Resveratrol distinctively modulates the inflammatory profiles of immune and endothelial cells

Potential of resveratrol in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (Review)

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multi‑system chronic autoimmune disease with a complex occurrence and development process, associated with immune disorders, uncertain prognosis, and treatment modalities which vary by patient and disease activity. At present, the clinical treatment of SLE mainly focuses on hormones and immunosuppressants. In recent years, the research on new treatment strategies for SLE has been booming, and strong preclinical results and clinical research have promoted the development of numerous drugs (such as rituximab and orencia), but numerous of these drugs have failed to achieve effectiveness in clinical trials, and there are some adverse reactions. Recent evidence suggests that resveratrol (RSV) has the effect of ameliorating immune disorders by inhibiting overactivation of immune cells. In the present review, advances in research on the protective effects and potential mechanisms of RSV against SLE are summarized and the potential potency of RSV and its use as a promising therapeutic option for the treatment of SLE are highlighted.

Structure characterization and immunological activity of capsular polysaccharide from live and heat-killed Lacticaseibacillus paracasei 6235

Capsular polysaccharide (CPS) as a probiotic component has the ability to regulate the function of the host's immune system. However, how the structure and function of heat-killed CPS are altered remains unclear. In the present study, CPS were isolated and purified from live (LCPS) and heat-killed (HCPS) Lacticaseibacillus paracasei 6235. The differences in structure and immunomodulation between LCPS and HCPS were compared and analyzed. The results demonstrate that after heat killed, the molecular weight of CPS decreased from 23.4 kDa to 17.5 kDa, with the disappearance of galactosamine in the monosaccharide composition, and changes in the microstructure. Methylation analysis and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis revealed that the LCPS and HCPS are similar in structure, which main units of →3,4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→4)-α-D-Galp-(1→3)-β-L-Rhap-(1→6)-β-D-Galp-(1→, and repeating units of →3,4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →3)-β-L-Rhap-(1→, and →4)-α-D-Galp-(1→ residues. Furthermore, both LCPS and HCPS significantly downregulated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in RAW264.7 cells induced by LPS. Specifically, HCPS reduced the levels of IL-6 and IL-1β by 79.38 % and 88.42 %, respectively, compared to LCPS. Concurrently, both LCPS and HCPS effectively mitigated inflammatory responses through the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. Moreover, compared to LCPS, HCPS increased the protein expression levels of NF-κB/p-NF-κB and IκB/p-IκB by 26.14 % and 28.92 %, respectively. These results suggest that CPS has a role in modulating immune responses and that HCPS is more effective. This study can be further developed into new products related to postbiotics.

A New Approach for CRISPR/Cas9 Editing and Selection of Pathogen-Resistant Plant Cells of Wine Grape cv. 'Merlot'

Grape is one of the most economically significant berry crops. Owing to the biological characteristics of grapes, such as the long juvenile period (5-8 years), high degree of genome heterozygosity, and the frequent occurrence of inbreeding depression, homozygosity during crossbreeding leads to loss of varietal characteristics and viability. CRISPR/Cas editing has become the tool of choice for improving elite technical grape varieties. This study provides the first evidence of a decrease in the total fraction of phenolic compounds and an increase in the concentration of peroxide compounds in grape callus cells upon the addition of chitosan to the culture medium. These previously unreported metabolic features of the grape response to chitosan have been described and used for the first time to increase the probability of selecting plant cells with MLO7 knockout characterised by an oxidative burst in response to the presence of a pathogen modulated by chitosan in the high-metabolite black grape variety 'Merlot'. This was achieved by using a CRISPR/Cas9 editing vector construction with the peroxide sensor HyPer as a reporter. This research represents the first CRISPR/Cas9 editing of 'Merlot', one of the most economically important elite technical grape varieties.

Comparative analyses of anti-inflammatory effects of Resveratrol, Pterostilbene and Curcumin: in-silico and in-vitro evidences

Inflammation is an adaptive response that involves activation, and recruitment of cells of innate and adaptive immune cells for restoring homeostasis. To safeguard the host from the threat of inflammatory agents, microbial invasion, or damage, the immune system activates the transcription factor NF-κB and produces cytokines such as TNF-α, IL- 6, IL-1β, and α. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) controls the increased amounts of proinflammatory cytokines, which in turn controls inflammation. Three phytoconstituents resveratrol (RES), pterostilbene (PTE), and curcumin (CUR) which are SIRT1- activators and that have marked anti-inflammatory effects (in-vivo), were chosen for the current study. These compounds were compared for their anti-inflammatory potential by in-silico docking studies for IL-6, TNF-α, NF-κB, and SIRT1 and in-vitro THP-1 cell line studies for IL-6, TNF-α. PTE was found to be more effective than RES and CUR in lowering the concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-α in THP-1 cell line studies, and it also showed a favorable docking profile with cytokines and SIRT1. Thus, PTE appears to be a better choice for further research and development as a drug or functional food supplement with the ability to reduce inflammation in metabolic disorders.

Graphical abstract

Schematic representation of in-silico and in-vitro analysis of Resveratrol, Pterostilbene, and Curcumin.

Role of Nutraceuticals in Counteracting Inflammation in In Vitro Macrophages Obtained from Childhood Cancer Survivors

The advancement of anti-cancer therapies has markedly improved the survival rate of children with cancer, making them long-term childhood cancer survivors (CCS). Nevertheless, these treatments cause a low-grade inflammatory state, determining inflamm-aging and, thus, favoring the early onset of chronic diseases normally associated with old age. Identification of novel and safer therapeutic strategies is needed to counteract and prevent inflamm-aging. Macrophages are cells involved in immune and inflammatory responses, with a pivotal role in iron metabolism, which is related to inflammation. We obtained macrophages from CCS patients and evaluated their phenotype markers, inflammatory states, and iron metabolism by Western blotting, ELISA, and iron assays. We observed a strong increase in classically activated phenotype markers (M1) and iron metabolism alteration in CCS, with an increase in intracellular iron concentration and inflammatory markers. These results suggest that the prevalence of M1 macrophages and alteration of iron metabolism could be involved in the worsening of inflammation in CCS. Therefore, we propose macrophages and iron metabolism as novel therapeutic targets to counteract inflamm-aging. To avoid toxic regimens, we tested some nutraceuticals (resveratrol, curcumin, and oil-enriched lycopene), which are already known to exert anti-inflammatory properties. After their administration, we observed a macrophage switch towards the anti-inflammatory phenotype M2, as well as reductions in pro-inflammatory cytokines and the intracellular iron concentration. Therefore, we suggest-for the first time-that nutraceuticals reduce inflammation in CCS macrophages through a novel anti-inflammatory mechanism of action, modulating iron metabolism.

Resveratrol-βcd inhibited premature ovarian insufficiency progression by regulating granulosa cell autophagy

BACKGROUND

The ovarian environment of premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) patients exhibits immune dysregulation, which leads to excessive secretion of numerous proinflammatory cytokines that affect ovarian function. An abnormal level of macrophage polarization directly or indirectly inhibits the differentiation of ovarian granulosa cells and steroid hormone production, ultimately leading to POI. Resveratrol, as a health supplement, has been widely recognized for its safety. There is a substantial amount of evidence indicating that resveratrol and its analogs possess significant immune-regulatory functions. It has also been reported that resveratrol can effectively inhibit the progression of POI. However, the underlying immunological and molecular mechanisms through which resveratrol inhibits the progression of POI are still unclear.

RESULTS

Our preliminary reports have shown that resveratrol-βcd, the beta-cyclodextrin complex of resveratrol, significantly enhances the stability of resveratrol. Resveratrol-βcd could regulate the dysfunctional immune status of macrophages and T cells in the tumor microenvironment. In this study, we treated busulfan and cyclophosphamide (B/C)-treated mice, which were used as a POI model, with resveratrol-βcd. After resveratrol-βcd treatment, the levels of IL-6 in the ovaries were significantly increased, and the progression of POI was suppressed. IL-6 activated granulosa cells (GCs) through soluble IL-6R (sIL-6R), promoting autophagy in GCs. Resveratrol-βcd and IL-6 had a synergistic effect on enhancing autophagy in GCs and promoting E2 secretion.

CONCLUSIONS

We partially elucidated the immune mechanism by which resveratrol inhibits the progression of POI and the autophagy-regulating function of GCs. This provides a theoretical basis for using resveratrol to prevent POI in future studies and clinical guidance.

Nutraceutical formulation for immune system modulation: Active constituents, in vitro antibacterial and immunomodulatory activity, and metabolomics analysis

There is a large demand for nutraceuticals in the market and studies related to their action are needed. In this paper, the antimicrobial activity and the immunomodulatory effect of a nutraceutical formulation containing 14.39% of ascorbic acid, 7.17% of coenzyme Q10, 1.33% of Echinacea polyphenols, 0.99% of pine flavan-3-ols, 0.69% of resveratrol and 0.023% of Echinacea alkylamides were studied using in vitro assays and cell-based metabolomics. Chromatographic analysis allowed us to study the nutraceutical composition. The antibacterial activity was evaluated on S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, H. influenzae, S. pyogenes, S. pneumoniae and M. catarrhalis. The immunomodulatory activity was assessed on human macrophages and dendritic cells. The production of IL-1β, IL-12p70, IL-10 and IL-8 was evaluated on culture medium by ELISA and the activation/maturation of dendritic cells with cytofluorimetric analysis. Treated and untreated macrophages and dendritic cell lysates were analysed by liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry, and results were compared using multivariate data analysis to identify biological markers related to the treatment with the food supplement. The food supplement decreased K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and M. catharralis growth, reduced the inflammatory response in macrophages exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and modulated the activation and maturation of the dendritic cells. Oxidized phospholipids were identified as the main biological markers of treated cell lysates, compared with controls.

Biological activities of extracts and compounds from Thai Kae-Lae (Maclura cochinchinensis (Lour.) Corner)

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

The purpose of this study was to investigate the biological properties of Kae-Lae (Maclura cochinchinensis (Lour.) Corner), a traditional medicinal plant used in Ayurvedic recipes in Thailand. To achieve this objective, heartwood samples were collected from 12 sources across Thailand. Fractional extracts (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol) and the dominant compounds (morin, resveratrol, and quercetin) were examined for their abilities on cytotoxicity, antioxidant, anti-inflammation, and antileukaemic activity (Wilms' tumour 1 protein was used as a well-known biomarker for leukaemic cell proliferation).

METHODS

The study used MTT to assess cytotoxicity in leukaemic cells (K562, EoL-1, and KG-1a). Antioxidant activities were evaluated using ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP assays. The anti-inflammatory activity was investigated by detecting IL-2, TNF-α, and NO using appropriate detection kits. Wilms' tumour 1 protein expression was measured by Western blotting to determine the anti-leukaemic activity. The inhibition of cell migration was also analyzed to confirm anticancer progression.

RESULTS

Among the tested extract fraction, ethyl acetate No. 001 displayed strong cytotoxicity specifically in EoL-1 cells, while n-hexane No. 008 demonstrated this effect in three cell lines. Resveratrol, on the other hand, displayed cytotoxicity in all the tested cells. Additionally, the three major compounds, morin, resveratrol, and quercetin, exhibited significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In particular, resveratrol demonstrated a noteworthy decreased Wilms' tumour 1 protein expression and a reduction in cell proliferation across all cells. Moreover, ethyl acetate No. 001, morin, and resveratrol effectively inhibited MCF-7 cell migration. None of these compounds showed any impact on red blood cell haemolysis.

CONCLUSION

Based on these findings, it can be concluded that Kae-Lae has promising chemotherapeutic potential against leukaemic cells, with fractional extracts (ethyl acetate and n-hexane) and resveratrol exhibiting the most potent cytotoxic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cell migration activities.

Novel Antioxidant Insights of Myricetin on the Performance of Broiler Chickens and Alleviating Experimental Infection with Eimeria spp.: Crosstalk between Oxidative Stress and Inflammation

In the modern poultry industry, the application of novel phytogenic bioactive compounds with antioxidant potential aims to enhance productivity and quality and to minimize the stress of associated diseases. Herein, myricetin, a natural flavonoid, was evaluated for the first time on broiler chickens' performance, antioxidants and immune modulating functions, and tackling avian coccidiosis. A total of 500 one-day-old chicks were divided into five groups. The negative (NC) and infected control (IC) groups were fed a control diet without additives, and the latter was infected with Eimeria spp. Groups supplemented with myricetin (Myc) were fed a control diet of Myc (200, 400 and 600 mg/kg diet each). On d 14, all chicks except those in NC were challenged with oocysts of mixed Eimeria spp. Significant improvements in the overall growth rate and feed conversion ratio were detected in the group that was fed 600 mg/kg, unlike the IC group. Notably, groups that were fed 400 and 600 mg/kg showed higher total meat antioxidant capacity with an inverse reduction in oxidative and lipid peroxidation biomarkers (hydrogen peroxide: H₂O₂; reactive oxygen species: ROS; Malondialdehyde: MDA). Of note, the upregulation of glutathione peroxidase; GSH-Px, catalase; CAT, superoxide dismutase; SOD, heme oxygenase-1; HO-1 and NAD(P)H dehydrogenase quinone 1 NQO1 genes in jejunum and muscle were prominently observed with increasing levels of supplemental Myc. At 21 dpi, the severity of coccoidal lesions (p < 0.05) induced by mixed Eimeria spp. and oocyst excretion were greatly reduced in the group that was fed 600 mg/kg of Myc. In the IC group, higher serum levels of C-reactive protein; CRP and nitric oxide; and NO and the upregulated expression of inflammatory biomarkers (interleukin-1β; IL-1β, interleukin-6; IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α; TNF-α, chemotactic cytokines; CCL20, stromal cell-derived factor-1; CXCL13, and avian defensins; AvBD612) were subsided in higher levels in the Myc-fed groups. Taken together, these findings indicate the promising antioxidant role of Myc in modulating immune responses and reducing growth depression associated with coccidia challenges.

In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Activities of pH-Responsive Resveratrol-Urocanic Acid Nano-Assemblies

Inflammatory environments provide vital biochemical stimuli (i.e., oxidative stress, pH, and enzymes) for triggered drug delivery in a controlled manner. Inflammation alters the local pH within the affected tissues. As a result, pH-sensitive nanomaterials can be used to effectively target drugs to the site of inflammation. Herein, we designed pH-sensitive nanoparticles in which resveratrol (an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant compound (RES)) and urocanic acid (UA) were complexed with a pH-sensitive moiety using an emulsion method. These RES-UA NPs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, and FT-IR spectroscopy. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of the RES-UA NPs were assessed in RAW 264.7 macrophages. The NPs were circular in shape and ranged in size from 106 to 180 nm. The RES-UA NPs suppressed the mRNA expression of the pro-inflammatory molecules inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages in a concentration-dependent manner. Incubation of LPS-stimulated macrophages with RES-UA NPs reduced the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a concentration-dependent manner. These results suggest that pH-responsive RES-UA NPs can be used to decrease ROS generation and inflammation.

Resveratrol and Its Role in the Management of B-Cell Malignancies-A Recent Update

The growing incidence of B cell malignancies globally has prompted research on the pharmacological properties of phytoconstituents in cancer management. Resveratrol, a polyphenolic stilbenoid widely found in nature, has been explored for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, and promising results from different pre-clinical studies have indicated its potential for management of B cell malignancies. However, these claims must be substantiated by a greater number of clinical trials in diverse populations, in order to establish its safety and efficacy profile. In addition to this, there is a need to explore nanodelivery of this agent, owing to its poor solubility, which in turn may impact its bioavailability. This review aims to offer an overview of the occurrence and pathogenesis of B cell malignancies with a special focus on the inflammatory pathways involved, the mechanism of actions of resveratrol and its pharmacokinetic profile, results from pre-clinical and clinical studies, as well as an overview of the marketed formulations. The authors have also presented their opinion on the various challenges associated with the clinical development of resveratrol and future perspectives regarding therapeutic applications of this agent.

Resveratrol Upregulates Senescence Marker Protein 30 by Activating AMPK/Sirt1-Foxo1 Signals and Attenuating H2O2-Induced Damage in FAO Rat Liver Cells

Resveratrol (RSV) is a polyphenol with numerous biological functions, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-aging activities. The novel senescence marker protein-30 (SMP30) indicates aging, and it suppresses hepatic oxidative stress. However, the effects of RSV on SMP30 expression regulation remain unclear. We observed that RSV positively regulates SMP30 expression in rat hepatoma-derived FAO cells. However, this was abolished by Compound C and EX-527 that specifically inhibit AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and Silent Information Regulator T1 (Sirt1), respectively. We predicted binding sites for AMPK, forkhead box protein O1 (Foxo1), and Sirt1 downstream molecules as possible SMP30 promoters using the JASPAR and UniProtKB databases. We identified a Foxo1 binding site in the promoter region of SMP30. Inhibiting Foxo1 with AS1842527 also decreased the RSV-induced upregulation of SMP30 expression. Moreover, RSV suppressed the substantial downregulation of SMP30 expression caused by oxidative stress and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and released accumulated lactate dehydrogenase. These results demonstrate that, as a novel food factor, RSV-induced upregulation of SMP30 by activating AMPK/Sirt1-Foxo1 signaling and may attenuates H2O2-induced oxidative damage. The findings of this study offer new perspectives of the anti-ageing properties of RSV.

Putative involvement of sirtuin modulators in LPS-induced sickness behaviour in mice

NAD⁺-dependent histone deacetylases (sirtuins 1-7) have been shown to be involved in various pathophysiological conditions including their involvement in cardiovascular, cancerous, neurodegenerative, immune dysregulation and inflammatory conditions. This study investigates the inflammomodulatory potential of resveratrol (RES), a sirtuin activator and sirtinol (SIR), a sirtuin inhibitor in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced model of sickness behaviour in mice. Male Swiss albino mice were divided into five groups (n = 6) consisting of saline (SAL), LPS, RES, SIR, and fluoxetine (FLU) respectively, each group except LPS was prepared by intraperitoneally (i.p.) administration of SAL (10 mL/kg), RES (50 mg/kg), SIR (2 mg/kg) and FLU (10 mg/kg). Thirty minutes after the treatments, all the groups, except SAL were administered LPS (2 mg/kg, i.p.). The behavioural assays including, open field test, forced swim test, and tail suspension tests were conducted 1 h after LPS challenge. LPS administration significantly reduced the locomotor activity along with inducing a state of high immobility and that was prevented by pretreatment with RES and SIR. Further, various proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β), and oxidative stress markers (MDA and GSH) were found to be significantly elevated in the brain homogenates after LPS treatment. SIR pretreatment abrogated the LPS-induced neuroinflammatory and oxidative stress changes, whereas RES was only effective in reducing the oxidative stress and TNF-α levels. The results of this study speculate that the role of SIRT modulators in neuroinflammatory conditions could vary with their dose, regimen and chemical properties. Further studies with detailed molecular and pharmacokinetic profiling will be needed to explore their therapeutic potentials.

Influence of Polydatin on the Tumor Microenvironment In Vitro: Studies with a Colon Cancer Cell Model

The tumor microenvironment of colon carcinoma, the site at which tumor cells and the host immune system interact, is influenced by signals from tumor cells, immunocompetent cells, and bacterial components, including LPS. A large amount of LPS is available in the colon, and this could promote inflammation and metastasis by enhancing tumor cell adhesion to the endothelium. Polydatin (PD), the 3-β-D-glucoside of trans-resveratrol, is a polyphenol with anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and immunoregulatory effects. This study was designed to explore whether PD is able to produce antiproliferative effects on three colon cancer lines, to reduce the expression of adhesion molecules that are upregulated by LPS on endothelial cells, and to decrease the proinflammatory cytokines released in culture supernatants. Actually, we investigated the effects of PD on tumor growth in a coculture model with human mononuclear cells (MNCs) that mimics, at least in part, an in vitro tumor microenvironment. The results showed that PD alone or in combination with MNC exerts antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects on cancer cells, inhibits the production of the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10 and of the proinflammatory cytokines upregulated by LPS, and reduces E-selectin and VCAM-1 on endothelial cells. These data provide preclinical support to the hypothesis that PD could be of potential benefit as a therapeutic adjuvant in colon cancer treatment and prevention.

Resveratrol and ω-3 PUFAs Promote Human Macrophage Differentiation and Function

Monocytes differentiate into M1 and M2 macrophages, which are classically activated by microbial products such as LPS or IFN-γ and interleukins (e.g., the anti-inflammatory and T_h2 promoting IL-4), respectively. The contribution of nutrients or nutrient-based substances such as ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) and resveratrol (Res) on the differentiation and function of M1 and M2 macrophages was evaluated. THP-1 cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were differentiated into M1 and M2 cells and activated with LPS/IFN-γ or IL-4/IL-13. Macrophage lineage specific surface determinants (e.g., CD11b, CD11c, CD14, CD206, CD209, CD274, HLA-DR, CCR7, CCR2) were analysed by cytofluorometry. Res and ω-3 PUFAs altered CD14, CD206, CD274 and HL-DR surface expression patterns in M1 and M2 macrophages differentiated from PBMC. LPS/IFN-γ or IL-14/IL-13 activated macrophages subpopulations, which secreted cytokines and chemokines as measured by multiplex ELISA. Res and ω-3 PUFA reduced IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, CXCL10/IP-10, CCL13/MCP-4 and CCL20/MIP-3α in LPS/IFN-γ activated human leukaemia THP-1 cells, which is indicative of a dampening effect on M1 macrophages. However, Res increased M1 prototypic cytokines such as IL-1β or IL-6 in macrophages derived from PBMCs and also modified the expression of IL-12p70. Collectively, Res and ω-3 PUFAs distinctly promoted the differentiation and function of M1 and M2 macrophages. We conclude that these substances strengthen the macrophage-mediated effects on the innate and adaptive immune response.

A Micro-Immunotherapy Sequential Medicine MIM-seq Displays Immunomodulatory Effects on Human Macrophages and Anti-Tumor Properties towards In Vitro 2D and 3D Models of Colon Carcinoma and in an In Vivo Subcutaneous Xenograft Colon Carcinoma Model

In this study, the immunomodulatory effects of a sequential micro-immunotherapy medicine, referred as MIM-seq, were appraised in human primary M1 and M2 macrophages, in which the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-23, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, was inhibited. In addition, the potential anti-proliferative effects of MIM-seq on tumor cells was assessed in three models of colorectal cancer (CRC): an in vitro two-dimensions (2D) model of HCT-116 cells, an in vitro tri-dimensional (3D) model of spheroids, and an in vivo model of subcutaneous xenografted mice. In these models, MIM-seq displayed anti-proliferative effects when compared with the vehicle. In vivo, the tumor growth was slightly reduced in MIM-seq-treated animals. Moreover, MIM-seq could slightly reduce the growth of our spheroid models, especially under serum-deprivation. When MIM-seq was combined with two well-known anti-cancerogenic agents, either resveratrol or etoposide, MIM-seq could even further reduce the spheroid’s volume, pointing up the need to further assess whether MIM-seq could be beneficial for CRC patients as an adjuvant therapy. Altogether, these data suggest that MIM-seq could have anti-tumor properties against CRC and an immunomodulatory effect towards the mediators of inflammation, whose systemic dysregulation is considered to be a poor prognosis for patients.

Systematic analysis of nutrigenomic effects of polyphenols related to cardiometabolic health in humans - Evidence from untargeted mRNA and miRNA studies

Cardiovascular and metabolic disorders present major causes of mortality in the ageing population. Polyphenols present in human diets possess cardiometabolic protective properties, however their underlying molecular mechanisms in humans are still not well identified. Even though preclinical and in vitro studies advocate that these bioactives can modulate gene expression, most studies were performed using targeted approaches. With the objective to decipher the molecular mechanisms underlying polyphenols cardiometabolic preventive properties in humans, we performed integrative multi-omic bioinformatic analyses of published studies which reported improvements of cardiometabolic risk factors following polyphenol intake, together with genomic analyses performed using untargeted approach. We identified 5 studies within our criteria and nearly 5000 differentially expressed genes, both mRNAs and miRNAs, in peripheral blood cells. Integrative bioinformatic analyses (e.g. pathway and gene network analyses, identification of transcription factors, correlation of gene expression profiles with those associated with diseases and drug intake) revealed that these genes are involved in the processes such as cell adhesion and mobility, immune system, metabolism, or cell signaling. We also identified 27 miRNAs known to regulate processes such as cell cytoskeleton, chemotaxis, cell signaling, or cell metabolism. Gene expression profiles negatively correlated with expression profiles of cardiovascular disease patients, while a positive correlation was observed with gene expression profiles following intake of drugs against cardiometabolic disorders. These analyses further advocate for health protective effects of these bioactives against age-associated diseases. In conclusion, polyphenols can exert multi-genomic modifications in humans and use of untargeted methods coupled with bioinformatic analyses represent the best approach to decipher molecular mechanisms underlying healthy-ageing effects of these bioactives.

Resveratrol analogue, HS-1793, inhibits inflammatory mediator release from macrophages by interfering with the TLR4 mediated NF-κB activation

Resveratrol is known to have anti-inflammatory properties. However, high-dose resveratrol is required for optimal anti-inflammatory effects. HS-1793 is a derivative designed to be metabolically stable and more effective than resveratrol. We tested whether HS-1793 also has anti-inflammatory activity. HS-1793 effectively inhibited the mRNA and protein expression of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in macrophages. Therefore, the production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) was significantly attenuated. In addition, HS-1793 completely suppressed the production of inflammatory cytokines enhanced by LPS treatment along with a decrease in Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression. At the same time, the expression of myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1), and TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) signaling molecules and the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)/p65 were also downregulated. We conclusively suggest that HS-1793 also exhibits anti-inflammatory properties by effectively inhibiting TLR4-mediated NF-κB activation.

An assessment of the rescue action of resveratrol in parkin loss of function-induced oxidative stress in Drosophila melanogaster

Loss-of-function mutations in parkin is associated with onset of juvenile Parkinson's disease (PD). Resveratrol is a polyphenolic stilbene with neuroprotective activity. Here, we evaluated the rescue action of resveratrol in parkin mutant D. melanogaster. The control flies (w1118) received diet-containing 2% ethanol (vehicle), while the PD flies received diets-containing resveratrol (15, 30 and 60 mg/kg diet) for 21 days to assess survival rate. Consequently, similar treatments were carried out for 10 days to evaluate locomotor activity, oxidative stress and antioxidant markers. We also determined mRNA levels of Superoxide dismutase 1 (Sod1, an antioxidant gene) and ple, which encodes tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting step in dopamine synthesis. Our data showed that resveratrol improved survival rate and climbing activity of PD flies compared to untreated PD flies. Additionally, resveratrol protected against decreased activities of acetylcholinesterase and catalase and levels of non-protein thiols and total thiols displayed by PD flies. Moreover, resveratrol mitigated against parkin mutant-induced accumulations of hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide and malondialdehyde. Resveratrol attenuated downregulation of ple and Sod1 and reduction in mitochondrial fluorescence intensity displayed by PD flies. Overall, resveratrol alleviated oxidative stress and locomotor deficit associated with parkin loss-of-function mutation and therefore might be useful for the management of PD.

Manipulating Macrophage/Microglia Polarization to Treat Glioblastoma or Multiple Sclerosis

Macrophages and microglia are implicated in several diseases with divergent roles in physiopathology. This discrepancy can be explained by their capacity to endorse different polarization states. Theoretical extremes of these states are called M1 and M2. M1 are pro-inflammatory, microbicidal, and cytotoxic whereas M2 are anti-inflammatory, immunoregulatory cells in favor of tumor progression. In pathological states, these polarizations are dysregulated, thus restoring phenotypes could be an interesting treatment approach against diseases. In this review, we will focus on compounds targeting macrophages and microglia polarization in two very distinctive pathologies: multiple sclerosis and glioblastoma. Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory disease characterized by demyelination and axon degradation. In this case, macrophages and microglia endorse a M1-like phenotype inducing inflammation. Promoting the opposite M2-like polarization could be an interesting treatment strategy. Glioblastoma is a brain tumor in which macrophages and microglia facilitate tumor progression, spreading, and angiogenesis. They are part of the tumor associated macrophages displaying an anti-inflammatory phenotype, thereby inhibiting anti-tumoral immunity. Re-activating them could be a method to limit and reduce tumor progression. These two pathologies will be used to exemplify that targeting the polarization of macrophages and microglia is a promising approach with a broad spectrum of applications deserving more attention.

Resveratrol and Immune Cells: A Link to Improve Human Health

The use of polyphenols as adjuvants in lowering risk factors for various debilitating diseases has been investigated in recent years due to their possible antioxidant action. Polyphenols represent a fascinating and relatively new subject of research in nutraceuticals and nutrition, with interest rapidly expanding since they can help maintain health by controlling metabolism, weight, chronic diseases, and cell proliferation. Resveratrol is a phenolic compound found mostly in the pulp, peels, seeds, and stems of red grapes. It has a wide variety of biological actions that can be used to prevent the beginning of various diseases or manage their symptoms. Resveratrol can influence multiple inflammatory and non-inflammatory responses, protecting organs and tissues, thanks to its interaction with immune cells and its activity on SIRT1. This compound has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, anticancer, and antiviral properties, making it a potential adjunct to traditional pharmaceutical therapy in public health. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of resveratrol in terms of active biological effects and mechanism of action in modifying the immune cellular response to promote human psychophysical health.

Interception of Signaling Circuits of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Cells by Resveratrol Reveals Molecular and Immunomodulatory Signatures

Simple Summary

Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus has been on the rise lately. Increase in mortality due to a paucity of efficacious drugs for this cancer prompted us to discover molecular signatures to combat this malady. To this end, we chose resveratrol—a polyphenol and studied its impact on three esophageal adenocarcinoma cell lines (OE33, OE19 and FLO-1) by multilevel profiling. Here, we show the impact of resveratrol on the viability of the three cell systems studied, at the cellular, molecular level and by proteomic analysis. Impact on programmed cell death pathway resulting in an increase in apoptotic and caspase-positive cells were observed. Decrease in Bcl2. levels and impact on reactive oxygen species (ROS) was also observed. Moreover, proteomic profiling highlighted pivotal differentially regulated signaling molecules. Notably, the downregulation of Ku80 by resveratrol could be harnessed for chemo-radiation therapy to prevent DNA break repair after radiation therapy. Additionally, protein profiling has shed light on molecular and immune-modulatory signatures with implications for discovering novel treatments such as chemo-immunotherapy.

Abstract

Deregulation of signaling pathways due to mutations sets the cell on a path to neoplasia. Therefore, recent reports of increased mutations observed in esophageal tissue reflects the enhanced risk of tumor formation. In fact, adenocarcinoma of the esophagus has been on the rise lately. Increase in mortality due to a paucity of efficacious drugs for this cancer prompted us to discover molecular signatures to combat this malady. To this end, we chose resveratrol—a polyphenol with anticancer property—and studied its impact on three esophageal adenocarcinoma cell lines (OE33, OE19 and FLO-1) by multilevel profiling. Here, we show the impact of resveratrol on the viability of the three adenocarcinoma esophageal cell systems studied, at the cellular level. Furthermore, an analysis at the molecular level revealed that the action was through the programmed cell death pathway, resulting in an increase in apoptotic and caspase-positive cells. The impact on reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a decrease in Bcl2 levels were also observed. Moreover, proteomic profiling highlighted pivotal differentially regulated signaling molecules. The phenotypic effect observed in resveratrol-treated esophageal cells could be due to the stoichiometry per se of the fold changes observed in entities of key signaling pathways. Notably, the downregulation of Ku80 and other pivotal entities by resveratrol could be harnessed for chemo-radiation therapy to prevent DNA break repair after radiation therapy. Additionally, multilevel profiling has shed light on molecular and immune-modulatory signatures with implications for discovering novel treatments, including chemo-immunotherapy, for esophageal adenocarcinomas which are known to be aggressive cancers.

A Novel Para-Amino Salicylic Acid Magnesium Layered Hydroxide Nanocomposite Anti-Tuberculosis Drug Delivery System with Enhanced in vitro Therapeutic and Anti-Inflammatory Properties

INTRODUCTION

Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections are associated with severe local inflammatory reactions, which may be life-threatening and lead to tuberculosis pathogenesis and associated complications. Inorganic nanolayers have been vastly exploited for biomedical applications (especially in drug delivery) because of their biocompatible and biodegradable nature with the ability to release a drug in a sustained manner. Herein, we report a new nanodelivery system of inorganic nanolayers based on magnesium layered hydroxides (MgLH) and a successfully intercalated anti-tuberculosis drug para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS).

METHODS

The designed anti-tuberculosis nanodelivery composite, MgLH-PAS, was prepared by a novel co-precipitation method using MgNO3 as well MgO as starting materials.

RESULTS

The designed nano-formulation, PAS-MgLH, showed good antimycobacterial and antimicrobial activities with significant synergistic anti-inflammatory effects on the suppression of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated inflammatory mediators in RAW 264.7 macrophages. The designed nano-formulation was also found to be biocompatible with human normal lung cells (MRC-5) and 3T3 fibroblast cells. Furthermore, the in vitro release of PAS from PAS-MgLH was found to be sustained in human body simulated phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solutions of pH 7.4 and pH 4.8.

DISCUSSION

The results of the present study are highly encouraging for further in vivo studies. This new nanodelivery system, MgLH, can be exploited in the delivery of other drugs and in numerous other biomedical applications as well.

The Effect of Resveratrol on the Cardiovascular System from Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Results

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading causes of death worldwide. The cardioprotective effects of natural polyphenols such as resveratrol (3,5,4-trihydroxystilbene) have been extensively investigated throughout recent decades. Many studies of RES have focused on its favorable effects on pathological conditions related to cardiovascular diseases and their risk factors. The aim of this review was to summarize the wide beneficial effects of resveratrol on the cardiovascular system, including signal transduction pathways of cell longevity, energy metabolism of cardiomyocytes or cardiac remodeling, and its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. In addition, this paper discusses the significant preclinical and human clinical trials of recent years with resveratrol on cardiovascular system. Finally, we present a short overview of antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties and possible future perspectives on RES against COVID-19 in cardiovascular diseases.

Resveratrol, EGCG and Vitamins Modulate Activated T Lymphocytes

Vitamins and bioactives, which are constituents of the food chain, modulate T lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation, antibody production, and prevent inflammation and autoimmunity. We investigated the effects of vitamins (vitamin A (VA), D (VD), E (VE)) and bioactives (i.e., resveratrol (Res), epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG)) on the adaptive immune response, as well as their synergistic or antagonistic interactions. Freshly isolated T lymphocytes from healthy individuals were activated with anti-CD3/CD28 antibodies for 4–5 days in the presence of bioactives and were analyzed by cytofluorometry. Interleukins, cytokines, and chemokines were measured by multiple ELISA. Gene expression was measured by quantitative RT-PCR. Res and EGCG increased CD4 surface intensity. EGCG led to an increased proportion of CD8⁺ lymphocytes. Anti-CD3/CD28 activation induced exuberant secretion of interleukins and cytokines by T lymphocyte subsets. VD strongly enhanced T_h2 cytokines (e.g., IL-5, IL-13), whereas Res and EGCG favored secretion of T_h1 cytokines (e.g., IL-2, INF-γ). Res and VD mutually influenced cytokine production, but VD dominated the cytokine secretion pattern. The substances changed gene expression of interleukins and cytokines in a similar way as they did secretion. Collectively, VD strongly modulated cytokine and interleukin production and favored T_h2 functions. Resveratrol and EGCG promoted the T_h1 response. VA and VE had only a marginal effect, but they altered both T_h1 and T_h2 response. In vivo, bioactives might therefore interact with vitamins and support the outcome and extent of the adaptive immune response.

Dietary Polyphenols: Promising Adjuvants for Colorectal Cancer Therapies

Simple Summary

Colorectal cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Despite the development of novel surgical and therapeutic strategies, 50% of patients relapse after treatment. Therapy failure, due to low efficacy, adverse effects and drug resistance, is thus a major concern. The idea of combining standard therapy with non-toxic bioactive natural compounds is a recent topic in cancer research and aims to increase the efficacy of current antitumor therapies while reducing drug toxicity and adverse effects. In recent years, several studies have explored the capacity of polyphenols, dietary bioactive compounds enriched in fruit and vegetables, to act as adjuvants to improve colorectal cancer therapy. In the present review, we discuss these studies, highlighting the mechanisms underlying the adjuvant effect, and bring out the potential of this novel therapeutic approach as well as the critical issues related to clinical application.

Abstract

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major cancer type and a leading cause of death worldwide. Despite advances in therapeutic management, the current medical treatments are not sufficient to control metastatic disease. Treatment-related adverse effects and drug resistance strongly contribute to therapy failure and tumor recurrence. Combination therapy, involving cytotoxic treatments and non-toxic natural compounds, is arousing great interest as a promising more effective and safer alternative. Polyphenols, a heterogeneous group of bioactive dietary compounds mainly found in fruit and vegetables, have received great attention for their capacity to modulate various molecular pathways active in cancer cells and to affect host anticancer response. This review provides a summary of the most recent (i.e., since 2016) preclinical and clinical studies using polyphenols as adjuvants for CRC therapies. These studies highlight the beneficial effects of dietary polyphenols in combination with cytotoxic drugs or irradiation on both therapy outcome and drug resistance. Despite substantial preclinical evidence, data from a few pilot clinical trials are available to date with promising but still inconclusive results. Larger randomized controlled studies and polyphenol formulations with improved bioavailability are needed to translate the research progress into clinical applications and definitively prove the added value of these molecules in CRC management.

Anticoronavirus and Immunomodulatory Phenolic Compounds: Opportunities and Pharmacotherapeutic Perspectives

In 2019, COVID-19 emerged as a severe respiratory disease that is caused by the novel coronavirus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The disease has been associated with high mortality rate, especially in patients with comorbidities such as diabetes, cardiovascular and kidney diseases. This could be attributed to dysregulated immune responses and severe systemic inflammation in COVID-19 patients. The use of effective antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2 and modulation of the immune responses could be a potential therapeutic strategy for COVID-19. Studies have shown that natural phenolic compounds have several pharmacological properties, including anticoronavirus and immunomodulatory activities. Therefore, this review discusses the dual action of these natural products from the perspective of applicability at COVID-19.

Nutraceuticals in Viral Infections: An Overview of the Immunomodulating Properties

Nutraceuticals, including vitamin D, vitamin A, zinc, lactoferrin, polyphenols coenzyme Q, magnesium, and selenium, are implicated in the modulation of the complex molecular pathways involved in the immune response against viral pathogens. A common element of the activity of nutraceuticals is their ability to enhance the innate immune response against pathogens by acting on the major cellular subsets and inducing the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and antimicrobial peptides. In some cases, this action is accompanied by a direct antimicrobial effect, as evidenced in the specific case of lactoferrin. Furthermore, nutraceuticals act through complex molecular mechanisms to minimize the damage caused by the activation of the immune system against pathogens, reducing the oxidative damage, influencing the antigen presentation, enhancing the differentiation and proliferation of regulatory T cells, driving the differentiation of lymphocyte subsets, and modulating the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In this paper, we review the main molecular mechanisms responsible for the immunomodulatory function of nutraceuticals, focusing on the most relevant aspects for the prevention and treatment of viral infections.

Anti-SASP and anti-inflammatory activity of resveratrol, curcumin and β-caryophyllene association on human endothelial and monocytic cells

A challenging and promising new branch of aging-related research fields is the identification of natural compounds able to modulate the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), which characterizes senescent cells and can contribute to fuel the inflammaging. We investigated both the anti-SASP and anti-inflammatory activities of a nutritional supplement, namely Fenoxidol™, composed of turmeric extract bioCurcumin (bCUR), Polydatin (the natural glycosylated precursor of Resveratrol-RSV), and liposomal β-caryophyllene (BCP), in two human cellular models, such as the primary endothelial cell line, HUVECs and the monocytic cell line, THP-1. Replicative and Doxorubicin-induced senescent HUVECs, both chosen as cellular models of SASP, and lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-stimulated THP-1, selected as a model of the inflammatory response, were treated with the three single natural compounds or with a combination of them (MIX). In both senescent HUVEC models, MIX treatment significantly reduced IL-1β and IL-6 expression levels and p16^ink4a protein, and also increased SIRT1 protein level, as well as downregulated miR-146a and miR-21 expression, two of the so-called inflamma-miRNAs, more effectively than the single compounds. In THP-1 cells stimulated with LPS, the MIX showed a significant effect in decreasing IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and miR-146a expression levels and Caspase-1 activation, in association with an up-regulation of SIRT1 protein, compared to the single compounds. Overall, our results suggest that the three analysed compounds can have a combined effect in restraining SASP in senescent HUVECs as well as the inflammatory response in LPS-stimulated THP-1 cells.

Sargassum horneri (Turner) C. Agardh containing polyphenols attenuates particulate matter-induced inflammatory response by blocking TLR-mediated MYD88-dependent MAPK signaling pathway in MLE-12 cells

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Sargassum horneri (Turner) C. Agardh (S. horneri), an edible brown marine algae, is known to have immunomodulatory effects and has been used in oriental medicine to treat inflammatory diseases. It is well known that ambient particulate matter (PM) is closely related to increased respiratory diseases inducing lung inflammation.

AIM

Considering the use of Sargassum horneri in traditional medicine to treat inflammatory diseases, we hypothesized and investigated the use of Sargassum horneri containing polyphenols against PM-induced inflammatory responses.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this study, we evaluated the impact of PM (majority <2.5 μm in diameter) on deep bronchial penetration ability upon inhalation and a therapeutic approach to mitigate its harmful effects using an ethanol extract of Sargassum horneri, an edible brown algae, containing polyphenols on a type II alveolar epithelial cell line, MLE-12.

RESULTS

PM triggered mRNA expression of toll-like receptors (TLRs) TLR2/4/7, and those TLRs were significantly attenuated by Sargassum horneri extract (SHE). SHE further attenuated the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (Erk1/2), and c-Jun NH (2)-terminal kinase (JNK), which were also activated in PM-exposed cells. Altogether, SHE subdued the PM-induced mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-6) and lung epithelial cell derived-chemokines (IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 (CCL5)). SHE also suppressed the mRNA expression of PM-induced pro-allergic cytokines thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and interleukin (IL)-33. Furthermore, we showed that SHE suppressed the MAPK-dependent signaling pathway by attenuating receptor-associated factor (TRAF) 6 activation of proteins MyD88 and TNF.

CONCLUSION

Taking all the data together, we suggest that the anti-inflammatory potential of SHE on PM-exposed MLE-12 cells is mediated by the inhibition of PM-triggered downstream signaling along the TLR2/4/7-MyD88-TRAF6 axis of MAPK signaling.

Recent efforts in drug discovery on vascular inflammation and consequent atherosclerosis

Introduction: Preservation of vascular endothelium integrity and maintenance of its full functionality are fundamental aspects in order to avoid both cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular diseases.Areas covered: Although a massive endothelial disruption is a rare condition, caused by acute and uncontrolled inflammatory responses (e.g. the cytokine storm induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection), more frequently the vascular tree is the first target of slowly progressive inflammatory processes which affect the integrity of endothelium and its 'barrier' function, supporting the onset of atherosclerotic plaque and spreading inflammation. This endothelial dysfunction leads to decrease NO biosynthesis, impaired regulation of vascular tone, and increased platelet aggregation. Such chronic subclinic inflammation leads to macrophage infiltration in atherosclerotic lesions. Therefore, many efforts should be addressed to find useful approaches to preserve vascular endothelium from inflammation. In this review, the authors have evaluated the most recent strategies to counteract this pathological condition.Expert opinion: The therapeutic and nutraceutical approaches represent useful tools to treat or prevent different phases of vascular inflammation. In particular, the pharmacological approach should be used in advanced phases characterized by clinical signs of vascular disease, whilst the nutraceutical approach may represent a promising preventive strategy to preserve the integrity of the endothelial tissue.

Resveratrol Alleviates Acute Campylobacter jejuni Induced Enterocolitis in a Preclinical Murine Intervention Study

The polyphenolic compound resveratrol has been shown to exert health-beneficial properties. Given globally emerging Campylobacter infections in humans, we addressed potential anti-pathogenic, immuno-modulatory and intestinal epithelial barrier preserving properties of synthetic resveratrol in the present preclinical intervention study applying a murine acute campylobacteriosis model. Two days following peroral C. jejuni infection, secondary abiotic IL-10^−/− mice were either subjected to resveratrol or placebo via the drinking water. Whereas placebo mice suffered from acute enterocolitis at day 6 post-infection, resveratrol treatment did not only lead to improved clinical conditions, but also to less pronounced colonic epithelial apoptosis as compared to placebo application. Furthermore, C. jejuni induced innate and adaptive immune cell responses were dampened in the large intestines upon resveratrol challenge and accompanied by less colonic nitric oxide secretion in the resveratrol versus the placebo cohort. Functional analyses revealed that resveratrol treatment could effectively rescue colonic epithelial barrier function in C. jejuni infected mice. Strikingly, the disease-alleviating effects of resveratrol could additionally be found in extra-intestinal and also systemic compartments at day 6 post-infection. For the first time, our current preclinical intervention study provides evidence that peroral resveratrol treatment exerts potent disease-alleviating effects during acute experimental campylobacteriosis.

Resveratrol Improves Heart Function by Moderating Inflammatory Processes in Patients with Systolic Heart Failure

The effects of resveratrol (RES) in heart failure have already been evaluated in animal models; however, in human clinical trials, they have not been confirmed yet. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of resveratrol treatment in systolic heart failure patients (heart failure with reduced ejection fraction or HFrEF). In this human clinical trial, 60 outpatients with NYHA (New York Heart Association) class II-III HFrEF were enrolled and randomized into two groups: receiving either 100-mg resveratrol daily or placebo for three months. At the beginning and at the end of the study echocardiography, a six-minute walk test, spirometry, quality of life questionnaire, lab test and RNA profile analysis were performed. The systolic and diastolic left ventricular function, as well as the global longitudinal strain, were improved significantly in the resveratrol-treated group (RES). Exercise capacity, ventilation parameters and quality of life also improved significantly in the RES group. In parallel, the cardiac biomarker levels (N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and galectin-3) decreased in the treated group. The level of inflammatory cytokines decreased significantly after RES supplementation, as a consequence of the decreased expression level of leucocyte electron transport chain proteins. The main findings of our trial are that RES treatment added to the standard heart failure therapy improved heart function and the clinical condition by moderating the inflammatory processes in patients with HFrEF.

Effects of resveratrol on coagulative, fibrinolytic, and inflammatory marker expression and secretion by endothelial cells (human umbilical vein endothelial cells)

: Increasing the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) has led to an investigation into components that might influence CVD. Accordingly, many recent studies have reported the benefits of resveratrol (RSV). Therefore, this study aimed to scrutinize the direct effect of RSV on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) by detecting coagulative, fibrinolytic, and inflammatory markers. HUVECs were cultured and treated with different concentrations of RSV. The effects of RSV were identified by representative markers of coagulation, fibrinolysis pathway, and inflammation, including von Willebrand factor (VWF), factor VIII, tissue plasminogen activator-1 (t-PA-1), and interleukin-8 (IL-8). The detection process was carried out using real-time PCR (qPCR), flow cytometry, ELISA, and immunocytochemistry (ICC) methods. The present findings demonstrated a significant decrease in VWF, t-PA-1, and IL-8 secretion levels. Furthermore, RSV diminished the activity of factor VIII and mRNA expression levels of VWF and t-PA-1. The ICC results also showed a decrease in the level of intracellular t-PA. Our data revealed the anti-inflammatory, anticoagulation, and antifibrinolytic effect of RSV in cell culture.

Targeting the tumor immune microenvironment with "nutraceuticals": From bench to clinical trials

The occurrence of immune effector cells in the tissue microenvironment during neoplastic progression is critical in determining tumor growth outcomes. On the other hand, tumors may also avoid immune system-mediated elimination by recruiting immunosuppressive leukocytes and soluble factors, which coordinate a tumor microenvironment that counteracts the efficiency of the antitumor immune response. Checkpoint inhibitor therapy results have indicated a way forward via activation of the immune system against cancer. Widespread evidence has shown that different compounds in foods, when administered as purified substances, can act as immunomodulators in humans and animals. Although there is no universally accepted definition of nutraceuticals, the term identifies a wide category of natural compounds that may impact health and disease statuses and includes purified substances from natural sources, plant extracts, dietary supplements, vitamins, phytonutrients, and various products with combinations of functional ingredients. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the immunomodulatory effects of nutraceuticals with a special focus on the cancer microenvironment, highlighting the conceptual benefits or drawbacks and subtle cell-specific effects of nutraceuticals for envisioning future therapies employing nutraceuticals as chemoadjuvants.

Resveratrol Modulates the Inflammatory Profile of Immune Responses and Circulating Endothelial Cells' (CECs') Population During Acute Whole Body Gamma Irradiation

Wistar rats were whole body irradiated with a single dose of 2 Gy post administration with 10 or 100 mg/kg of resveratrol (RSV) intraperitoneally for 30 days. Rats’ livers were dissected and processed to analyze immune response profiles of Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17, and Th22 by flow cytometry. In addition, peripheral blood samples were collected and circulating endothelial cells (CECs) were counted as an indicator for endothelial damage. Results demonstrated that resveratrol at 100 mg/kg enhanced liver immunological response influenced by irradiation by inducing Th2 immune response that was revealed by an increase in IL-10 secretion to more than 5,000 pmol/ml post irradiation. Results also indicated that RSV, at a dose of 100 mg/kg, decreased levels of the main pro-inflammatory cytokines such as INF-γ, IL-22, IL-17A, and GM-CSF post irradiation. In addition, the same RSV was bound to upregulate the expression of IL-10 mRNA in isolated Kupffer cells (KCs) and their secretion of IL-10 post irradiation. The result demonstrated that KCs were the central source of this anti-inflammatory response mediated mainly by IL10. These results, proposed for the first time, clearly states that RSV promotes IL-10 mediated immune resolution by Kupffer cells and not by hepatocytes. This implies that KCs have a crucial role in radiotherapy. Additionally, this study showed that RSV had an anti-apoptotic effect through re-increasing the number of CECs, which is implicated in irradiation damage. Result of the current work discloses novel findings about the potential of RSV as a radio-protector agent of a natural origin and suggests novel roles of KCs as a pharmacological target during radiation exposure.

The role of polyphenols in poultry nutrition

In the last two decades, poultry and animal industries became increasingly interested in using plant-based feed supplements, herbs and their derivatives to retain or enhance their health and productivity. These health benefits for the host mainly attributed to the secondary plant metabolites, namely polyphenols. Polyphenols are renowned for their antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-mutagenic and anti-inflammatory properties. However, despite these advantages of polyphenols, they have been characterized by poor absorption in the gut and low concentration in target cells that compromise their role as effective antioxidants. The low bioavailability of polyphenols necessitates the need for further investigations to harness their full potential in poultry farms. This review is existing evidence about the bioavailability of polyphenols and their antioxidant, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, detoxification properties and their impacts on poultry performance.

Bactericidal Effect and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Cassia garettiana Heartwood Extract

Natural products are used as alternative drugs in traditional medicine to treat infection and inflammation and relieve pain. Heartwood of Cassia garettiana Craib has been investigated as an ingredient in Thai traditional medicine for anti-HIV protease, but there is no report on its antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. The objectives of this study were to investigate the anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities, time-kill profile, and main active constituents of an ethanolic extract of C. garettiana heartwood. The study followed the generally accepted experimental design. All tests were investigated in triplicate. The heartwood of C. garettiana was extracted by maceration with 95% EtOH. The antibacterial activity of the extract and its chemical constituents were determined by their MIC values using resazurin as an indicator. Time-kill profile was determined at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 24 hrs and expressed as log CFU/mL. The anti-inflammatory activity of the extract and its chemical components was investigated by their inhibiting effect on IL-6 and TNF-α production by ELISA. The ethanolic extract was analyzed for its chemical constituents by HPLC technique. The ethanolic extract showed both dose- and time-dependent bactericidal effects against Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistance Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella Typhi, Salmonella Typhimurium, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Shigella dysenteriae with MIC values of 312.5, 312.5, 312.5, 1,250, 2,500, 625, 625, 2,500, and 625 μg/mL, respectively. It showed an inhibiting effect on IL-6 production at concentrations of 12.5 to 100 μg/mL. The main active chemical constituent of C. garettiana was piceatannol that showed antibacterial activity against all test bacteria except P. aeruginosa. C. garettiana showed a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Piceatannol and resveratrol from the plant strongly inhibited IL-6 production. Based on these results, we concluded that the ethanolic extract of C. garettiana showed both an antibacterial activity and inhibition of IL-6. Piceatannol is the active constituent of the extract and showed anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.

Effect of resveratrol on the hyperexcitability of nociceptive neurons associated with ectopic hyperalgesia induced by experimental tooth movement

The present study investigated whether, under in vivo conditions, systemic administration of resveratrol attenuates the experimental tooth movement-induced ectopic hyperalgesia associated with hyperexcitability of nociceptive trigeminal spinal nucleus caudalis (SpVc) neurons. The threshold of escape from mechanical stimulation applied to the ipsilateral whisker pad in rats exposed to experimental tooth movement was significantly lower than seen in control rats from day 1 to 3 following movement of the right maxillary first molar tooth. The lowered mechanical threshold in the rats exposed to experimental tooth movement had almost returned to the level of sham-treated naïve rats at day 3 following administration of resveratrol. The mean mechanical threshold of nociceptive SpVc neurons was significantly lower after experimental tooth movement but the lower threshold could be reversed by administration of resveratrol. The higher discharge frequency of nociceptive SpVc neurons for noxious mechanical stimuli observed in rats exposed to experimental tooth movement was statistically significantly lower following resveratrol administration. These results suggest that resveratrol attenuates experimental tooth movement-induced mechanical ectopic hyperalgesia via suppression of peripheral and/or central sensitization. These findings support the idea that resveratrol, a complementary alternative medicine, is a potential therapeutic agent for the prevention of experimental tooth movement-induced ectopic hyperalgesia.

Influence of resveratrol application with pulp-capping materials on the genetic expression levels of stem cells

AIM

To evaluate in a laboratory setting the response of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to pulp-capping materials with and without resveratrol (RSV).

METHODOLOGY

Five materials, Calcimol LC, Life, TheraCal LC, ProRoot MTA and Biodentine, were prepared according to the manufacturers' instructions. Human MSCs were then exposed to these materials, with and without RSV, for 24 h (n = 8). Cell viability was evaluated using the MTT assay, and total cell death was quantified by annexin V-FITC staining with flow cytometry. The expression levels of the IL-8, IL-10, HBD-2 and BCL-2 genes were investigated using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Data obtained from MTT test were analysed using one-way anova, and Tukey's multiple-comparison test. The paired Student t test was employed to compare the effects of materials on gene expression (significance level of 5%).

RESULTS

The group cell viabilities were Calcimol LC 53%, Life 43%, TheraCal LC 78%, ProRoot MTA 75% and Biodentine 78%. Calcimol LC and Life exhibited significant differences compared with the control groups (P < 0.05). The percentages of necrotic/late apoptotic cells associated with Calcimol LC and TheraCal LC were greater than in the other materials. However, when RSV was added to wells containing materials, cell viability increased to Calcimol LC 63%, Life 52%, TheraCal LC 82%, ProRoot MTA 91% and Biodentine 96%, and the percentages of early apoptotic and late apoptotic/necrotic cells decreased. Calcimol LC + RSV and Life + RSV differed significantly from the control group (P < 0.05). The expression of IL-8 gene was high for all materials, ProRoot MTA caused significant overexpression, and the addition of RSV reduced the expression of IL-8 in the Calcimol LC, TheraCal LC and ProRoot MTA groups and led to increased expression of IL-10 in the Calcimol LC, Life and Biodentine groups. HBD-2 and BCL-2 exhibited increased expression in ProRoot MTA with RSV (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

The addition of RSV exerted a protective effect on MSCs and regulated the inflammatory process by altering the expression levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory genes.

Therapeutic potential of resveratrol against emerging respiratory viral infections

Resveratrol has been widely studied for its therapeutic potential due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial properties. In particular, resveratrol has shown promising antiviral activity against numerous viruses responsible for severe respiratory infections. Amongst these, influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus and the emerging SARS-cov-2 are known to cause pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome or multi-organ failure, especially, in vulnerable individuals like immunocompromised patients or the elderly, leading to a considerable economic burden worldwide. In this context, resveratrol may have potential value for its anti-inflammatory activity, since most of the severe virus-associated complications are related to the overactivation of the host-immune response, leading to lung damage. Herein, we present an overview of the antiviral activity and potential mechanisms of resveratrol against the respiratory tract viruses considered as a public threat for their rapid transmission and high morbidity and mortality in the general population.

The Effects of Aronia melanocarpa Juice Consumption on the mRNA Expression Profile in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Subjects at Cardiovascular Risk

Foods and food products that contain polyphenols are proposed to modulate risk of cardiovascular disease. The aim of this three-arm, crossover, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled intervention study was to examine the impact of Aronia melanocarpa juice (AMJ), high-polyphenol (AMJ treatment, 1.17 g/100 mL polyphenols) and low-polyphenol (dAMJ treatment, 0.29 g/100 mL polyphenols) dose, on the transcriptome in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of 19 subjects at cardiovascular risk. Transcriptome data were obtained by microarray. Bioinformatic functional annotation analysis was performed on both the whole transcriptome datasets and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Expression of selected DEGs was validated by RT-qPCR. Administration of AMJ and dAMJ treatments during the two consecutive four-week treatment periods had additive effects on PBMC transcriptome profiles, with the most pronounced and specific effect noticed for AMJ in the last treatment period (TP3) of the trial. Between the high-dose and low-dose treatments in TP3, there was a multitude of overlapping DEGs and DEG-enriched biological processes and pathways, which primarily included immunomodulation and regulation of cell proliferation/death. Increased expression of TNF, IL1B, IL8, RGS1, OSM, and DUSP2 in TP3 was confirmed by RT-qPCR. The results suggest the immunomodulatory effects of prolonged habitual consumption of polyphenol-rich aronia juice in individuals at cardiovascular risk.

The road ahead for health and lifespan interventions

Aging is a modifiable risk factor for most chronic diseases and an inevitable process in humans. The development of pharmacological interventions aimed at delaying or preventing the onset of chronic conditions and other age-related diseases has been at the forefront of the aging field. Preclinical findings have demonstrated that species, sex and strain confer significant heterogeneity on reaching the desired health- and lifespan-promoting pharmacological responses in model organisms. Translating the safety and efficacy of these interventions to humans and the lack of reliable biomarkers that serve as predictors of health outcomes remain a challenge. Here, we will survey current pharmacological interventions that promote lifespan extension and/or increased healthspan in animals and humans, and review the various anti-aging interventions selected for inclusion in the NIA's Interventions Testing Program as well as the ClinicalTrials.gov database that target aging or age-related diseases in humans.

Pharmacological basis and new insights of resveratrol action in the cardiovascular system

Resveratrol (trans-3,4',5-trihydroxystilbene) belongs to the family of natural phytoalexins. Resveratrol first came to our attention in 1992, following reports of the cardioprotective effects of red wine. Thereafter, resveratrol was shown to exert antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, and angio-regulatory effects against atherosclerosis, ischaemia, and cardiomyopathy. This article critically reviews the current findings on the molecular basis of resveratrol-mediated cardiovascular benefits, summarizing the broad effects of resveratrol on longevity regulation, energy metabolism, stress resistance, exercise mimetics, circadian clock, and microbiota composition. In addition, this article also provides an update, both preclinically and clinically, on resveratrol-induced cardiovascular protection and discusses the adverse and inconsistent effects of resveratrol reported in both preclinical and clinical studies. Although resveratrol has been claimed as a master anti-aging agent against several age-associated diseases, further detailed mechanistic investigation is still required to thoroughly unravel the therapeutic value of resveratrol against cardiovascular diseases at different stages of disease development. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on The Pharmacology of Nutraceuticals. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v177.6/issuetoc.

Grape juice or wine: which is the best option?

Grapes used in the wine or juice production are mainly Vitis vinifera and Vitis labrusca and possess high amounts of polyphenolic compounds. These compounds are associated with the reduction of the inflammatory processes, oxidative stress, and protection against cardiovascular diseases. The industrial processes used for juice and wine production may interfere with the antioxidant composition of these products and the effects on human health. The aim of this review is to compare the effects of the consumption of wine or grape juice on cardiovascular risk factors. We used PRISMA guidelines and Medline/PUBMED and EMBASE to perform our search. The main effects of red wine and grape juice in humans were a reduction of body mass index, waist circumference, glycemia, plasma lipid peroxidation, total cholesterol, LDL-c, triglycerides, blood pressure, and homocysteine levels. Both wine and grape juice possess numerous bioactive compounds that are potentially responsible for many beneficial effects on human health. Nevertheless, there is a need for more double-blind, randomized controlled studies comparing the effects of juice and wine consumption without the biases that occur when comparisons are made with different populations, ages, doses, and different types of wine or juice.

Recent Advances on the Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of Red Grape Polyphenols: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies

In this review, special emphasis will be placed on red grape polyphenols for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Therefore, their capacity to inhibit major pathways responsible for activation of oxidative systems and expression and release of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines will be discussed. Furthermore, regulation of immune cells by polyphenols will be illustrated with special reference to the activation of T regulatory cells which support a tolerogenic pathway at intestinal level. Additionally, the effects of red grape polyphenols will be analyzed in obesity, as a low-grade systemic inflammation. Also, possible modifications of inflammatory bowel disease biomarkers and clinical course have been studied upon polyphenol administration, either in animal models or in clinical trials. Moreover, the ability of polyphenols to cross the blood-brain barrier has been exploited to investigate their neuroprotective properties. In cancer, polyphenols seem to exert several beneficial effects, even if conflicting data are reported about their influence on T regulatory cells. Finally, the effects of polyphenols have been evaluated in experimental models of allergy and autoimmune diseases. Conclusively, red grape polyphenols are endowed with a great antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential but some issues, such as polyphenol bioavailability, activity of metabolites, and interaction with microbiota, deserve deeper studies.

DNA hypermethylation does not negatively impact the transcription of the TNF-α gene in an acute T-cell leukemia

Aims: To better understand the roles of DNA methylation and histone acetylation in the transcription of the TNF-α gene (TNFA) in leukemic T cells. Materials & methods: Methylation levels of cytosine-guanosine dinucleotides (CPGs) were assessed by mass spectrometry. The influence of epigenetic modifiers on DNA methylation and TNFA transcription was also determined. Results: CPG at the 5' promoter region, first exon and first intron of TNFA were hypermethylated in leukemic T cells and not impacted by epigenetic drugs. Activation of the class III histone deacetylases but not inhibitors of DNA methylation or histone deacetylases repressed TNFA transcription. Conclusion: These results lend insights into the impact of epigenetic mechanisms on the TNFA transcription in leukemic T cells.