1
|
Zhou D, Fei Z, Liu G, Jiang Y, Jiang W, Lin CSK, Zhang W, Xin F, Jiang M. The bioproduction of astaxanthin: A comprehensive review on the microbial synthesis and downstream extraction. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 74:108392. [PMID: 38825214 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Astaxanthin is a valuable orange-red carotenoid with wide applications in agriculture, food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals areas. At present, the biological synthesis of astaxanthin mainly relies on Haematococcus pluvialis and Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous. With the rapid development of synthetic biology, more recombinant microbial hosts have been genetically constructed for astaxanthin production including Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Yarrowia lipolytica. As multiple genes (15) were involved in the astaxanthin synthesis, it is particularly important to adopt different strategies to balance the metabolic flow towards the astaxanthin synthesis. Furthermore, astaxanthin is a fat-soluble compound stored intracellularly, hence efficient extraction methods are also essential for the economical production of astaxanthin. Several efficient and green extraction methods of astaxanthin have been reported in recent years, including the superfluid extraction, ionic liquid extraction and microwave-assisted extraction. Accordingly, this review will comprehensively introduce the advances on the astaxanthin production and extraction by using different microbial hosts and strategies to improve the astaxanthin synthesis and extraction efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Zhengyue Fei
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Guannan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Yujia Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Wankui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Carol Sze Ki Lin
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Wenming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China; Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China.
| | - Fengxue Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China; Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China.
| | - Min Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China; Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Naz T, Ullah S, Nazir Y, Li S, Iqbal B, Liu Q, Mohamed H, Song Y. Industrially Important Fungal Carotenoids: Advancements in Biotechnological Production and Extraction. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9050578. [PMID: 37233289 DOI: 10.3390/jof9050578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids are lipid-soluble compounds that are present in nature, including plants and microorganisms such as fungi, certain bacteria, and algae. In fungi, they are widely present in almost all taxonomic classifications. Fungal carotenoids have gained special attention due to their biochemistry and the genetics of their synthetic pathway. The antioxidant potential of carotenoids may help fungi survive longer in their natural environment. Carotenoids may be produced in greater quantities using biotechnological methods than by chemical synthesis or plant extraction. The initial focus of this review is on industrially important carotenoids in the most advanced fungal and yeast strains, with a brief description of their taxonomic classification. Biotechnology has long been regarded as the most suitable alternative way of producing natural pigment from microbes due to their immense capacity to accumulate these pigments. So, this review mainly presents the recent progress in the genetic modification of native and non-native producers to modify the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway for enhanced carotenoid production, as well as factors affecting carotenoid biosynthesis in fungal strains and yeast, and proposes various extraction methods to obtain high yields of carotenoids in an attempt to find suitable greener extraction methods. Finally, a brief description of the challenges regarding the commercialization of these fungal carotenoids and the solution is also given.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tahira Naz
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, College of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Samee Ullah
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, College of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University Institute of Food Science and Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Yusuf Nazir
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, College of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia
- Innovation Centre for Confectionery Technology (MANIS), Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia
| | - Shaoqi Li
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, College of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Bushra Iqbal
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, College of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, College of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Hassan Mohamed
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, College of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Yuanda Song
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, College of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pan X, Li T, Wang B, Qi S, Yang D, Huang Z, Gao R, Li J, Ling X, Lu Y. Metabolic mechanism of astaxanthin biosynthesis in Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous in response to sodium citrate treatment. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2023; 10:29. [PMID: 38647925 PMCID: PMC10992204 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-023-00650-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin is an important ketocarotenoid widely used in industries. However, its application is limited because of its low yield. Sodium citrate (Na-citrate), one of the major carbon sources for microorganisms, can promote cell growth and product accumulation. The basidiomycetous red yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous was thus used to study the effect of Na-citrate on cell growth and astaxanthin synthesis. The highest biomass and astaxanthin yield (6.0 g/L and 22.5 mg/L) were obtained in shake-flask when 3 g/L Na-citrate was added at 24 h and were 1.8 and 2.0 times higher than those of the control group, respectively. Furthermore, metabolomics and real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis were conducted to study the metabolic pathways of X. dendrorhous in response to Na-citrate. The qRT-PCR assay revealed that Na-citrate facilitated glucose consumption, promoted the metabolic flux from glycolysis, and regulated the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, providing more energy and substrates for the synthesis of astaxanthin. The gene analysis revealed that adding Na-citrate significantly upregulated the expression of six key genes (ICL, HMGS, crtE, crtYB, crtI, and crtS) involved in pathways related to astaxanthin biosynthesis. These results suggest that exogenous Na-citrate treatment is a potentially valuable strategy to stimulate astaxanthin production in X. dendrorhous.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueshan Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People's Republic of China
| | - Tonggang Li
- Department of Hygiene, School of Public Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People's Republic of China
| | - Baobei Wang
- College of Oceanology and Food Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuhua Qi
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People's Republic of China
| | - Renfei Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyan Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueping Ling
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China.
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yinghua Lu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China.
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Watcharawipas A, Runguphan W. Red yeasts and their carotenogenic enzymes for microbial carotenoid production. FEMS Yeast Res 2023; 23:6895548. [PMID: 36513367 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foac063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids are C40 isoprene-based compounds with significant commercial interests that harbor diverse bioactivities. Prominent examples of carotenoids are beta-carotene, a precursor to vitamin A essential for proper eye health, and lycopene and astaxanthin, powerful antioxidants implicated in preventing cancers and atherosclerosis. Due to their benefits to human health, the market value for carotenoids is rapidly increasing and is projected to reach USD 1.7 billion by 2025. However, their production now relies on chemical synthesis and extraction from plants that pose risks to food management and numerous biological safety issues. Thus, carotenoid production from microbes is considered a promising strategy for achieving a healthy society with more sustainability. Red yeast is a heterogeneous group of basidiomycetous fungi capable of producing carotenoids. It is a critical source of microbial carotenoids from low-cost substrates. Carotenogenic enzymes from red yeasts have also been highly efficient, invaluable biological resources for biotechnological applications. In this minireview, we focus on red yeast as a promising source for microbial carotenoids, strain engineering strategies for improving carotenoid production in red yeasts, and potential applications of carotenogenic enzymes from red yeasts in conventional and nonconventional yeasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akaraphol Watcharawipas
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Weerawat Runguphan
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Patel AK, Tambat VS, Chen CW, Chauhan AS, Kumar P, Vadrale AP, Huang CY, Dong CD, Singhania RR. Recent advancements in astaxanthin production from microalgae: A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 364:128030. [PMID: 36174899 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae have emerged as the best source of high-value astaxanthin producers. Algal astaxanthin possesses numerous bioactivities hence the rising demand for several health applications and is broadly used in pharmaceuticals, aquaculture, health foods, cosmetics, etc. Among several low-priced synthetic astaxanthin, natural astaxanthin is still irreplaceable for human consumption and food-additive uses. This review highlights the recent development in production enhancement and cost-effective extraction techniques that may apply to large-scale astaxanthin biorefinery. Primarily, the biosynthetic pathway of astaxanthin is elaborated with the key enzymes involved in the metabolic process. Moreover, discussed the latest astaxanthin enhancement strategies mainly including chemicals as product inducers and byproducts inhibitors. Later, various physical, chemical, and biological cell disruption methods are compared for cell disruption efficiency, and astaxanthin extractability. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive review of advancements in astaxanthin research covering scalable upstream and downstream astaxanthin bioproduction aspects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar Patel
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226 029, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vaibhav Sunil Tambat
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226 029, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Chiu-Wen Chen
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Sustainable Environment Research Centre, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Ajeet Singh Chauhan
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226 029, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226 029, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Akash Pralhad Vadrale
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226 029, Uttar Pradesh, India; Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yung Huang
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Di Dong
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
| | - Reeta Rani Singhania
- Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226 029, Uttar Pradesh, India; Sustainable Environment Research Centre, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sandmann G. Generation of stable homozygous transformants of diploid yeasts such as Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:4921-4927. [PMID: 35831455 PMCID: PMC9329418 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12054-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The nonconventional yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is an established platform for genetic pathway modification. A genetic tool box is available and can be used extensively to select from for different engineering strategies. Due to the diploid nature of X. dendrorhous, genetic transformation typically results in heterozygous lines. They are genetically unstable and lose their phenotypes caused by mitotic recombination. In addition, targeted integration for inactivation of genes of the carotenoid pathway resulted in an intermediary phenotype of incomplete pathway disruption. This issue is the main scope of this review. It is illustrated by using genetic modification of the carotenoid pathway of X. dendrorhous as a model system with a focus on the demonstration of how to solve these problems by generation of homozygous lines. They can be selected from heterozygous transformants after spontaneous mitotic recombination and selection or after induced meiotic recombination. Corresponding methods of how to proceed including the initiation of a sexual cycle are described. The selected segregated lines are stable in fermenter cultures without the need of selection pressure. This is an essential requirement for any industrial application. KEY POINTS: • Genetic interventions of diploid yeasts result in heterozygous transformants that are unstable without selection pressure. • This is due to mitotic recombination leading to the elimination of inserted DNA. • Stable homozygous lines can be obtained and selected after either meiotic or mitotic recombination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Sandmann
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Department of Bio Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/M, Max von Laue Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhu X, Meng C, Sun F, Wei Z, Chen L, Chen W, Tong S, Du H, Gao J, Ren J, Li D, Gao Z. Sustainable production of astaxanthin in microorganisms: the past, present, and future. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:10239-10255. [PMID: 35694786 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2080176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Astaxanthin (3,3'-dihydroxy-4,4'-diketo-β-carotene) is a type of C40 carotenoid with remarkable antioxidant characteristics, showing significant application prospects in many fields. Traditionally, the astaxanthin is mainly obtained from chemical synthesis and natural acquisition, with both approaches having many limitations and not capable of meeting the growing market demand. In order to cope with these challenges, novel techniques, e.g., the innovative cell engineering strategies, have been developed to increase the astaxanthin production. In this review, we first elaborated the biosynthetic pathway of astaxanthin, with the key enzymes and their functions discussed in the metabolic process. Then, we summarized the conventional, non-genetic strategies to promote the production of astaxanthin, including the methods of exogenous additives, mutagenesis, and adaptive evolution. Lastly, we reviewed comprehensively the latest studies on the synthesis of astaxanthin in various recombinant microorganisms based on the concept of microbial cell factory. Furthermore, we have proposed several novel technologies for improving the astaxanthin accumulation in several model species of microorganisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- School of Life Sciences and medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
- National Innovation Centre for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunxiao Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
- School of Life Sciences and medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Fengjie Sun
- School of Science and Technology, Georgia Gwinnett College, Lawrenceville, GA, USA
| | - Zuoxi Wei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- School of Life Sciences and medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
- National Innovation Centre for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
| | - Limei Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- National Innovation Centre for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
| | - Wuxi Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- National Innovation Centre for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
| | - Sheng Tong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- National Innovation Centre for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
| | - Huanmin Du
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- National Innovation Centre for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinshan Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- National Innovation Centre for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiali Ren
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Demao Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- National Innovation Centre for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhengquan Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
- School of Life Sciences and medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kikukawa H, Shimizu C, Hirono-Hara Y, Hara KY. Effect of ethanol on astaxanthin and fatty acid production in the red yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:2034-2041. [PMID: 34689386 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
AIM The effects of detergent, ethanol and ethanol with plant meadowfoam oil on the growth of the red heterobasidomycete Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous and on the production of astaxanthin (3,3'-dihydroxy-β,β-carotene-4,4'-dione) and fatty acids in this red yeast were investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS Ethanol supplementation at a final concentration of 0.8% (v/v) caused an increase in the growth, astaxanthin production and fatty acid production of treated X. dendrorhous compared with untreated X. dendrorhous. Supplementation of meadowfoam oil with 0.8% ethanol further improved the growth and astaxanthin production of X. dendrorhous. Fatty acid compositions following supplementation with various concentrations of ethanol and oil were also analysed. With 0.8% ethanol supplementation, the ratio of linoleic acid (C18:2) and α-linolenic acid (C18:3ω3, ALA) decreased. Conversely, with 1.8% ethanol supplementation, the ALA ratio increased. CONCLUSIONS Ethanol can serve as a promoting factor for coproduction of astaxanthin and fatty acids in X. dendrorhous, whereas simultaneous supplementation of ethanol and meadowfoam oil can cause further astaxanthin production. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY Astaxanthin is widely used in various functional products because of its antioxidant activity. This study shows that X. dendrorhous can coproduce astaxanthin and functional fatty acids at high levels following supplementation with ethanol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kikukawa
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan.,Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Chisato Shimizu
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yoko Hirono-Hara
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Y Hara
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan.,Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liu C, Hu B, Cheng Y, Guo Y, Yao W, Qian H. Carotenoids from fungi and microalgae: A review on their recent production, extraction, and developments. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 337:125398. [PMID: 34139560 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The demand for carotenoids from natural sources obtained by biological extraction methods is increasing with the development of biotechnology and the continued awareness of food safety. Natural plant-derived carotenoids have a relatively high production cost and are affected by the season, while microbial-derived carotenoids are favored due to their natural, high-efficiency, low production cost, and ease of industrialization. This article reviewed the following aspects of natural carotenoids derived from microorganisms: (1) the structures and properties of main carotenoids; (2) fungal and microalgal sources of the main carotenoids; (3) influencing factors and modes of improvement for carotenoids production; (4) efficient extraction methods for carotenoids; and (5) the commercial value of carotenoids. This review provided a reference and guidance for the development of natural carotenoids derived from microorganisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - Bin Hu
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - Yuliang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - Yahui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - Weirong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - He Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Torres-Haro A, Verdín J, Kirchmayr MR, Arellano-Plaza M. Metabolic engineering for high yield synthesis of astaxanthin in Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:175. [PMID: 34488760 PMCID: PMC8420053 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01664-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin is a carotenoid with a number of assets useful for the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Nowadays, it is mainly produced by chemical synthesis. However, the process leads to an enantiomeric mixture where the biologically assimilable forms (3R, 3'R or 3S, 3'S) are a minority. Microbial production of (3R, 3'R) astaxanthin by Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is an appealing alternative due to its fast growth rate and easy large-scale production. In order to increase X. dendrorhous astaxanthin yields, random mutant strains able to produce from 6 to 10 mg/g dry mass have been generated; nevertheless, they often are unstable. On the other hand, site-directed mutant strains have also been obtained, but they increase only the yield of non-astaxanthin carotenoids. In this review, we insightfully analyze the metabolic carbon flow converging in astaxanthin biosynthesis and, by integrating the biological features of X. dendrorhous with available metabolic, genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic data, as well as the knowledge gained with random and site-directed mutants that lead to increased carotenoids yield, we propose new metabolic engineering targets to increase astaxanthin biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Torres-Haro
- Biotecnología Industrial, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C. Camino Arenero 1227, Col. El Bajío del Arenal, 45019, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Jorge Verdín
- Biotecnología Industrial, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C. Camino Arenero 1227, Col. El Bajío del Arenal, 45019, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Manuel R Kirchmayr
- Biotecnología Industrial, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C. Camino Arenero 1227, Col. El Bajío del Arenal, 45019, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Melchor Arellano-Plaza
- Biotecnología Industrial, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C. Camino Arenero 1227, Col. El Bajío del Arenal, 45019, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
A Method of Solubilizing and Concentrating Astaxanthin and Other Carotenoids. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19080462. [PMID: 34436301 PMCID: PMC8399374 DOI: 10.3390/md19080462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The valuable marine carotenoid, astaxanthin, is used in supplements, medicines and cosmetics. In this study, crustacyanin, an astaxanthin-binding protein, was used to solubilize and concentrate astaxanthin. The recombinant crustacyanin of European lobster spontaneously formed an inclusion body when it was over-expressed in Escherichia coli. In this study, fusing the NusA-tag to the crustacyanin subunits made it possible to express in a soluble fraction and solubilize astaxanthin in aqueous solution. By cutting off the NusA-tag, the crustacyanin subunits generated the pure insoluble form, and captured and concentrated astaxanthin. Overall, the attaching and releasing NusA-tag method has the potential to supply solubilized carotenoids in aqueous solution and concentrated carotenoids, respectively.
Collapse
|
12
|
Screening of plant oils promoting growth of the red yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous with astaxanthin and fatty acid production. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2021.102101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
13
|
Liu S, Yi H, Zhan H, Wang L, Wang J, Li Y, Liu B. Gibberellic acid-induced fatty acid metabolism and ABC transporters promote astaxanthin production in Phaffia rhodozyma. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:390-400. [PMID: 34161638 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Astaxanthin is an important natural antioxidant with various biological functions; however, the production of astaxanthin does not meet the requirements for industrialization. The aim of the present study was to identify an inducer that increases astaxanthin yield and to evaluate the regulatory mechanism of the induction of astaxanthin synthesis in Phaffia rhodozyma. METHODS AND RESULTS The effects of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), jasmonic acid (JA) and gibberellic acid (GA) on astaxanthin synthesis were studied by fermentation kinetics analysis. Then, combined transcriptomics and metabolomics approaches were used to analyse differential metabolites and expressed genes involved in astaxanthin synthesis induced by GA. The results indicated that GA significantly increased astaxanthin production; however, IAA and JA had no significant effect on astaxanthin synthesis. The induction by GA significantly enhanced fatty acid metabolism and ABC transporters, increased the expression of fatty acid desaturase and ABC transporter genes, and elevated the contents of unsaturated fatty acids. CONCLUSIONS These results suggested that fatty acid saturation plays an important role in astaxanthin accumulation and that ABC transporters may be the efflux pumps for astaxanthin. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The present study reveals metabolic mechanism of GA-induced astaxanthin synthesis and proposes a new strategy of transporter engineering to improve astaxanthin production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sijiao Liu
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Hong Yi
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Honglei Zhan
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Liang Wang
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Jihui Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Health Food Design & Nutrition Regulation, School of Chemical Engineering and Energy Technology, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, China
| | - Ying Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Bingnan Liu
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Colorants find social and commercial applications in cosmetics, food, pharmaceuticals, textiles, and other industrial sectors. Among the available options, chemically synthesized colorants are popular due to their low-cost and flexible production modes, but health and environmental concerns have encouraged the valorization of biopigments that are natural and ecofriendly. Among natural biopigment producers, microorganisms are noteworthy for their all-seasonal production of stable and low-cost pigments with high-yield titers. Fungi are paramount sources of natural pigments. They occupy diverse ecological niches with adaptive metabolisms and biocatalytic pathways, making them entities with an industrial interest. Industrially important biopigments like carotenoids, melanins, riboflavins, azaphilones, and quinones produced by filamentous fungi are described within the context of this review. Most recent information about fungal pigment characteristics, biochemical production routes and pathways, potential applications, limitations, and future research perspectives are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haritha Meruvu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Andhra University College of Engineering - AU North Campus, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India.,Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Andhra Pradesh, Tadepalligudem, India.,Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Júlio César Dos Santos
- Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena (EEL), University of São Paulo (USP), Estrada Municipal do Campinho, Lorena/SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kanamoto H, Nakamura K, Misawa N. Carotenoid Production in Oleaginous Yeasts. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1261:153-163. [PMID: 33783737 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-7360-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Oleaginous yeasts, Yarrowia lipolytica and Lipomyces starkeyi, can synthesize more than 20% of lipids per dry cell weight from a wide variety of substrates. This feature is attractive for cost-efficient production of industrial biodiesel fuel. These yeasts are also very promising hosts for the efficient production of more value-added lipophilic compound carotenoids, e.g., lycopene and astaxanthin, although they cannot naturally biosynthesize carotenoids. Here, we review recent progress in researches on carotenoid production by oleaginous yeasts, which include red yeasts that naturally produce carotenoids, e.g., Rhodotorula glutinis and Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous. Our new results on pathway engineering of L. starkeyi for lycopene production are also revealed in the present review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Katsuya Nakamura
- KNC Bio Research Center, KNC Laboratories Co., Ltd., Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Norihiko Misawa
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Ishikawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hara KY, Kageyama Y, Tanzawa N, Hirono-Hara Y, Kikukawa H, Wakabayashi K. Development of astaxanthin production from citrus peel extract using Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:12640-12647. [PMID: 33089462 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11163-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Developing a use for the inedible parts of citrus, mainly peel, would have great environmental and economic benefits worldwide. Astaxanthin is a value-added fine chemical that affects fish pigmentation and has recently been used in healthcare products for humans, resulting in an increased demand. This study aimed to produce astaxanthin from a citrus, ponkan, peel extract using the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous, which has the ability to use both pentose and hexose. Feeding on only ponkan peel extract enhanced X. dendrorhous growth and the concomitant astaxanthin production. Additionally, we determined that pectin and its arabinose content were the main substrate and sole carbon source, respectively, for X. dendrorhous growth and astaxanthin production. Thus, ponkan peel extract could become a valuable resource for X. dendrorhous-based astaxanthin production. Using citrus peel extract for microbial fermentation will allow the development of processes that produce value-added chemicals from agricultural byproducts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiyotaka Y Hara
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan.
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Yuya Kageyama
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Nanami Tanzawa
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yoko Hirono-Hara
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kikukawa
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Keiji Wakabayashi
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhang J, Li Q, Liu J, Lu Y, Wang Y, Wang Y. Astaxanthin overproduction and proteomic analysis of Phaffia rhodozyma under the oxidative stress induced by TiO 2. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 311:123525. [PMID: 32447228 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study analyzed the effect of TiO2 on the growth and astaxanthin yield of P. rhodozyma PR106. Subsequently, proteomics method was used to analyze the proteins changes of the strain under TiO2 treatment, to investigate the metabolic mechanism of the active oxygen generator TiO2 promoting the astaxanthin synthesis in P. rhodozyma. The results showed that TiO2 caused oxidative stress response in P. rhodozyma, and astaxanthin yield was 14.74 mg/L, which was 2 times of the control group; while, TiO2 had no effect on biomass and apoptosis of the cells. Proteomics analysis and parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) technology initially explored that bud-site selection protein (BUD22), ubiquitin-40s ribosomal protein s31 fusion protein, cell cycle control protein, C-4 methyl sterol oxidase and glutaredoxin were associated with astaxanthin synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Qingru Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiahuan Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanhong Lu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuhua Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; National Processing Laboratory for Soybean Industry and Technology, Changchun, Chin; National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Microbial astaxanthin biosynthesis: recent achievements, challenges, and commercialization outlook. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:5725-5737. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10648-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
19
|
Usmani Z, Sharma M, Sudheer S, Gupta VK, Bhat R. Engineered Microbes for Pigment Production Using Waste Biomass. Curr Genomics 2020; 21:80-95. [PMID: 32655303 PMCID: PMC7324876 DOI: 10.2174/1389202921999200330152007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Agri-food waste biomass is the most abundant organic waste and has high valorisation potential for sustainable bioproducts development. These wastes are not only recyclable in nature but are also rich sources of bioactive carbohydrates, peptides, pigments, polyphenols, vitamins, natural antioxidants, etc. Bioconversion of agri-food waste to value-added products is very important towards zero waste and circular economy concepts. To reduce the environmental burden, food researchers are seeking strategies to utilize this waste for microbial pigments production and further biotechnological exploitation in functional foods or value-added products. Microbes are valuable sources for a range of bioactive molecules, including microbial pigments production through fermentation and/or utilisation of waste. Here, we have reviewed some of the recent advancements made in important bioengineering technologies to develop engineered microbial systems for enhanced pigments production using agri-food wastes biomass/by-products as substrates in a sustainable way.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Minaxi Sharma
- Address correspondence to these authors at the ERA Chair for Food (By-) Products Valorization Technologies- VALORTECH, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 56/5, 51006, Tartu, Estonia; Tel/Fax: +372 7313927; E-mails: ;, ;
| | | | | | - Rajeev Bhat
- Address correspondence to these authors at the ERA Chair for Food (By-) Products Valorization Technologies- VALORTECH, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 56/5, 51006, Tartu, Estonia; Tel/Fax: +372 7313927; E-mails: ;, ;
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Miao L, Chi S, Wu M, Liu Z, Li Y. Deregulation of phytoene-β-carotene synthase results in derepression of astaxanthin synthesis at high glucose concentration in Phaffia rhodozyma astaxanthin-overproducing strain MK19. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:133. [PMID: 31202260 PMCID: PMC6570914 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1507-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A major obstacle to industrial-scale astaxanthin production by the yeast Phaffia rhodozyma is the strong inhibitory effect of high glucose concentration on astaxanthin synthesis. We investigated, for the first time, the mechanism of the regulatory effect of high glucose (> 100 g/L) at the metabolite and transcription levels. Results Total carotenoid, β-carotene, and astaxanthin contents were greatly reduced in wild-type JCM9042 at high (110 g/L) glucose; in particular, β-carotene content at 24–72 h was only 14–17% of that at low (40 g/L) glucose. The inhibitory effect of high glucose on astaxanthin synthesis appeared to be due mainly to repression of lycopene-to-β-carotene and β-carotene-to-astaxanthin steps in the pathway. Expression of carotenogenic genes crtE, pbs, and ast was also strongly inhibited by high glucose; such inhibition was mediated by creA, a global negative regulator of carotenogenic genes which is strongly induced by glucose. In contrast, astaxanthin-overproducing, glucose metabolic derepression mutant strain MK19 displayed de-inhibition of astaxanthin synthesis at 110 g/L glucose; this de-inhibition was due mainly to deregulation of pbs and ast expression, which in turn resulted from low creA expression. Failure of glucose to induce the genes reg1 and hxk2, which maintain CreA activity, also accounts for the fact that astaxanthin synthesis in MK19 was not repressed at high glucose. Conclusion We conclude that astaxanthin synthesis in MK19 at high glucose is enhanced primarily through derepression of carotenogenic genes (particularly pbs), and that this process is mediated by CreA, Reg1, and Hxk2 in the glucose signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shuang Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengru Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhipei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wang B, Pan X, Jia J, Xiong W, Manirafasha E, Ling X, Yinghua L. Strategy and regulatory mechanisms of glutamate feeding to enhance astaxanthin yield in Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous. Enzyme Microb Technol 2019; 125:45-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
22
|
Peyrat LA, Tsafantakis N, Georgousaki K, Ouazzani J, Genilloud O, Trougakos IP, Fokialakis N. Terrestrial Microorganisms: Cell Factories of Bioactive Molecules with Skin Protecting Applications. Molecules 2019; 24:E1836. [PMID: 31086077 PMCID: PMC6539289 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24091836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that terrestrial environments host an immense microbial biodiversity. Exposed to different types of stress, such as UV radiation, temperature fluctuations, water availability and the inter- / intra-specific competition for resources, terrestrial microorganisms have been evolved to produce a large spectrum of bioactive molecules. Bacteria, archaea, protists, fungi and algae have shown a high potential of producing biomolecules for pharmaceutical or other industrial purposes as they combine a sustainable, relatively low-cost and fast-production process. Herein, we provide an overview of the different bioactive molecules produced by terrestrial microorganisms with skin protecting applications. The high content in polyphenolic and carotenoid compounds produced by several strains, as well as the presence of exopolysaccharides, melanins, indole and pyrrole derivatives, mycosporines, carboxylic acids and other molecules, are discussed in the context of their antioxidant, photo-protective and skin-whitening activity. Relevant biotechnological tools developed for the enhanced production of high added value natural products, as well as the protecting effect of some antioxidant, hydrolytic and degrading enzymes are also discussed. Furthermore, we describe classes of microbial compounds that are used or have the potential to be used as antimicrobials, moisturizers, biosurfactants, pigments, flavorings and fragrances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laure-Anne Peyrat
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece.
| | - Nikolaos Tsafantakis
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece.
| | - Katerina Georgousaki
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece.
| | - Jamal Ouazzani
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | | | - Ioannis P Trougakos
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece.
| | - Nikolas Fokialakis
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ang FS, Khaw SY, Few LL, See Too WC, Chew AL. Isolation of a Stable Astaxanthin-Hyperproducing Mutant of Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous Through Random Mutagenesis. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683819030025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
24
|
Wang C, Zhao S, Shao X, Park JB, Jeong SH, Park HJ, Kwak WJ, Wei G, Kim SW. Challenges and tackles in metabolic engineering for microbial production of carotenoids. Microb Cell Fact 2019; 18:55. [PMID: 30885243 PMCID: PMC6421696 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-019-1105-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Naturally occurring carotenoids have been isolated and used as colorants, antioxidants, nutrients, etc. in many fields. There is an ever-growing demand for carotenoids production. To comfort this, microbial production of carotenoids is an attractive alternative to current extraction from natural sources. This review summarizes the biosynthetic pathway of carotenoids and progresses in metabolic engineering of various microorganisms for carotenoid production. The advances in synthetic pathway and systems biology lead to many versatile engineering tools available to manipulate microorganisms. In this context, challenges and possible directions are also discussed to provide an insight of microbial engineering for improved production of carotenoids in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chonglong Wang
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shuli Zhao
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Xixi Shao
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-Bin Park
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Hee Jeong
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jin Park
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Ju Kwak
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Gongyuan Wei
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Seon-Won Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Selectable marker recycling in the nonconventional yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous by transient expression of Cre on a genetically unstable vector. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 103:963-971. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9496-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
26
|
Liu S, Liu B, Wang H, Xiao S, Li Y, Wang J. Production of astaxanthin at moderate temperature in Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous using a two-step process. Eng Life Sci 2018; 18:706-710. [PMID: 32624864 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201800065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to achieve continuous industrial production of astaxanthin in Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous, a moderate temperature (25-37°C) fermentation process was needed. In this study, a two-step process with a 20°C pre-culture for 18 h and a 30°C culture for 30 h was performed to achieve the astaxanthin yields of 116.42 μg g-1 dry cell weight, which was lower than that in the normal process (20°C, 96 h). However, cell yield (YX/S) and product yield (YP/S) showed no significant differences between the two processes, suggesting that moderate temperature did not affect the productivity of astaxanthin. The transcriptional levels of genes involved in astaxanthin synthesis were compared in different culture times and a negative correlation between temperature and expression of carotenogenic genes was found. This work provided a potential method for continuous production of astaxanthin using X. dendrorhous at moderate temperature throughout the year.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiwen Liu
- School of Food Science and Technology Dalian Polytechnic University Dalian P. R. China
| | - Bingnan Liu
- School of Biological Engineering Dalian Polytechnic University Dalian P. R. China
| | - Han Wang
- School of Biological Engineering Dalian Polytechnic University Dalian P. R. China
| | - Shan Xiao
- School of Biological Engineering Dalian Polytechnic University Dalian P. R. China
| | - Ying Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering Dalian Ocean University Dalian P. R. China
| | - Jihui Wang
- School of Biological Engineering Dalian Polytechnic University Dalian P. R. China.,School of Chemical Engineering & Energy Technology Dongguan University of Technology Dongguan P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Mao X, Liu Z, Sun J, Lee SY. Metabolic engineering for the microbial production of marine bioactive compounds. Biotechnol Adv 2017; 35:1004-1021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
28
|
Gervasi T, Pellizzeri V, Benameur Q, Gervasi C, Santini A, Cicero N, Dugo G. Valorization of raw materials from agricultural industry for astaxanthin and β-carotene production by Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous. Nat Prod Res 2017; 32:1554-1561. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2017.1385024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Gervasi
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, Messina, Italy
| | - Vito Pellizzeri
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, Messina, Italy
| | - Qada Benameur
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Life, Nursing Department, University of Mostaganem, Mostaganem, Algeria
| | - Claudio Gervasi
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonello Santini
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Nicola Cicero
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, Messina, Italy
- Science4Life, Spin Off Company, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giacomo Dugo
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, Messina, Italy
- Science4Life, Spin Off Company, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Barredo JL, García-Estrada C, Kosalkova K, Barreiro C. Biosynthesis of Astaxanthin as a Main Carotenoid in the Heterobasidiomycetous Yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous. J Fungi (Basel) 2017; 3:E44. [PMID: 29371561 PMCID: PMC5715937 DOI: 10.3390/jof3030044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids are organic lipophilic yellow to orange and reddish pigments of terpenoid nature that are usually composed of eight isoprene units. This group of secondary metabolites includes carotenes and xanthophylls, which can be naturally obtained from photosynthetic organisms, some fungi, and bacteria. One of the microorganisms able to synthesise carotenoids is the heterobasidiomycetous yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous, which represents the teleomorphic state of Phaffia rhodozyma, and is mainly used for the production of the xanthophyll astaxanthin. Upgraded knowledge on the biosynthetic pathway of the main carotenoids synthesised by X. dendrorhous, the biotechnology-based improvement of astaxanthin production, as well as the current omics approaches available in this yeast are reviewed in depth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Barredo
- CRYSTAL PHARMA S.A.U. Parque Tecnológico de León, C/Nicostrato Vela s/n, 24009 León, Spain.
| | - Carlos García-Estrada
- INBIOTEC (Instituto de Biotecnología de León), Avda. Real, 1, 24006 León, Spain.
- Área de Toxicología, Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana, 24071 León, Spain.
| | - Katarina Kosalkova
- INBIOTEC (Instituto de Biotecnología de León), Avda. Real, 1, 24006 León, Spain.
| | - Carlos Barreiro
- INBIOTEC (Instituto de Biotecnología de León), Avda. Real, 1, 24006 León, Spain.
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de León, Campus de Ponferrada, Avda, Astorga, s/n, 24400 Ponferrada, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Prameela K, Venkatesh K, Immandi SB, Kasturi APK, Rama Krishna C, Murali Mohan C. Next generation nutraceutical from shrimp waste: The convergence of applications with extraction methods. Food Chem 2017; 237:121-132. [PMID: 28763972 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.05.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In recent years considerable progress in health therapy makes a significant improvement in natural nutraceuticals. Shrimp is a valuable natural sea food and is processed by removing head, tail and carapace as waste. The large amounts of waste produced by sea food industries capitulate, recoverable nutraceutical compound astaxanthin. This review emphasizes the chemistry and role of astaxanthin in pigmentation. The study highlights progress in applications and describes the current extraction methods starting with chemical to the best eco-friendly microbial processes. Relevant literature on the methods giving summary of results obtained using each approach has been reviewed and critically discussed. Intense research in advancing extraction methods to enhance productivity and to meet the demands of the consumer was discussed in future challenges. Further, aimed at collating valuable information about applications and recent extraction methodologies will promote a concept of intake of "a nutraceutical a day may keep the doctor away".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kandra Prameela
- Department of Biotechnology, GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam 530045, Andhra Pradesh, India.
| | - Kuncham Venkatesh
- Department of Biotechnology, GITAM Institute of Science, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam 530045, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Sarat Babu Immandi
- Department of Biotechnology, GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam 530045, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Ashok Phani Kiran Kasturi
- Department of Biotechnology, GITAM Institute of Science, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam 530045, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Ch Rama Krishna
- Department of Environmental Sciences, GITAM Institute of Science, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam 530045, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Ch Murali Mohan
- Department of Biotechnology, GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam 530045, Andhra Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|