Batista CHK, Leite FHM, Borges CA. Association between advertising patterns and ultra-processed food in small markets. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232022277.19122021en] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract This article aims to characterize the advertising appeals present in the food environment to market ultra-processed foods and to analyze the nutritional profile of these foods according to PAHO criteria and the presence of food additives. Cross-sectional study, with data audited in 20 small supermarkets in São Paulo. The INFORMAS protocol was used to classify the advertising messages. The foods were classified according to NOVA. The PAHO profile model was used to classify foods high in critical nutrients. Advertising patterns were identified by factor analysis. The association between patterns and food groups was investigated by linear regression. More than 95% of the ultraprocessed foods had at least 1 critical nutrient in excess. There was a positive association between the new brand, fun and advantageous pattern with snacks, ready-made products, dairy products and cookies; between the new brand and suggested use pattern with dairy products. The standardization of food advertising in small retail stores is associated with offering snacks, dairy products, ready-to-eat foods and cookies, products that exceed critical nutrients.
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11
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Silva JMD, Rodrigues MB, Matos JDP, Mais LA, Martins APB, Claro RM, Horta PM. Use of persuasive strategies in food advertising on television and on social media in Brazil. Prev Med Rep 2021; 24:101520. [PMID: 34976602 PMCID: PMC8683935 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2021.101520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed the use of persuasive advertising strategies by 18 food brands on TV and Facebook, Instagram, and YouTube in Brazil in April 2018. Advertising strategies were investigated from three groups: power of advertising strategies (n = 10) (e.g., use of licensed character, celebrities, awards, etc), use of the prize offering (n = 9) (e.g., pay 2 take 3 or more, gifts or collectable, limited edition, etc), and use of brand benefit claims (n = 8) (e.g., messages that exalt sensory-based characteristics such as flavor, taste, aroma and recommend how to use/consume the product, etc). Almost 90% of the brands were ultra-processed foods producers and they carried 52 ads on TV and 194 posts on social media platforms. A higher frequency of the strategy ‘cartoon/company owned character’ was found on TV ads (19.2%; p < 0.0001) in comparison to social media platforms (0% on the three platforms) while the presence of ‘famous sportsperson/team’ prevailed on YouTube (41.4%) in comparison to TV (19.2%), Facebook (10.9%) and Instagram (9.1%), p < 0.0001. On YouTube ads, the claims ‘sensory-based characteristics’ (86.2%), ‘suggested use’ (51.7%), and ‘emotive claims’ (31.0%) were more commonly seen in comparison to the other media, while the claims about ‘new brand developments’ (23.1%), ‘price’ (9.6%) and ‘suggesting to children and the whole family to use the advertised product’ (21.1%) prevailed on TV. Ultra-processed food brands are the main food companies that advertise on Brazilian TV and social media and the message transmitted by these brands varies in each media according to the advertising strategies that are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Moreira da Silva
- Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30130-100, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana de Paula Matos
- Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30130-100, Brazil
| | - Lais Amaral Mais
- Instituto Brasileiro de Defesa do Consumidor, São Paulo, 05002-000, Brazil
- Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 01246-904, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael Moreira Claro
- Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30130-100, Brazil
| | - Paula Martins Horta
- Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30130-100, Brazil
- Corresponding author at: Av. Alfredo Balena 190, 30130-100, Escola de Enfermagem, 3° andar, sala 312, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Duran AC, Mialon M, Crosbie E, Jensen ML, Harris JL, Batis C, Corvalán C, Taillie LS. [Soluciones relacionadas con el entorno alimentario para prevenir la obesidad infantil en América Latina y en la población latina que vive en Estados Unidos]. Obes Rev 2021; 22 Suppl 5:e13344. [PMID: 34708531 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Clara Duran
- Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas em Alimentação (NEPA), Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brasil.,Núcleo de Pesquisas Epidemiológicas em Nutrição e Saúde, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Melissa Mialon
- Trinity Business School, Trinity College Dublin, Dublín, Irlanda
| | - Eric Crosbie
- School of Community and Health Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, EE. UU
| | - Melissa Lorena Jensen
- Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity, University of Connecticut, Hartford, Connecticut, EE. UU.,Escuela de Nutrición, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Jennifer L Harris
- Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity, University of Connecticut, Hartford, Connecticut, EE. UU
| | - Carolina Batis
- CONACYT, Centro de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Camila Corvalán
- Instituto de Nutricion y Tecnologia de los Alimentos, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lindsey Smith Taillie
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, and Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, Carolina del Norte, EE. UU
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Duran AC, Mialon M, Crosbie E, Jensen ML, Harris JL, Batis C, Corvalán C, Taillie LS. Food environment solutions for childhood obesity in Latin America and among Latinos living in the United States. Obes Rev 2021; 22 Suppl 3:e13237. [PMID: 34152071 PMCID: PMC8365715 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The food environment is a major contributor to unhealthy diets in children and, therefore, to the increasing rates of obesity. Acclaimed by scholars across the world, Latin American countries have been leaders in implementing policies that target different aspects of the food environment. Evidence on the nature and to what extent children are exposed and respond to unhealthy food environments in the region and among Latinos in the United States is, however, deficient. The objective of this review is to use the integrated International Network for Food and Obesity/noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) Research, Monitoring and Action Support (INFORMAS) framework to create healthy food environment to (i) compare the key elements of childhood obesity-related food environments in Latin America and for Latinos living in the United States; (ii) describe the evidence on solutions to improve childhood obesity-related food environments; and (iii) identify research priorities to inform solutions to fight childhood obesity in these populations. We found that an integrated body of evidence is needed to inform an optimal package of policies to improve food environments to which children in Latin America and Latino children in the United States are exposed and more efficiently translate policy solutions to help curb growing childhood obesity levels across borders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Clara Duran
- Center for Food Studies and Research (NEPA)University of CampinasCampinasBrazil
- Center for Epidemiological Studies in Nutrition and HealthUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Melissa Mialon
- Trinity Business SchoolTrinity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Eric Crosbie
- School of Community and Health SciencesUniversity of NevadaRenoNevadaUSA
| | - Melissa Lorena Jensen
- Rudd Center for Food Policy and ObesityUniversity of ConnecticutHartfordConnecticutUSA
- School of Nutrition, University of Costa RicaSan JoséCosta Rica
| | - Jennifer L. Harris
- Rudd Center for Food Policy and ObesityUniversity of ConnecticutHartfordConnecticutUSA
| | - Carolina Batis
- CONACYT, Health and Nutrition Research CenterNational Institute of Public HealthCuernavacaMexico
| | - Camila Corvalán
- Instituto de Nutricion y Tecnologia de AlimentosUniversity of ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Lindsey Smith Taillie
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, and Carolina Population CenterUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
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14
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Marsola CDM, Carvalho-Ferreira JPD, Cunha LM, Jaime PC, da Cunha DT. Perceptions of risk and benefit of different foods consumed in Brazil and the optimism about chronic diseases. Food Res Int 2021; 143:110227. [PMID: 33992341 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess consumers' perceptions about the impact of consumption of different foods on health and body weight, as well as to identify risk perceptions about food-related chronic diseases. Face-to-face questionnaires were conducted with 525 Brazilians. Individuals were asked about their perception of risks associated with the consumption of 50 food items on health and bodyweight. The unrealistic optimism was measured by asking participants about their risk and the risk of another person with similar body and health conditions of developing diabetes mellitus (DM), systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), and gaining 3 to 10 kg in the next 12 months. According to the principal component analysis, biased perception of food healthiness and weight gain was observed. Some UPF were perceived as healthy (e.g., gelatin, cereal bars, cream cracker), indicating a false healthy stereotype. Regarding the bodyweight effect, some typical Brazilian staple foods, such as rice, pasta, bread, and potatoes, were considered fattening foods. Optimistic bias was found for DM, SAH, and weight gain, and perceived control over health correlated negatively to risk perception of all hazards. Some motives for food choice and perceptions about foods affected the risk perception about chronic disease. Consumers with higher income, highly educated, and without children perceive higher health benefits in food than risks. These results indicate that health campaigns must be unbiased, clarifying the level of food processing and health effects, especially for the food stereotyped as healthy and fattening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila de Mello Marsola
- Multidisciplinary Food and Health Laboratory, School of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | | | - Luís Miguel Cunha
- GreenUPorto, DGAOT, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Vila do Conde, Portugal
| | | | - Diogo Thimoteo da Cunha
- Multidisciplinary Food and Health Laboratory, School of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil.
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15
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Beltrá M, Soares-Micoanski K, Navarrete-Muñoz EM, Ropero AB. Nutrient Composition of Foods Marketed to Children or Adolescents Sold in the Spanish Market: Are They Any Better? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E7699. [PMID: 33096905 PMCID: PMC7589828 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17207699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Healthy eating is essential for the growth and development of children and adolescents. Eating habits established in childhood continue into adulthood. In Spain, the frequent promotion of foods with low nutritional value is already considered a threat to the health of the population, particularly to children and adolescents. In this work, we analyse 3209 foods from the Food Database, BADALI. Foods were classified as marketed to children or adolescents according to the advertising on the packaging, television or internet. We found that 17.5% of foods in the database were marketed to this population and 97% of those were considered unhealthy following the Pan American Health Organization Nutrient Profile Model (PAHO-NPM). In the total of foods for children or adolescents, 61.5% were high in fat, 58.5% in free-sugar, 45.4% in saturated fat and 45% in sodium. Foods marketed to them presented higher amounts of carbohydrates and sugar, while lower protein and fibre content than the rest. There was also considerable variability in levels of the other nutrients found in these products, which depended largely on the food group. According to our findings, there is a tendency for products marketed to children or adolescents to be unhealthy and of a poorer nutritional quality than those not targeted at them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Beltrá
- Institute of Bioengineering, Miguel Hernández University, 03202 Elche, Spain; (K.S.-M.); (A.B.R.)
| | - Keila Soares-Micoanski
- Institute of Bioengineering, Miguel Hernández University, 03202 Elche, Spain; (K.S.-M.); (A.B.R.)
| | - Eva-Maria Navarrete-Muñoz
- Grupo de Investigación en Terapia Ocupacional (InTeO), Department of Surgery and Pathology, Miguel Hernández University, 03550 Alicante, Spain;
| | - Ana B. Ropero
- Institute of Bioengineering, Miguel Hernández University, 03202 Elche, Spain; (K.S.-M.); (A.B.R.)
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16
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The Effects of Ultra-Processed Food Consumption-Is There Any Action Needed? Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092556. [PMID: 32846915 PMCID: PMC7551378 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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