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Li C, Yang Q, Zhang L. Identification of putative allosteric inhibitors of BCKDK via virtual screening and biological evaluation. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2024; 39:2290458. [PMID: 38059302 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2023.2290458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal accumulation of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) can lead to metabolic diseases and cancers. Branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase kinase (BCKDK) is a key negative regulator of BCAA catabolism, and targeting BCKDK provides a promising therapeutic approach for diseases caused by BCAA accumulation. Here, we screened PPHN and POAB as novel putative allosteric inhibitors by integrating allosteric binding site prediction, large-scale ligand database virtual screening, and bioactivity evaluation assays. Both of them showed a high binding affinity to BCKDK, with Kd values of 3.9 μM and 1.86 μM, respectively. In vivo experiments, the inhibitors demonstrated superior kinase inhibitory activity and notable antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects on diverse cancer cells. Finally, bulk RNA-seq analysis revealed that PPHN and POAB suppressed cell growth through a range of signalling pathways. Taken together, our findings highlight two novel BCKDK inhibitors as potent therapeutic candidates for metabolic diseases and cancers associated with BCAA dysfunctional metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunqiong Li
- Genomics Center, Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Quanjun Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Genomics Center, Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
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2
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Nguyen DC, Wells CK, Taylor MS, Martinez-Ondaro Y, Brittian KR, Brainard RE, Moore JB, Hill BG. Dietary Branched Chain Amino Acids Modify Post-Infarct Cardiac Remodeling and Function in the Murine Heart. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.12.603348. [PMID: 39071416 PMCID: PMC11275808 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.12.603348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Branch-chain amino acids (BCAA) are markedly elevated in the heart following myocardial infarction (MI) in both humans and animal models. Nevertheless, it remains unclear whether dietary BCAA levels influence post-MI remodeling. We hypothesize that lowering dietary BCAA levels prevents adverse cardiac remodeling after MI. Methods and Results To assess whether altering dietary BCAA levels would impact circulating BCAA concentrations, mice were fed a low (1/3×), normal (1×), or high (2×) BCAA diet over a 7-day period. We found that mice fed the low BCAA diet had >2-fold lower circulating BCAA concentrations when compared with normal and high BCAA diet feeding strategies; notably, the high BCAA diet did not further increase BCAA levels over the normal chow diet. To investigate the impact of dietary BCAAs on cardiac remodeling and function after MI, male and female mice were fed either the low or high BCAA diet for 2 wk prior to MI and for 4 wk after MI. Although body weights or heart masses were not different in female mice fed the custom diets, male mice fed the high BCAA diet had significantly higher body and heart masses than those on the low BCAA diet. Echocardiographic assessments revealed that the low BCAA diet preserved stroke volume and cardiac output for the duration of the study, while the high BCAA diet led to progressive decreases in cardiac function. Although no discernible differences in cardiac fibrosis, scar collagen topography, or cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area were found between the dietary groups, male mice fed the high BCAA diet showed longer cardiomyocytes and higher capillary density compared with the low BCAA group. Conclusions Provision of a diet low in BCAAs to mice mitigates eccentric cardiomyocyte remodeling and loss of cardiac function after MI, with dietary effects more prominent in males.
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Abdualkader AM, Karwi QG, Lopaschuk GD, Al Batran R. The role of branched-chain amino acids and their downstream metabolites in mediating insulin resistance. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY & PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES : A PUBLICATION OF THE CANADIAN SOCIETY FOR PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, SOCIETE CANADIENNE DES SCIENCES PHARMACEUTIQUES 2024; 27:13040. [PMID: 39007094 PMCID: PMC11239365 DOI: 10.3389/jpps.2024.13040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Elevated levels of circulating branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and their associated metabolites have been strongly linked to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Despite extensive research, the precise mechanisms linking increased BCAA levels with these conditions remain elusive. In this review, we highlight the key organs involved in maintaining BCAA homeostasis and discuss how obesity and insulin resistance disrupt the intricate interplay among these organs, thus affecting BCAA balance. Additionally, we outline recent research shedding light on the impact of tissue-specific or systemic modulation of BCAA metabolism on circulating BCAA levels, their metabolites, and insulin sensitivity, while also identifying specific knowledge gaps and areas requiring further investigation. Finally, we summarize the effects of BCAA supplementation or restriction on obesity and insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdualrahman Mohammed Abdualkader
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Cardiometabolic Health, Diabetes and Obesity Research Network, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Qutuba G. Karwi
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Gary D. Lopaschuk
- Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Rami Al Batran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Cardiometabolic Health, Diabetes and Obesity Research Network, Montréal, QC, Canada
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4
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Tanase DM, Valasciuc E, Costea CF, Scripcariu DV, Ouatu A, Hurjui LL, Tarniceriu CC, Floria DE, Ciocoiu M, Baroi LG, Floria M. Duality of Branched-Chain Amino Acids in Chronic Cardiovascular Disease: Potential Biomarkers versus Active Pathophysiological Promoters. Nutrients 2024; 16:1972. [PMID: 38931325 PMCID: PMC11206939 DOI: 10.3390/nu16121972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), comprising leucine (Leu), isoleucine (Ile), and valine (Val), are essential nutrients vital for protein synthesis and metabolic regulation via specialized signaling networks. Their association with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) has become a focal point of scientific debate, with emerging evidence suggesting both beneficial and detrimental roles. This review aims to dissect the multifaceted relationship between BCAAs and cardiovascular health, exploring the molecular mechanisms and clinical implications. Elevated BCAA levels have also been linked to insulin resistance (IR), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), inflammation, and dyslipidemia, which are well-established risk factors for CVD. Central to these processes are key pathways such as mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activate B cells (NF-κB)-mediated inflammation, and oxidative stress. Additionally, the interplay between BCAA metabolism and gut microbiota, particularly the production of metabolites like trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), adds another layer of complexity. Contrarily, some studies propose that BCAAs may have cardioprotective effects under certain conditions, contributing to muscle maintenance and metabolic health. This review critically evaluates the evidence, addressing the biological basis and signal transduction mechanism, and also discusses the potential for BCAAs to act as biomarkers versus active mediators of cardiovascular pathology. By presenting a balanced analysis, this review seeks to clarify the contentious roles of BCAAs in CVD, providing a foundation for future research and therapeutic strategies required because of the rising prevalence, incidence, and total burden of CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Maria Tanase
- Department of Internal Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (D.M.T.); (A.O.); (D.E.F.); (M.F.)
- Internal Medicine Clinic, “St. Spiridon” County Clinical Emergency Hospital, Iasi 700111, Romania
| | - Emilia Valasciuc
- Department of Internal Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (D.M.T.); (A.O.); (D.E.F.); (M.F.)
- Internal Medicine Clinic, “St. Spiridon” County Clinical Emergency Hospital, Iasi 700111, Romania
| | - Claudia Florida Costea
- Department of Ophthalmology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
- 2nd Ophthalmology Clinic, “Prof. Dr. Nicolae Oblu” Emergency Clinical Hospital, 700309 Iași, Romania
| | - Dragos Viorel Scripcariu
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
- Regional Institute of Oncology, 700483 Iasi, Romania
| | - Anca Ouatu
- Department of Internal Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (D.M.T.); (A.O.); (D.E.F.); (M.F.)
- Internal Medicine Clinic, “St. Spiridon” County Clinical Emergency Hospital, Iasi 700111, Romania
| | - Loredana Liliana Hurjui
- Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II, Physiology Discipline, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
- Hematology Laboratory, “St. Spiridon” County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Claudia Cristina Tarniceriu
- Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences I, Discipline of Anatomy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
- Hematology Clinic, “Sf. Spiridon” County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Diana Elena Floria
- Department of Internal Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (D.M.T.); (A.O.); (D.E.F.); (M.F.)
- Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, “St. Spiridon” County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Manuela Ciocoiu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Livia Genoveva Baroi
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
- Department of Vascular Surgery, “St. Spiridon” County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Mariana Floria
- Department of Internal Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (D.M.T.); (A.O.); (D.E.F.); (M.F.)
- Internal Medicine Clinic, “St. Spiridon” County Clinical Emergency Hospital, Iasi 700111, Romania
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Xiao W, Shrimali N, Oldham WM, Clish CB, He H, Wong SJ, Wertheim BM, Arons E, Haigis MC, Leopold JA, Loscalzo J. Branched chain α-ketoacids aerobically activate HIF1α signaling in vascular cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.29.595538. [PMID: 38853866 PMCID: PMC11160772 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.29.595538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) is a master regulator of numerous biological processes under low oxygen tensions. Yet, the mechanisms and biological consequences of aerobic HIF1α activation by intrinsic factors, particularly in primary cells remain elusive. Here, we show that HIF1α signaling is activated in several human primary vascular cells under ambient oxygen tensions, and in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) of normal human lung tissue, which contributed to a relative resistance to further enhancement of glycolytic activity in hypoxia. Mechanistically, aerobic HIFα activation is mediated by paracrine secretion of three branched chain α-ketoacids (BCKAs), which suppress prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing protein 2 (PHD2) activity via direct inhibition and via lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA)-mediated generation of L-2-hydroxyglutarate (L2HG). Metabolic dysfunction induced by BCKAs was observed in the lungs of rats with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) from idiopathic PAH patients. BCKA supplementation stimulated glycolytic activity and promoted a phenotypic switch to the synthetic phenotype in PASMCs of normal and PAH subjects. In summary, we identify BCKAs as novel signaling metabolites that activate HIF1α signaling in normoxia and that the BCKA-HIF1α pathway modulates VSMC function and may be relevant to pulmonary vascular pathobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wusheng Xiao
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Compatibility Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Nishith Shrimali
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - William M. Oldham
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Clary B. Clish
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Huamei He
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Samantha J. Wong
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bradley M. Wertheim
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elena Arons
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Marcia C. Haigis
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jane A. Leopold
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joseph Loscalzo
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Zhang J, Liu Z, Ni Y, Yu Y, Guo F, Lu Y, Wang X, Hao H, Li S, Wei P, Yu W, Hu W. Branched-chain amino acids promote occurrence and development of cardiovascular disease dependent on triglyceride metabolism via activation of the mTOR/SREBP-1/betatrophin pathway. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2024; 584:112164. [PMID: 38262527 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2024.112164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolism is associated with triglyceride (TG) metabolism and the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the underlying mechanism remains uncertain. This study included 1302 subjects and followed for 4-5 years. A hyperbranched-chain aminoacidemia rat model was induced by high fructose diet (HFTD). The relationship between BCAAs and TG level and its regulatory mechanism was investigated in vitro. As results, as baseline BCAA percentile increased, subjects had higher prevalence and incidence of T2DM, NAFLD, and CVD risk (P < 0.05). In animal model, the accumulation of BCAAs and TG and betatrophin expression were significantly elevated in the HFTD group when comparing with those in the SD group(P < 0.05). Immunofluorescence and Masson's trichrome staining revealed that the area of interstitial fibrosis was significantly increased in the HFTD group compared with control group. Met treatment significantly decreased TG levels and betatrophin expression and reversed myocardial fibrosis (P < 0.05). In vitro, LO2 cells, stimulated with 0.1-5 mM BCAAs, displayed a significant dose-dependent increase in betatrophin expression (P < 0.05). And 5 mM BCAAs stimulation significantly increased the p-mTOR and SREBP-1 expression (P < 0.05). However, this effect could be reversed by using the corresponding inhibitor or siRNAs. In conclusions, BCAAs promote occurrence and development of cardiovascular disease dependent on TG metabolism via activation of the mTOR/SREBP-1/betatrophin pathway. The study provides a new theory for the pathogenesis of CVD caused by amino acid metabolism disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huai'an Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, No. 62, Huaihai South Road, Qingjiangpu District, Huai'an, 223002, China
| | - Ziyu Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huai'an Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, No. 62, Huaihai South Road, Qingjiangpu District, Huai'an, 223002, China
| | - Yaojun Ni
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical College and Huai'an First People's Hospital, No. 6, Beijing West Road, Huaiyin District, Huai'an, 223021, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huai'an Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, No. 62, Huaihai South Road, Qingjiangpu District, Huai'an, 223002, China
| | - Fei Guo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huai'an Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, No. 62, Huaihai South Road, Qingjiangpu District, Huai'an, 223002, China
| | - Yanwen Lu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huai'an Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, No. 62, Huaihai South Road, Qingjiangpu District, Huai'an, 223002, China
| | - Xiaoqing Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huai'an Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, No. 62, Huaihai South Road, Qingjiangpu District, Huai'an, 223002, China
| | - Hairong Hao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huai'an Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, No. 62, Huaihai South Road, Qingjiangpu District, Huai'an, 223002, China
| | - Shayan Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huai'an Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, No. 62, Huaihai South Road, Qingjiangpu District, Huai'an, 223002, China
| | - Pan Wei
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huai'an Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, No. 62, Huaihai South Road, Qingjiangpu District, Huai'an, 223002, China
| | - Weinan Yu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huai'an Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, No. 62, Huaihai South Road, Qingjiangpu District, Huai'an, 223002, China
| | - Wen Hu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huai'an Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, No. 62, Huaihai South Road, Qingjiangpu District, Huai'an, 223002, China.
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Chakraborty P, Niewiadomska M, Farhat K, Morris L, Whyte S, Humphries KM, Stavrakis S. Effect of Low-Level Tragus Stimulation on Cardiac Metabolism in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Transcriptomics-Based Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4312. [PMID: 38673896 PMCID: PMC11050145 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Abnormal cardiac metabolism precedes and contributes to structural changes in heart failure. Low-level tragus stimulation (LLTS) can attenuate structural remodeling in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). The role of LLTS on cardiac metabolism is not known. Dahl salt-sensitive rats of 7 weeks of age were randomized into three groups: low salt (0.3% NaCl) diet (control group; n = 6), high salt diet (8% NaCl) with either LLTS (active group; n = 8), or sham stimulation (sham group; n = 5). Both active and sham groups received the high salt diet for 10 weeks with active LLTS or sham stimulation (20 Hz, 2 mA, 0.2 ms) for 30 min daily for the last 4 weeks. At the endpoint, left ventricular tissue was used for RNA sequencing and transcriptomic analysis. The Ingenuity Pathway Analysis tool (IPA) was used to identify canonical metabolic pathways and upstream regulators. Principal component analysis demonstrated overlapping expression of important metabolic genes between the LLTS, and control groups compared to the sham group. Canonical metabolic pathway analysis showed downregulation of the oxidative phosphorylation (Z-score: -4.707, control vs. sham) in HFpEF and LLTS improved the oxidative phosphorylation (Z-score = -2.309, active vs. sham). HFpEF was associated with the abnormalities of metabolic upstream regulators, including PPARGC1α, insulin receptor signaling, PPARα, PPARδ, PPARGC1β, the fatty acid transporter SLC27A2, and lysine-specific demethylase 5A (KDM5A). LLTS attenuated abnormal insulin receptor and KDM5A signaling. HFpEF is associated with abnormal cardiac metabolism. LLTS, by modulating the functioning of crucial upstream regulators, improves cardiac metabolism and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praloy Chakraborty
- Heart Rhythm Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 800 Stanton L Young Blvd, Suite 5400, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (P.C.); (K.F.); (L.M.); (S.W.)
- Peter Munk Cardiac Center, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2N2, Canada
| | - Monika Niewiadomska
- Heart Rhythm Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 800 Stanton L Young Blvd, Suite 5400, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (P.C.); (K.F.); (L.M.); (S.W.)
| | - Kassem Farhat
- Heart Rhythm Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 800 Stanton L Young Blvd, Suite 5400, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (P.C.); (K.F.); (L.M.); (S.W.)
| | - Lynsie Morris
- Heart Rhythm Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 800 Stanton L Young Blvd, Suite 5400, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (P.C.); (K.F.); (L.M.); (S.W.)
| | - Seabrook Whyte
- Heart Rhythm Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 800 Stanton L Young Blvd, Suite 5400, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (P.C.); (K.F.); (L.M.); (S.W.)
| | - Kenneth M. Humphries
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA;
| | - Stavros Stavrakis
- Heart Rhythm Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 800 Stanton L Young Blvd, Suite 5400, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (P.C.); (K.F.); (L.M.); (S.W.)
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Chi K, Liu J, Li X, Wang H, Li Y, Liu Q, Zhou Y, Ge Y. Biomarkers of heart failure: advances in omics studies. Mol Omics 2024; 20:169-183. [PMID: 38224222 DOI: 10.1039/d3mo00173c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Heart failure is a complex syndrome characterized by progressive circulatory dysfunction, manifesting clinically as pulmonary and systemic venous congestion, alongside inadequate tissue perfusion. The early identification of HF, particularly at the mild and moderate stages (stages B and C), presents a clinical challenge due to the overlap of signs, symptoms, and natriuretic peptide levels with other cardiorespiratory pathologies. Nonetheless, early detection coupled with timely pharmacological intervention is imperative for enhancing patient outcomes. Advances in high-throughput omics technologies have enabled researchers to analyze patient-derived biofluids and tissues, discovering biomarkers that are sensitive and specific for HF diagnosis. Due to the diversity of HF etiology, it is insufficient to study the diagnostic data of early HF using a single omics technology. This study reviewed the latest progress in genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics for the identification of HF biomarkers, offering novel insights into the early clinical diagnosis of HF. However, the validity of biomarkers depends on the disease status, intervention time, genetic diversity and comorbidities of the subjects. Moreover, biomarkers lack generalizability in different clinical settings. Hence, it is imperative to conduct multi-center, large-scale and standardized clinical trials to enhance the diagnostic accuracy and utility of HF biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo Chi
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Jing Liu
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Xinghua Li
- Changzhi People's Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi, China.
| | - He Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease II, First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Yanliang Li
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Qingnan Liu
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Yabin Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease II, First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Yuan Ge
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease II, First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
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Meng S, Yu Y, Yu S, Zhu S, Shi M, Xiang M, Ma H. Advances in Metabolic Remodeling and Intervention Strategies in Heart Failure. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2024; 17:36-55. [PMID: 37843752 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-023-10443-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The heart is the most energy-demanding organ throughout the whole body. Perturbations or failure in energy metabolism contributes to heart failure (HF), which represents the advanced stage of various heart diseases. The poor prognosis and huge economic burden associated with HF underscore the high unmet need to explore novel therapies targeting metabolic modulators beyond conventional approaches focused on neurohormonal and hemodynamic regulators. Emerging evidence suggests that alterations in metabolic substrate reliance, metabolic pathways, metabolic by-products, and energy production collectively regulate the occurrence and progression of HF. In this review, we provide an overview of cardiac metabolic remodeling, encompassing the utilization of free fatty acids, glucose metabolism, ketone bodies, and branched-chain amino acids both in the physiological condition and heart failure. Most importantly, the latest advances in pharmacological interventions are discussed as a promising therapeutic approach to restore cardiac function, drawing insights from recent basic research, preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Meng
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University; State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices; Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Yi Yu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University; State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices; Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Shuo Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Shiyu Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University; State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices; Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Mengjia Shi
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University; State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices; Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Meixiang Xiang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University; State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices; Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China.
| | - Hong Ma
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University; State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices; Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China.
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10
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Chen C, Wang J, Zhu X, Hu J, Liu C, Liu L. Energy metabolism and redox balance: How phytochemicals influence heart failure treatment. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 171:116136. [PMID: 38215694 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Heart Failure (HF) epitomizes a formidable global health quandary characterized by marked morbidity and mortality. It has been established that severe derangements in energy metabolism are central to the pathogenesis of HF, culminating in an inadequate cardiac energy milieu, which, in turn, precipitates cardiac pump dysfunction and systemic energy metabolic failure, thereby steering the trajectory and potential recuperation of HF. The conventional therapeutic paradigms for HF predominantly target amelioration of heart rate, and cardiac preload and afterload, proffering symptomatic palliation or decelerating the disease progression. However, the realm of therapeutics targeting the cardiac energy metabolism remains largely uncharted. This review delineates the quintessential characteristics of cardiac energy metabolism in healthy hearts, and the metabolic aberrations observed during HF, alongside the associated metabolic pathways and targets. Furthermore, we delve into the potential of phytochemicals in rectifying the redox disequilibrium and the perturbations in energy metabolism observed in HF. Through an exhaustive analysis of recent advancements, we underscore the promise of phytochemicals in modulating these pathways, thereby unfurling a novel vista on HF therapeutics. Given their potential in orchestrating cardiac energy metabolism, phytochemicals are emerging as a burgeoning frontier for HF treatment. The review accentuates the imperative for deeper exploration into how these phytochemicals specifically intervene in cardiac energy metabolism, and the subsequent translation of these findings into clinical applications, thereby broadening the horizon for HF treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Chen
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Beijing 100053, China.
| | - Xueying Zhu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Lanchun Liu
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
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11
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Li Z, Wang Y, Sun H. The Role of Branched-chain Amino Acids and Their Metabolism in Cardiovascular Diseases. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2024; 17:85-90. [PMID: 38216830 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-024-10479-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), including leucine, isoleucine, and valine, are essential amino acids for protein synthesis. Recent studies have yielded new insights into their diverse physiological and pathological roles in health and disease. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally. An increasing number of clinical studies have demonstrated that high levels of circulating BCAAs are associated with an increased risk of CVDs. Animal studies have provided preliminary evidence linking BCAA intake and metabolism with cardiovascular diseases. Despite these insights, the causal relationship between BCAA metabolism and CVD remains poorly established, and the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Here, we aim to provide an update on the current understanding of the roles of BCAAs and their metabolism in the development and progression of various CVDs. We also discuss the potential strategies targeting BCAA nutrition and metabolism for the prevention and treatment of CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyu Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300134, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300134, China
| | - Yibin Wang
- The Signature Research Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, DukeNUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Haipeng Sun
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300134, China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300134, China.
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12
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Hang L, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Jiang H, Xia L. Metabolism Serves as a Bridge Between Cardiomyocytes and Immune Cells in Cardiovascular Diseases. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2024:10.1007/s10557-024-07545-5. [PMID: 38236378 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-024-07545-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic disorders of cardiomyocytes play an important role in the progression of various cardiovascular diseases. Metabolic reprogramming can provide ATP to cardiomyocytes and protect them during diseases, but this transformation also leads to adverse consequences such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and eventually aggravates myocardial injury. Moreover, abnormal accumulation of metabolites induced by metabolic reprogramming of cardiomyocytes alters the cardiac microenvironment and affects the metabolism of immune cells. Immunometabolism, as a research hotspot, is involved in regulating the phenotype and function of immune cells. After myocardial injury, both cardiac resident immune cells and heart-infiltrating immune cells significantly contribute to the inflammation, repair and remodeling of the heart. In addition, metabolites generated by the metabolic reprogramming of immune cells can further affect the microenvironment, thereby affecting the function of cardiomyocytes and other immune cells. Therefore, metabolic reprogramming and abnormal metabolite levels may serve as a bridge between cardiomyocytes and immune cells, leading to the development of cardiovascular diseases. Herein, we summarize the metabolic relationship between cardiomyocytes and immune cells in cardiovascular diseases, and the effect on cardiac injury, which could be therapeutic strategy for cardiovascular diseases, especially in drug research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixiao Hang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, No. 438 Jiefang Road, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Haiqiang Jiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangyin Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.130 Renmin Middle Road, Wuxi, 214400, Jiangyin, China.
| | - Lin Xia
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, No. 438 Jiefang Road, Zhenjiang, 212001, China.
- Institute of Hematological Disease, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China.
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13
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Yeh CY, Chini LC, Davidson JW, Garcia GG, Gallagher MS, Freichels IT, Calubag MF, Rodgers AC, Green CL, Babygirija R, Sonsalla MM, Pak HH, Trautman M, Hacker TA, Miller RA, Simcox J, Lamming DW. Late-life isoleucine restriction promotes physiological and molecular signatures of healthy aging. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.02.06.527311. [PMID: 36798157 PMCID: PMC9934591 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.06.527311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
In defiance of the paradigm that calories from all sources are equivalent, we and others have shown that dietary protein is a dominant regulator of healthy aging. The restriction of protein or the branched-chain amino acid isoleucine promotes healthspan and extends lifespan when initiated in young or adult mice. However, many interventions are less efficacious or even deleterious when initiated in aged animals. Here, we investigate the physiological, metabolic, and molecular consequences of consuming a diet with a 67% reduction of all amino acids (Low AA), or of isoleucine alone (Low Ile), in male and female C57BL/6J.Nia mice starting at 20 months of age. We find that both diet regimens effectively reduce adiposity and improve glucose tolerance, which were benefits that were not mediated by reduced calorie intake. Both diets improve specific aspects of frailty, slow multiple molecular indicators of aging rate, and rejuvenate the aging heart and liver at the molecular level. These results demonstrate that Low AA and Low Ile diets can drive youthful physiological and molecular signatures, and support the possibility that these dietary interventions could help to promote healthy aging in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Yang Yeh
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Lucas C.S. Chini
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Jessica W. Davidson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Gonzalo G. Garcia
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Meredith S. Gallagher
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Isaac T. Freichels
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Mariah F. Calubag
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Allison C. Rodgers
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
- Cardiovascular Physiology Core Facility, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Cara L. Green
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Reji Babygirija
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705
- Nutrition and Metabolism Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Michelle M. Sonsalla
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences Graduate Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Heidi H. Pak
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705
- Nutrition and Metabolism Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Michaela Trautman
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705
- Nutrition and Metabolism Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Timothy A. Hacker
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
- Cardiovascular Physiology Core Facility, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Richard A Miller
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Judith Simcox
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Dudley W. Lamming
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
- Nutrition and Metabolism Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences Graduate Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
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14
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Martin-Puig S, Menendez-Montes I. Cardiac Metabolism. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1441:365-396. [PMID: 38884721 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-44087-8_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
The heart is composed of a heterogeneous mixture of cellular components perfectly intermingled and able to integrate common environmental signals to ensure proper cardiac function and performance. Metabolism defines a cell context-dependent signature that plays a critical role in survival, proliferation, or differentiation, being a recognized master piece of organ biology, modulating homeostasis, disease progression, and adaptation to tissue damage. The heart is a highly demanding organ, and adult cardiomyocytes require large amount of energy to fulfill adequate contractility. However, functioning under oxidative mitochondrial metabolism is accompanied with a concomitant elevation of harmful reactive oxygen species that indeed contributes to the progression of several cardiovascular pathologies and hampers the regenerative capacity of the mammalian heart. Cardiac metabolism is dynamic along embryonic development and substantially changes as cardiomyocytes mature and differentiate within the first days after birth. During early stages of cardiogenesis, anaerobic glycolysis is the main energetic program, while a progressive switch toward oxidative phosphorylation is a hallmark of myocardium differentiation. In response to cardiac injury, different signaling pathways participate in a metabolic rewiring to reactivate embryonic bioenergetic programs or the utilization of alternative substrates, reflecting the flexibility of heart metabolism and its central role in organ adaptation to external factors. Despite the well-established metabolic pattern of fetal, neonatal, and adult cardiomyocytes, our knowledge about the bioenergetics of other cardiac populations like endothelial cells, cardiac fibroblasts, or immune cells is limited. Considering the close intercellular communication and the influence of nonautonomous cues during heart development and after cardiac damage, it will be fundamental to better understand the metabolic programs in different cardiac cells in order to develop novel interventional opportunities based on metabolic rewiring to prevent heart failure and improve the limited regenerative capacity of the mammalian heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Martin-Puig
- Department of Metabolic and Immune Diseases, Institute for Biomedical Research "Sols-Morreale", National Spanish Research Council, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
- Cardiac Regeneration Program, National Center for Cardiovascular Research, CNIC, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ivan Menendez-Montes
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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15
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Wei J, Duan X, Chen J, Zhang D, Xu J, Zhuang J, Wang S. Metabolic adaptations in pressure overload hypertrophic heart. Heart Fail Rev 2024; 29:95-111. [PMID: 37768435 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-023-10353-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
This review article offers a detailed examination of metabolic adaptations in pressure overload hypertrophic hearts, a condition that plays a pivotal role in the progression of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) to heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). The paper delves into the complex interplay between various metabolic pathways, including glucose metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, branched-chain amino acid metabolism, and ketone body metabolism. In-depth insights into the shifts in substrate utilization, the role of different transporter proteins, and the potential impact of hypoxia-induced injuries are discussed. Furthermore, potential therapeutic targets and strategies that could minimize myocardial injury and promote cardiac recovery in the context of pressure overload hypertrophy (POH) are examined. This work aims to contribute to a better understanding of metabolic adaptations in POH, highlighting the need for further research on potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Wei
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuefei Duan
- Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiaying Chen
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dengwen Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jindong Xu
- Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian Zhuang
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Sheng Wang
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- Linzhi People's Hospital, Linzhi, Tibet, China.
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16
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Yu L, Huang T, Zhao J, Zhou Z, Cao Z, Chi Y, Meng S, Huang Y, Xu Y, Xia L, Jiang H, Yin Z, Wang H. Branched-chain amino acid catabolic defect in vascular smooth muscle cells drives thoracic aortic dissection via mTOR hyperactivation. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 210:25-41. [PMID: 37956909 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of thoracic aortic dissection (TAD). Previous researches have mainly focused on dysregulation of fatty acid or glucose metabolism, while the impact of amino acids catabolic disorder in VSMCs during the development of TAD remains elusive. Here, we identified branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) catabolic defect as a metabolic hallmark of TAD. The bioinformatics analysis and data from human aorta revealed impaired BCAA catabolism in TAD individuals. This was accompanied by upregulated branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase (BCKDK) expression and BCKD E1 subunit alpha (BCKDHA) phosphorylation, enhanced vascular inflammation, and hyperactivation of mTOR signaling. Further in vivo experiments demonstrated that inhibition of BCKDK with BT2 (a BCKDK allosteric inhibitor) treatment dephosphorylated BCKDHA and re-activated BCAA catabolism, attenuated VSMCs phenotypic switching, alleviated aortic remodeling, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) damage and vascular inflammation. Additionally, the beneficial actions of BT2 were validated in a TNF-α challenged murine VSMC cell line. Meanwhile, rapamycin conferred similar beneficial effects against VSMC phenotypic switching, cellular ROS damage as well as inflammatory response. However, co-treatment with MHY1485 (a classic mTOR activator) reversed the beneficial effects of BT2 by reactivating mTOR signaling. Taken together, the in vivo and in vitro evidence showed that impairment of BCAA catabolism resulted in aortic accumulation of BCAA and further caused VSMC phenotypic switching, mitochondrial ROS damage and inflammatory response via mTOR hyperactivation. BCKDK and mTOR signaling may serve as the potential drug targets for the prevention and treatment of TAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, 83 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, PR China
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, 83 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, PR China
| | - Jikai Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, 83 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, PR China
| | - Zijun Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, 83 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, PR China
| | - Zijun Cao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, 83 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, PR China; Graduate School, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110847, PR China
| | - Yanbang Chi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, 83 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, PR China
| | - Shan Meng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, 83 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, PR China; Graduate School, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, 121001, PR China
| | - Yuting Huang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, 83 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, PR China
| | - Yinli Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, 83 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, PR China
| | - Lin Xia
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, 83 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, PR China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, 83 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, PR China
| | - Zongtao Yin
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, 83 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, PR China
| | - Huishan Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, 83 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, PR China.
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17
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Szabo E, Nagy B, Czajlik A, Komlodi T, Ozohanics O, Tretter L, Ambrus A. Mitochondrial Alpha-Keto Acid Dehydrogenase Complexes: Recent Developments on Structure and Function in Health and Disease. Subcell Biochem 2024; 104:295-381. [PMID: 38963492 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-58843-3_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
The present work delves into the enigmatic world of mitochondrial alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complexes discussing their metabolic significance, enzymatic operation, moonlighting activities, and pathological relevance with links to underlying structural features. This ubiquitous family of related but diverse multienzyme complexes is involved in carbohydrate metabolism (pyruvate dehydrogenase complex), the citric acid cycle (α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex), and amino acid catabolism (branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase complex, α-ketoadipate dehydrogenase complex); the complexes all function at strategic points and also participate in regulation in these metabolic pathways. These systems are among the largest multienzyme complexes with at times more than 100 protein chains and weights ranging up to ~10 million Daltons. Our chapter offers a wealth of up-to-date information on these multienzyme complexes for a comprehensive understanding of their significance in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Szabo
- Department of Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balint Nagy
- Department of Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andras Czajlik
- Department of Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Timea Komlodi
- Department of Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Oliver Ozohanics
- Department of Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Laszlo Tretter
- Department of Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Ambrus
- Department of Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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18
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Aizawa K, Ikeda A, Tomida S, Hino K, Sugita Y, Hirose T, Sunazuka T, Kido H, Yokoyama S, Nagai R. A Potent PDK4 Inhibitor for Treatment of Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction. Cells 2023; 13:87. [PMID: 38201291 PMCID: PMC10777911 DOI: 10.3390/cells13010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is characterized not only by reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) but is also combined with symptoms such as dyspnea, fatigue, and edema. Several pharmacological interventions have been established. However, a treatment targeting a novel pathophysiological mechanism is still needed. Evidence indicating that inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) may be cardioprotective has been accumulating. Thus, we focused on vitamin K3 and used its framework as a new PDK4 inhibitor skeleton to synthesize new PDK4 inhibitors that show higher activity than the existing PDK4 inhibitor, dichloroacetic acid, and tested their cardioprotective effects on a mouse heart failure model. Among these inhibitors, PDK4 inhibitor 8 improved EF the most, even though it did not reverse cardiac fibrosis or wall thickness. This novel, potent PDK4 inhibitor may improve EF of failing hearts by regulating bioenergetics via activation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Aizawa
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Japan; (S.T.); (K.H.)
- Clinical Pharmacology Center, Jichi Medical University Hospital, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Japan
- Division of Translational Research, Clinical Research Center, Jichi Medical University Hospital, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Japan
| | - Akari Ikeda
- Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan; (A.I.); (Y.S.); (T.H.); (T.S.)
| | - Shota Tomida
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Japan; (S.T.); (K.H.)
| | - Koki Hino
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Japan; (S.T.); (K.H.)
| | - Yuuki Sugita
- Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan; (A.I.); (Y.S.); (T.H.); (T.S.)
| | - Tomoyasu Hirose
- Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan; (A.I.); (Y.S.); (T.H.); (T.S.)
| | - Toshiaki Sunazuka
- Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan; (A.I.); (Y.S.); (T.H.); (T.S.)
| | - Hiroshi Kido
- Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan;
| | - Shigeyuki Yokoyama
- RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan;
| | - Ryozo Nagai
- Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Japan
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19
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Ritterhoff J, Tian R. Metabolic mechanisms in physiological and pathological cardiac hypertrophy: new paradigms and challenges. Nat Rev Cardiol 2023; 20:812-829. [PMID: 37237146 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-023-00887-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac metabolism is vital for heart function. Given that cardiac contraction requires a continuous supply of ATP in large quantities, the role of fuel metabolism in the heart has been mostly considered from the perspective of energy production. However, the consequence of metabolic remodelling in the failing heart is not limited to a compromised energy supply. The rewired metabolic network generates metabolites that can directly regulate signalling cascades, protein function, gene transcription and epigenetic modifications, thereby affecting the overall stress response of the heart. In addition, metabolic changes in both cardiomyocytes and non-cardiomyocytes contribute to the development of cardiac pathologies. In this Review, we first summarize how energy metabolism is altered in cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure of different aetiologies, followed by a discussion of emerging concepts in cardiac metabolic remodelling, that is, the non-energy-generating function of metabolism. We highlight challenges and open questions in these areas and finish with a brief perspective on how mechanistic research can be translated into therapies for heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ritterhoff
- Molecular and Translational Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Rong Tian
- Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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20
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Gao C, Hou L. Branched chain amino acids metabolism in heart failure. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1279066. [PMID: 38075219 PMCID: PMC10699197 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1279066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
As a terminal stage of various cardiovascular diseases, heart failure is of great concern due to its high mortality rate and limited treatment options. Researchers are currently focusing their efforts on investigating the metabolism of carbohydrates, fatty acids, and amino acids to enhance the prognosis of cardiovascular diseases. Simultaneously, branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), including leucine, isoleucine, and valine, play significant roles in blood glucose regulation, protein synthesis, and insulin sensitivity. However, disrupted BCAAs metabolism has been associated with conditions such as hypertension, obesity, and atherosclerosis. This article explores intricate metabolic pathways, unveiling the connection between disrupted BCAAs metabolism and the progression of heart failure. Furthermore, the article discusses therapeutic strategies, assesses the impact of BCAAs on cardiac dysfunction, and examines the potential of modulating BCAAs metabolism as a treatment for heart failure. BCAAs and their metabolites are also considered as biomarkers for evaluating cardiac metabolic risk. In conclusion, this article elucidates the multifaceted roles of BCAAs in heart failure and cardiovascular health, providing guidance for future research and intervention measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenshan Gao
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical BioResource Development and Application Co-Constructed by the Province and Ministry, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Lei Hou
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical BioResource Development and Application Co-Constructed by the Province and Ministry, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Songjiang District Central Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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21
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Menendez-Montes I, Garry DJ, Zhang J(J, Sadek HA. Metabolic Control of Cardiomyocyte Cell Cycle. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J 2023; 19:26-36. [PMID: 38028975 PMCID: PMC10655756 DOI: 10.14797/mdcvj.1309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Current therapies for heart failure aim to prevent the deleterious remodeling that occurs after MI injury, but currently no therapies are available to replace lost cardiomyocytes. Several organisms now being studied are capable of regenerating their myocardium by the proliferation of existing cardiomyocytes. In this review, we summarize the main metabolic pathways of the mammalian heart and how modulation of these metabolic pathways through genetic and pharmacological approaches influences cardiomyocyte proliferation and heart regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hesham A. Sadek
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, US
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22
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Yang Z, He M, Austin J, Sayed D, Abdellatif M. Reducing branched-chain amino acids improves cardiac stress response in mice by decreasing histone H3K23 propionylation. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e169399. [PMID: 37669116 PMCID: PMC10645387 DOI: 10.1172/jci169399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Identification of branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) oxidation enzymes in the nucleus led us to predict that they are a source of the propionyl-CoA that is utilized for histone propionylation and, thereby, regulate gene expression. To investigate the effects of BCAAs on the development of cardiac hypertrophy and failure, we applied pressure overload on the heart in mice maintained on a diet with standard levels of BCAAs (BCAA control) versus a BCAA-free diet. The former was associated with an increase in histone H3K23-propionyl (H3K23Pr) at the promoters of upregulated genes (e.g., cell signaling and extracellular matrix genes) and a decrease at the promoters of downregulated genes (e.g., electron transfer complex [ETC I-V] and metabolic genes). Intriguingly, the BCAA-free diet tempered the increases in promoter H3K23Pr, thus reducing collagen gene expression and fibrosis during cardiac hypertrophy. Conversely, the BCAA-free diet inhibited the reductions in promoter H3K23Pr and abolished the downregulation of ETC I-V subunits, enhanced mitochondrial respiration, and curbed the progression of cardiac hypertrophy. Thus, lowering the intake of BCAAs reduced pressure overload-induced changes in histone propionylation-dependent gene expression in the heart, which retarded the development of cardiomyopathy.
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23
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Yang AJT, Mohammad A, Finch MS, Tsiani E, Spencer G, Necakov A, MacPherson REK. Influence of metabolic stress and metformin on synaptic protein profile in SH-SY5Y-derived neurons. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:10.14814/phy2.15852. [PMID: 38010200 PMCID: PMC10680579 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) is associated with reductions in neuronal proteins often observed with Alzheimer's disease (AD), however, the mechanisms through which IR promotes neurodegeneration/AD pathogenesis are poorly understood. Metformin (MET), a potent activator of the metabolic regulator AMPK is used to treat IR but its effectiveness for AD is unclear. We have previously shown that chronic AMPK activation impairs neurite growth and protein synthesis in SH-SY5Y neurons, however, AMPK activation in IR was not explored. Therefore, we examined the effects of MET-driven AMPK activation with and without IR. Retinoic acid-differentiated SH-SY5Y neurons were treated with: (1) Ctl: 24 h vehicle followed by 24 h Vehicle; (2) HI: 100 nM insulin (24 h HI followed by 24 h HI); or (3) MET: 24 h vehicle followed by 24 h 2 mM metformin; (4) HI/MET: 24 h 100 nM insulin followed by 24 h 100 nM INS+2 mM MET. INS and INS/MET groups saw impairments in markers of insulin signaling (Akt S473, mTOR S2448, p70s6k T389, and IRS-1S636) demonstrating IR was not recovered with MET treatment. All treatment groups showed reductions in neuronal markers (post-synaptic marker HOMER1 mRNA content and synapse marker synaptophysin protein content). INS and MET treatments showed a reduction in the content of the mature neuronal marker NeuN that was prevented by INS/MET. Similarly, increases in cell size/area, neurite length/area observed with INS and MET, were prevented with INS/MET. These findings indicate that IR and MET impair neuronal markers through distinct pathways and suggest that MET is ineffective in treating IR-driven impairments in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J. T. Yang
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Applied Health SciencesBrock UniversitySt CatharinesOntarioCanada
| | - Ahmad Mohammad
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Applied Health SciencesBrock UniversitySt CatharinesOntarioCanada
| | - Michael S. Finch
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Applied Health SciencesBrock UniversitySt CatharinesOntarioCanada
| | - Evangelia Tsiani
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Applied Health SciencesBrock UniversitySt CatharinesOntarioCanada
| | - Gaynor Spencer
- Department of Biological SciencesBrock UniversitySt CatharinesOntarioCanada
- Centre for NeuroscienceBrock UniversitySt. CatharinesOntarioCanada
| | - Aleksandar Necakov
- Department of Biological SciencesBrock UniversitySt CatharinesOntarioCanada
- Centre for NeuroscienceBrock UniversitySt. CatharinesOntarioCanada
| | - Rebecca E. K. MacPherson
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Applied Health SciencesBrock UniversitySt CatharinesOntarioCanada
- Centre for NeuroscienceBrock UniversitySt. CatharinesOntarioCanada
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24
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Garcia CK, Gambino BJ, Robinson GP, Rua MT, Alzahrani JM, Clanton TL. Delayed metabolic disturbances in the myocardium after exertional heat stroke: contrasting effects of exertion and thermal load. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 135:1186-1198. [PMID: 37795530 PMCID: PMC10979828 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00372.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies report higher risks of cardiovascular disease in humans exposed to heat stroke earlier in life. Previously, we explored mechanistic links between heat stroke and developing cardiac abnormalities using a preclinical mouse model of exertional heat stroke (EHS). Profound metabolic abnormalities developed in the ventricles of females but not males after 2 wk of recovery. Here we tested whether this lack of response in males could be attributed to the lower exercise performances or reduced thermal loads they experienced with the same running protocol. We systematically altered environmental temperature (Te) during EHS to manipulate heat exposure and exercise performance in the males. Three groups of adult C57BL/6 male mice were studied: "EHS-34" (Te = 34°C), "EHS-41" (Te = 41°C), and "EHS-39.5" (Te = 39.5°C). Mice ran until symptom limitation (unconsciousness), reaching max core temperature (Tc,max). After a 2-wk recovery, the mice were euthanized, and the ventricles were removed for untargeted metabolomics. Results were compared against age-matched nonexercise controls. The EHS-34 mice greatly elevated their exercise performance but reached lower Tc,max and lower thermal loads. The EHS-41 mice exhibited equivalent thermal loads, exercise times, and Tc,max compared with EHS-39.5. The ventricles from EHS-34 mice exhibited the greatest metabolic disturbances in the heart, characterized by shifts toward glucose metabolism, reductions in acylcarnitines, increased amino acid metabolites, elevations in antioxidants, altered TCA cycle flux, and increased xenobiotics. In conclusion, delayed metabolic disturbances following EHS in male myocardium appear to be greatly amplified by higher levels of exertion in the heat, even with lower thermal loads and max core temperatures.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Epidemiological data demonstrate greater cardiovascular risk in patients with previous heat stroke exposure. Using a preclinical mouse model of exertional heat stroke, male mice were exposed to one of three environmental temperatures (Te) during exercise. Paradoxically, after 2 wk, the mice in the lowest Te, exhibiting the largest exercise response and lowest heat load, had the greatest ventricular metabolic disturbances. Metabolic outcomes resemble developing left ventricular hypertrophy or stress-induced heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian K Garcia
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Bryce J Gambino
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Gerard P Robinson
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Michael T Rua
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Jamal M Alzahrani
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Thomas L Clanton
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
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25
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Roth Flach RJ, Bollinger E, Reyes AR, Laforest B, Kormos BL, Liu S, Reese MR, Martinez Alsina LA, Buzon L, Zhang Y, Bechle B, Rosado A, Sahasrabudhe PV, Knafels J, Bhattacharya SK, Omoto K, Stansfield JC, Hurley LD, Song L, Luo L, Breitkopf SB, Monetti M, Cunio T, Tierney B, Geoly FJ, Delmore J, Siddall CP, Xue L, Yip KN, Kalgutkar AS, Miller RA, Zhang BB, Filipski KJ. Small molecule branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase (BDK) inhibitors with opposing effects on BDK protein levels. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4812. [PMID: 37558654 PMCID: PMC10412597 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40536-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Branched chain amino acid (BCAA) catabolic impairments have been implicated in several diseases. Branched chain ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKDH) controls the rate limiting step in BCAA degradation, the activity of which is inhibited by BCKDH kinase (BDK)-mediated phosphorylation. Screening efforts to discover BDK inhibitors led to identification of thiophene PF-07208254, which improved cardiometabolic endpoints in mice. Structure-activity relationship studies led to identification of a thiazole series of BDK inhibitors; however, these inhibitors did not improve metabolism in mice upon chronic administration. While the thiophenes demonstrated sustained branched chain ketoacid (BCKA) lowering and reduced BDK protein levels, the thiazoles increased BCKAs and BDK protein levels. Thiazoles increased BDK proximity to BCKDH-E2, whereas thiophenes reduced BDK proximity to BCKDH-E2, which may promote BDK degradation. Thus, we describe two BDK inhibitor series that possess differing attributes regarding BDK degradation or stabilization and provide a mechanistic understanding of the desirable features of an effective BDK inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J Roth Flach
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Eliza Bollinger
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Allan R Reyes
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Brigitte Laforest
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Bethany L Kormos
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Shenping Liu
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Matthew R Reese
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | | | - Leanne Buzon
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Bruce Bechle
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Amy Rosado
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | | | - John Knafels
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | | | - Kiyoyuki Omoto
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - John C Stansfield
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Liam D Hurley
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - LouJin Song
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Lina Luo
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | | | - Mara Monetti
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Teresa Cunio
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Brendan Tierney
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Frank J Geoly
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Jake Delmore
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - C Parker Siddall
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Liang Xue
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Ka N Yip
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Russell A Miller
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Bei B Zhang
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Kevin J Filipski
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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26
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Spoladore R, Pinto G, Daus F, Pezzini S, Kolios D, Fragasso G. Metabolic Approaches for the Treatment of Dilated Cardiomyopathy. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2023; 10:287. [PMID: 37504543 PMCID: PMC10380730 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd10070287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), where the heart muscle becomes stretched and thin, heart failure (HF) occurs, and the cardiomyocytes suffer from an energetic inefficiency caused by an abnormal cardiac metabolism. Although underappreciated as a potential therapeutic target, the optimal metabolic milieu of a failing heart is still largely unknown and subject to debate. Because glucose naturally has a lower P/O ratio (the ATP yield per oxygen atom), the previous studies using this strategy to increase glucose oxidation have produced some intriguing findings. In reality, the vast majority of small-scale pilot trials using trimetazidine, ranolazine, perhexiline, and etomoxir have demonstrated enhanced left ventricular (LV) function and, in some circumstances, myocardial energetics in chronic ischemic and non-ischemic HF with a reduced ejection fraction (EF). However, for unidentified reasons, none of these drugs has ever been tested in a clinical trial of sufficient size. Other pilot studies came to the conclusion that because the heart in severe dilated cardiomyopathy appears to be metabolically flexible and not limited by oxygen, the current rationale for increasing glucose oxidation as a therapeutic target is contradicted and increasing fatty acid oxidation is supported. As a result, treating metabolic dysfunction in HF may benefit from raising ketone body levels. Interestingly, treatment with sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) improves cardiac function and outcomes in HF patients with or without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) through a variety of pleiotropic effects, such as elevated ketone body levels. The improvement in overall cardiac function seen in patients receiving SGLT2i could be explained by this increase, which appears to be a reflection of an adaptive process that optimizes cardiac energy metabolism. This review aims to identify the best metabolic therapeutic approach for DCM patients, to examine the drugs that directly affect cardiac metabolism, and to outline all the potential ancillary metabolic effects of the guideline-directed medical therapy. In addition, a special focus is placed on SGLT2i, which were first studied and prescribed to diabetic patients before being successfully incorporated into the pharmacological arsenal for HF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Spoladore
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Failure Clinic, Alessandro Manzoni Hospital, ASST Lecco, 23900 Lecco, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pinto
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Daus
- Post-Graduate School of Cardiovascular Medicine, Milan-Bicocca University, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Pezzini
- Post-Graduate School of Cardiovascular Medicine, Milan-Bicocca University, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Damianos Kolios
- Department of Clinical Cardiology, Heart Failure Clinic, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy (G.F.)
| | - Gabriele Fragasso
- Department of Clinical Cardiology, Heart Failure Clinic, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy (G.F.)
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27
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Packer M. SGLT2 inhibitors: role in protective reprogramming of cardiac nutrient transport and metabolism. Nat Rev Cardiol 2023; 20:443-462. [PMID: 36609604 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-022-00824-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors reduce heart failure events by direct action on the failing heart that is independent of changes in renal tubular function. In the failing heart, nutrient transport into cardiomyocytes is increased, but nutrient utilization is impaired, leading to deficient ATP production and the cytosolic accumulation of deleterious glucose and lipid by-products. These by-products trigger downregulation of cytoprotective nutrient-deprivation pathways, thereby promoting cellular stress and undermining cellular survival. SGLT2 inhibitors restore cellular homeostasis through three complementary mechanisms: they might bind directly to nutrient-deprivation and nutrient-surplus sensors to promote their cytoprotective actions; they can increase the synthesis of ATP by promoting mitochondrial health (mediated by increasing autophagic flux) and potentially by alleviating the cytosolic deficiency in ferrous iron; and they might directly inhibit glucose transporter type 1, thereby diminishing the cytosolic accumulation of toxic metabolic by-products and promoting the oxidation of long-chain fatty acids. The increase in autophagic flux mediated by SGLT2 inhibitors also promotes the clearance of harmful glucose and lipid by-products and the disposal of dysfunctional mitochondria, allowing for mitochondrial renewal through mitochondrial biogenesis. This Review describes the orchestrated interplay between nutrient transport and metabolism and nutrient-deprivation and nutrient-surplus signalling, to explain how SGLT2 inhibitors reverse the profound nutrient, metabolic and cellular abnormalities observed in heart failure, thereby restoring the myocardium to a healthy molecular and cellular phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milton Packer
- Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Imperial College London, London, UK.
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28
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Oyama MA, Scansen BA, Boswood A, Goldfeder G, Rosenthal S, Cober R, LaFauci K, Friese RC, Gomes M, Chang YR, Li Q. Effect of a specially formulated diet on progression of heart enlargement in dogs with subclinical degenerative mitral valve disease. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:1323-1330. [PMID: 37392086 PMCID: PMC10365052 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies in dogs with degenerative mitral valve disease (DMVD) have identified altered myocardial energy metabolism and oxidation, which might contribute to cardiac hypertrophy. Diets rich in medium chain fatty acids and antioxidants are a potential means of treatment. A previous clinical study found significantly smaller left atrial diameter (LAD) and left atrium-to-aorta diameter ratio (LA : Ao) in dogs with subclinical DMVD fed a specially formulated diet vs control diet for 6 months. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES A specially formulated diet will slow or arrest left heart enlargement in dogs with subclinical DMVD over 365 days. ANIMALS One hundred twenty-seven dogs with unmedicated subclinical DMVD; 101 dogs in the per protocol cohort. METHODS Randomized double-blinded controlled multicenter clinical trial. RESULTS The study's primary composite outcome measure was the sum of percentage change in LAD and left ventricular internal dimension at end-diastole (LVIDd) at day 365. In the per protocol cohort, the outcome measure increased by 8.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.9%-13.1%) in dogs receiving the test diet vs 8.8% (95% CI, 5.1%-12.5%) in dogs receiving control diet (P = .79). Neither component of the primary outcome measure was significantly different between groups (LAD, P = .65; LVIDd, P = .92). No difference was found in mitral valve E wave velocity (P = .36) or the proportion of dogs withdrawn from the study because of worsening DMVD and heart enlargement (P = .41). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Feeding a specially formulated diet for 365 days was not associated with a significantly different rate of change of left heart size in dogs with subclinical DMVD as compared to control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Oyama
- School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Brian A. Scansen
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical SciencesColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ryan C. Friese
- College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of IllinoisUrbana‐ChampaignIllinoisUSA
| | - Márcia Gomes
- School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
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29
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Zhang L, Zhang H, Xie X, Tie R, Shang X, Zhao Q, Xu J, Jin L, Zhang J, Ye P. Empagliflozin ameliorates diabetic cardiomyopathy via regulated branched-chain amino acid metabolism and mTOR/p-ULK1 signaling pathway-mediated autophagy. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2023; 15:93. [PMID: 37149696 PMCID: PMC10163822 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-023-01061-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Empagliflozin, a sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2i), has been reported to significantly reduce the risk of heart failure in multiple clinical studies. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. This study aimed to investigate the effect of empagliflozin on branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolism in diabetic cardiomyopathy. METHODS Thirty male 8-week KK Cg-Ay/J mice were used to study diabetic cardiomyopathy; here, 15 were used as the model group, and the remaining 15 were administered empagliflozin (3.75 mg/kg/day) by gavage daily for 16 weeks. The control group consisted of fifteen male 8-week C57BL/6J mice, whose blood glucose and body weight were measured simultaneously with the diabetic mice until 16 weeks without additional intervention. Echocardiography and histopathology were performed to evaluate cardiac structure and function. Proteomic sequencing and biogenic analysis were performed on mouse hearts. Parallel Reaction Monitoring and western blotting were performed to validate the expression levels of differentially expressed proteins. RESULTS The results showed that empagliflozin improved ventricular dilatation and ejection fraction reduction in diabetic hearts, as well as the elevation of myocardial injury biomarkers hs-cTnT and NT-proBNP. At the same time, empagliflozin alleviates myocardial inflammatory infiltration, calcification foci deposition, and fibrosis caused by diabetes. The results of the proteomics assay showed that empagliflozin could improve the metabolism of various substances, especially promoting the BCAA metabolism of diabetic hearts by up-regulating PP2Cm. Furthermore, empagliflozin could affect the mTOR/p-ULK1 signaling pathway by reducing the concentration of BCAA in diabetic hearts. When mTOR/p-ULK1 protein was inhibited, ULK1, the autophagy initiation molecule, increased. Moreover, autophagy substrate p62 and autophagy marker LC3B were significantly reduced, indicating that the autophagy activity of diabetes inhibition was reactivated. CONCLUSIONS Empagliflozin may attenuate diabetic cardiomyopathy-related myocardial injury by promoting the catabolism of BCAA and inhibiting mTOR/p-ULK1 to enhance autophagy. These findings suggest that empagliflozin could be a potential candidate drug against BCAA increase and could be used for other cardiovascular diseases with a metabolic disorder of BCAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Department of Geriatric Cardiology, The Second Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Heming Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The 963 Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Jiamusi, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiuzhu Xie
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Department of Geriatric Cardiology, The Second Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ruping Tie
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Department of Geriatric Cardiology, The Second Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolin Shang
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical Support Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qianqian Zhao
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Department of Cardiology, The Sixth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Junjie Xu
- Health Service Department of the Guard Bureau of the General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, Beijing, China
| | - Liyuan Jin
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, The Second Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Jinying Zhang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Ping Ye
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, The Second Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
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30
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Karwi QG, Lopaschuk GD. Branched-Chain Amino Acid Metabolism in the Failing Heart. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2023; 37:413-420. [PMID: 35150384 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-022-07320-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are essential amino acids which have critical roles in protein synthesis and energy metabolism in the body. In the heart, there is a strong correlation between impaired BCAA oxidation and contractile dysfunction in heart failure. Plasma and myocardial levels of BCAA and their metabolites, namely branched-chain keto acids (BCKAs), are also linked to cardiac insulin resistance and worsening adverse remodelling in the failing heart. This review discusses the regulation of BCAA metabolism in the heart and the impact of depressed cardiac BCAA oxidation on cardiac energy metabolism, function, and structure in heart failure. While impaired BCAA oxidation in the failing heart causes the accumulation of BCAA and BCKA in the myocardium, recent evidence suggested that the BCAAs and BCKAs have divergent effects on the insulin signalling pathway and the mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) signalling pathway. Dietary and pharmacological interventions that enhance cardiac BCAA oxidation and limit the accumulation of cardiac BCAAs and BCKAs have been shown to have cardioprotective effects in the setting of ischemic heart disease and heart failure. Thus, targeting cardiac BCAA oxidation may be a promising therapeutic approach for heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qutuba G Karwi
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2S2, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Diyala, Diyala, Iraq
| | - Gary D Lopaschuk
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2S2, Canada.
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Moissl AP, Lorkowski S, Meinitzer A, Pilz S, Scharnagl H, Delgado GE, Kleber ME, Krämer BK, Pieske B, Grübler MR, Brussee H, von Lewinski D, Toplak H, Fahrleitner-Pammer A, März W, Tomaschitz A. Association of branched-chain amino acids with mortality-the Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health (LURIC) study. iScience 2023; 26:106459. [PMID: 37020954 PMCID: PMC10067756 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are effectors of metabolic diseases, but their impact on mortality is largely unknown. We investigated the association of BCAA with risk factors and mortality in 2,236 participants of the Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health (LURIC) study using linear and Cox regression. Adiponectin, hemoglobin, C-peptide, hemoglobin A1c, and homoarginine showed the strongest association with BCAA concentration (all p < 0.001). During a median follow-up of 10.5 years, 715 participants died, including 450 cardiovascular-related deaths. BCAA concentrations were inversely associated with the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality (HR [95% CI] per 1-SD increase in log-BCAA: 0.75 [0.69-0.82] and 0.72 [0.65-0.80], respectively) after adjustment for potential confounders. BCAAs are directly associated with metabolic risk but inversely with mortality in persons with intermediate-to-high cardiovascular risk. Further studies are warranted to evaluate the diagnostic and therapeutic utility of BCAA in the context of cardiovascular diseases.
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32
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Yu JY, Cao N, Rau CD, Lee RP, Yang J, Flach RJR, Petersen L, Zhu C, Pak YL, Miller RA, Liu Y, Wang Y, Li Z, Sun H, Gao C. Cell-autonomous effect of cardiomyocyte branched-chain amino acid catabolism in heart failure in mice. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2023:10.1038/s41401-023-01076-9. [PMID: 36991098 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-023-01076-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Parallel to major changes in fatty acid and glucose metabolism, defect in branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) catabolism has also been recognized as a metabolic hallmark and potential therapeutic target for heart failure. However, BCAA catabolic enzymes are ubiquitously expressed in all cell types and a systemic BCAA catabolic defect is also manifested in metabolic disorder associated with obesity and diabetes. Therefore, it remains to be determined the cell-autonomous impact of BCAA catabolic defect in cardiomyocytes in intact hearts independent from its potential global effects. In this study, we developed two mouse models. One is cardiomyocyte and temporal-specific inactivation of the E1α subunit (BCKDHA-cKO) of the branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKDH) complex, which blocks BCAA catabolism. Another model is cardiomyocyte specific inactivation of the BCKDH kinase (BCKDK-cKO), which promotes BCAA catabolism by constitutively activating BCKDH activity in adult cardiomyocytes. Functional and molecular characterizations showed E1α inactivation in cardiomyocytes was sufficient to induce loss of cardiac function, systolic chamber dilation and pathological transcriptome reprogramming. On the other hand, inactivation of BCKDK in intact heart does not have an impact on baseline cardiac function or cardiac dysfunction under pressure overload. Our results for the first time established the cardiomyocyte cell autonomous role of BCAA catabolism in cardiac physiology. These mouse lines will serve as valuable model systems to investigate the underlying mechanisms of BCAA catabolic defect induced heart failure and to provide potential insights for BCAA targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Nancy Cao
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Christoph D Rau
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ro-Po Lee
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jieping Yang
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Lauren Petersen
- Health Science Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Cansheng Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Yea-Lyn Pak
- Department of Anesthesiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Yunxia Liu
- Signature Research Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, DukeNUS School of Medicine and National Heart Center of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yibin Wang
- Signature Research Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, DukeNUS School of Medicine and National Heart Center of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhaoping Li
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Haipeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Chen Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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33
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Mendelian Randomization Analysis Provides Insights into the Pathogenesis of Serum Levels of Branched-Chain Amino Acids in Cardiovascular Disease. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13030403. [PMID: 36984843 PMCID: PMC10059809 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13030403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Several observational studies have indicated an association between high serum levels of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). To assess whether theses associations reflect causality, we carried out two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR). Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with BCAA were evaluated in 10 studies, including 24,925 participants. The association between SNPs and coronary artery disease (CAD) were assessed using summary estimates from the CARDIoGRAMplusC4D consortium. Further MR analysis of BCAAs and seven CVD outcomes was performed. The BCAA-raising gene functions were also analyzed. MR analyses revealed a risk-increasing causal relationship between serum BCAA concentrations and CAD (odds ratio 1.08; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02–1.14), which was partly mediated by blood pressure and type 2 diabetes. BCAA also demonstrated a causal relationship with ischemic CVD events induced by plaque rupture and thrombosis (false discovery rate <0.05). Two BCAA-raising genes (MRL33 and CBLN1) were preferentially associated with myocardial infarction risk in the presence of atherosclerosis (p < 0.003). Functional analysis of the BCAA-raising genes suggested the causal involvement of two pathophysiological pathways, including glucose metabolism (PPM1K and TRMT61A) related to plaque progression, and the newly discovered neuroendocrine disorders regulating blood pressure (MRPL33, CBLN1, and C2orf16) related to plaque rupture and thrombosis. This comprehensive MR analysis provided insights into the potential causal mechanisms linking BCAA with CVD risk and suggested targeting neuroendocrine disorders as a potential strategy for the prevention of CVD. These results warrant further studies to elucidate the mechanisms underlying these reported causal associations.
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Ogawa T, Kouzu H, Osanami A, Tatekoshi Y, Sato T, Kuno A, Fujita Y, Ino S, Shimizu M, Toda Y, Ohwada W, Yano T, Tanno M, Miki T, Miura T. Downregulation of extramitochondrial BCKDH and its uncoupling from AMP deaminase in type 2 diabetic OLETF rat hearts. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15608. [PMID: 36802195 PMCID: PMC9938007 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolism is dysregulated in cardiometabolic diseases. We previously demonstrated that upregulated AMP deaminase 3 (AMPD3) impairs cardiac energetics in a rat model of obese type 2 diabetes, Otsuka Long-Evans-Tokushima fatty (OLETF). Here, we hypothesized that the cardiac BCAA levels and the activity of branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase (BCKDH), a rate-limiting enzyme in BCAA metabolism, are altered by type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and that upregulated AMPD3 expression is involved in the alteration. Performing proteomic analysis combined with immunoblotting, we discovered that BCKDH localizes not only to mitochondria but also to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where it interacts with AMPD3. Knocking down AMPD3 in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs) increased BCKDH activity, suggesting that AMPD3 negatively regulates BCKDH. Compared with control rats (Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka [LETO] rats), OLETF rats exhibited 49% higher cardiac BCAA levels and 49% lower BCKDH activity. In the cardiac ER of the OLETF rats, BCKDH-E1α subunit expression was downregulated, while AMPD3 expression was upregulated, resulting in an 80% lower AMPD3-E1α interaction compared to LETO rats. Knocking down E1α expression in NRCMs upregulated AMPD3 expression and recapitulated the imbalanced AMPD3-BCKDH expressions observed in OLETF rat hearts. E1α knockdown in NRCMs inhibited glucose oxidation in response to insulin, palmitate oxidation, and lipid droplet biogenesis under oleate loading. Collectively, these data revealed previously unrecognized extramitochondrial localization of BCKDH in the heart and its reciprocal regulation with AMPD3 and imbalanced AMPD3-BCKDH interactions in OLETF. Downregulation of BCKDH in cardiomyocytes induced profound metabolic changes that are observed in OLETF hearts, providing insight into mechanisms contributing to the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshifumi Ogawa
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic MedicineSapporo Medical University School of MedicineSapporoJapan
| | - Hidemichi Kouzu
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic MedicineSapporo Medical University School of MedicineSapporoJapan
| | - Arata Osanami
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic MedicineSapporo Medical University School of MedicineSapporoJapan
| | - Yuki Tatekoshi
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic MedicineSapporo Medical University School of MedicineSapporoJapan
| | - Tatsuya Sato
- Department of Cellular Physiology and Signal TransductionSapporo Medical University School of MedicineSapporoJapan
| | - Atsushi Kuno
- Department of PharmacologySapporo Medical University School of MedicineSapporoJapan
| | - Yugo Fujita
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic MedicineSapporo Medical University School of MedicineSapporoJapan
| | - Shoya Ino
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic MedicineSapporo Medical University School of MedicineSapporoJapan
| | - Masaki Shimizu
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic MedicineSapporo Medical University School of MedicineSapporoJapan
| | - Yuki Toda
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic MedicineSapporo Medical University School of MedicineSapporoJapan
| | - Wataru Ohwada
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic MedicineSapporo Medical University School of MedicineSapporoJapan
| | - Toshiyuki Yano
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic MedicineSapporo Medical University School of MedicineSapporoJapan
| | - Masaya Tanno
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic MedicineSapporo Medical University School of MedicineSapporoJapan
| | - Takayuki Miki
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic MedicineSapporo Medical University School of MedicineSapporoJapan
| | - Tetsuji Miura
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic MedicineSapporo Medical University School of MedicineSapporoJapan,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesHokkaido University of ScienceSapporoJapan
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35
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Myocardial metabolism is intricately linked to cardiac function. Perturbations of cardiac energy metabolism result in an energy-starved heart and the development of contractile dysfunction. In this review, we discuss alterations in myocardial energy supply, transcriptional changes in response to different energy demands, and mitochondrial function in the development of heart failure. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies on substrate modulation through modifying energy substrate supply have shown cardioprotective properties. In addition, large cardiovascular outcome trials of anti-diabetic agents have demonstrated prognostic benefit, suggesting the importance of myocardial metabolism in cardiac function. Understanding molecular and transcriptional controls of cardiac metabolism promises new research avenues for metabolic treatment targets. Future studies assessing the impact of substrate modulation on cardiac energetic status and function will better inform development of metabolic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sher May Ng
- Department of Medicine, University of Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, Oxford, UK
| | - Stefan Neubauer
- Department of Medicine, University of Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, Oxford, UK
- Department of Cardiology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Oliver J Rider
- Department of Medicine, University of Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, Oxford, UK.
- Department of Cardiology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK.
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36
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Abstract
Research conducted in the past 15 years has yielded crucial insights that are reshaping our understanding of the systems physiology of branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolism and the molecular mechanisms underlying the close relationship between BCAA homeostasis and cardiovascular health. The rapidly evolving literature paints a complex picture, in which numerous tissue-specific and disease-specific modes of BCAA regulation initiate a diverse set of molecular mechanisms that connect changes in BCAA homeostasis to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, including myocardial infarction, ischaemia-reperfusion injury, atherosclerosis, hypertension and heart failure. In this Review, we outline the current understanding of the major factors regulating BCAA abundance and metabolic fate, highlight molecular mechanisms connecting impaired BCAA homeostasis to cardiovascular disease, discuss the epidemiological evidence connecting BCAAs with various cardiovascular disease states and identify current knowledge gaps requiring further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W McGarrah
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Phillip J White
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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37
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Gaar-Humphreys KR, van den Brink A, Wekking M, Asselbergs FW, van Steenbeek FG, Harakalova M, Pei J. Targeting lipid metabolism as a new therapeutic strategy for inherited cardiomyopathies. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1114459. [PMID: 36760574 PMCID: PMC9907444 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1114459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Inherited cardiomyopathies caused by pathological genetic variants include multiple subtypes of heart disease. Advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques have allowed for the identification of numerous genetic variants as pathological variants. However, the disease penetrance varies among mutated genes. Some can be associated with more than one disease subtype, leading to a complex genotype-phenotype relationship in inherited cardiomyopathies. Previous studies have demonstrated disrupted metabolism in inherited cardiomyopathies and the importance of metabolic adaptations in disease onset and progression. In addition, genotype- and phenotype-specific metabolic alterations, especially in lipid metabolism, have been revealed. In this mini-review, we describe the metabolic changes that are associated with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), which account for the largest proportion of inherited cardiomyopathies. We also summarize the affected expression of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation (FAO) in DCM and HCM, highlighting the potential of PPARA-targeting drugs as FAO modulators in treating patients with inherited cardiomyopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen R. Gaar-Humphreys
- Division Heart and Lungs, Department of Cardiology, Circulatory Health Research Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands,Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Alyssa van den Brink
- Division Heart and Lungs, Department of Cardiology, Circulatory Health Research Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands,Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Mark Wekking
- Division Heart and Lungs, Department of Cardiology, Circulatory Health Research Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands,Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Folkert W. Asselbergs
- Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands,Health Data Research United Kingdom and Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Frank G. van Steenbeek
- Division Heart and Lungs, Department of Cardiology, Circulatory Health Research Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands,Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands,Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Magdalena Harakalova
- Division Heart and Lungs, Department of Cardiology, Circulatory Health Research Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands,Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands,Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jiayi Pei
- Division Heart and Lungs, Department of Cardiology, Circulatory Health Research Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands,Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands,Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands,*Correspondence: Jiayi Pei,
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38
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Wu T, Wang M, Ning F, Zhou S, Hu X, Xin H, Reilly S, Zhang X. Emerging role for branched-chain amino acids metabolism in fibrosis. Pharmacol Res 2023; 187:106604. [PMID: 36503000 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis is a common pathological feature of organ diseases resulting from excessive production of extracellular matrix, which accounts for significant morbidity and mortality. However, there is currently no effective treatment targeting fibrogenesis. Recently, metabolic alterations are increasingly considered as essential factors underlying fibrogenesis, and especially research on metabolic regulation of amino acids is flourishing. Among them, branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are the most abundant essential amino acids, including leucine, isoleucine and valine, which play significant roles in the substance and energy metabolism and their regulation. Dysregulation of BCAAs metabolism has been proven to contribute to numerous diseases. In this review, we summarize the metabolic regulation of fibrosis and the changes in BCAAs metabolism secondary to fibrosis. We also review the effects and mechanisms of the BCAAs intervention, and its therapeutic targeting in hepatic, renal and cardiac fibrosis, with a focus on the fibrosis in liver and associated hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiangang Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mengling Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Fengling Ning
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shilin Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xuetao Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hong Xin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China; Shanghai Zhangjiang Institute of Medical Innovation, Shanghai 201204, China.
| | - Svetlana Reilly
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China.
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39
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Hatahet J, Cook TM, Bonomo RR, Elshareif N, Gavini CK, White CR, Jesse J, Mansuy-Aubert V, Aubert G. Fecal microbiome transplantation and tributyrin improves early cardiac dysfunction and modifies the BCAA metabolic pathway in a diet induced pre-HFpEF mouse model. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1105581. [PMID: 36844730 PMCID: PMC9944585 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1105581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 50% of patients with heart failure present with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), and 80% of them are overweight or obese. In this study we developed an obesity associated pre-HFpEF mouse model and showed an improvement in both systolic and diastolic early dysfunction following fecal microbiome transplant (FMT). Our study suggests that the gut microbiome-derived short-chain fatty acid butyrate plays a significant role in this improvement. Cardiac RNAseq analysis showed butyrate to significantly upregulate ppm1k gene that encodes protein phosphatase 2Cm (PP2Cm) which dephosphorylates and activates branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase (BCKDH) enzyme, and in turn increases the catabolism of branched chain amino acids (BCAAs). Following both FMT and butyrate treatment, the level of inactive p-BCKDH in the heart was reduced. These findings show that gut microbiome modulation can alleviate early cardiac mechanics dysfunction seen in the development of obesity associated HFpEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jomana Hatahet
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States
| | - Tyler M Cook
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States
| | - Raiza R Bonomo
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States
| | - Nadia Elshareif
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States
| | - Chaitanya K Gavini
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States.,Department of Biomedical Science, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Chelsea R White
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States
| | - Jason Jesse
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States
| | - Virginie Mansuy-Aubert
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States.,Department of Biomedical Science, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gregory Aubert
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States
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40
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He QZ, Wei P, Zhang JZ, Liu TT, Shi KQ, Liu HH, Zhang JW, Liu SJ. 3,6-dichlorobenzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxylic acid alleviates ulcerative colitis by suppressing mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 activation and regulating intestinal microbiota. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:6522-6536. [PMID: 36569276 PMCID: PMC9782837 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i46.6522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 3,6-dichlorobenzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxylic acid (BT2) is a benzothiophene carboxylate derivative that can suppress the catabolism of branched-chain amino acid (BCAA)-associated mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) activation. Previous studies have demonstrated the therapeutic effects of BT2 on arthritis, liver cancer, and kidney injury. However, the effects of BT2 on ulcerative colitis (UC) are unknown.
AIM To investigate the anti-UC effects of BT2 and the underlying mechanism.
METHODS Mouse UC models were created through the administration of 3.5% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) for 7 d. The mice in the treated groups were administered salazosulfapyridine (300 mg/kg) or BT2 (20 mg/kg) orally from day 1 to day 7. At the end of the study, all of the mice were sacrificed, and colon tissues were removed for hematoxylin and eosin staining, immunoblot analyses, and immunohistochemical assays. Cytokine levels were measured by flow cytometry. The contents of BCAAs including valine, leucine, and isoleucine, in mouse serum were detected by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and the abundance of intestinal flora was analyzed by 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing.
RESULTS Our results revealed that BT2 significantly ameliorated the inflammatory symptoms and pathological damage induced by DSS in mice. BT2 also reduced the production of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-9, and IL-2 and increased the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 level. In addition, BT2 notably improved BCAA catabolism and suppressed mTORC1 activation and cyclooxygenase-2 expression in the colon tissues of UC mice. Furthermore, high-throughput sequencing revealed that BT2 restored the gut microbial abundance and diversity in mice with colitis. Compared with the DSS group, BT2 treatment increased the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes and decreased the abundance of Enterobacteriaceae and Escherichia-Shigella.
CONCLUSION Our results indicated that BT2 significantly ameliorated DSS-induced UC and that the latent mechanism involved the suppression of BCAA-associated mTORC1 activation and modulation of the intestinal flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong-Zi He
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
- College of The First Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Peng Wei
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
- College of The First Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jun-Zhi Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
- College of The First Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tong-Tong Liu
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
- College of The First Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Kun-Qun Shi
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
- College of The First Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Huan-Huan Liu
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
- College of The First Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jing-Wei Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shi-Jia Liu
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
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Voronova V, Sokolov V, Morias Y, Boezelman MJ, Wågberg M, Henricsson M, Hansson K, Goltsov A, Peskov K, Sundqvist M. Evaluation of therapeutic strategies targeting BCAA catabolism using a systems pharmacology model. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:993422. [PMID: 36518669 PMCID: PMC9744226 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.993422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Abnormal branched-chained amino acids (BCAA) accumulation in cardiomyocytes is associated with cardiac remodeling in heart failure. Administration of branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase (BCKD) kinase inhibitor BT2 has been shown to reduce cardiac BCAA levels and demonstrated positive effects on cardiac function in a preclinical setting. The current study is focused on evaluating the impact of BT2 on the systemic and cardiac levels of BCAA and their metabolites as well as activities of BCAA catabolic enzymes using a quantitative systems pharmacology model. Methods: The model is composed of an ordinary differential equation system characterizing BCAA consumption with food, disposal in the proteins, reversible branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase (BCAT)-mediated transamination to branched-chain keto-acids (BCKA), followed by BCKD-mediated oxidation. Activity of BCKD is regulated by the balance of BCKDK and protein phosphatase 2Cm (PP2Cm) activities, affected by BT2 treatment. Cardiac BCAA levels are assumed to directly affect left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Biochemical characteristics of the enzymes are taken from the public domains, while plasma and cardiac BCAA and BCKA levels in BT2 treated mice are used to inform the model parameters. Results: The model provides adequate reproduction of the experimental data and predicts synchronous BCAA responses in the systemic and cardiac space, dictated by rapid BCAA equilibration between the tissues. The model-based simulations indicate maximum possible effect of BT2 treatment on BCAA reduction to be 40% corresponding to 12% increase in LVEF. Model sensitivity analysis demonstrates strong impact of BCKDK and PP2Cm activities as well as total BCKD and co-substrate levels (glutamate, ketoglutarate and ATP) on BCAA and BCKA levels. Conclusion: Model based simulations confirms using of plasma measurements as a marker of cardiac BCAA changes under BCKDK inhibition. The proposed model can be used for optimization of preclinical study design for novel compounds targeting BCAA catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Victor Sokolov
- M&S Decisions LLC, Moscow, Russia
- STU Sirius, Sochi, Russia
| | - Yannick Morias
- Bioscience Cardiovascular, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceutical R&D AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Malin Jonsson Boezelman
- Bioscience Cardiovascular, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceutical R&D AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria Wågberg
- Bioscience Cardiovascular, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceutical R&D AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marcus Henricsson
- Translational Science and Experimental Medicine, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceutical R&D AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Karl Hansson
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceutical R&D AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alexey Goltsov
- M&S Decisions LLC, Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Russian Technological University (MIREA), Moscow, Russia
| | - Kirill Peskov
- M&S Decisions LLC, Moscow, Russia
- STU Sirius, Sochi, Russia
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Monika Sundqvist
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceutical R&D AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Branched-Chain Amino Acids Are Linked with Alzheimer's Disease-Related Pathology and Cognitive Deficits. Cells 2022; 11:cells11213523. [PMID: 36359919 PMCID: PMC9658564 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an irreversible neurodegenerative disorder with a complex pathophysiology. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a strong risk factor for AD that shares similar abnormal features including metabolic dysregulation and brain pathology such as amyloid and/or Tau deposits. Emerging evidence suggests that circulating branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are associated with T2D. While excess BCAAs are shown to be harmful to neurons, its connection to AD is poorly understood. Here we show that individuals with AD have elevated circulating BCAAs and their metabolites compared to healthy individuals, and that a BCAA metabolite is correlated with the severity of dementia. APPSwe mouse model of AD also displayed higher plasma BCAAs compared to controls. In pursuit of understanding a potential causality, BCAA supplementation to HT-22 neurons was found to reduce genes critical for neuronal health while increasing phosphorylated Tau. Moreover, restricting BCAAs from diet delayed cognitive decline and lowered AD-related pathology in the cortex and hippocampus in APP/PS1 mice. BCAA restriction for two months was sufficient to correct glycemic control and increased/restored dopamine that were severely reduced in APP/PS1 controls. Treating 5xFAD mice that show early brain pathology with a BCAA-lowering compound recapitulated the beneficial effects of BCAA restriction on brain pathology and neurotransmitters including norepinephrine and serotonin. Collectively, this study reveals a positive association between circulating BCAAs and AD. Our findings suggest that BCAAs impair neuronal functions whereas BCAA-lowering alleviates AD-related pathology and cognitive decline, thus establishing a potential causal link between BCAAs and AD progression.
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Murashige D, Jung JW, Neinast MD, Levin MG, Chu Q, Lambert JP, Garbincius JF, Kim B, Hoshino A, Marti-Pamies I, McDaid KS, Shewale SV, Flam E, Yang S, Roberts E, Li L, Morley MP, Bedi KC, Hyman MC, Frankel DS, Margulies KB, Assoian RK, Elrod JW, Jang C, Rabinowitz JD, Arany Z. Extra-cardiac BCAA catabolism lowers blood pressure and protects from heart failure. Cell Metab 2022; 34:1749-1764.e7. [PMID: 36223763 PMCID: PMC9633425 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacologic activation of branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) catabolism is protective in models of heart failure (HF). How protection occurs remains unclear, although a causative block in cardiac BCAA oxidation is widely assumed. Here, we use in vivo isotope infusions to show that cardiac BCAA oxidation in fact increases, rather than decreases, in HF. Moreover, cardiac-specific activation of BCAA oxidation does not protect from HF even though systemic activation does. Lowering plasma and cardiac BCAAs also fails to confer significant protection, suggesting alternative mechanisms of protection. Surprisingly, activation of BCAA catabolism lowers blood pressure (BP), a known cardioprotective mechanism. BP lowering occurred independently of nitric oxide and reflected vascular resistance to adrenergic constriction. Mendelian randomization studies revealed that elevated plasma BCAAs portend higher BP in humans. Together, these data indicate that BCAA oxidation lowers vascular resistance, perhaps in part explaining cardioprotection in HF that is not mediated directly in cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Murashige
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jae Woo Jung
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael D Neinast
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Princeton Branch, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Michael G Levin
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Qingwei Chu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jonathan P Lambert
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Joanne F Garbincius
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Boa Kim
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Atsushi Hoshino
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ingrid Marti-Pamies
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kendra S McDaid
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Swapnil V Shewale
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Emily Flam
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Steven Yang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Emilia Roberts
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Li Li
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael P Morley
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kenneth C Bedi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Matthew C Hyman
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David S Frankel
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kenneth B Margulies
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Richard K Assoian
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - John W Elrod
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Cholsoon Jang
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Princeton Branch, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Joshua D Rabinowitz
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Princeton Branch, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Zoltan Arany
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Bollinger E, Peloquin M, Libera J, Albuquerque B, Pashos E, Shipstone A, Hadjipanayis A, Sun Z, Xing G, Clasquin M, Stansfield JC, Tierney B, Gernhardt S, Siddall CP, Greizer T, Geoly FJ, Vargas SR, Gao LC, Williams G, Marshall M, Rosado A, Steppan C, Filipski KJ, Zhang BB, Miller RA, Roth Flach RJ. BDK inhibition acts as a catabolic switch to mimic fasting and improve metabolism in mice. Mol Metab 2022; 66:101611. [PMID: 36220546 PMCID: PMC9589198 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Branched chain amino acid (BCAA) catabolic defects are implicated to be causal determinates of multiple diseases. This work aimed to better understand how enhancing BCAA catabolism affected metabolic homeostasis as well as the mechanisms underlying these improvements. METHODS The rate limiting step of BCAA catabolism is the irreversible decarboxylation by the branched chain ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKDH) enzyme complex, which is post-translationally controlled through phosphorylation by BCKDH kinase (BDK). This study utilized BT2, a small molecule allosteric inhibitor of BDK, in multiple mouse models of metabolic dysfunction and NAFLD including the high fat diet (HFD) model with acute and chronic treatment paradigms, the choline deficient and methionine minimal high fat diet (CDAHFD) model, and the low-density lipoprotein receptor null mouse model (Ldlr-/-). shRNA was additionally used to knock down BDK in liver to elucidate liver-specific effects of BDK inhibition in HFD-fed mice. RESULTS A rapid improvement in insulin sensitivity was observed in HFD-fed and lean mice after BT2 treatment. Resistance to steatosis was assessed in HFD-fed mice, CDAHFD-fed mice, and Ldlr-/- mice. In all cases, BT2 treatment reduced steatosis and/or inflammation. Fasting and refeeding demonstrated a lack of response to feeding-induced changes in plasma metabolites including insulin and beta-hydroxybutyrate and hepatic gene changes in BT2-treated mice. Mechanistically, BT2 treatment acutely altered the expression of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation and lipogenesis in liver, and upstream regulator analysis suggested that BT2 treatment activated PPARα. However, BT2 did not directly activate PPARα in vitro. Conversely, shRNA-AAV-mediated knockdown of BDK specifically in liver in vivo did not demonstrate any effects on glycemia, steatosis, or PPARα-mediated gene expression in mice. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that BT2 treatment acutely improves metabolism and liver steatosis in multiple mouse models. While many molecular changes occur in liver in BT2-treated mice, these changes were not observed in mice with AAV-mediated shRNA knockdown of BDK. All together, these data suggest that systemic BDK inhibition is required to improve metabolism and steatosis by prolonging a fasting signature in a paracrine manner. Therefore, BCAA may act as a "fed signal" to promote nutrient storage and reduced systemic BCAA levels as shown in this study via BDK inhibition may act as a "fasting signal" to prolong the catabolic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Bollinger
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Matthew Peloquin
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Jenna Libera
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Bina Albuquerque
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Evanthia Pashos
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Arun Shipstone
- Inflammation & Immunology Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Angela Hadjipanayis
- Inflammation & Immunology Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Zhongyuan Sun
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Gang Xing
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Michelle Clasquin
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | | | | | | | - C. Parker Siddall
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Timothy Greizer
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Frank J. Geoly
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Groton CT 06340, USA
| | - Sarah R. Vargas
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Groton CT 06340, USA
| | - Lily C. Gao
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - George Williams
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Amy Rosado
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | | | | | - Bei B. Zhang
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Russell A. Miller
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Rachel J. Roth Flach
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge MA 02139, USA,Corresponding author. Pfizer Inc, 1 Portland St, Cambridge MA 02139, USA.
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Liu Y, Wang K, Li G, Chen Z. Differential expression pattern, bioinformatics analysis, and validation of circRNA and mRNA in patients with arteriosclerosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:942797. [PMID: 36176992 PMCID: PMC9513155 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.942797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundLower limb arteriosclerosis obliterans (ASO) is the formation of atherosclerotic plaques in lower limb arteries, leading to vascular stenosis and occlusion, and is a major factor leading to lower limb amputation. The ASO seriously endangers the physical and mental health of patients. As living standards improve, the disease tends to occur in younger patients, and the incidence keeps increasing year by year. The circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been found to be tissue-specific, and they play an important role in a variety of diseases, but there are few studies on the pathogenic role and expression of circRNAs in ASOs.MethodThree diseased arteries from patients with ASO and three healthy arteries from healthy donors were collected for second-generation sequencing, and the pathogenic pathways and possible pathogenic circRNAs related to ASO were screened through bioinformatics analysis. PCR and agarose gel electrophoresis were used to validate the sequencing results. The expression of circRNA-0008706 in human arterial smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) was knocked down using siRNA technology to explore its function.ResultWe identified 480 differentially expressed (DE) circRNAs and 2,997 DEmRNAs. Functional analysis revealed that epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), lipid transport, regulation of extracellular matrix disassembly, regulation of cardiac muscle cell proliferation, branched-chain amino acid biosynthetic process, and positive regulation of cell growth and migration were enriched. Based on our previous microRNA array results, we constructed an ASO disease-specific competing endogenous (ceRNA) network. After validation, circRNA-0008706 was selected for functional analysis. Knockdown of circRNA-0008706 significantly suppressed the proliferation and migration phenotype of HASMCs and decreased the BCAT1 expression, which may be due to the specific binding of circRNA-0008706 to microRNA-125b-5p.ConclusionThis study is the first to compare the circRNA and mRNA expression profiles of ASOs and healthy arterial specimens and to construct a disease-specific ceRNA network for ASOs. This study may provide a new therapeutic target for ASO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Liu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kangjie Wang
- Division of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guanhua Li
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Guanhua Li
| | - Zhibo Chen
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Zhibo Chen
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Flam E, Jang C, Murashige D, Yang Y, Morley MP, Jung S, Kantner DS, Pepper H, Bedi KC, Brandimarto J, Prosser BL, Cappola T, Snyder NW, Rabinowitz JD, Margulies KB, Arany Z. Integrated landscape of cardiac metabolism in end-stage human nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. NATURE CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH 2022; 1:817-829. [PMID: 36776621 PMCID: PMC9910091 DOI: 10.1038/s44161-022-00117-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a leading cause of mortality. Failing hearts undergo profound metabolic changes, but a comprehensive evaluation in humans is lacking. We integrate plasma and cardiac tissue metabolomics of 678 metabolites, genome-wide RNA-sequencing, and proteomic studies to examine metabolic status in 87 explanted human hearts from 39 patients with end-stage HF compared with 48 nonfailing donors. We confirm bioenergetic defects in human HF and reveal selective depletion of adenylate purines required for maintaining ATP levels. We observe substantial reductions in fatty acids and acylcarnitines in failing tissue, despite plasma elevations, suggesting defective import of fatty acids into cardiomyocytes. Glucose levels, in contrast, are elevated. Pyruvate dehydrogenase, which gates carbohydrate oxidation, is de-repressed, allowing increased lactate and pyruvate burning. Tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates are significantly reduced. Finally, bioactive lipids are profoundly reprogrammed, with marked reductions in ceramides and elevations in lysoglycerophospholipids. These data unveil profound metabolic abnormalities in human failing hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Flam
- Perelman School of Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Cholsoon Jang
- Department of Chemistry and Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Danielle Murashige
- Perelman School of Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yifan Yang
- Perelman School of Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael P. Morley
- Perelman School of Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sunhee Jung
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Daniel S. Kantner
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Cardiovascular Science, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hannah Pepper
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Cardiovascular Science, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kenneth C. Bedi
- Perelman School of Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jeff Brandimarto
- Perelman School of Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Benjamin L. Prosser
- Perelman School of Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Physiology, Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Thomas Cappola
- Perelman School of Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nathaniel W. Snyder
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Cardiovascular Science, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joshua D. Rabinowitz
- Department of Chemistry and Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Kenneth B. Margulies
- Perelman School of Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zolt Arany
- Perelman School of Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Gao YM, Feng ST, Wen Y, Tang TT, Wang B, Liu BC. Cardiorenal protection of SGLT2 inhibitors—Perspectives from metabolic reprogramming. EBioMedicine 2022; 83:104215. [PMID: 35973390 PMCID: PMC9396537 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, initially developed as a novel class of anti-hyperglycaemic drugs, have been shown to significantly improve metabolic indicators and protect the kidneys and heart of patients with or without type 2 diabetes mellitus. The possible mechanisms mediating these unexpected cardiorenal benefits are being extensively investigated because they cannot solely be attributed to improvements in glycaemic control. Notably, emerging data indicate that metabolic reprogramming is involved in the progression of cardiorenal metabolic diseases. SGLT2 inhibitors reprogram systemic metabolism to a fasting-like metabolic paradigm, involving the metabolic switch from carbohydrates to other energetic substrates and regulation of the related nutrient-sensing pathways, which might explain some of their cardiorenal protective effects. In this review, we will focus on the current understanding of cardiorenal protection by SGLT2 inhibitors, specifically its relevance to metabolic reprogramming.
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Vanweert F, Schrauwen P, Phielix E. Role of branched-chain amino acid metabolism in the pathogenesis of obesity and type 2 diabetes-related metabolic disturbances BCAA metabolism in type 2 diabetes. Nutr Diabetes 2022; 12:35. [PMID: 35931683 PMCID: PMC9356071 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-022-00213-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) catabolism has been considered to have an emerging role in the pathogenesis of metabolic disturbances in obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Several studies showed elevated plasma BCAA levels in humans with insulin resistance and patients with T2D, although the underlying reason is unknown. Dysfunctional BCAA catabolism could theoretically be an underlying factor. In vitro and animal work collectively show that modulation of the BCAA catabolic pathway alters key metabolic processes affecting glucose homeostasis, although an integrated understanding of tissue-specific BCAA catabolism remains largely unknown, especially in humans. Proof-of-concept studies in rodents -and to a lesser extent in humans – strongly suggest that enhancing BCAA catabolism improves glucose homeostasis in metabolic disorders, such as obesity and T2D. In this review, we discuss several hypothesized mechanistic links between BCAA catabolism and insulin resistance and overview current available tools to modulate BCAA catabolism in vivo. Furthermore, this review considers whether enhancing BCAA catabolism forms a potential future treatment strategy to promote metabolic health in insulin resistance and T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Froukje Vanweert
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Phielix
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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49
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Du C, Liu WJ, Yang J, Zhao SS, Liu HX. The Role of Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Branched-Chain α-Keto Acid Dehydrogenase Kinase in Metabolic Disorders. Front Nutr 2022; 9:932670. [PMID: 35923208 PMCID: PMC9339795 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.932670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), composed of leucine, isoleucine, and valine, are important essential amino acids in human physiology. Decades of studies have revealed their roles in protein synthesis, regulating neurotransmitter synthesis, and the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR). BCAAs are found to be related to many metabolic disorders, such as insulin resistance, obesity, and heart failure. Also, many diseases are related to the alteration of the BCAA catabolism enzyme branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase kinase (BCKDK), including maple syrup urine disease, human autism with epilepsy, and so on. In this review, diseases and the corresponding therapies are discussed after the introduction of the catabolism and detection methods of BCAAs and BCKDK. Also, the interaction between microbiota and BCAAs is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Du
- Institute of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Health Sciences Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Obesity and Glucose/Lipid Associated Metabolic Diseases, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wen-Jie Liu
- Institute of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Health Sciences Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Obesity and Glucose/Lipid Associated Metabolic Diseases, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Institute of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Health Sciences Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Obesity and Glucose/Lipid Associated Metabolic Diseases, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shan-Shan Zhao
- Institute of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Health Sciences Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Obesity and Glucose/Lipid Associated Metabolic Diseases, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Gynecology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Shan-Shan Zhao,
| | - Hui-Xin Liu
- Institute of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Health Sciences Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Obesity and Glucose/Lipid Associated Metabolic Diseases, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Hui-Xin Liu,
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Xiong Y, Jiang L, Li T. Aberrant branched-chain amino acid catabolism in cardiovascular diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:965899. [PMID: 35911554 PMCID: PMC9334649 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.965899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death. Research has focused on the metabolism of carbohydrates, fatty acids, and amino acids to improve the prognosis of cardiovascular diseases. There are three types of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs; valine, leucine, and isoleucine) required for protein homeostasis, energy balance, and signaling pathways. Increasing evidence has implicated BCAAs in the pathogenesis of multiple cardiovascular diseases. This review summarizes the biological origin, signal transduction pathways and function of BCAAs as well as their significance in cardiovascular diseases, including myocardial hypertrophy, heart failure, coronary artery disease, diabetic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiao Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Mitochondria and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Mitochondria and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Mitochondria and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Tao Li,
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