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Koehle MS. Physiological impacts of atmospheric pollution: Effects of environmental air pollution on exercise. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e16005. [PMID: 38605426 PMCID: PMC11009369 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.16005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
In this review, we discuss some of the recent advances in our understanding of the physiology of the air pollution and exercise. The key areas covered include the effect of exercise intensity, the effects of pre-exposure to air pollution, acclimation to air pollution, and the utility of masks during exercise. Although higher intensity exercise leads to an increase in the inhaled dose of pollutants for a given distance traveled, the acute effects of (diesel exhaust) air pollution do not appear to be more pronounced. Second, exposure to air pollution outside of exercise bouts seems to have an effect on exercise response, although little research has examined this relationship. Third, humans appear to have an ability to acclimate to ground level ozone, but not other pollutants. And finally, masks may have beneficial effects on certain outcomes at low intensity exercise in pollution with significant levels of particles, but more study is required in realistic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Stephen Koehle
- School of KinesiologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Division of Sport & Exercise MedicineUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Canadian Sport Institute – PacificVictoriaBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Athletics CanadaOttawaOntarioCanada
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2
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Imai T, Watanabe K. Effects of acute resistance exercise on exhaled nitric oxide levels in non-asthmatic male. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2023; 317:104143. [PMID: 37625676 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2023.104143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Fractional nitric oxide (FeNO) is an index of eosinophilic airway inflammation. However, the effect of acute resistance exercise on FeNO is not completely known, in non-asthmatics. In this study, we aimed to assess the effects of acute resistance exercise on FeNO levels in non-asthmatics. Ten participants completed both exercise and control sessions. The resistance exercise routine consisted of three sets of 10 repetitions, each at 75 % of the one-repetition maximum, including vertical chest press, lateral pull-down, leg press, leg extension, and abdominal exercises. Additionally, FeNO levels and respiratory impedance were measured, and blood samples were collected from each participant at baseline, immediately after exercise (post), and 30 min after exercise (post 30). At baseline, post, and post 30, the FeNO levels did not significantly differ between the exercise and control sessions (17.1 ± 4.7 vs. 18.5 ± 3.8 vs. 16.9 ± 3.8 ppb, respectively) and exercise sessions (16.6 ± 3.4 vs. 19.3 ± 7.6 vs. 18.3 ± 5.6 ppb, respectively). Therefore, acute resistance exercise lasting approximately 30 min did not exert an impact on FeNO levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Imai
- Center for Genera Education Aichi Institute of Technology, 1247 Yachigusa-Cho, Toyota 470-0392, Japan.
| | - Koichi Watanabe
- Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574, Japan
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3
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Marmett B, Carvalho RB, Silva GND, Dorneles GP, Romão PRT, Nunes RB, Rhoden CR. The role of O 3 exposure and physical activity status on redox state, inflammation, and pulmonary toxicity of young men: A cross-sectional study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 231:116020. [PMID: 37119842 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The exposure to traffic-related air pollutants, such as NO2 and O3, are associated with detrimental health effects, becoming one of the greatest public health issues worldwide. Exercising in polluted environments could result in harmful outcomes for health and may blunt the physiological adaptations of exercise training. This study aimed to investigate the influence of physical activity and O3 exposure on redox status, an inflammatory marker, response to stress, and pulmonary toxicity of healthy young individuals. We performed a cross-sectional study with 100 individuals that, based on their exposure to O3 and physical fitness (PF) level, were distributed in four groups: Low PF + Low O3; Low PF + High O3; High PF + Low O3; High PF + High O3. We evaluated personal exposure to NO2 and O3, physical activity level, variables of oxidative stress (SOD, ROS, CAT, GSH, TBARS), pulmonary toxicity (CC16), and inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, HSP70). Spearman correlation test to check the association among the variables was used and to compare groups we used one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's post hoc and Kruskal Wallis test followed by Dunn's post hoc. O3 levels correlated with physical activity (r = 0.25; p = 0.01) but not with age or markers of body composition (p > 0.05). The individuals with high physical fitness that were less exposed to O3 presented higher CAT activity (p < 0.001), lower TBARS (p < 0.01) and IL-1β concentrations (p < 0.01), higher IL-6 (p < 0.05) and IL-10 concentrations (p < 0.05), lower IL-6:1L-10 ratio (p < 0.05), lower CC16 levels (p < 0.05), and higher HSP70 concentration (p < 0.05). Physical activity could result in higher exposure to O3 that could partially blunt some exercise adaptations, while high physical fitness improved the antioxidant defense system, systemic inflammatory mediators, and pulmonary toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Marmett
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Pollution, Graduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Roseana Boek Carvalho
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Pollution, Graduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gedaias Noronha da Silva
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Pollution, Graduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gilson Pires Dorneles
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Graduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Pedro Roosevelt Torres Romão
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Graduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ramiro Barcos Nunes
- Research Department - Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Sul-rio-grandense, Gravataí, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Ramos Rhoden
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Pollution, Graduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Hung A, Koch S, Bougault V, Gee CM, Bertuzzi R, Elmore M, McCluskey P, Hidalgo L, Garcia-Aymerich J, Koehle MS. Personal strategies to mitigate the effects of air pollution exposure during sport and exercise: a narrative review and position statement by the Canadian Academy of Sport and Exercise Medicine and the Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology. Br J Sports Med 2023; 57:193-202. [PMID: 36623867 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2022-106161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is among the leading environmental threats to health around the world today, particularly in the context of sports and exercise. With the effects of air pollution, pollution episodes (eg, wildfire conflagrations) and climate change becoming increasingly apparent to the general population, so have their impacts on sport and exercise. As such, there has been growing interest in the sporting community (ie, athletes, coaches, and sports science and medicine team members) in practical personal-level actions to reduce the exposure to and risk of air pollution. Limited evidence suggests the following strategies may be employed: minimising all exposures by time and distance, monitoring air pollution conditions for locations of interest, limiting outdoor exercise, using acclimation protocols, wearing N95 face masks and using antioxidant supplementation. The overarching purpose of this position statement by the Canadian Academy of Sport and Exercise Medicine and the Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology is to detail the current state of evidence and provide recommendations on implementing these personal strategies in preventing and mitigating the adverse health and performance effects of air pollution exposure during exercise while recognising the limited evidence base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Hung
- School of Kinesiology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sarah Koch
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Valerie Bougault
- Laboratoire Motricité Humaine Expertise Sport Santé, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Cameron Marshall Gee
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Athletics Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Romulo Bertuzzi
- Endurance Performance Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Paddy McCluskey
- Athletics Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Canadian Sport Institute - Pacific, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Laura Hidalgo
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Judith Garcia-Aymerich
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Michael Stephen Koehle
- School of Kinesiology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada .,Division of Sport & Exercise Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Guo Q, Zhao Y, Zhao J, Bian M, Qian L, Xue T, Zhang JJ, Duan X. Acute change of lung function to short-term exposure to ambient air pollutants with and without physical activity: A real-world crossover study. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120481. [PMID: 36341821 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Physical activity (PA) would increase the inhalation rate and thereby inhaled dose of air pollutants. However, it's still uncertain whether the effects of air pollutants on lung function are attenuated by PA, especially in the high-polluted areas. We aimed to disentangle the interaction between air pollution and PA on lung function among healthy adults. In this study, a real-world crossover study was conducted among 74 healthy adults. Each participant underwent both rest and 15-min intermittent moderate PA exposure scenarios (consisting of 15min stationary bike riding alternating with 15min of rest), which lasted for 2 h. On the same day, the participants among active and inactive group were exposed to the same air pollution. We have monitored the fine particulate matter (PM2.5), particulate matter less than 10 μm (PM10), particulate matter less than 1 μm (PM1), black carbon (BC), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and ozone (O3) continuously during 2-h exposure. Lung function were measured at five times points for each visit (before, immediately, 3 h, 5 h, and 24 h after the 2-h exposure scenario). Mixed-effects models were applied to explore the effects of air pollution, PA, and their interaction on lung function. The participants had a mean (standard deviation (SD)) age of 19.9 (0.9) years. The average concentration [mean ± SD] of PM2.5, PM10, PM1, BC, NO2, and O3 were 59.4 ± 45.1 μg/m3, 122.8 ± 109.0 μg/m3, 38.8 ± 29.2 μg/m3, 1.94 ± 1.17 μg/m3, 59.5 ± 26.6 μg/m3, and 74.0 ± 30.3 μg/m3, respectively. Overall, greater increasement in lung function were observed among active group compared with inactive group at all timepoints. In fully adjusted models, we observed the benefits of PA and detrimental effects of air pollutants on lung function. Our results suggested that PA, compared to rest, alleviated the detrimental effects of air pollutants on lung function. We also stressed the importance of timing of measurements for capturing association. In conclusion, our observations suggested that PA might alleviate the associations between various pollutant exposures and lung function, which would drive further research towards potential pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Guo
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yuchen Zhao
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jiahao Zhao
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Mengyao Bian
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Liqianxin Qian
- School of Civil and Resource Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Tao Xue
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health/Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Junfeng Jim Zhang
- Nicholas School of the Environment and Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaoli Duan
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
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Marmett B, Carvalho RB, Nunes RB, Rhoden CR. Exposure to O 3 and NO 2 in physically active adults: an evaluation of physiological parameters and health risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:4269-4284. [PMID: 34988724 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01194-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The gaseous air pollutants ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) have a large public health relevance and trigger environmental health risk. On the other hand, despite the health benefits, exercise practices might increase the susceptibility to air pollutants exposure. However, there are innumerous lifestyle factors besides physical activity habits that must be considered in the daily air pollution exposure and are still not fully comprehended. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of O3 and NO2 exposure on cardiorespiratory fitness, lipid accumulation product (LAP), and environmental health risk during the entire daily routine of physically active adults that exercise in outdoor and indoor environments. One hundred and twenty healthy young men were assigned to untrained (n = 52), indoor exercise (n = 36), and outdoor exercise (n = 32) groups, following their lifestyle exercise habits, and O3 and NO2 were assessed by personal monitoring. Exercised groups demonstrated higher healthy eating index (HEI) (p < 0.001), physical activity (PA) (p < 0.001), metabolic equivalent of task (MET) (p < 0.001), and peak oxygen uptake VO2peak (p < 0.001), while outdoor group had lower LAP index (p < 0.001) and higher O3 concentration (p = 0.0442). Environmental health risk demonstrated no difference (p > 0.05). The higher O3 concentration was positively correlated with the risk quotient (p = 0.003) and MET (p = 0.020), and a negative correlation between LAP and VO2peak was observed (p < 0.001). In conclusion, physically active individuals might have a lower risk of developing cardiovascular and metabolic diseases despite the higher O3 concentration exposure, and the exposure during exercise did not represent an additional health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Marmett
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Pollution, Graduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Rua Sarmento Leite 245, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil.
| | - Roseana Boek Carvalho
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Pollution, Graduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Rua Sarmento Leite 245, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Ramiro Barcos Nunes
- Research Department-Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência E Tecnologia Sul-Rio-Grandense, Gravataí, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Ramos Rhoden
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Pollution, Graduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Rua Sarmento Leite 245, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil
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7
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Hodgson JR, Chapman L, Pope FD. Amateur runners more influenced than elite runners by temperature and air pollution during the UK's Great North Run half marathon. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 842:156825. [PMID: 35752238 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The short- and long-term impacts of air pollution on human health are well documented and include cardiovascular, neurological, immune system and developmental damage. Additionally, the irritant qualities of air pollutants can cause respiratory and cardiovascular distress. This can be heightened during exercise and especially so for those with respiratory conditions such as asthma. Meteorological conditions have also been shown to adversely impact athletic performance; but research has mostly examined the impact of pollution and meteorology on marathon times or running under laboratory settings. This study focuses on the half marathon distance (13.1 miles/21.1 km) and utilises the Great North Run held in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England, between 2006 and 2019. Local meteorological (temperature, relative humidity, heat index and wind speed) and air quality (ozone, nitrogen dioxide and PM2.5) data is used in conjunction with finishing times of the quickest and slowest amateur participants, along with the elite field, to determine the extent to which each group is influenced in real-world conditions. Results show that increased temperatures, heat index and ozone concentrations are significantly detrimental to amateur half marathon performances. The elite field meanwhile is influenced by higher ozone concentrations. It is thought that the increased exposure time to the environmental conditions contributes to this greater decrease in performance for the slowest participants. For elite athletes that are performing closer to their maximal capacity (VO2 max), the higher ozone concentrations likely results in respiratory irritation and decreased performance. Nitrogen dioxide and PM2.5 pollution showed no significant relationship with finishing times. These results provide additional insight into the environmental effects on exercise, which is particularly important under the increasing effects climate change and regional air pollution. This study can be used to inform event organisation and start times for both mass participation and major elite events with the aim to reduce heat- and pollution-related incidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Hodgson
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Lee Chapman
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Francis D Pope
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
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Landwehr KR, Hillas J, Mead-Hunter R, King A, O'Leary RA, Kicic A, Mullins BJ, Larcombe AN. Toxicity of different biodiesel exhausts in primary human airway epithelial cells grown at air-liquid interface. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 832:155016. [PMID: 35381248 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel is created through the transesterification of fats/oils and its usage is increasing worldwide as global warming concerns increase. Biodiesel fuel properties change depending on the feedstock used to create it. The aim of this study was to assess the different toxicological properties of biodiesel exhausts created from different feedstocks using a complex 3D air-liquid interface (ALI) model that mimics the human airway. Primary human airway epithelial cells were grown at ALI until full differentiation was achieved. Cells were then exposed to 1/20 diluted exhaust from an engine running on Diesel (ULSD), pure or 20% blended Canola biodiesel and pure or 20% blended Tallow biodiesel, or Air for control. Exhaust was analysed for various physio-chemical properties and 24-h after exposure, ALI cultures were assessed for permeability, protein release and mediator response. All measured exhaust components were within industry safety standards. ULSD contained the highest concentrations of various combustion gases. We found no differences in terms of particle characteristics for any of the tested exhausts, likely due to the high dilution used. Exposure to Tallow B100 and B20 induced increased permeability in the ALI culture and the greatest increase in mediator response in both the apical and basal compartments. In contrast, Canola B100 and B20 did not impact permeability and induced the smallest mediator response. All exhausts but Canola B20 induced increased protein release, indicating epithelial damage. Despite the concentrations of all exhausts used in this study meeting industry safety regulations, we found significant toxic effects. Tallow biodiesel was found to be the most toxic of the tested fuels and Canola the least, both for blended and pure biodiesel fuels. This suggests that the feedstock biodiesel is made from is crucial for the resulting health effects of exhaust exposure, even when not comprising the majority of fuel composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Landwehr
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth 6845, Western Australia, Australia; Respiratory Environmental Health, Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Jessica Hillas
- Respiratory Environmental Health, Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ryan Mead-Hunter
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth 6845, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew King
- Fluid Dynamics Research Group, School of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rebecca A O'Leary
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Perth 6151, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Anthony Kicic
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth 6845, Western Australia, Australia; Respiratory Environmental Health, Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia; Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Mullins
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth 6845, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alexander N Larcombe
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth 6845, Western Australia, Australia; Respiratory Environmental Health, Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia
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Stockfelt L, Xu Y, Gudmundsson A, Rissler J, Isaxon C, Brunskog J, Pagels J, Nilsson PT, Berglund M, Barregard L, Bohgard M, Albin M, Hagerman I, Wierzbicka A. A controlled chamber study of effects of exposure to diesel exhaust particles and noise on heart rate variability and endothelial function. Inhal Toxicol 2022; 34:159-170. [PMID: 35475948 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2022.2065388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse cardiovascular effects are associated with both diesel exhaust and road traffic noise, but these exposures are hard to disentangle epidemiologically. We used an experimental setup to evaluate the impact of diesel exhaust particles and traffic noise, alone and combined, on intermediary outcomes related to the autonomic nervous system and increased cardiovascular risk. METHODS In a controlled chamber 18 healthy adults were exposed to four scenarios in a randomized cross-over fashion. Each exposure scenario consisted of either filtered (clean) air or diesel engine exhaust (particle mass concentrations around 300 µg/m3), and either low (46 dB(A)) or high (75 dB(A)) levels of traffic noise for 3 h at rest. ECG was recorded for 10-min periods before and during each exposure type, and frequency-domain heart rate variability (HRV) computed. Endothelial dysfunction and arterial stiffness were assessed after each exposure using EndoPAT 2000. RESULTS Compared to control exposure, HRV in the high frequency band decreased during exposure to diesel exhaust, both alone and combined with noise, but not during noise exposure only. These differences were more pronounced in women. We observed no synergistic effects of combined exposure, and no significant differences between exposure scenarios for other HRV indices, endothelial function or arterial stiffness. CONCLUSION Three-hour exposure to diesel exhaust, but not noise, was associated with decreased HRV in the high frequency band. This indicates activation of irritant receptor-mediated autonomic reflexes, a possible mechanism for the cardiovascular risks of diesel exposure. There was no effect on endothelial dysfunction or arterial stiffness after exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Stockfelt
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yiyi Xu
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Gudmundsson
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jenny Rissler
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Bioeconomy and Health, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christina Isaxon
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jonas Brunskog
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Joakim Pagels
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Patrik T Nilsson
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Margareta Berglund
- Department of Cardiology, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Lars Barregard
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mats Bohgard
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Albin
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Unit of Occupational Medicine, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Inger Hagerman
- Department of Cardiology, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Aneta Wierzbicka
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Silveira AC, Hasegawa JS, Cruz R, Matsuda M, Marquezini MV, Lima-Silva AE, Giles LV, Saldiva PHN, Koehle MS, Bertuzzi R. Effects of air pollution exposure on inflammatory and endurance performance in recreationally trained cyclists adapted to traffic-related air pollution. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2022; 322:R562-R570. [PMID: 35411800 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00305.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to analyze the effects of traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) on markers of inflammatory, neuroplasticity, and endurance performance-related parameters in recreationally trained cyclists who were adapted to TRAP during a 50-km cycling time-trial (50-km cycling TT). Ten male cyclists performed a 50-km cycling TT inside an environmental chamber located in downtown Sao Paulo (Brazil), under TRAP or filtered air conditions. Blood samples were obtained before and after the 50-km cycling TT to measure markers of inflammatory [interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-Reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-10 (IL-10), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1)], and neuroplasticity [brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)]. Rating of perceived exertion (RPE), heart rate (HR), and power output (PO) were measured throughout the 50-km cycling TT. There were no significant differences between experimental conditions for responses of IL-6, CRP and IL-10 (P > 0.05). When compared with exercise-induced changes in filtered air condition, TRAP provoked greater exercise-induced increase in BDNF levels (TRAP = 3.3 ± 2.4 fold change; Filtered = 1.3 ± 0.5 fold change; P = 0.04) and lower exercise-induced increase in ICAM-1 (Filtered = 1.1 ± 0.1 fold change; TRAP = 1.0 ± 0.1 fold change; P = 0.01). The endurance performance-related parameters (RPE, HR, PO, and time to complete the 50-km cycling TT) were not different between TRAP and filtered air conditions (P > 0.05). These findings suggest that the potential negative impacts of exposure to pollution on inflammatory, neuroplasticity, and performance-related parameters do not occur in recreationally trained cyclists who are adapted to TRAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Casanova Silveira
- Endurance Performance Research Group (GEDAE-USP), School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julio Satoshi Hasegawa
- Endurance Performance Research Group (GEDAE-USP), School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ramon Cruz
- Endurance Performance Research Group (GEDAE-USP), School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Sports Center, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazi
| | - Monique Matsuda
- Laboratory of Investigation in Ophthalmology (LIM-33), Division of Ophthalmology, University of Sao Paulo Faculty of Medicine, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Monica V Marquezini
- Pro - Sangue Foundation, Sao Paulo and Pathology Department, University of Sao Paulo Faculty of Medicine, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriano E Lima-Silva
- Human Performance Research Group, Academic Department of Physical Education (DAEFI), Federal University of Technology Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Luisa V Giles
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Fraser Valley (UFV), British Columbia, Canada
| | - Paulo H N Saldiva
- Institute of Advanced Studies, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Romulo Bertuzzi
- Endurance Performance Research Group (GEDAE-USP), School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Underground emissions and miners' personal exposure to diesel and renewable diesel exhaust in a Swedish iron ore mine. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2022; 95:1369-1388. [PMID: 35294627 PMCID: PMC9273542 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-022-01843-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Underground diesel exhaust exposure is an occupational health risk. It is not known how recent intensified emission legislation and use of renewable fuels have reduced or altered occupational exposures. We characterized these effects on multipollutant personal exposure to diesel exhaust and underground ambient air concentrations in an underground iron ore mine. Methods Full-shift personal sampling (12 workers) of elemental carbon (EC), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and equivalent black carbon (eBC) was performed. The study used and validated eBC as an online proxy for occupational exposure to EC. Ambient air sampling of these pollutants and particle number size distribution and concentration were performed in the vicinity of the workers. Urine samples (27 workers) were collected after 8 h exposure and analyzed for PAH metabolites and effect biomarkers (8-oxodG for DNA oxidative damage, 4-HNE-MA for lipid peroxidation, 3-HPMA for acrolein). Results The personal exposures (geometric mean; GM) of the participating miners were 7 µg EC m−3 and 153 µg NO2 m−3, which are below the EU occupational exposure limits. However, exposures up to 94 µg EC m−3 and 1200 µg NO2 m−3 were observed. There was a tendency that the operators of vehicles complying with sharpened emission legislation had lower exposure of EC. eBC and NO2 correlated with EC, R = 0.94 and R = 0.66, respectively. No correlation was found between EC and the sum of 16 priority PAHs (GM 1790 ng m−3). Ratios between personal exposures and ambient concentrations were similar and close to 1 for EC and NO2, but significantly higher for PAHs. Semi-volatile PAHs may not be effectively reduced by the aftertreatment systems, and ambient area sampling did not predict the personal airborne PAHs exposure well, neither did the slightly elevated concentration of urinary PAH metabolites correlate with airborne PAH exposure. Conclusion Miners’ exposures to EC and NO2 were lower than those in older studies indicating the effect of sharpened emission legislation and new technologies. Using modern vehicles with diesel particulate filter (DPF) may have contributed to the lower ambient underground PM concentration and exposures. The semi-volatile behavior of the PAHs might have led to inefficient removal in the engines aftertreatment systems and delayed removal by the workplace ventilation system due to partitioning to indoor surfaces. The results indicate that secondary emissions can be an important source of gaseous PAH exposure in the mine. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00420-022-01843-x.
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Cruz R, Koch S, Matsuda M, Marquezini M, Sforça ML, Lima-Silva AE, Saldiva P, Koehle M, Bertuzzi R. Air pollution and high-intensity interval exercise: Implications to anti-inflammatory balance, metabolome and cardiovascular responses. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 809:151094. [PMID: 34688752 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
High-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) is an effective non-pharmacological tool for improving physiological responses related to health. When HIIE is performed in urban centers, however, the exerciser is exposed to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP), which is associated with metabolic, anti-inflammatory imbalance and cardiovascular diseases. This paradoxical combination has the potential for conflicting health effects. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of HIIE performed in TRAP exposure on serum cytokines, non-target metabolomics and cardiovascular parameters. Fifteen participants performed HIIE in a chamber capable to deliver filtered air (FA condition) or non-filtered air (TRAP condition) from a polluted site adjacent to the exposure chamber. Non-target blood serum metabolomics, blood serum cytokines and blood pressure analyses were collected in both FA and TRAP conditions at baseline, 10 min after exercise, and 1 h after exercise. The TRAP increased IL-6 concentration by 1.7 times 1 h after exercise (p < 0.01) and did not change the anti-inflammatory balance (IL-10/TNF-α ratio). In contrast, FA led to an increase in IL-10 and IL-10/TNF-α ratio (p < 0.01), by 2.1 and 2.3 times, respectively. The enrichment analysis showed incomplete fatty acid metabolism under the TRAP condition (p < 0.05) 10 min after exercise. There was also an overactivity of ketone body metabolism (p < 0.05) at 10 min and at 1 h after exercise with TRAP. Exercise-induced acute decrease in systolic blood pressure (SBP) was not observed at 10 min and impaired at 1 h after exercise (p < 0.05). These findings reveal that TRAP potentially attenuates health benefits often related to HIIE. For instance, the anti-inflammatory balance was impaired, accompanied by accumulation of metabolites related to energy supply and reduction to exercise-induced decrease in SBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Cruz
- Endurance Performance Research Group (GEDAE-USP), School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Sports Center, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Sarah Koch
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat de Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Monique Matsuda
- Laboratory of Investigation in Ophthalmology (LIM-33), Division of Ophthalmology, University of São Paulo Faculty of Medicine, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Monica Marquezini
- Laboratory of Investigation in Ophthalmology (LIM-33), Division of Ophthalmology, University of São Paulo Faculty of Medicine, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Pro-Sangue Foundation, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mauricio L Sforça
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriano E Lima-Silva
- Human Performance Research Group, Academic Department of Physical Education (DAEFI), Technological Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Paulo Saldiva
- Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Michael Koehle
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Romulo Bertuzzi
- Endurance Performance Research Group (GEDAE-USP), School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Long E, Schwartz C, Carlsten C. Controlled human exposure to diesel exhaust: a method for understanding health effects of traffic-related air pollution. Part Fibre Toxicol 2022; 19:15. [PMID: 35216599 PMCID: PMC8876178 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-022-00454-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diesel exhaust (DE) is a major component of air pollution in urban centers. Controlled human exposure (CHE) experiments are commonly used to investigate the acute effects of DE inhalation specifically and also as a paradigm for investigating responses to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) more generally. Given the critical role this model plays in our understanding of TRAP’s health effects mechanistically and in support of associated policy and regulation, we review the methodology of CHE to DE (CHE–DE) in detail to distill critical elements so that the results of these studies can be understood in context. From 104 eligible publications, we identified 79 CHE–DE studies and extracted information on DE generation, exposure session characteristics, pollutant and particulate composition of exposures, and participant demographics. Virtually all studies had a crossover design, and most studies involved a single DE exposure per participant. Exposure sessions were typically 1 or 2 h in duration, with participants alternating between exercise and rest. Most CHE–DE targeted a PM concentration of 300 μg/m3. There was a wide range in commonly measured co-pollutants including nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and total organic compounds. Reporting of detailed parameters of aerosol composition, including particle diameter, was inconsistent between studies, and older studies from a given lab were often cited in lieu of repeating measurements for new experiments. There was a male predominance in participants, and over half of studies involved healthy participants only. Other populations studied include those with asthma, atopy, or metabolic syndrome. Standardization in reporting exposure conditions, potentially using current versions of engines with modern emissions control technology, will allow for more valid comparisons between studies of CHE–DE, while recognizing that diesel engines in much of the world remain old and heterogeneous. Inclusion of female participants as well as populations more susceptible to TRAP will broaden the applicability of results from CHE–DE studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Long
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 317 - 2194 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Carley Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2775 Laurel Street 7th Floor, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Christopher Carlsten
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2775 Laurel Street 7th Floor, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada.
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Long E, Carlsten C. Controlled human exposure to diesel exhaust: results illuminate health effects of traffic-related air pollution and inform future directions. Part Fibre Toxicol 2022; 19:11. [PMID: 35139881 PMCID: PMC8827176 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-022-00450-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Air pollution is an issue of increasing interest due to its globally relevant impacts on morbidity and mortality. Controlled human exposure (CHE) studies are often employed to investigate the impacts of pollution on human health, with diesel exhaust (DE) commonly used as a surrogate of traffic related air pollution (TRAP). This paper will review the results derived from 104 publications of CHE to DE (CHE-DE) with respect to health outcomes. CHE-DE studies have provided mechanistic evidence supporting TRAP’s detrimental effects on related to the cardiovascular system (e.g., vasomotor dysfunction, inhibition of fibrinolysis, and impaired cardiac function) and respiratory system (e.g., airway inflammation, increased airway responsiveness, and clinical symptoms of asthma). Oxidative stress is thought to be the primary mechanism of TRAP-induced effects and has been supported by several CHE-DE studies. A historical limitation of some air pollution research is consideration of TRAP (or its components) in isolation, limiting insight into the interactions between TRAP and other environmental factors often encountered in tandem. CHE-DE studies can help to shed light on complex conditions, and several have included co-exposure to common elements such as allergens, ozone, and activity level. The ability of filters to mitigate the adverse effects of DE, by limiting exposure to the particulate fraction of polluted aerosols, has also been examined. While various biomarkers of DE exposure have been evaluated in CHE-DE studies, a definitive such endpoint has yet to be identified. In spite of the above advantages, this paradigm for TRAP is constrained to acute exposures and can only be indirectly applied to chronic exposures, despite the critical real-world impact of living long-term with TRAP. Those with significant medical conditions are often excluded from CHE-DE studies and so results derived from healthy individuals may not apply to more susceptible populations whose further study is needed to avoid potentially misleading conclusions. In spite of limitations, the contributions of CHE-DE studies have greatly advanced current understanding of the health impacts associated with TRAP exposure, especially regarding mechanisms therein, with important implications for regulation and policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Long
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 317 - 2194 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Christopher Carlsten
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2775 Laurel Street 7th Floor, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada.
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15
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Cruz R, Pasqua L, Silveira A, Damasceno M, Matsuda M, Martins M, Marquezini MV, Lima-Silva AE, Saldiva P, Bertuzzi R. Traffic-related air pollution and endurance exercise: Characterizing non-targeted serum metabolomics profiling. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 291:118204. [PMID: 34560574 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although the exposure to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) has emerged as one of main problem worldwide to inhabitants' health in urban centers, its impact on metabolic responses during exercise is poorly understood. The aim of study was to characterize the profile of non-target serum metabolomics during prolonged exercise performed under TRAP conditions. Ten healthy men completed two 90 min constant-load cycling trials under conditions of either TRAP or filtered air. Experimental trials were performed in a chamber located on an avenue with a high volume of vehicle traffic. Blood samples were taken at 30 min, 60 min, and 90 min of exercise. Based on Nuclear Magnetic Resonance metabolomics, the non-target analysis was used to assess the metabolic profile. Twelve, 16 and 18 metabolites were identified as discriminants. These were: at 30 min of exercise, the coefficient of determination (R2) 0.98, the predictive relevance, (Q2) 0.12, and the area under the curve (AUC) 0.91. After 60 min of exercise: (R2: 0.99, Q2: 0.09, AUC: 0.94); and at 90 min of exercise (R2: 0.91, Q2: <0.01, AUC: 0.89), respectively. The discriminant metabolites were then considered for the target analysis, which demonstrated that the metabolic pathways of glycine and serine metabolism (p = 0.03) had been altered under TRAP conditions at 30 min of exercise; arginine and proline metabolism (p = 0.04) at 60 min of exercise; and glycolysis (p = 0.05) at 90 min of exercise. The present results suggest that exposure to TRAP during prolonged exercise leads to a significant change in metabolomics, characterized by a transitional pattern and lastly, impairs the glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Cruz
- Endurance Performance Research Group (GEDAE-USP), School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Sports Center, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Pasqua
- Endurance Performance Research Group (GEDAE-USP), School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - André Silveira
- Endurance Performance Research Group (GEDAE-USP), School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mayara Damasceno
- Endurance Performance Research Group (GEDAE-USP), School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; CESMAC University Center, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Monique Matsuda
- Laboratory of Investigation in Ophthalmology (LIM-33), Division of Ophthalmology, University of São Paulo Faculty of Medicine, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marco Martins
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mônica V Marquezini
- Pro-Sangue Foundation, São Paulo and Pathology Department, University of São Paulo Faculty of Medicine, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriano Eduardo Lima-Silva
- Human Performance Research Group, Academic Department of Physical Education (DAEFI), Federal University of Technology Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Paulo Saldiva
- Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Romulo Bertuzzi
- Endurance Performance Research Group (GEDAE-USP), School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Costa-Beber LC, Heck TG, Fiorin PBG, Ludwig MS. HSP70 as a biomarker of the thin threshold between benefit and injury due to physical exercise when exposed to air pollution. Cell Stress Chaperones 2021; 26:889-915. [PMID: 34677749 PMCID: PMC8578518 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-021-01241-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise has acute and chronic effects on inflammatory balance, metabolic regulation, and redox status. Exercise-induced adaptations are mediated by enhanced 70-kDa heat shock protein (HSP70) levels and an improved heat shock response (HSR). Therefore, exercise could be useful against disease conditions [obesity, diabetes mellitus (DM), and exposure to atmospheric pollutants] marked by an impaired HSR. However, exercise performed by obese or diabetic subjects under pollution conditions might also be dangerous at certain intensities. Intensity correlates with an increase in HSP70 levels during physical exercise until a critical point at which the effort becomes harmful and impairs the HSR. Establishing a unique biomarker able to indicate the exercise intensity on metabolism and cellular fatigue is essential to ensure adequate and safe exercise recommendations for individuals with obesity or DM who require exercise to improve their metabolic status and live in polluted regions. In this review, we examined the available evidence supporting our hypothesis that HSP70 could serve as a biomarker for determining the optimal exercise intensity for subjects with obesity or diabetes when exposed to air pollution and establishing the fine threshold between anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory exercise effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lílian Corrêa Costa-Beber
- Research Group in Physiology, Postgraduate Program in Integral Attention to Health, Department of Life Sciences, Regional University of Northwestern State's Rio Grande do Sul (UNIJUI), Rua do Comercio, 3000 - Bairro Universitario -, Ijuí, RS, 98700-000, Brazil.
- Postgraduation Program in Integral Attention to Health (PPGAIS-UNIJUI/UNICRUZ), Ijuí, RS, Brazil.
| | - Thiago Gomes Heck
- Research Group in Physiology, Postgraduate Program in Integral Attention to Health, Department of Life Sciences, Regional University of Northwestern State's Rio Grande do Sul (UNIJUI), Rua do Comercio, 3000 - Bairro Universitario -, Ijuí, RS, 98700-000, Brazil
- Postgraduation Program in Integral Attention to Health (PPGAIS-UNIJUI/UNICRUZ), Ijuí, RS, Brazil
| | - Pauline Brendler Goettems Fiorin
- Research Group in Physiology, Postgraduate Program in Integral Attention to Health, Department of Life Sciences, Regional University of Northwestern State's Rio Grande do Sul (UNIJUI), Rua do Comercio, 3000 - Bairro Universitario -, Ijuí, RS, 98700-000, Brazil
| | - Mirna Stela Ludwig
- Research Group in Physiology, Postgraduate Program in Integral Attention to Health, Department of Life Sciences, Regional University of Northwestern State's Rio Grande do Sul (UNIJUI), Rua do Comercio, 3000 - Bairro Universitario -, Ijuí, RS, 98700-000, Brazil
- Postgraduation Program in Integral Attention to Health (PPGAIS-UNIJUI/UNICRUZ), Ijuí, RS, Brazil
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The Acute Effects of Exercising in Air Pollution: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Sports Med 2021; 52:139-164. [PMID: 34499337 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01544-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The acute effects of air pollution (AP) exposure during physical activity have been studied. However, comprehensive systematic reviews are lacking, particularly regarding moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). OBJECTIVE Our objective was to determine the acute health- and exercise-related effects of AP exposure during a bout of MVPA in healthy individuals. METHODS We searched for randomized controlled trials in MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, SPORTDiscus, Agricultural and Environmental Science Database, ClinicalTrials.gov, International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number Registry, and the World Health Organization (WHO) International Clinical Trials Registry Platform up to July 2020 without language or date restrictions. Studies including healthy subjects engaging in a bout of MVPA while exposed to one or more of the following air pollutants were eligible: particulate matter, black carbon, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, diesel exhaust, and traffic-related air pollution (TRAP). Main outcome measures were markers of pulmonary function, symptoms, cardiovascular function, cognitive function, systemic inflammation, and exercise response. The evidence was synthesized by vote counting based on direction of effect. RESULTS In total, 53 studies were included in the systematic review. Studies employed a heterogeneous mix of exercise protocols, AP interventions, and measured outcomes. Pooled results suggest ozone exposure during MVPA has an adverse effect on pulmonary function (100% [95% confidence interval (CI) 88-100], p < 0.001; high-certainty evidence) and reported symptoms (88% [95% CI 69-96], p < 0.001; low-certainty evidence). The effect of exposure to carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, small engine exhaust, or diesel exhaust during MVPA on health- and exercise-related outcomes is uncertain because of insufficient evidence and the low to very low certainty of available evidence. DISCUSSION The evidence is strongest for ozone, exposure to which generally induced a reduction in pulmonary function and increased symptoms during MVPA. The research related to other outcome domains remains inconclusive. Although long-term exposure to AP is proven to be hazardous, the evidence for healthy individuals to forgo MVPA during periods of high (non-ozone) pollution remains weak. TRIAL REGISTRATION Retrospectively registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020188280) on 10 July 2020.
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Ning J, Zhang Y, Hu H, Hu W, Li L, Pang Y, Ma S, Niu Y, Zhang R. Association between ambient particulate matter exposure and metabolic syndrome risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 782:146855. [PMID: 33839664 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Although the association between ambient particulate matter and metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been investigated, the effect of particulate matter (PM) on MetS is inconclusive. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to study the association between long-term ambient PM exposure and MetS risk. The data from five databases were extracted to analyze the association between ambient PM exposure and MetS risk. A random-effects model was performed to estimate the overall risk effect. The present systematic review and meta-analysis illustrated that an increase of 5 μg/m3 in annual PM2.5 or PM10 concentration was associated with 14% or 9% increases of MetS risk, respectively (PM2.5, RR = 1.14, 95%CI [1.03, 1.25]; PM10, RR = 1.09, 95%CI [1.00, 1.19]). The population-attributable risk (PAR) was 12.28% for PM2.5 exposure or 8.26% for PM10 exposure, respectively. There was statistical association between PM2.5 exposure and risk of MetS in male proportion ≥50%, Asia, related disease or medication non-adjustment subgroup as well as cohort study subgroups, respectively. The significant association between PM10 exposure and risk of MetS was observed in male proportion ≥50% and calories intake adjustment subgroups, respectively. Sensitivity analyses showed the robustness of our results. No publication bias was detected. In conclusion, there was positive association between long-term PM exposure and MetS risk. 12.28% of MetS risk could be attributable to PM2.5 exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ning
- Department of Toxicology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Yaling Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Huaifang Hu
- Department of Toxicology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Wentao Hu
- Department of Toxicology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Lipeng Li
- Department of Toxicology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Yaxian Pang
- Department of Toxicology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Shitao Ma
- Department of Occupation Health and Environmental Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Yujie Niu
- Department of Occupation Health and Environmental Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China.
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Hodgson JR, Chapman L, Pope FD. The Diamond League athletic series: does the air quality sparkle? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2021; 65:1427-1442. [PMID: 33760979 PMCID: PMC7988253 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-021-02114-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Urban air pollution can have negative short- and long-term impacts on health, including cardiovascular, neurological, immune system and developmental damage. The irritant qualities of pollutants such as ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and particulate matter (PM) can cause respiratory and cardiovascular distress, which can be heightened during physical activity and particularly so for those with respiratory conditions such as asthma. Previously, research has only examined marathon run outcomes or running under laboratory settings. This study focuses on elite 5-km athletes performing in international events at nine locations. Local meteorological and air quality data are used in conjunction with race performance metrics from the Diamond League Athletics series to determine the extent to which elite competitors are influenced during maximal sustained efforts in real-world conditions. The findings from this study suggest that local meteorological variables (temperature, wind speed and relative humidity) and air quality (ozone and particulate matter) have an impact on athletic performance. Variation between finishing times at different race locations can also be explained by the local meteorology and air quality conditions seen during races.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Hodgson
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lee Chapman
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, Birmingham, UK
| | - Francis D Pope
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, Birmingham, UK.
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20
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Abstract
Since the industrial revolution, air pollution has become a major problem causing several health problems involving the airways as well as the cardiovascular, reproductive, or neurological system. According to the WHO, about 3.6 million deaths every year are related to inhalation of polluted air, specifically due to pulmonary diseases. Polluted air first encounters the airways, which are a major human defense mechanism to reduce the risk of this aggressor. Air pollution consists of a mixture of potentially harmful compounds such as particulate matter, ozone, carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds, and heavy metals, each having its own effects on the human body. In the last decades, a lot of research investigating the underlying risks and effects of air pollution and/or its specific compounds on the airways, has been performed, involving both in vivo and in vitro experiments. The goal of this review is to give an overview of the recent data on the effects of air pollution on healthy and diseased airways or models of airway disease, such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Therefore, we focused on studies involving pollution and airway symptoms and/or damage both in mice and humans.
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21
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Kocot K, Zejda JE. Acute cardiorespiratory response to ambient air pollution exposure during short-term physical exercise in young males. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 195:110746. [PMID: 33484723 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical exercise in the presence of ambient air pollution may increase the absorbed dose of air pollutants. The combined effect of such exposure on cardiorespiratory function in young adults remains unclear. AIM To determine the acute cardiorespiratory responses in healthy young adults preforming submaximal physical exercise under exposure to high level winter-type ambient air pollution. METHODS Healthy young males (n=30) performed two separate 15-minute submaximal exercise trials on a cycle ergometer - when air pollutants' concentrations were increased (exposure trial) and when air quality was good (control trial). Each time blood pressure, pulse oximetry, spirometry and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) were measured at baseline, directly after exercise and after 15-min of rest. RESULTS High air pollutants concentrations were observed during exposure trials (PM2.5 24.0-157.0 μg/m3, SO2 8.7-85.8 μg/m3). Group-based correlation analysis showed statistically significant negative correlations between post-exercise declines in FEV1/FVC and SO2, PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations. In individual cases the decrease was recorded only in subjects who exercised under particularly high exposure, and was not related to their BMI, physical activity pattern or allergy status. In multivariate analysis SO2 was a statistically significant predictor of both immediate (OR: 1.09, 95%CI: 1.01-1.17) and delayed decrease in airflow (OR: 1.08, 95%CI: 1.01-1.16), and PM2.5 was also a statistically significantly explanatory variable of post-exercise decline in FEV1/FVC (OR: 1.03, 95%CI: 1.00-1.06). CONCLUSION In young and healthy males exposure to ambient air pollution during short-term submaximal exercise is associated with a decrease in airflow (FEV1/FVC) and the decrease is more apparent when the exercise takes place under particularly high exposure conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Kocot
- Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Department of Epidemiology, Medyków 18, 40-752, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Jan E Zejda
- Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Department of Epidemiology, Medyków 18, 40-752, Katowice, Poland
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22
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Marmett B, Pires Dorneles G, Böek Carvalho R, Peres A, Roosevelt Torres Romão P, Barcos Nunes R, Ramos Rhoden C. Air pollution concentration and period of the day modulates inhalation of PM 2.5 during moderate- and high-intensity interval exercise. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 194:110528. [PMID: 33248052 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The increase in minute ventilation during exercise led to higher inhalation of air pollution and, consequently, to exacerbation of health issues. Therefore, the intensity of exercise and the air pollution concentration of the environment could be determinant variables to poor outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the inhaled dose of particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) during a moderate- and high-intensity interval exercise session performed in the morning and evening at different locations of Porto Alegre City. Eighteen individuals performed a cardiopulmonary exercise test, a moderate-intensity interval exercise (MIIE), and a high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE). Heart rate was monitored to estimate minute ventilation and total ventilation of the session. The concentration of PM2.5 was measured during the morning (6-8a.m.) and evening (6-8p.m.) by fixed-site monitors placed at five points of Porto Alegre City. The PM2.5 inhalation during MIIE and HIIE performed in the morning and evening in the monitoring points was estimated. HIIE showed higher minute ventilation (VE) (p = 0.0048) and total ventilation did not differ between groups (p = 0.4648). PM2.5 concentrations were higher during the mornings (p < 0.001). Monitored point 1 had higher levels of PM2.5 in the morning and evening (p < 0.001). The inhalation of PM2.5 in the morning showed no difference in MIIE (p = 0.8172) and HIIE (p = 0.7306) groups among the points. In the evening, the inhalation of PM2.5 was higher in point 1 in MIIE and HIIE group (p < 0.001). MIIE and HIIE had higher inhalation of PM2.5 in the morning than in the evening (p < 0.001). Total ventilation of exercise is a crucial factor that contributes to the inhalation dose of air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Marmett
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Pollution, Graduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Gilson Pires Dorneles
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Graduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Roseana Böek Carvalho
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Pollution, Graduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Peres
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Graduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Pedro Roosevelt Torres Romão
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Graduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ramiro Barcos Nunes
- Research Department - Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Sul-rio-grandense, Gravataí, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Ramos Rhoden
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Pollution, Graduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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23
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Morici G, Cibella F, Cogo A, Palange P, Bonsignore MR. Respiratory Effects of Exposure to Traffic-Related Air Pollutants During Exercise. Front Public Health 2020; 8:575137. [PMID: 33425832 PMCID: PMC7793908 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.575137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) is increasing worldwide. Habitual physical activity is known to prevent cardiorespiratory diseases and mortality, but whether exposure to TRAP during exercise affects respiratory health is still uncertain. Exercise causes inflammatory changes in the airways, and its interaction with the effects of TRAP or ozone might be detrimental, for both athletes exercising outdoor and urban active commuters. In this Mini-Review, we summarize the literature on the effects of exposure to TRAP and/or ozone during exercise on lung function, respiratory symptoms, performance, and biomarkers. Ozone negatively affected pulmonary function after exercise, especially after combined exposure to ozone and diesel exhaust (DE). Spirometric changes after exercise during exposure to particulate matter and ultrafine particles suggest a decrease in lung function, especially in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ozone frequently caused respiratory symptoms during exercise. Women showed decreased exercise performance and higher symptom prevalence than men during TRAP exposure. However, performance was analyzed in few studies. To date, research has not identified reliable biomarkers of TRAP-related lung damage useful for monitoring athletes' health, except in scarce studies on airway cells obtained by induced sputum or bronchoalveolar lavage. In conclusion, despite partly counteracted by the positive effects of habitual exercise, the negative effects of TRAP exposure to pollutants during exercise are hard to assess: outdoor exercise is a complex model, for multiple and variable exposures to air pollutants and pollutant concentrations. Further studies are needed to identify pollutant and/or time thresholds for performing safe outdoor exercise in cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Morici
- Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics Department, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabio Cibella
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, Palermo, Italy
| | - Annalisa Cogo
- Biomedical Sport Studies Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paolo Palange
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria R Bonsignore
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Health Promotion Sciences Maternal and Infantile Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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24
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Elliott EG, Laden F, James P, Rimm EB, Rexrode KM, Hart JE. Interaction between Long-Term Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter and Physical Activity, and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Overall Mortality in U.S. Women. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2020; 128:127012. [PMID: 33356515 PMCID: PMC7757788 DOI: 10.1289/ehp7402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased respiration during physical activity may increase air pollution dose, which may attenuate the benefits of physical activity on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and overall mortality. OBJECTIVES We aimed to examine the multiplicative interaction between long-term ambient residential exposure to fine particulate matter < 2.5 microns (PM 2.5 ) and physical activity in the association with CVD risk and overall mortality. METHODS We followed 104,990 female participants of the U.S.-based prospective Nurses' Health Study from 1988 to 2008. We used Cox proportional hazards models to assess the independent associations of 24-months moving average residential PM 2.5 exposure and physical activity updated every 4 y and the multiplicative interaction of the two on CVD (myocardial infarction and stroke) risk and overall mortality, after adjusting for demographics and CVD risk factors. RESULTS During 20 years of follow-up, we documented 6,074 incident CVD cases and 9,827 deaths. In fully adjusted models, PM 2.5 exposure was associated with modest increased risks of CVD [hazard ratio (HR) for fifth quintile ≥ 16.5 μ g / m 3 compared to first quintile < 10.7 μ g / m 3 : 1.09, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.99, 1.20; p trend = 0.05 ] and overall mortality (HR fifth compared to first quintile: 1.10, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.19; p trend = 0.07 ). Higher overall physical activity was associated with substantially lower risk of CVD [HR fourth quartile, which was ≥ 24.4 metabolic equivalent of task (MET)-h/wk, compared to first quartile (< 3.7 MET-h / wk ): 0.61, 95% CI: 0.57, 0.66; p t r e n d < 0.0001 ] and overall mortality (HR fourth compared to first quartile: 0.40, 95% CI: 0.37, 0.42; p t r e n d < 0.0001 ). We observed no statistically significant interactions between PM 2.5 exposure and physical activity (overall, walking, vigorous activity) in association with CVD risk and overall mortality. DISCUSSION In this study of U.S. women, we observed no multiplicative interaction between long-term PM 2.5 exposure and physical activity; higher physical activity was strongly associated with lower CVD risk and overall mortality at all levels of PM 2.5 exposure. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP7402.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise G. Elliott
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Francine Laden
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Peter James
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eric B. Rimm
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kathryn M. Rexrode
- Division of Women’s Health, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jaime E. Hart
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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25
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Wyatt LH, Devlin RB, Rappold AG, Case MW, Diaz-Sanchez D. Low levels of fine particulate matter increase vascular damage and reduce pulmonary function in young healthy adults. Part Fibre Toxicol 2020; 17:58. [PMID: 33198760 PMCID: PMC7670817 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-020-00389-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) related mild inflammation, altered autonomic control of cardiovascular function, and changes to cell function have been observed in controlled human exposure studies. Methods To measure the systemic and cardiopulmonary impacts of low-level PM exposure, we exposed 20 healthy, young volunteers to PM2.5, in the form of concentrated ambient particles (mean: 37.8 μg/m3, SD 6.5), and filtered air (mean: 2.1 μg/m3, SD 2.6). In this double-blind, crossover study the exposure order was randomized. During the 4 h exposure, volunteers (7 females and 13 males) underwent light intensity exercise to regulate ventilation rate. We measured pulmonary, cardiac, and hematologic end points before exposure, 1 h after exposure, and again 20 h after exposure. Results Low-level PM2.5 resulted in both pulmonary and extra-pulmonary changes characterized by alterations in systematic inflammation markers, cardiac repolarization, and decreased pulmonary function. A mean increase in PM2.5 concentration (37.8 μg/m3) significantly increased serum amyloid A (SAA), C-reactive protein (CRP), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), 1 h after exposure by 8.7, 9.1, 10.7, and 6.6%, respectively, relative to the filtered air control. SAA remained significantly elevated (34.6%) 20 h after PM2.5 exposure which was accompanied by a 5.7% decrease in percent neutrophils. Decreased pulmonary function was observed 1 h after exposure through a 0.8 and 1.2% decrease in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and FEV1/ forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) respectively. Additionally, sex specific changes were observed in repolarization outcomes following PM2.5 exposure. In males, P-wave and QRS complex were increased by 15.4 and 5.4% 1 h after exposure. Conclusions This study is the first controlled human exposure study to demonstrate biological effects in response to exposure to concentrated ambient air PM2.5 particles at levels near the PM2.5 US NAAQS standard. Clinical trial registration information clinicaltrials.gov; Identifier: NCT03232086. The study was registered retrospectively on July 25, 2017, prior to final data collection on October 25, 2017 and data analysis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12989-020-00389-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren H Wyatt
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Human Studies Facility, United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Research Triangle Park, 104 Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA.
| | - Robert B Devlin
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Human Studies Facility, United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Research Triangle Park, 104 Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
| | - Ana G Rappold
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Human Studies Facility, United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Research Triangle Park, 104 Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
| | - Martin W Case
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Human Studies Facility, United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Research Triangle Park, 104 Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
| | - David Diaz-Sanchez
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Human Studies Facility, United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Research Triangle Park, 104 Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
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26
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Marmett B, Carvalho RB, Dorneles GP, Nunes RB, Rhoden CR. Should I stay or should I go: Can air pollution reduce the health benefits of physical exercise? Med Hypotheses 2020; 144:109993. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Acute effects of short-term exposure to air pollution while being physically active, the potential for modification: A review of the literature. Prev Med 2020; 139:106195. [PMID: 32652130 PMCID: PMC8043242 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The science behind the combined effect of (and possible interaction between) physical activity and air pollution exposure on health endpoints is not well established, despite the fact that independent effects of physical activity and air pollution on health are well known. The objective of this review is to systematically assess the available literature pertaining to exposure to air pollution while being physically active, in order to assess statistical interaction. Articles published during 2000-2020 were identified by searching PubMed, Science Direct, and ProQuest Agricultural & Environmental Science Database for terms encompassing air pollution and exercise/physical activity. Articles were included if they examined the following four scenarios: at rest in clean air, physical activity in clean air, at rest in polluted air, and physical activity in polluted air. Risk of bias assessment was performed on all included articles. We identified 25 articles for inclusion and determined risk of bias was low to moderate. Nine articles identified evidence of statistical interaction between air pollution exposure and physical activity, while 16 identified no such interaction. However, pollutant levels, exercise intensity, and the population studied appeared to influence statistical interaction. Even in low levels of air pollution, low-intensity activities (i.e., walking), may intensify the negative impacts of air pollution, particularly among those with pre-existing conditions. However, among healthy adults, the review suggests that exercise is generally beneficial even in high air pollution environments. Particularly, the review indicates that moderate to high-intensity exercise may neutralize any short-term negative effects of air pollution.
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28
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Pollastri L, Macaluso C, Vinetti G, Tredici G, Lanfranconi F. Follow-up of Acute Respiratory Disorders in Cyclists Competing in the 100th Giro d'Italia. Int J Sports Med 2020; 42:234-240. [PMID: 32920804 DOI: 10.1055/a-1236-3698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Acute respiratory disorder is a common sub-clinical condition affecting elite cyclists. Monitoring the perturbations of the immunological cells in the respiratory tract, indicative of a likely proinflammatory state, during an International Cycling Union world tour is a challenging task. The aim of this study was to follow up on the sign and symptoms of upper way respiratory infections with or without asthma, using non-invasive methods, during a 21-day race (100° Giro d'Italia, 2017). Nine male elite cyclists of the Bahrain Merida Team were evaluated before the training season and daily during the race. Clinical history, skin prick and spirometric test, acute respiratory symptoms were measured using validated questionnaires, and values of fraction of exhaled nitric oxide were collected longitudinally. Four of the 9 athletes had allergies with/or consistent abnormal spirometric curves before the race. During the race, 5 athletes had a fraction of exhaled nitric oxide values >20 ppb which correlated with respiratory symptoms collected through questionnaires. These were related to the environmental characteristics of the places travelled through in the race. The athletes with a predisposition to chronic respiratory inflammation in the pre-competitive season were more likely to develop acute respiratory symptoms during the race.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Giovanni Vinetti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tredici
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca Scuola di Medicina e Chirurgia, Monza, Italy
| | - Francesca Lanfranconi
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca Scuola di Medicina e Chirurgia, Monza, Italy.,Department of Pediatrics, Monza and Brianza Foundation for Children and their Mums, Monza, Italy
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29
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Giles LV, Tebbutt SJ, Carlsten C, Koehle MS. Effects of low-intensity and high-intensity cycling with diesel exhaust exposure on soluble P-selectin, E-selectin, I-CAM-1, VCAM-1 and complete blood count. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2019; 5:e000625. [PMID: 31803496 PMCID: PMC6887503 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to particulate matter 2.5 μm or less (PM2.5) that contains transition metals may play a role in systemic oxidative stress and inflammation. Exposure to diesel exhaust (DE) can increase adhesion molecules, which are important in the inflammatory response; however, it is unclear how exercising in DE affects adhesion molecules and how exercise intensity modulates this response. AIM To determine how DE exposure during exercise of varying intensities affects adhesion molecules and markers of systemic inflammation. METHODS Eighteen males performed 30 min cycling bouts at low intensity and high intensity (30% and 60% of power at VO2peak (peak oxygen consumption) and a control condition (rest)). Each trial was performed once breathing filtered air (FA) and once breathing DE (300 μg/m3 of PM2.5, six trials in total). Prior to, immediately post, 1 and 2 hours post exposure, blood was drawn to measure parameters of a complete blood count and soluble (s) platelet-Selectin, endothelin-Selectin, intracellular cell adhesion molecule (sICAM)-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule (sVCAM)-1. Data were analysed using repeated-measures analysis of variance. RESULTS Two hours following high-intensity exercise, sICAM-1 was significantly less in DE compared with FA (p=0.008). Immediately following rest (p=0.013) and high-intensity exercise (p=0.042) in DE, sICAM-1 was significantly greater than immediately following low-intensity exercise in DE. There were no significant differences in other markers between DE and FA. CONCLUSIONS Based on this study, healthy individuals may not experience an acute increase in adhesion molecules and systemic inflammatory markers from exercising in DE compared with FA, and higher exercise intensities do not appear to increase the likelihood that DE will affect adhesion molecules and systemic inflammatory markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa V Giles
- Sport Science Department, Douglas College, New Westminster, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Kinesiology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Scott J Tebbutt
- Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christopher Carlsten
- Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael S Koehle
- Division of Sport & Exercise Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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30
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Estimating minute ventilation and air pollution inhaled dose using heart rate, breath frequency, age, sex and forced vital capacity: A pooled-data analysis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218673. [PMID: 31287820 PMCID: PMC6615621 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Air pollution inhaled dose is the product of pollutant concentration and minute ventilation ( V˙E). Previous studies have parameterized the relationship between V˙E and variables such as heart rate (HR) and have observed substantial inter-subject variability. In this paper, we evaluate a method to estimate V˙E with easy-to-measure variables in an analysis of pooled-data from eight independent studies. We compiled a large diverse data set that is balanced with respect to age, sex and fitness level. We used linear mixed models to estimate V˙E with HR, breath frequency (fB), age, sex, height, and forced vital capacity (FVC) as predictors. FVC was estimated using the Global Lung Function Initiative method. We log-transformed the dependent and independent variables to produce a model in the form of a power function and assessed model performance using a ten-fold cross-validation procedure. The best performing model using HR as the only field-measured parameter was V˙E = e-9.59HR2.39age0.274sex-0.204FVC0.520 with HR in beats per minute, age in years, sex is 1 for males and 2 for females, FVC in liters, and a median(IQR) cross-validated percent error of 0.664(45.4)%. The best performing model overall was V˙E = e-8.57HR1.72fB0.611age0.298sex-0.206FVC0.614, where fB is breaths per minute, and a median(IQR) percent error of 1.20(37.9)%. The performance of these models is substantially better than any previously-published model when evaluated using this large pooled-data set. We did not observe an independent effect of height on V˙E, nor an effect of race, though this may have been due to insufficient numbers of non-white participants. We did observe an effect of FVC such that these models over- or under-predict V˙E in persons whose measured FVC was substantially lower or higher than estimated FVC, respectively. Although additional measurements are necessary to confirm this finding regarding FVC, we recommend using measured FVC when possible.
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