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Cortez N, Villegas C, Burgos V, Cabrera-Pardo JR, Ortiz L, González-Chavarría I, Nchiozem-Ngnitedem VA, Paz C. Adjuvant Properties of Caffeic Acid in Cancer Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7631. [PMID: 39062873 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Caffeic acid (CA) is a polyphenol belonging to the phenylpropanoid family, commonly found in plants and vegetables. It was first identified by Hlasiwetz in 1867 as a breakdown product of caffetannic acid. CA is biosynthesized from the amino acids tyrosine or phenylalanine through specific enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Extensive research since its discovery has revealed various health benefits associated with CA, including its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. These effects are attributed to its ability to modulate several pathways, such as inhibiting NFkB, STAT3, and ERK1/2, thereby reducing inflammatory responses, and activating the Nrf2/ARE pathway to enhance antioxidant cell defenses. The consumption of CA has been linked to a reduced risk of certain cancers, mitigation of chemotherapy and radiotherapy-induced toxicity, and reversal of resistance to first-line chemotherapeutic agents. This suggests that CA could serve as a useful adjunct in cancer treatment. Studies have shown CA to be generally safe, with few adverse effects (such as back pain and headaches) reported. This review collates the latest information from Google Scholar, PubMed, the Phenol-Explorer database, and ClinicalTrials.gov, incorporating a total of 154 articles, to underscore the potential of CA in cancer prevention and overcoming chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Cortez
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Drug Discovery, Center CEBIM, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile
| | - Cecilia Villegas
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Drug Discovery, Center CEBIM, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile
| | - Viviana Burgos
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Químicas, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Rudecindo Ortega, Temuco 4780000, Chile
| | - Jaime R Cabrera-Pardo
- Laboratorio de Química Aplicada y Sustentable (LabQAS), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Concepción 4081112, Chile
| | - Leandro Ortiz
- Instituto de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile
| | - Iván González-Chavarría
- Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile
| | | | - Cristian Paz
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Drug Discovery, Center CEBIM, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile
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Olivares-Vicente M, Sánchez-Marzo N, Herranz-López M, Micol V. Analysis of Lemon Verbena Polyphenol Metabolome and Its Correlation with Oxidative Stress under Glucotoxic Conditions in Adipocyte. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:9768-9781. [PMID: 38629896 PMCID: PMC11066870 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Lemon verbena has been shown to ameliorate obesity-related oxidative stress, but the intracellular final effectors underlying its antioxidant activity are still unknown. The purpose of this study was to correlate the antioxidant capacity of plasma metabolites of lemon verbena (verbascoside, isoverbascoside, hydroxytyrosol, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, homoprotocatechuic acid, and luteolin-7-diglucuronide) with their uptake and intracellular metabolism in hypertrophic adipocytes under glucotoxic conditions. To this end, intracellular ROS levels were measured, and the intracellular metabolites were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector coupled to mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS). The results showed that the plasma metabolites of lemon verbena are absorbed by adipocytes and metabolized through phase II reactions and that the intracellular appearance of these metabolites correlates with the decrease in the level of glucotoxicity-induced oxidative stress. It is postulated that the biotransformation and accumulation of these metabolites in adipocytes contribute to the long-term antioxidant activity of the extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariló Olivares-Vicente
- Instituto
de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología
Sanitaria de Elche, Universidad Miguel Hernández
(UMH), Elche 03202, Spain
| | - Noelia Sánchez-Marzo
- Instituto
de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología
Sanitaria de Elche, Universidad Miguel Hernández
(UMH), Elche 03202, Spain
| | - María Herranz-López
- Instituto
de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología
Sanitaria de Elche, Universidad Miguel Hernández
(UMH), Elche 03202, Spain
| | - Vicente Micol
- Instituto
de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología
Sanitaria de Elche, Universidad Miguel Hernández
(UMH), Elche 03202, Spain
- CIBER:
CB12/03/30038, Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición,
CIBERobn, Instituto de Salud Carlos III
(ISCIII), Madrid 28029, Spain
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Eguchi H, Yu Y, Matsunaga T, Yoshino Y, Ikari A. Acrolein suppresses anticancer drug-induced toxicity mediated by activating claudin-1 and Nrf2 axis in a spheroid model of human lung squamous cell carcinoma cells. Toxicol Lett 2024; 392:46-55. [PMID: 38142011 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco smoke contains various carcinogenic ingredients such as nicotine, acrolein, and benzopyrene; however, their effects on cancer treatment are not fully understood. Claudin-1 (CLDN1), a component of tight junctions, is involved in the increased resistance to anticancer drugs. In this study, we found that acrolein increases the mRNA and protein levels of CLDN1 in RERF-LC-AI cells derived from human lung squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Acrolein increased the p-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 levels without affecting the p-Akt level. The acrolein-induced elevation of CLDN1 expression was attenuated by U0126, a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinas (MEK) inhibitor. These results indicate that the activation of MEK/ERK pathway is involved in the acrolein-induced elevation of CLDN1 expression. In a spheroid model, acrolein suppressed the accumulation and toxicity of doxorubicin (DXR), which were rescued by CLDN1 silencing. The acrolein-induced effects were also observed in lung SCC-derived EBC-1 and LK-2 cells. Acrolein also increased the expression level of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a transcription factor that regulates antioxidant and detoxifying genes, which were inhibited by CLDN1 silencing. In spheroid cells, the levels of reactive oxygen species were enhanced by acrolein, which was inhibited by CLDN1 silencing. Taken together, acrolein may reduce the anticancer drug-induced toxicity in human lung SCC cells mediated by high CLDN1 expression followed by the upregulation of Nrf2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Eguchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Yaqing Yu
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Matsunaga
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 502-8585, Japan
| | - Yuta Yoshino
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Akira Ikari
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan.
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Thorley J, Thomas C, Thon N, Nuttall H, Martin NRW, Bishop N, Bailey SJ, Clifford T. Combined effects of green tea supplementation and eccentric exercise on nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 activity. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:245-256. [PMID: 37439906 PMCID: PMC10786739 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05271-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated whether combining eccentric exercise and green tea supplementation synergistically increased nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) activity, a transcription factor responsible for coordinating endogenous antioxidant expression. METHODS In a double-blinded, randomized, between-subjects design, 24 males (mean [SD]; 23 [3] years, 179.6 [6.1] cm, 78.8 [10.6] kg) performed 100 drop jumps following a 6 days supplementation period with either green tea (poly)phenols (n = 12; 500 mg·d-1) or a placebo (n = 12; inulin). NRF2/antioxidant response element (ARE) binding in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR) activity, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) excretion, and differential leukocyte counts were measured pre-, post-, 1 h and 24 h post-exercise. RESULTS Exercise did not increase NRF2/ARE binding (p = 0.12) (fold change vs rest: green tea = [post] 0.78 ± 0.45, [1 h] 1.17 ± 0.54, [24 h] 1.06 ± 0.56; placebo = [post] 1.40 ± 1.50, [1 h] 2.98 ± 3.70, [24 h] 1.04 ± 0.45). Furthermore, CAT activity (p = 0.12) and 8-OHdG excretion (p = 0.42) were unchanged in response to exercise and were not augmented by green tea supplementation (p > 0.05 for all). Exercise increased GR activity by 30% (p = 0.01), however no differences were found between supplement groups (p = 0.51). Leukocyte and neutrophil concentrations were only elevated post-exercise (p < 0.001 for all). CONCLUSION Eccentric exercise, either performed alone or in conjunction with green tea supplementation, did not significantly increase NRF2 activity in PBMCs. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER osf.io/kz37g (registered: 15/09/21).
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh Thorley
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Craig Thomas
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Nicolas Thon
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Hannah Nuttall
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Neil R W Martin
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Nicolette Bishop
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Stephen J Bailey
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Tom Clifford
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK.
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Xue H, Wei M, Ji L. Chlorogenic acids: A pharmacological systematic review on their hepatoprotective effects. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 118:154961. [PMID: 37453191 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver diseases have a negative impact on global health and are a leading cause of death worldwide. Chlorogenic acids (CGAs), a family of esters formed between certain trans-cinnamic acids and quinic acid, are natural polyphenols abundant in coffee, tea, and a variety of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs). They are reported to have good hepatoprotective effects against various liver diseases. PURPOSE This review aims to analyze the available literature on the hepatoprotective effect of CGAs, with particular emphasis on their mechanisms. METHODS Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. PubMed and Web of Science databases were adopted to retrieve all relevant literature on CGAs for liver disease from 2013 to March 2023. RESULTS Research has indicated that CGAs play a crucial role in improving different types of liver diseases, including drug-induced liver injury (DILI), alcoholic liver disease (ALD), metabolic (dysfunction)-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), cholestatic liver disease (CLD), liver fibrosis, and liver cancer. CGAs display remarkable antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects by activating erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and inhibiting toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathways. Some important molecules such as AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), and other key physiological processes like intestinal barrier and gut microbiota have also been discovered to participate in CGAs-provided amelioration on various liver diseases. CONCLUSION In this review, different studies indicate that CGAs have an excellent protective effect against various liver diseases associated with various signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Xue
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mengjuan Wei
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lili Ji
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Narożna M, Krajka-Kuźniak V, Bednarczyk-Cwynar B, Baer-Dubowska W. Unlocking the Potential: Novel NSAIDs Hybrids Unleash Chemopreventive Power toward Liver Cancer Cells through Nrf2, NF-κB, and MAPK Signaling Pathways. Molecules 2023; 28:5759. [PMID: 37570726 PMCID: PMC10420225 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
HCC is a highly aggressive malignancy with limited treatment options. In this study, novel conjugates of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)-Ibuprofen and Ketoprofen-with oleanolic acid oximes derivatives (OAO) were synthesized, and their activity as modulators of signaling pathways involved in HCC pathogenesis was evaluated in normal THLE-2 liver cells, and HCC-derived HepG2 cells. The results demonstrated that conjugation with OAO derivatives reduces the cytotoxicity of parent compounds in both cell lines. In THLE-2 cells, treatment with conjugates resulted in increased activation of the Nrf2-ARE pathway. An opposite effect was observed in HepG2 cells. In the later reduction of NF-κB, it was observed along with modulation of MAPK signaling pathways (AKT, ERK, p38, p70S6K, and JNK). Moreover, STAT3, STAT5, and CREB transcription factors on protein levels were significantly reduced as a result of treatment with IBU- and KET-OAO derivatives conjugates. The most active were conjugates with OAO-morpholide. Overall, the findings of this study demonstrate that IBU-OAO and KET-OAO derivative conjugates modulate the key signaling pathways involved in hepatic cancer development. Their effect on specific signaling pathways varied depending on the structure of the conjugate. Since the conjugation of IBU and KET with OAO derivatives reduced their cytotoxicity, the conjugates may be considered good candidates for the prevention of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Narożna
- Program in Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825, NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA;
| | - Violetta Krajka-Kuźniak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 4, Święcicki Street, 60-781 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Barbara Bednarczyk-Cwynar
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6, Grunwaldzka Street, 60-780 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Wanda Baer-Dubowska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 4, Święcicki Street, 60-781 Poznań, Poland;
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Ghica A, Drumea V, Moroșan A, Mihaiescu DE, Costea L, Luță EA, Mihai DP, Balaci DT, Fița AC, Olaru OT, Boscencu R, Gîrd CE. Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Potential of Selected Extracts from Betula alba var. pendula Roth., Glycyrrhiza glabra L., and Avena sativa L. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2510. [PMID: 37447070 DOI: 10.3390/plants12132510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to obtain, characterize, and evaluate the antioxidant potential of some extracts obtained from the bark of Betula alba var. pendula Roth., the root of Glycyrrhiza glabra L., and the green herb of the Avena sativa. The results revealed that the lowest IC50 value, determined by all three methods, was obtained for Betulae extractum (BE) (73.6 µg/mL-DPPH method, 11.2 µg/mL-ABTS method, and 58.7 µg/mL-FRAP method), followed by Liquiritiae extractum (LE) (805.6 µg/mL, 92.1 µg/mL, and 722 µg/mL) and Avenae extractum (1.13 mg/mL-DPPH method, 99.7 µg/mL-ABTS method, and 135.1 µg/mL-FRAP method). These results correlate with total polyphenols content (expressed in g tannic acid/100 g dry extract), with BE having more polyphenols than LE and AE (47.96 ± 9.7083 for BE, compared with 9.31 ± 0.9913 for LE and 40.55 ± 6.3715 for AE). The total flavonoid content (expressed as g rutoside/100 g dry extract) is similar for BE and LE (3.75 ± 0.3140 and 3.44 ± 0.3037) and smaller for AE (1.95 ± 0.0526). Therefore, Betulae extractum has the strongest antioxidant action, with an IC50 value very close to the standard used as a reference (ascorbic acid-16.5 μg/mL solution). The FT-ICR-MS analysis confirmed the presence of the major compounds in all three extracts. The antioxidant properties of the studied extracts were further supported by molecular docking experiments that revealed the potential of the analyzed phytochemicals to act as both noncovalent and covalent activators of the Nrf2 signaling pathway, with promising benefits in treating various skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelina Ghica
- Faculty of Pharmacy, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia 6, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
- Biotehnos SA, Gorunului Street No. 3-5, 075100 Otopeni, Romania
| | - Veronica Drumea
- Biotehnos SA, Gorunului Street No. 3-5, 075100 Otopeni, Romania
| | - Alina Moroșan
- Department of Organic Chemistry "Costin Nenițescu", Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dan Eduard Mihaiescu
- Department of Organic Chemistry "Costin Nenițescu", Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Liliana Costea
- Faculty of Pharmacy, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia 6, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Emanuela Alice Luță
- Faculty of Pharmacy, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia 6, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dragos Paul Mihai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia 6, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dalila Teodora Balaci
- Faculty of Pharmacy, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia 6, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ancuța Cătălina Fița
- Faculty of Pharmacy, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia 6, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Octavian Tudorel Olaru
- Faculty of Pharmacy, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia 6, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Rica Boscencu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia 6, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cerasela Elena Gîrd
- Faculty of Pharmacy, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia 6, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
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Thorley J, Thomas C, Bailey SJ, Martin NRW, Bishop NC, Clifford T. Mechanically demanding eccentric exercise increases nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 activity in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:1231-1239. [PMID: 37756518 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2263713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
PRE-REGISTRATION NUMBER osf.io/kz37g.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh Thorley
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Craig Thomas
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Stephen J Bailey
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Neil R W Martin
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Nicolette C Bishop
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Tom Clifford
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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Wang Y, Wang Z, Xue Q, Zhen L, Wang Y, Cao J, Liu Y, Khan A, Zhao T, Cheng G. Effect of ultra-high pressure pretreatment on the phenolic profiles, antioxidative activity and cytoprotective capacity of different phenolic fractions from Que Zui tea. Food Chem 2023; 409:135271. [PMID: 36587513 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to explore whether ultra-high pressure (UHP) pre-treatment strengthened the bioaccessibility and bioactivities of the free (QF), esterified (QE) and insoluble-bound phenolics (QIB) from Que Zui tea (QT). The results revealed that the extraction yields, the total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoid contents (TFC) of three phenolic fractions from QT were markedly increased after ultra-high pressure (UHP) processing (p < 0.05). A total of 19 and 20 compounds were characterized and quantified in non- and UHP-treated QT, respectively, including the content of 6'-O-caffeoylarbutin (11775.68 and 13248.87 μg/g of dry extract) was highest in QF, the content of caffeic acid was highest in QE (2131.58 and 7362.99 μg/g of dry extract) and QIB (9151.89 and 10930.82 μg/g of dry extract). QF, QE and QIB from QT after UHP processing had better antioxidant, ROS scavenging, and anti-apoptosis effects. The possible mechanism of cytoprotective effect was related to Keap1-Nrf2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongpeng Wang
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Zhengxuan Wang
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Qingwang Xue
- Department of Chemistry, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Li Zhen
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yudan Wang
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Green Preparation Technology of Biobased Materials, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Jianxin Cao
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yaping Liu
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Afsar Khan
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Tianrui Zhao
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Guiguang Cheng
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
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Olędzka AJ, Czerwińska ME. Role of Plant-Derived Compounds in the Molecular Pathways Related to Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054666. [PMID: 36902097 PMCID: PMC10003729 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is the primary response to infection and injury. Its beneficial effect is an immediate resolution of the pathophysiological event. However, sustained production of inflammatory mediators such as reactive oxygen species and cytokines may cause alterations in DNA integrity and lead to malignant cell transformation and cancer. More attention has recently been paid to pyroptosis, which is an inflammatory necrosis that activates inflammasomes and the secretion of cytokines. Taking into consideration that phenolic compounds are widely available in diet and medicinal plants, their role in the prevention and support of the treatment of chronic diseases is apparent. Recently, much attention has been paid to explaining the significance of isolated compounds in the molecular pathways related to inflammation. Therefore, this review aimed to screen reports concerning the molecular mode of action assigned to phenolic compounds. The most representative compounds from the classes of flavonoids, tannins, phenolic acids, and phenolic glycosides were selected for this review. Our attention was focused mainly on nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Literature searching was performed using Scopus, PubMed, and Medline databases. In conclusion, based on the available literature, phenolic compounds regulate NF-κB, Nrf2, and MAPK signaling, which supports their potential role in chronic inflammatory disorders, including osteoarthritis, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular, and pulmonary disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata J. Olędzka
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
- Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 1B Banacha Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika E. Czerwińska
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
- Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 1B Banacha Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-116-61-85
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Elbakry MMM, ElBakary NM, Hagag SA, Hemida EHA. Pomegranate Peel Extract Sensitizes Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells to Ionizing Radiation, Induces Apoptosis and Inhibits MAPK, JAK/STAT3, β-Catenin/NOTCH, and SOCS3 Signaling. Integr Cancer Ther 2023; 22:15347354221151021. [PMID: 36710483 PMCID: PMC9893067 DOI: 10.1177/15347354221151021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor resistance is typically blamed for the failure of radiotherapy and chemotherapy to treat cancer in clinic patients. To improve the cytotoxicity of tumor cells using radiation in conjunction with specific tumor-selective cytotoxic drugs is crucial. Pomegranate has received overwhelmingly positive feedback as a highly nutritious food for enhancing health and treating a variety of ailments. In the present study, we aimed to examine the effects as well as mechanism of action of pomegranate peel extract (PPE) and/or γ-radiation (6-Gy) on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines HepG2. The findings of this study showed that PPE treatment of HepG2 cells considerably slowed the proliferation of cancer cells, and its combination with γ-irradiation potentiated this action. As a key player in tumor proliferation, and inflammatory cascade induction, the down-regulation of STAT3 following treatment of irradiated and non-irradiated HepG2 cells with PPE as recorded in the present work resulted in reduction of tumor growth, via modulating inflammatory response manifested by (down-regulation of TLR4 expression and NFKB level), suppressing survival markers expressed by reduction of JAK, NOTCH1, β-catenin, SOCS3, and enhancing apoptosis (induction of tumor PPAR-γ and caspase-3) followed by changes in redox tone (expressed by increase in Nrf-2, SOD and catalase activities, and decrease in MDA concentration). In conclusion, PPE might possess a considerable therapeutic potential against HCC in addition to its capability to enhance response of HepG2 cells to gamma radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nermeen M. ElBakary
- Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt,Nermeen M. ElBakary, Radiation Biology Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic-Energy Authority, 3 Ahmed Elzomoor St., Elzohoor Dist., Nasr City, P.O. Box 8029, Cairo 11765, Egypt.
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12
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Pine pollen extract alleviates ethanol-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in HepG2 cells via MAPK signaling. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 171:113550. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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13
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Rumman M, Pandey S, Singh B, Gupta M, Mahdi AA. Genistein suppresses microglial activation and inhibits apoptosis in different brain regions of hypoxia-exposed mice model of amnesia. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:2521-2532. [PMID: 35895244 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-01039-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Genistein (GE) or 4',5,7-trihydroxyflavone, a plant derived isoflavone, is a biologically active compound having several beneficial properties. Studies showed that GE possesses anti-neoplastic, anti-tumor, anti-helminthic, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. Herein, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of GE in a mouse model of hypoxia-induced amnesia. Mice were exposed to hypoxic conditions (10% O2) in a designated hypoxia chamber and co-treated with GE (10, 20, or 30 mg/kg) for 4 weeks. Following this, behavioral tests were performed to evaluate memory performance. We assessed microglial activation in the hippocampus, amygdala, and pre-frontal cortex (PFC) regions by evaluating the Iba-1 and GFAP transcript levels, and MIP-1β, Cox-2, and IL6 protein levels. Apoptosis was assessed by evaluating Bax, BAD, and Bcl-2 mRNA levels, and caspase-3 activity. To uncover the underlying molecular mechanism, we evaluated the levels of Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO1 in different brain regions of mice from all groups. Results showed that hypoxia-exposed mice have reduced performance in the behavioral tests and GE treatment enhanced the memory performance in hypoxia-exposed mice. Moreover, hypoxia-exposed mice showed increased expression of microglial activation markers and enhanced apoptosis in the hippocampus, amygdala, and PFC. GE treatment suppressed microglial activation and prevented apoptosis in the brain of hypoxia-exposed mice. Furthermore, hypoxia-exposure reduced the expression of Nrf2, NQO1, and HO-1 while GE treatment ameliorated this decrease in different regions of hypoxia-exposed mice brain. In conclusion, GE prevents cognitive dysfunction by suppressing microglial activation and inhibiting apoptosis in the hypoxia-exposed mice brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rumman
- Department of Biochemistry, King George's Medical University (KGMU), Lucknow, 226025, UP, India
| | - Shivani Pandey
- Department of Biochemistry, King George's Medical University (KGMU), Lucknow, 226025, UP, India.
| | - Babita Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, King George's Medical University (KGMU), Lucknow, 226025, UP, India
| | - Mrinal Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, King George's Medical University (KGMU), Lucknow, 226025, UP, India
| | - Abbas Ali Mahdi
- Department of Biochemistry, King George's Medical University (KGMU), Lucknow, 226025, UP, India
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Hernández-Caballero ME, Sierra-Ramírez JA, Villalobos-Valencia R, Seseña-Méndez E. Potential of Kalanchoe pinnata as a Cancer Treatment Adjuvant and an Epigenetic Regulator. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27196425. [PMID: 36234962 PMCID: PMC9573125 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a global public health problem that is related to different environmental and lifestyle factors. Although the combination of screening, prevention, and treatment of cancer has resulted in increased patient survival, conventional treatments sometimes have therapeutic limitations such as resistance to drugs or severe side effects. Oriental culture includes herbal medicine as a complementary therapy in combination with chemotherapy or radiotherapy. This study aimed to identify the bioactive ingredients in Kalanchoe pinnata, a succulent herb with ethnomedical applications for several diseases, including cancer, and reveal its anticancer mechanisms through a molecular approach. The herb contains gallic acid, caffeic acid, coumaric acid, quercetin, quercitrin, isorhamnetin, kaempferol, bersaldegenin, bryophyllin a, bryophyllin c, bryophynol, bryophyllol and bryophollone, stigmasterol, campesterol, and other elements. Its phytochemicals participate in the regulation of proliferation, apoptosis, cell migration, angiogenesis, metastasis, oxidative stress, and autophagy. They have the potential to act as epigenetic drugs by reverting the acquired epigenetic changes associated with tumor resistance to therapy-such as the promoter methylation of suppressor genes, inhibition of DNMT1 and DNMT3b activity, and HDAC regulation-through methylation, thereby regulating the expression of genes involved in the PI3K/Akt/mTOR, Nrf2/Keap1, MEK/ERK, and Wnt/β-catenin pathways. All of the data support the use of K. pinnata as an adjuvant in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Elena Hernández-Caballero
- Facultad de Medicina, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Biomedicina, 13 sur 2702 Col. Volcanes, Puebla C.P. 72410, Mexico
- Correspondence: or
| | - José Alfredo Sierra-Ramírez
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Salvador Díaz Mirón Esq. Plan de San Luis S/N, Miguel Hidalgo, Casco de Santo Tomas, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Villalobos-Valencia
- UMAE Hospital de Oncología, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, Cd México C.P. 06725, Mexico
| | - Emmanuel Seseña-Méndez
- Facultad de Medicina, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Biomedicina, 13 sur 2702 Col. Volcanes, Puebla C.P. 72410, Mexico
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15
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Yu M, Kim HJ, Heo H, Kim M, Jeon Y, Lee H, Lee J. Comparison of the Antihypertensive Activity of Phenolic Acids. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196185. [PMID: 36234721 PMCID: PMC9571617 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenolic acids, found in cereals, legumes, vegetables, and fruits, have various biological functions. We aimed to compare the antihypertensive potential of different phenolic acids by evaluating their ACE inhibitory activity and cytoprotective capacity in EA.hy 926 endothelial cells. In addition, we explored the mechanism underlying the antihypertensive activity of sinapic acid. Of all the phenolic acids studied, sinapic acid, caffeic acid, coumaric acid, and ferulic acid significantly inhibited ACE activity. Moreover, gallic acid, sinapic acid, and ferulic acid significantly enhanced intracellular NO production. Based on the results of GSH depletion, ROS production, and MDA level analyses, sinapic acid was selected to study the mechanism underlying the antihypertensive effect. Sinapic acid decreases endothelial dysfunction by enhancing the expression of antioxidant-related proteins. Sinapic acid increased phosphorylation of eNOS and Akt in a dose-dependent manner. These findings indicate the potential of sinapic acid as a treatment for hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeongnam Yu
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Hyun Joo Kim
- Department of Central Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 16613, Korea
| | - Huijin Heo
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Minjun Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Yesol Jeon
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Hana Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Junsoo Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (J.L.)
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16
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Kruk J, Aboul-Enein BH, Duchnik E, Marchlewicz M. Antioxidative properties of phenolic compounds and their effect on oxidative stress induced by severe physical exercise. J Physiol Sci 2022; 72:19. [PMID: 35931969 DOI: 10.1186/s12576-022-00845-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Extensive research has found strongly increased generation of reactive oxygen species, free radicals, and reactive nitrogen species during acute physical exercise that can lead to oxidative stress (OS) and impair muscle function. Polyphenols (PCs), the most abundant antioxidants in the human diet, are of increasing interest to athletes as antioxidants. Current literature suggests that antioxidants supplementation can effectively modulate these processes. This overview summarizes the actual knowledge of chemical and biomechanical properties of PCs and their impact as supplements on acute exercise-induced OS, inflammation control, and exercise performance. Evidence maintains that PC supplements have high potency to positively impact redox homeostasis and improve skeletal muscle's physiological and physical functions. However, many studies have failed to present improvement in physical performance. Eleven of 15 representative experimental studies reported a reduction of severe exercise-induced OS and inflammation markers or enhancement of total antioxidant capacity; four of eight studies found improvement in exercise performance outcomes. Further studies should be continued to address a safe, optimal PC dosage, supplementation timing during a severe training program in different sports disciplines, and effects on performance response and adaptations of skeletal muscle to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kruk
- Faculty of Physical Culture and Health, University of Szczecin, Al. Piastów 40b/6, 71-065, Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Basil Hassan Aboul-Enein
- Department of Health Science, Johnson & Wales University, College of Health & Wellness, 8 Abbott Park Place, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.,London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, 15-17, Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SH, UK
| | - Ewa Duchnik
- Department of Aesthetic Dermatology, Pomeranian Medical University, Al. Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Mariola Marchlewicz
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Pomeranian Medical University, Siedlecka 2, 72-010, Police, Poland
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17
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Normal and Pathological NRF2 Signalling in the Central Nervous System. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11081426. [PMID: 35892629 PMCID: PMC9394413 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) was originally described as a master regulator of antioxidant cellular response, but in the time since, numerous important biological functions linked to cell survival, cellular detoxification, metabolism, autophagy, proteostasis, inflammation, immunity, and differentiation have been attributed to this pleiotropic transcription factor that regulates hundreds of genes. After 40 years of in-depth research and key discoveries, NRF2 is now at the center of a vast regulatory network, revealing NRF2 signalling as increasingly complex. It is widely recognized that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a key role in human physiological and pathological processes such as ageing, obesity, diabetes, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. The high oxygen consumption associated with high levels of free iron and oxidizable unsaturated lipids make the brain particularly vulnerable to oxidative stress. A good stability of NRF2 activity is thus crucial to maintain the redox balance and therefore brain homeostasis. In this review, we have gathered recent data about the contribution of the NRF2 pathway in the healthy brain as well as during metabolic diseases, cancer, ageing, and ageing-related neurodegenerative diseases. We also discuss promising therapeutic strategies and the need for better understanding of cell-type-specific functions of NRF2 in these different fields.
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18
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Yousuf S, Shabir S, Singh MP. Protection Against Drug-Induced Liver Injuries Through Nutraceuticals via Amelioration of Nrf-2 Signaling. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN NUTRITION ASSOCIATION 2022; 42:495-515. [PMID: 35771985 DOI: 10.1080/27697061.2022.2089403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hepatotoxicity caused by the overdose of various medications is a leading cause of drug-induced liver injury. Overdose of drugs causes hepatocellular necrosis. Nutraceuticals are reported to prevent drug-induced liver failure. The present article aims to review the protection provided by various medicinal plants against hepatotoxic drugs. Ayurveda is considered a conventional restorative arrangement in India. It is consistently used for ages and is still used today to cure drug-induced hepatotoxicity by focusing on antioxidant stress response pathways such as the nuclear factor erythroid-2 (Nrf-2) antioxidant response element signaling pathway. Nrf-2 is a key transcription factor that entangles Kelch-like ECH-associating protein 1, a protein found in the cell cytoplasm. Some antioxidant enzymes, such as gamma glycine cysteine ligase (γ-GCL) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), are expressed in Nrf-2 targeted genes. Their expression, in turn, decreases the stimulation of hepatic macrophages and induces the messenger RNA (mRNA) articulation of proinflammatory factors including tumor necrosis factor α. This review will cover various medicinal plants from a mechanistic view and how they stimulate and interact with Nrf-2, the master regulator of the antioxidant response to counterbalance oxidative stress. Interestingly, therapeutic plants have become popular in the medical sector due to safer yet effective supplementation for the prevention and treatment of new human diseases. The contemporary study is expected to collect information on a variety of therapeutic traditional herbs that have been studied in the context of drug-induced liver toxicity, as nutraceuticals are the most effective treatments for oxidative stress-induced hepatotoxicity. They are less genotoxic, have a lower cost, and are readily available. Together, nutraceuticals exert protective effects against drug-induced hepatotoxicity through the inhibition of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Its mechanism(s) are considered to be associated with the γ-GCL/HO-1 and Nrf-2 signaling pathways. KEY TEACHING POINTSThe liver is the most significant vital organ that carries out metabolic activities of the body such as the synthesis of glycogen, the formation of triglycerides and cholesterol, as well as the formation of bile.Acute liver failure is caused by the consumption of certain drugs; drug-induced liver injury is the major condition.The chemopreventive activity of nutraceuticals may be related to oxidative stress reduction and attenuation of biosynthetic processes involved in hepatic injury via amelioration of the nuclear factor erythroid-2 (Nrf-2) signaling pathway.Nrf-2 is a key transcription factor that is found in the cell cytoplasm resulting in the expression of various genes such as gamma glycine cysteine ligase and heme oxygenase-1.Nutraceutical-rich phytochemicals possess high antioxidant activity, which helps in the prevention of hepatic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumaira Yousuf
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Shabnam Shabir
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Mahendra P Singh
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
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19
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Targeting Nrf2 with Probiotics and Postbiotics in the Treatment of Periodontitis. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12050729. [PMID: 35625655 PMCID: PMC9139160 DOI: 10.3390/biom12050729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a destructive disease of the tooth-surrounding tissues. Infection is the etiological cause of the disease, but its extent and severity depend on the immune–inflammatory response of the host. Immune cells use reactive oxygen species to suppress infections, and there is homeostasis between oxidative and antioxidant mechanisms during periodontal health. During periodontitis, however, increased oxidative stress triggers tissue damage, either directly by activating apoptosis and DNA damage or indirectly by activating proteolytic cascades. Periodontal treatment aims to maintain an infection and inflammation-free zone and, in some cases, regenerate lost tissues. Although mechanical disruption of the oral biofilm is an indispensable part of periodontal treatment, adjunctive measures, such as antibiotics or anti-inflammatory medications, are also frequently used, especially in patients with suppressed immune responses. Recent studies have shown that probiotics activate antioxidant mechanisms and can suppress extensive oxidative stress via their ability to activate nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). The aim of this narrative review is to describe the essential role of Nrf2 in the maintenance of periodontal health and to propose possible mechanisms to restore the impaired Nrf2 response in periodontitis, with the aid of probiotic and postbiotics.
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20
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Alam M, Ahmed S, Elasbali AM, Adnan M, Alam S, Hassan MI, Pasupuleti VR. Therapeutic Implications of Caffeic Acid in Cancer and Neurological Diseases. Front Oncol 2022; 12:860508. [PMID: 35359383 PMCID: PMC8960963 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.860508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeic acid (CA) is found abundantly in fruits, vegetables, tea, coffee, oils, and more. CA and its derivatives have been used for many centuries due to their natural healing and medicinal properties. CA possesses various biological and pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and neuroprotective effects. The potential therapeutic effects of CA are mediated via repression and inhibition of transcription and growth factors. CA possesses potential anticancer and neuroprotective effects in human cell cultures and animal models. However, the biomolecular interactions and pathways of CA have been described highlighting the target binding proteins and signaling molecules. The current review focuses on CA’s chemical, physical, and pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and neuroprotective effects. We further described CA’s characteristics and therapeutic potential and its future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manzar Alam
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Sarfraz Ahmed
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Abdelbaset Mohamed Elasbali
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Sciences-Qurayyat, Jouf University, Sakakah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Adnan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shoaib Alam
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Visweswara Rao Pasupuleti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Abdurrab University, Pekanbaru, Indonesia.,Centre for International Collaboration and Research, Reva University, Rukmini Knowledge Park, Kattigenahalli, Bangalore, India
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21
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Abdel-Rahman RF, Fayed HM, Ogaly HA, Hussein RA, Raslan MA. Phytoconstituents of Sansevieria suffruticosa N.E.Br. Leaves and Its Hepatoprotective Effect via Activation of the NRF2/ARE Signaling Pathway in an Experimentally Induced Liver Fibrosis Rat Model. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202100960. [PMID: 35266608 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sansevieria species possess antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities. However, the therapeutic potential of Sansevieria suffruticosa N.E.Br. in liver fibrosis was not evaluated yet. Twenty-seven phytoconstituents were tentatively identified in the phytoconstituents profile of Sansevieria suffruticosa N.E.Br. leaves extract (SSLE) using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI/MS-MS). Using column chromatography, hesperetin, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, ginsenoside Rg2, and quinic acid were isolated from SSLE. The hepatoprotective effect of SSLE via the activation of the NRF2 signaling pathway was evaluated using a rat model of thioacetamide-induced liver fibrosis. Five groups of 6 male adult Wistar rats were used. All animals except the normal control were injected with 200 mg/kg of TAA intraperitoneally twice weekly for 6 weeks. SSLE-treated groups were orally administered 200 and 100 mg/kg/day of the extract, two weeks before the liver fibrosis induction and were continued concomitantly with TAA injection. A reference group received 100 mg/kg b.wt of silymarin orally. SSLE treated groups exhibited a marked reduction in serum alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels compared with the TAA group. The levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) content and hepatic mRNA levels of Nrf2 and HO-1 were significantly increased. Histological findings further confirmed the protective role of SSLE against TAA. In conclusion, the aforementioned results indicated that the hepatoprotective mechanism of SSLE was exerted via activating the Nrf2 pathway to counteract oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehab F Abdel-Rahman
- Pharmacology Department, Medicine and Clinical Studies Research Institute, National Research Center, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Hany M Fayed
- Pharmacology Department, Medicine and Clinical Studies Research Institute, National Research Center, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Hanan A Ogaly
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt.,Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rehab A Hussein
- Pharmacognosy Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Center, Dokki, 12622 Giza, Egypt
| | - Mona A Raslan
- Pharmacognosy Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Center, Dokki, 12622 Giza, Egypt
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22
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Wang D, Chen J, Sun H, Chen W, Yang X. MCFA alleviate H 2 O 2 -induced oxidative stress in AML12 cells via the ERK1/2/Nrf2 pathway. Lipids 2022; 57:153-162. [PMID: 35262212 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is an important factor in the occurrence and development of liver disease. Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) have potential antioxidant function, whereas the exact underlying mechanism of MCFA in oxidative injury of hepatocytes remains unclear. In our present study, three different MCFAs, 8-carbon octanoic acid (OA), 10-carbon capric acid (CA), and 12-carbon lauric acid (LA), have been performed to observe their protective action for hepatocyte under the H2 O2 challenge. The result showed that MCFA treatment significantly increased the cell viability, T-AOC, and expression of antioxidant-related genes in AML12 cells under oxidative stress condition, and reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Moreover, MCFA treatment significantly increased the protein expression of Nrf2 and the phosphorylation level of ERK1/2; LA treatment significantly promoted the Nrf2 nuclear translocation. With a further test, the rescue ability of MCFA was blocked by treating with the ERK inhibitor U0126. Overall, our data suggested that MCFA treatment has positive impact on protecting AML12 cells against oxidative stress through ERK1/2/Nrf2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danping Wang
- MOE Joint Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Jinglong Chen
- MOE Joint Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Huangbing Sun
- MOE Joint Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Wenjing Chen
- MOE Joint Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Xiaojing Yang
- MOE Joint Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China
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23
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Maradagi T, Kumar R, Ponesakki G. Hyperglycaemia-induced human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cell proliferation through ROS-mediated P38 activation is effectively inhibited by a xanthophyll carotenoid, lutein. Diabet Med 2022; 39:e14713. [PMID: 34614244 DOI: 10.1111/dme.14713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Diabetic population have a twofold to threefold increased risk of developing liver cancer, and hyperglycaemia is a prime causative factor that propends the tumour cells to undergo aggressive metabolic growth. In this study, we aimed to examine the molecular mechanism by which lutein inhibits hyperglycaemia-induced human hepatocarcinoma (HepG2) cell proliferation. METHODS The effect of lutein on high glucose-induced proliferation was measured using the WST-1 reagent. Its effect on intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels was measured by DCF assay. The effect on the expression of antioxidant enzymes, cell cycle regulatory proteins and intracellular protein kinases was analysed by western blotting. The modulatory effect of lutein on different phases of the cell cycle was analysed by flow cytometry. RESULTS The data showed that lutein at 5 µM concentration significantly blocked glucose-promoted HepG2 cell proliferation. Suppression of high glucose-induced cell proliferation by lutein was not associated with apoptosis induction, but it was linked with inhibition of hyperglycaemia-mediated elevated ROS and upregulated expression of high glucose-mediated repressed heme oxygenase 1 (HO1). Furthermore, G2/M phase cell cycle arrest and associated phosphorylation of Cdk1 and P53 were found to be linked with suppressed hyperglycaemia-mediated cell proliferation by lutein. In addition, lutein inhibited hyperglycaemia-induced activation of P38 which relates to high glucose-induced ROS-mediated growth suppression and modulated the phosphorylation of Erk, JNK and Akt in hyperglycaemic HepG2 cells. CONCLUSION Our findings portray that sufficient intake of lutein may offer a negative impact on diabetes-associated tumour growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tehreem Maradagi
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysuru, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Ravi Kumar
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysuru, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Ganesan Ponesakki
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysuru, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Chennai, India
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Narożna M, Krajka-Kuźniak V, Kleszcz R, Baer-Dubowska W. Indomethacin and Diclofenac Hybrids with Oleanolic Acid Oximes Modulate Key Signaling Pathways in Pancreatic Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031230. [PMID: 35163154 PMCID: PMC8835846 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Our earlier studies showed that coupling nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) with oleanolic acid derivatives increased their anti-inflammatory activity in human hepatoma cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate their effect on the signaling pathways involved in inflammation processes in human pancreatic cancer (PC) cells. Cultured PSN-1 cells were exposed for 24 h (30 µM) to OA oxime (OAO) derivatives substituted with benzyl or morpholide groups and their conjugates with indomethacin (IND) or diclofenac (DCL). The activation of NF-κB and Nrf2 was assessed by the evaluation of the translocation of their active forms into the nucleus and their binding to specific DNA sequences via the ELISA assay. The expression of NF-κB and Nrf2 target genes was evaluated by R-T PCR and Western blot analysis. The conjugation of IND or DCL with OAO derivatives increased cytotoxicity and their effect on the tested signaling pathways. The most effective compound was the DCL hybrid with OAO morpholide (4d). This compound significantly reduced the activation and expression of NF-κB and enhanced the activation and expression of Nrf2. Increased expression of Nrf2 target genes led to reduced ROS production. Moreover, MAPKs and the related pathways were also affected. Therefore, conjugate 4d deserves more comprehensive studies as a potential PC therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Narożna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 4, Święcicki Street, 60-781 Poznań, Poland; (M.N.); (V.K.-K.); (R.K.)
- Program in Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825, NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Violetta Krajka-Kuźniak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 4, Święcicki Street, 60-781 Poznań, Poland; (M.N.); (V.K.-K.); (R.K.)
| | - Robert Kleszcz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 4, Święcicki Street, 60-781 Poznań, Poland; (M.N.); (V.K.-K.); (R.K.)
| | - Wanda Baer-Dubowska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 4, Święcicki Street, 60-781 Poznań, Poland; (M.N.); (V.K.-K.); (R.K.)
- Correspondence:
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25
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Yoo HJ, Pyo MC, Park Y, Kim BY, Lee KW. Hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (GenX) exposure induces apoptosis in HepG2 cells. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08272. [PMID: 34765786 PMCID: PMC8571496 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid, also known as GenX, is a poly- and perfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS). PFASs are nonvolatile synthetic substances that can be readily disseminated into the environment during processing and use, making them easy to implement in the soil, drinking water, and air. Compared to other PFASs, GenX has a comparatively short carbon chain length and is expected to have a lower tendency to accumulate in humans; therefore, GenX has recently been used as a substitute to other PFASs. However, the mechanisms underlying GenX action and intoxication in humans remains unclear. In this study, the apoptotic capacity of GenX in human liver cells was investigated. When representative human-derived liver cells (HepG2 cells) were treated with GenX for 12 h, cell viability was reduced, and apoptosis was greatly increased. In addition, GenX increased the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), indicating the induction of oxidative stress in a dose-dependent manner. GenX treatment increased the expression of major apoptosis-related genes relative to the untreated control group. This research indicates that GenX causes apoptosis through ROS mediation in HepG2 cells, which may expand our knowledge of the molecular and toxicological mechanisms of GenX. Hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (GenX) can be harmful to the liver. Through the mediation of ROS, GenX causes apoptosis in HepG2 cells. GenX activates Bax, caspase 3/9, CHOP, and p53 via the apoptosis. The intrinsic pathway links GenX mode of action to apoptosis-related stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Joon Yoo
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Cheol Pyo
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonjin Park
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Yong Kim
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Won Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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26
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Lu DY, Sun J, Zheng J, Zheng L, Xue WN, Li C, He B, Wang YL, Li YJ, Liu T. Shenxiong glucose injection inhibits H 2O 2-induced H9c2 cell apoptosis by activating the ERK signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 143:112114. [PMID: 34474350 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shenxiong glucose injection (SGI) is a traditional Chinese medicine injection composed of water extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza and Ligustrazine hydrochloride. SGI has shown strong antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties. However, the mechanisms underlying its anti-apoptotic effect need to be addressed. METHODS H9c2 cell apoptosis model was established by treatment of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Cell survival rates were examined by MTS assay, cell apoptosis rates were determined by flow cytometry, levels of intracellular ROS were assessed by ROS kit, proteome phosphorylation was determined by phosphoproteomic analysis, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), phosphorylated ERK, phosphorylated c-Jun, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)-associated X protein (Bax), Bcl-2, and cleaved caspase-3 were examined by Western blot. RESULT SGI showed protective effects against H2O2-induced reduced cell viability, elevated ROS, and increased apoptosis in H9c2 cells. Phosphorylation proteomics detected a total of 3369 proteins with 78 protein of upregulated phosphorylation and 104 protein of downregulated phosphorylation. Kyoto Encyclopedia Genes and Genomes pathway analyses of differentially phosphorylated proteins showed that the ERK pathway, the downstream pathway of the focal adhesion pathway related to apoptosis, was highly enriched, and the phosphorylation levels of ERK and c-Jun were confirmed by Western blot. In addition, the ERK pathway inhibitor PD98059 significantly inhibited the anti-apoptotic effect of SGI. CONCLUSION SGI antagonizes H2O2-induced cell apoptosis by activating the ERK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding-Yan Lu
- Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Jia Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Jiang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Lin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Wei-Na Xue
- School of Medicine and Health Management, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Chun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Bin He
- Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Yong-Lin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Yong-Jun Li
- Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Ting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China.
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Šuran J, Cepanec I, Mašek T, Starčević K, Tlak Gajger I, Vranješ M, Radić B, Radić S, Kosalec I, Vlainić J. Nonaqueous Polyethylene Glycol as a Safer Alternative to Ethanolic Propolis Extracts with Comparable Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:978. [PMID: 34207316 PMCID: PMC8235377 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared the chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of two propolis extracts: one obtained with nonaqueous polyethylene glycol, PEG 400 (PgEP), and the other obtained with ethanol (EEP). We analyzed the total phenolic content (TPC) and the concentrations of ten markers of propolis antioxidant activity with HPLC-UV: caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, trans-ferulic acid, trans-cinnamic acid, kaempferol, apigenin, pinocembrin, chrysin, CAPE, and galangin. Antioxidant activity was tested using DPPH and FRAP assay, and antimicrobial activity was assessed through minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) determination. Maceration gave the yield of propolis of 25.2 ± 0.08% in EEP, and 21.5 ± 0.24% in PgEP. All ten markers of antioxidant activity were found in both extracts, with all marker concentrations, except kaempferol, higher in EEP. There was no significant difference between the TPC and antioxidant activity of the PgEP and the EEP extract; TPC of PgEP was 16.78 ± 0.23 mg/mL, while EEP had TPC of 15.92 ± 0.78 mg/mL. Both extracts had antimicrobial activity against most investigated pathogens and Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Escherichia coli biofilms. EEP was more effective against all tested susceptible pathogens, except E. coli, possibly due to higher content of kaempferol in PgEP relative to other polyphenols. Nonaqueous PEG 400 could be used for propolis extraction. It gives extracts with comparable concentrations of antioxidants and has a good antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. It is a safe excipient, convenient for pediatric and veterinary formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Šuran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivica Cepanec
- Amelia Ltd., Zagorska 28, Bunjani, 10314 Kriz, Croatia;
| | - Tomislav Mašek
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Kristina Starčević
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Ivana Tlak Gajger
- Department for Biology and Pathology of Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Mihaela Vranješ
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Božo Radić
- Hedera Ltd., 4. Gardijske Brigade 35, 21311 Split, Croatia; (B.R.); (S.R.)
| | - Saša Radić
- Hedera Ltd., 4. Gardijske Brigade 35, 21311 Split, Croatia; (B.R.); (S.R.)
| | - Ivan Kosalec
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Ante Kovacica 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Josipa Vlainić
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
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28
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Wang X, Shen X, Chen L, Yu Q, Xiong S, Tian K, Xie Y, Zeng R, Zhou Y. Hepatic oxidative damage and Nrf2 pathway protein changes in rats following long-term manganese exposure. Toxicol Ind Health 2021; 37:251-259. [PMID: 34078187 DOI: 10.1177/0748233721993311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated hepatic oxidative damage in rats following long-term manganese (Mn) exposure and clarified the underlying mechanisms. Forty-eight rats (SPF, male) were randomly assigned to receive low (10 mg/kg, n = 16) or high doses of Mn (50 mg/kg, n = 16) or sterilized distilled water (control group, n = 16). Rats were euthanized after 12 months, and liver Mn levels and histopathological changes were determined. Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and liver malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), nuclear factor E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and NAD(P)H quinine oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1) levels were also determined. The Mn concentration and relative liver weights were significantly higher in the high-dose Mn group than in the control and low-dose Mn exposure groups. Low-dose Mn exposure resulted in mild expansion of hepatic sinuses and intact nuclei, whereas high-dose exposure led to pathological alterations in hepatocytes. High-dose Mn treatment significantly increased AST, ALT, and MDA activities and decreased GSH-PX activity. Additionally, liver Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO1 protein expression were markedly reduced by Mn exposure. Under the study conditions, long-term low-dose Mn exposure resulted in slight pathological changes in liver structure, but high-dose Mn exposure affected both liver structure and function, which might be related to the inhibition of Nrf2 expression, suppression of the transcription of its underlying antioxidant genes, and down regulation of the corresponding proteins. Consequently, the antioxidant capacity in the rat liver was weakened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, 66367Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xubo Shen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, 66367Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, 66367Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Yu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, 66367Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shimin Xiong
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, 66367Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, People's Republic of China
| | - Kunming Tian
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, 66367Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Xie
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, 66367Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Zeng
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, 66367Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanzhong Zhou
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, 66367Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, People's Republic of China
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Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the AhR, Smad2/3, and HIF-1α Pathways as the Mechanism of Ochratoxin A Toxicity in Kidney Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13030190. [PMID: 33800744 PMCID: PMC7999264 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13030190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin occurring in foods consumed by humans. Recently, there has been growing global concern regarding OTA toxicity. The main target organ of OTA is the kidney, but the mechanism underlying renal toxicity is not well known. In this study, human-derived proximal tubular epithelial cells, HK-2 cells, were used for RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) and transcriptome analysis. In total, 3193 differentially expressed genes were identified upon treatment with 200 nM OTA in HK-2 cells; of these, 2224 were upregulated and 969 were downregulated. Transcriptome analysis revealed that OTA significantly affects hypoxia, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), apoptosis, and xenobiotic metabolism pathways in kidney cells. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed gene expression patterns similar to RNA-seq analysis. Expression of EMT markers (E-cadherin and fibronectin), apoptosis markers (caspase-3 and Bax), and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) was suppressed by inhibiting AhR expression using siRNA, and the related transcription factors, Smad2/3, and HIF-1α were downregulated. Smad2/3 suppression with siRNA could inhibit fibronetcin, caspase-3, Bax, and KIM-1 expression. Fibronetcin, caspase-3, Bax, and KIM-1 expression could be increased with HIF-1α suppression with siRNA. Taken together, these findings suggest that OTA-mediated kidney toxicity via the AhR-Smad2/3-HIF-1α signaling pathways leads to induction of EMT, apoptosis, and kidney injury.
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Jeon GY, Nam MH, Lee KW. Inhibitory effect of caffeic acid on advanced glycation end product-induced renal fibrosis in vitro: A potential therapeutic target. J Food Sci 2021; 86:579-586. [PMID: 33448051 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are formed from amino acids and reducing sugars through nonenzymatic Maillard reaction. AGEs are known to induce oxidative stress, which may cause fibrosis or cancer. In this study, we investigated the protective effect of caffeic acid (CA) on AGE-mediated kidney epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in human HK-2 cells. Exposure to 100 µg/mL of AGEs by kidney epithelial cells raised the production of reactive oxygen species by 5.2-fold and decreased levels of glutathione. In addition, cardamonin, a β-catenin inhibitor, was used to determine the signaling pathway for β-catenin in which cardamonin inhibited the AGEs-induced translocation of β-catenin into the nucleus, resulting in an inhibition of the EMT process. Similarly, our findings showed that, close to the control level, CA treatment decreased AGE-mediated oxidative stress, loss of E-cadherin expression, and overexpression of α-smooth muscle actin and fibronectin by inactivation of the β-catenin pathway. Furthermore, AGE treatment enhanced the expression of collagen type I (1.99-fold) as well as the activity of metalloproteinases 2 (1.86-fold) and 9 (2.79-fold), but such increase was inhibited by the pretreatment of CA. In conclusion, this study determined the inhibitory effect of CA on AGE-induced β-catenin signaling, which prevented the occurrence of EMT in kidney epithelial cells. This suggests that CA may be a potential target for AGE-induced renal fibrosis. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Exposure of kidney epithelial cells to advanced glycation end products (AGEs) leads to a rise in reactive oxygen species and a decrease in glutathione, thereby increasing oxidative stress that may cause fibrosis. However, treatment of kidney cells with caffeic acid (CA) prior to their exposure to AGEs lowers oxidative stress and decreases fibrosis. This research reveals the beneficial influence of CA on renal fibrosis in laboratory-cultured kidney cells (in vitro), which makes CA a potential therapeutic target for AGE-induced fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyeong Yun Jeon
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.,Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, 13605, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Hyun Nam
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.,Sue Anschutz-Rodgers Eye Center and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, 80045, U.S.A
| | - Kwang-Won Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
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31
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Jujube ( Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) Protects Hepatocytes against Alcohol-Induced Damage through Nrf2 Activation. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2020:6684331. [PMID: 33424992 PMCID: PMC7781690 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6684331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed at evaluating the cytoprotective activity of jujube water extract (JWE) against alcohol-induced oxidative stress via the activation of the Nrf2 pathway in HepG2 cells. JWE had various phenolic compounds, and the vanillic acid content was the highest in the extract. To determine the cytoprotective effect of JWE against alcohol-induced damage, hepatocytes were treated with JWE and 3% ethanol. JWE (100 μg/mL) markedly increased cell viability by approximately 100% in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, JWE attenuated the production of malondialdehyde, reactive oxygen species, aspartate, and alanine aminotransferase and the depletion of glutathione. Moreover, JWE enhanced the expression of antioxidant defense enzymes including heme oxygenase-1, NADPH quinone oxidoreductase 1, and γ-glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic against alcohol-induced oxidative damage in hepatocytes via the activation of Nrf2. Taken together, JWE possesses the protective effect against alcohol-induced oxidative injury in hepatocytes through the upregulation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway. Therefore, jujube fruit might have the potential to improve alcohol-related liver problems.
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Arunadevi R, Arunachalam C, Murugammal S, Monika N, Susila R, Sunil Kumar KN. Corrected and republished: comparative botanical and phytochemical studies of ambiguous medicinal plant species of wedelia and eclipta (fam. asteraceae) used in ASU systems of medicine with special reference to in-silico screening of hepatoprotective potential of marker wedelolactone with acetaminophen targets. Pharmacognosy Res 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/pr.pr_11_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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33
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Lin W, Lai Y, Kalyanam N, Ho C, Pan M. S
‐Allylcysteine Inhibits PhIP/DSS‐Induced Colon Carcinogenesis through Mitigating Inflammation, Targeting Keap1, and Modulating Microbiota Composition in Mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei‐Sheng Lin
- Institute of Food Science and Technology National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Ying‐Jang Lai
- Department of Food Science National Quemoy University Quemoy County 89250 Taiwan
| | | | - Chi‐Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science Rutgers University New Brunswick NJ 08901 USA
| | - Min‐Hsiung Pan
- Institute of Food Science and Technology National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research China Medical University Hospital China Medical University Taichung 40402 Taiwan
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology Asia University Taichung 41354 Taiwan
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An MY, Eo HJ, Son HJ, Geum NG, Park GH, Jeong JB. Anti‑inflammatory effects of leaf and branch extracts of honeyberry (Lonicera caerulea) on lipopolysaccharide‑stimulated RAW264.7 cells through ATF3 and Nrf2/HO‑1 activation. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:5219-5230. [PMID: 33174016 PMCID: PMC7646977 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Honeyberry (Lonicera caerulea) has long been used as a traditional medicine in China, Japan and northern Russia. Functional studies of honeyberry have mainly focused on the fruits, which have been reported to exert various pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory activity, with limited or no studies on the other parts of the plant, such as the leaves and branches. In the present study, the anti-inflammatory effects of extracts of the leaves (HBL), branches (HBB) and fruit (HBF) of honeyberry plant were evaluated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. HBL and HBB significantly inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory mediators in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, and the inhibitory effects of HBL and HBB were stronger than those of HBF. HBL and HBB blocked the nuclear accumulation of p65 independently of IκB-α. HBL did not inhibit the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 or p38; however, HBB effectively inhibited the phosphorylation of p38 but not ERK1/2. HBL and HBB increased the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) protein by inducing the nuclear accumulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) through the activation of the reactive oxygen species (ROS)/p38 pathway; the reduction in inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) expression by HBL and HBB was inhibited by HO-1 knockdown. In addition, HBL and HBB increased the expression of activating transcription factor-3 (ATF3), and the reduction in iNOS and IL-1β expression by HBL and HBB was inhibited by ATF3 knockdown. Collectively, HBL and HBB inhibited LPS-induced nuclear factor-κB activation by blocking the nuclear accumulation of p65, increasing HO-1 expression through activation of the ROS/p38/Nrf2 pathway, and increasing ATF3 expression. Furthermore, HBB inhibited LPS-induced p38 phosphorylation. These findings suggest that HBL and HBB may have great potential as natural products for the development of anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Yun An
- Department of Medicinal Plant Resources, Andong National University, Andong, Gyeongsangbuk 36729, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ji Eo
- Forest Medicinal Resources Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science, Yeongju, Gyeongsangbuk 36040, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Jun Son
- Forest Medicinal Resources Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science, Yeongju, Gyeongsangbuk 36040, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Gyeong Geum
- Department of Medicinal Plant Resources, Andong National University, Andong, Gyeongsangbuk 36729, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang Hun Park
- Forest Medicinal Resources Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science, Yeongju, Gyeongsangbuk 36040, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Boo Jeong
- Department of Medicinal Plant Resources, Andong National University, Andong, Gyeongsangbuk 36729, Republic of Korea
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35
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Zhang J, Duan D, Song ZL, Liu T, Hou Y, Fang J. Small molecules regulating reactive oxygen species homeostasis for cancer therapy. Med Res Rev 2020; 41:342-394. [PMID: 32981100 DOI: 10.1002/med.21734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Elevated intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defense systems have been recognized as one of the hallmarks of cancer cells. Compared with normal cells, cancer cells exhibit increased ROS to maintain their malignant phenotypes and are more dependent on the "redox adaptation" mechanism. Thus, there are two apparently contradictory but virtually complementary therapeutic strategies for the regulation of ROS to prevent or treat cancer. The first strategy, that is, chemoprevention, is to prevent or reduce intracellular ROS either by suppressing ROS production pathways or by employing antioxidants to enhance ROS clearance, which protects normal cells from malignant transformation and inhibits the early stage of tumorigenesis. The second strategy is the ROS-mediated anticancer therapy, which stimulates intracellular ROS to a toxicity threshold to activate ROS-induced cell death pathways. Therefore, targeting the regulation of intracellular ROS-related pathways by small-molecule candidates is considered to be a promising treatment for tumors. We herein first briefly introduce the source and regulation of ROS, and then focus on small molecules that regulate ROS-related pathways and show efficacy in cancer therapy from the perspective of pharmacophores. Finally, we discuss several challenges in developing cancer therapeutic agents based on ROS regulation and propose the direction of future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dongzhu Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji, China
| | - Zi-Long Song
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tianyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yanan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianguo Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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Han X, Zhang X, Wang Q, Wang L, Yu S. Antitumor potential of Hedyotis diffusa Willd: A systematic review of bioactive constituents and underlying molecular mechanisms. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 130:110735. [PMID: 34321173 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a major cause of death in the world. Chemotherapy can extend the life of cancer patients to some extent, but the quality of life is reduced. Therefore, the quest for more efficient and less toxic medication strategies is still at the forefront of current research. Hedyotis diffusa Willd (HDW), a Chinese herb medicine, has received great attention in the past two decades and has been well documented in clinics for antitumor activity in a variety of human cancers. This review discussed a total of 58 different kinds of active antitumor components isolated from HDW, including iridoids, flavonoids, flavonol glycosides, anthraquinones, phenolic acids, and their derivatives, sterols, and volatile oils. Their antitumor activities include inhibition of tumor cell proliferation, induction of tumor cell apoptosis and tumor angiogenesis, regulation of the host immune response, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant, and protective autophagy. Besides, we provide up-to-date and systematic evidence for HDW antitumor activities and the possible underlying molecular mechanisms and reference for further development of novel drugs and dosage formulation in control of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinru Han
- Department of Pharmacy, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250013, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250013, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250013, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250013, China.
| | - Shuwen Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250013, China.
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Activation of the Nrf2 response by oleanolic acid oxime morpholide (3-hydroxyiminoolean-12-en-28-oic acid morpholide) is associated with its ability to induce apoptosis and inhibit proliferation in HepG2 hepatoma cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 883:173307. [PMID: 32668287 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Our previous study demonstrated that new oleanolic acid oxime (OAO) derivatives and their conjugates with aspirin (ASP) inhibit NF-κB activation. Evidence exists that the downregulation of NF-κB negatively interferes with the Nrf2 signaling pathway. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of these compounds on Nrf2 activation and its cellular consequences in human hepatoma HepG2 cells and immortalized normal hepatocytes THLE-2. The results showed the enhanced activation and expression of Nrf2 as a result of treatment with OAO derivatives themselves and to less extent by their ASP conjugates, mainly in HepG2 cells. The association between cytotoxicity evaluated in our previous study and Nrf2 activation was observed. In this regard, compounds (18) with morpholide substituent at the C-17 position of OAO molecule and (12) with methyl ester substituent at the same position of OAO molecule to the most extent activated Nrf2 and subsequently cell cycle arrest at G2/M, leading to increased apoptosis and the number of resting HepG2 cells. The derivative of OAO (18) substituted with ASP (19) also affected Nrf2 activation and expression, but this effect was less pronounced in comparison with non-conjugated OAO. However, conjugation enhanced Nrf2 activation in normal THLE-2 cells. These results confirmed our earlier suggestion that OAO derivatives conjugated with ASP have the potential for application in the liver cancer chemoprevention. OAO themselves, particularly OAO substituted with morpholide, may be considered therapeutic agents, which may support conventional treatment strategy. Further studies are required to confirm this suggestion.
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Cores Á, Piquero M, Villacampa M, León R, Menéndez JC. NRF2 Regulation Processes as a Source of Potential Drug Targets against Neurodegenerative Diseases. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E904. [PMID: 32545924 PMCID: PMC7356958 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
NRF2 acts by controlling gene expression, being the master regulator of the Phase II antioxidant response, and also being key to the control of neuroinflammation. NRF2 activity is regulated at several levels, including protein degradation by the proteasome, transcription, and post-transcription. The purpose of this review is to offer a concise and critical overview of the main mechanisms of NRF2 regulation and their actual or potential use as targets for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Cores
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Á.C.); (M.P.); (M.V.)
| | - Marta Piquero
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Á.C.); (M.P.); (M.V.)
| | - Mercedes Villacampa
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Á.C.); (M.P.); (M.V.)
| | - Rafael León
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando y Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - J. Carlos Menéndez
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Á.C.); (M.P.); (M.V.)
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Nanoparticulate Gels for Cutaneous Administration of Caffeic Acid. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10050961. [PMID: 32443503 PMCID: PMC7279527 DOI: 10.3390/nano10050961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Caffeic acid is a natural antioxidant, largely distributed in plant tissues and food sources, possessing anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticarcinogenic properties. The object of this investigation was the development of a formulation for caffeic acid cutaneous administration. To this aim, caffeic acid has been loaded in solid lipid nanoparticles by hot homogenization and ultrasonication, obtaining aqueous dispersions with high drug encapsulation efficiency and 200 nm mean dimension, as assessed by photon correlation spectroscopy. With the aim to improve the consistence of the aqueous nanodispersions, different types of polymers have been considered. Particularly, poloxamer 407 and hyaluronic acid gels containing caffeic acid have been produced and characterized by X-ray and rheological analyses. A Franz cell study enabled to select poloxamer 407, being able to better control caffeic acid diffusion. Thus, a nanoparticulate gel has been produced by addition of poloxamer 407 to nanoparticle dispersions. Notably, caffeic acid diffusion from nanoparticulate gel was eight-fold slower with respect to the aqueous solution. In addition, the spreadability of nanoparticulate gel was suitable for cutaneous administration. Finally, the antioxidant effect of caffeic acid loaded in nanoparticulate gel has been demonstrated by ex-vivo evaluation on human skin explants exposed to cigarette smoke, suggesting a protective role exerted by the nanoparticles.
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Grape-Leaf Extract Attenuates Alcohol-Induced Liver Injury via Interference with NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10040558. [PMID: 32268521 PMCID: PMC7225955 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Grape (Vitis vinifera) leaf extracts (GLEs) are known to be rich in phenolic compounds that exert potent antioxidant effects. Given the vulnerability of the liver to oxidative damage, antioxidants have been proposed as therapeutic agents and coadjuvant drugs to ameliorate liver pathologies. The current study was designed to characterize secondary metabolites and investigate the hepatoprotective effects of GLE and its underlying mechanisms. The secondary metabolites were profiled using HPLC–PDA–ESI-MS, and forty-five compounds were tentatively identified. In experimental in vivo design, liver injury was induced by oral administration of high doses of ethanol (EtOH) for 12 days to male Sprague Dawley rats that were split into five different groups. Blood samples and livers were then collected, and used for various biochemical, immunohistochemical, and histopathological analyses. Results showed that GLE-attenuated liver injury and promoted marked hepatic antioxidant effects, in addition to suppressing the increased heat-shock protein-70 expression. Moreover, GLE suppressed EtOH-induced expression of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 subunit and proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α. Caspase-3 and survivin were enhanced by EtOH intake and suppressed by GLE intake. Finally, EtOH-induced histopathological changes in liver sections were markedly normalized by GLE. In conclusion, our results suggested that GLE interferes with NF-κB signaling and induces antioxidant effects, which both play a role in attenuating apoptosis and associated liver injury in a model of EtOH-induced liver damage in rats.
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Cui Y, Li Y, Huang N, Xiong Y, Cao R, Meng L, Liu J, Feng Z. Structure based modification of chalcone analogue activates Nrf2 in the human retinal pigment epithelial cell line ARPE-19. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 148:52-59. [PMID: 31887452 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress-induced degeneration of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells is known to be a key contributor to the development of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Activation of the nuclear factor-(erythroid-derived 2)-related factor-2 (Nrf2)-mediated cellular defense system is believed to be a valid therapeutic approach. In the present study, we designed and synthesized a novel chalcone analogue, 1-(2,3,4-trimethoxyphenyl)-2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-acrylketone (Tak), as a Nrf2 activator. The potency of Tak was measured in RPE cells by the induction of the Nrf2-dependent antioxidant genes HO-1, NQO-1, GCLc, and GCLm, which were regulated through the Erk pathway. We also showed that Tak could protect RPE cells against oxidative stress-induced cell death and mitochondrial dysfunction. Furthermore, by modifying the α, β unsaturated carbonyl entity in Tak, we showed that the induction of antioxidant genes was abolished, indicating that this unique feature in Tak was responsible for the Nrf2 activation. These results suggest that Tak is a potential candidate for clinical application against AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Cui
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Institute of Basic Medical Science, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Na Huang
- School of Science, MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Yue Xiong
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Ruijun Cao
- School of Science, MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Lingjie Meng
- School of Science, MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Jiankang Liu
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China; Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
| | - Zhihui Feng
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China; Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
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Chemopreventive Effect of the Germinated Oat and its Phenolic-AVA Extract in Azoxymethane/Dextran Sulfate Sodium (AOM/DSS) Model of Colon Carcinogenesis in Mice. Foods 2020; 9:foods9020169. [PMID: 32050698 PMCID: PMC7074527 DOI: 10.3390/foods9020169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The consumption of fruits, vegetables, nuts, legumes, and whole grains has been associated with a lower risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) due to the content of natural compounds with antioxidant and anticancer activities. The oat (Avena sativa L.) is a unique source of avenanthramides (AVAs), among other compounds, with chemopreventive effects. In addition, oat germination has shown enhanced nutraceutical and phytochemical properties. Therefore, our objective was to evaluate the chemopreventive effect of the sprouted oat (SO) and its phenolic-AVA extract (AVA) in azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced CRC mouse model. Turquesa oat seeds were germinated (five days at 25 °C and 60% relative humidity) and, after 16 weeks of administration, animals in the SO- and AVA-treated groups had a significantly lower inflammation grade and tumor (38–50%) and adenocarcinoma (38–63%) incidence compared to those of the AOM+DSS group (80%). Although both treatments normalized colonic GST and NQO1 activities as well as erythrocyte GSH levels, and significantly reduced cecal and colonic β-GA, thus indicating an improvement in the intestinal parameters, the inflammatory states, and the redox states of the animals, SO exerted a superior chemopreventive effect, probably due to the synergistic effects of multiple compounds. Our results indicate that oats retain their biological properties even after the germination process.
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Choi JS, Hong SH, Park JW. Evaluation of microplastic toxicity in accordance with different sizes and exposure times in the marine copepod Tigriopus japonicus. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 153:104838. [PMID: 31733910 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.104838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The indiscriminate use of plastic has greatly increased microplastic contamination risk in the marine environment. Microplastics can affect all marine life via the food web, from primary producers (e.g., microalgae) to final consumers (e.g., carnivorous fish). Thus, several studies have attempted to evaluate microplastic toxicity, but information about the underlying mechanisms of their effect is limited. Therefore, in this study, we examined multiple factors that could contribute to microplastic-induced toxicity. We investigated the potential molecular effects of microplastic size and exposure time. We exposed the marine copepod Tigriopus japonicus to 50 nm and 10 μm polystyrene microbeads. We found that both size and exposure time increased intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species. In addition, antioxidant-related gene expression was modulated and antioxidant enzyme activities were changed significantly. The results of this study provide important insights into the molecular mechanisms of microplastic-induced toxicity in a marine organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Soo Choi
- Environmental Biology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 17 Jegok-gil, Jinju, 52834, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hee Hong
- Oil and POPs Research Laboratory, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 41 Jangmok-1-gil, Geoje, 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - June-Woo Park
- Environmental Biology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 17 Jegok-gil, Jinju, 52834, Republic of Korea; Human and Environmental Toxicology Program, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217, Gajeong-ro, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
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Shopit A, Niu M, Wang H, Tang Z, Li X, Tesfaldet T, Ai J, Ahmad N, Al-Azab M, Tang Z. Protection of diabetes-induced kidney injury by phosphocreatine via the regulation of ERK/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. Life Sci 2019; 242:117248. [PMID: 31899224 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.117248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy is the most common long-term complication of diabetes mellitus. The Methylglyoxal (MGO) production is mainly by metabolic pathways, such as lipolysis and glycolysis, its increases in the DM enhances oxidative stress and plays a crucial role in the diabetic nephrotic pathogenesis. Phosphocreatine (PCr) can improve lipopolysaccharide, ox-LDL-induced atherosclerosis, and alleviate vascular endothelial cell injury in diabetes. The aim of our present study is to examine the potential role of phosphocreatine (PCr) as a molecule protects against diabetes-induced Kidney Injury in-vitro and in-vivo through ERK/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. NRK-52E cells treatment with PCr obviously suppressed MGO-induced change of viability, apoptosis, coupled with decreased Bax/Bcl-2ratio, casapse-9 and caspase-3expressions. We determined the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) using membrane permeable fluorescent probe DCFH-DA as well as intracellular calcium by flow cytometry. ERK, Nrf2 and HO-1 expressions were determined by Western blot. PCr pretreatment significantly returned the oxidative stress enzymes to normal condition in-vitro and in-vivo. PCr pretreatment significantly reduced apoptosis, calcium and ROS production, induced by MGO, in NRK-52E cells. Moreover, pretreatment with PCr significantly inhibited cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-9 and p-ERK expressions, while increased Nrf-2 and HO-1 expressions. Furthermore, PCr pretreatment significantly decreased p-ERK expression of MGO-induced injury in NRK-52E cells transfected with p-ERK cDNA. In conclusion, the renal protective effect of PCr in-vitro and in-vivo depends on suppressing apoptosis and ROS generation through ERK mediated Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway, suggesting that PCr may be a novel therapeutic candidate for the diabetic nephropathy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Shopit
- Acad integrated Med & Collage of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Mengyue Niu
- Acad integrated Med & Collage of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Acad integrated Med & Collage of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Zhongyuan Tang
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Second Clinical College, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Tsehaye Tesfaldet
- Acad integrated Med & Collage of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Jie Ai
- Acad integrated Med & Collage of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Nisar Ahmad
- Acad integrated Med & Collage of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Mahmoud Al-Azab
- Department of immunology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Zeyao Tang
- Acad integrated Med & Collage of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
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Provenzano F, Sánchez JL, Rao E, Santonocito R, Ditta LA, Borrás Linares I, Passantino R, Campisi P, Dia MG, Costa MA, Segura-Carretero A, San Biagio PL, Giacomazza D. Water Extract of Cryphaea heteromalla (Hedw.) D. Mohr Bryophyte as a Natural Powerful Source of Biologically Active Compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225560. [PMID: 31703399 PMCID: PMC6887972 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bryophytes comprise of the mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Cryphaea heteromalla, (Hedw.) D. Mohr, is a non-vascular lower plant belonging to mosses group. To the date, the most chemically characterized species belong to the liverworts, while only 3.2% and 8.8% of the species belonging to the mosses and hornworts, respectively, have been investigated. In this work, we present Folin-Ciocalteu and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) data related to crude extracts of C. heteromalla obtained by three different extraction solvents: pure water (WT), methanol:water (80:20 v/v) (MET), and ethanol:water (80:20 v/v) (ETH). The water extract proved to be the best solvent showing the highest content of biophenols and the highest ORAC value. The C. heteromalla-WT extract was investigated by HPLC-TOF/MS (High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Time of Flight/Mass Spectrometry) allowing for the detection of 14 compounds, five of which were phenolic compounds, derivatives of benzoic, caffeic, and coumaric acids. Moreover, the C. heteromalla WT extract showed a protective effect against reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBH) on the murine NIH-3T3 fibroblast cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorenza Provenzano
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via U. La Malfa, 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy; (F.P.); (E.R.); (R.S.); (L.A.D.); (R.P.); (D.G.)
| | - Jesús Lozano Sánchez
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Granada, Campus Universitario s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain;
- Center of Research and Development of Functional Food, Health Science Technological Park, Avda. del Conocimiento s/n, 18100 Granada, Spain; (I.B.L.); (A.S.-C.)
| | - Estella Rao
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via U. La Malfa, 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy; (F.P.); (E.R.); (R.S.); (L.A.D.); (R.P.); (D.G.)
| | - Radha Santonocito
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via U. La Malfa, 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy; (F.P.); (E.R.); (R.S.); (L.A.D.); (R.P.); (D.G.)
| | - Lorena Anna Ditta
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via U. La Malfa, 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy; (F.P.); (E.R.); (R.S.); (L.A.D.); (R.P.); (D.G.)
| | - Isabel Borrás Linares
- Center of Research and Development of Functional Food, Health Science Technological Park, Avda. del Conocimiento s/n, 18100 Granada, Spain; (I.B.L.); (A.S.-C.)
| | - Rosa Passantino
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via U. La Malfa, 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy; (F.P.); (E.R.); (R.S.); (L.A.D.); (R.P.); (D.G.)
| | - Patrizia Campisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi 38, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (P.C.)
| | - Maria Giovanna Dia
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi 38, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (P.C.)
| | - Maria Assunta Costa
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via U. La Malfa, 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy; (F.P.); (E.R.); (R.S.); (L.A.D.); (R.P.); (D.G.)
- Correspondence: (M.A.C.); (P.L.S.B.)
| | - Antonio Segura-Carretero
- Center of Research and Development of Functional Food, Health Science Technological Park, Avda. del Conocimiento s/n, 18100 Granada, Spain; (I.B.L.); (A.S.-C.)
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Pier Luigi San Biagio
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via U. La Malfa, 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy; (F.P.); (E.R.); (R.S.); (L.A.D.); (R.P.); (D.G.)
- Correspondence: (M.A.C.); (P.L.S.B.)
| | - Daniela Giacomazza
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via U. La Malfa, 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy; (F.P.); (E.R.); (R.S.); (L.A.D.); (R.P.); (D.G.)
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