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Trinchese G, Feola A, Cavaliere G, Cimmino F, Catapano A, Penna E, Scala G, Greco L, Bernardo L, Porcellini A, Crispino M, Pezone A, Mollica MP. Mitochondrial metabolism and neuroinflammation in the cerebral cortex and cortical synapses of rats: effect of milk intake through DNA methylation. J Nutr Biochem 2024; 128:109624. [PMID: 38518858 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2024.109624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Brain plasticity and cognitive functions are tightly influenced by foods or nutrients, which determine a metabolic modulation having a long-term effect on health, involving also epigenetic mechanisms. Breast milk or formula based on cow milk is the first food for human beings, who, throughout their lives, are then exposed to different types of milk. We previously demonstrated that rats fed with milk derived from distinct species, with different compositions and nutritional properties, display selective modulation of systemic metabolic and inflammatory profiles through changes of mitochondrial functions and redox state in liver, skeletal and cardiac muscle. Here, in a rat model, we demonstrated that isoenergetic supplementation of milk from cow (CM), donkey (DM) or human (HM) impacts mitochondrial functions and redox state in the brain cortex and cortical synapses, affecting neuroinflammation and synaptic plasticity. Interestingly, we found that the administration of different milk modulates DNA methylation in rat brain cortex and consequently affects gene expression. Our results emphasize the importance of nutrition in brain and synapse physiology, and highlight the key role played in this context by mitochondria, nutrient-sensitive organelles able to orchestrate metabolic and inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonia Feola
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Gina Cavaliere
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Fabiano Cimmino
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Catapano
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Eduardo Penna
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Scala
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Greco
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Luca Bernardo
- Department of Childhood and Developmental Medicine, Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Marianna Crispino
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | - Antonio Pezone
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | - Maria Pina Mollica
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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2
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Bártová E. Epigenetic and gene therapy in human and veterinary medicine. ENVIRONMENTAL EPIGENETICS 2024; 10:dvae006. [PMID: 38751572 PMCID: PMC11095531 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvae006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Gene therapy is a focus of interest in both human and veterinary medicine, especially in recent years due to the potential applications of CRISPR/Cas9 technology. Another relatively new approach is that of epigenetic therapy, which involves an intervention based on epigenetic marks, including DNA methylation, histone post-translational modifications, and post-transcription modifications of distinct RNAs. The epigenome results from enzymatic reactions, which regulate gene expression without altering DNA sequences. In contrast to conventional CRISP/Cas9 techniques, the recently established methodology of epigenetic editing mediated by the CRISPR/dCas9 system is designed to target specific genes without causing DNA breaks. Both natural epigenetic processes and epigenetic editing regulate gene expression and thereby contribute to maintaining the balance between physiological functions and pathophysiological states. From this perspective, knowledge of specific epigenetic marks has immense potential in both human and veterinary medicine. For instance, the use of epigenetic drugs (chemical compounds with therapeutic potential affecting the epigenome) seems to be promising for the treatment of cancer, metabolic, and infectious diseases. Also, there is evidence that an epigenetic diet (nutrition-like factors affecting epigenome) should be considered as part of a healthy lifestyle and could contribute to the prevention of pathophysiological processes. In summary, epigenetic-based approaches in human and veterinary medicine have increasing significance in targeting aberrant gene expression associated with various diseases. In this case, CRISPR/dCas9, epigenetic targeting, and some epigenetic nutrition factors could contribute to reversing an abnormal epigenetic landscape to a healthy physiological state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Bártová
- Department of Cell Biology and Epigenetics, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, 612 00, the Czech Republic
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3
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Saavedra LPJ, Piovan S, Moreira VM, Gonçalves GD, Ferreira ARO, Ribeiro MVG, Peres MNC, Almeida DL, Raposo SR, da Silva MC, Barbosa LF, de Freitas Mathias PC. Epigenetic programming for obesity and noncommunicable disease: From womb to tomb. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2024; 25:309-324. [PMID: 38040983 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-023-09854-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Several epidemiological, clinical and experimental studies in recent decades have shown the relationship between exposure to stressors during development and health outcomes later in life. The characterization of these susceptible phases, such as preconception, gestation, lactation and adolescence, and the understanding of factors that influence the risk of an adult individual for developing obesity, metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, is the focus of the DOHaD (Developmental Origins of Health and Disease) research line. In this sense, advancements in molecular biology techniques have contributed significantly to the understanding of the mechanisms underlying the observed phenotypes, their morphological and physiological alterations, having as a main driving factor the epigenetic modifications and their consequent modulation of gene expression. The present narrative review aimed to characterize the different susceptible phases of development and associated epigenetic modifications, and their implication in the development of non-communicable diseases. Additionally, we provide useful insights into interventions during development to counteract or prevent long-term programming for disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Paulo Jacinto Saavedra
- Department of Biotechnology, Genetics, and Cellular Biology, State University of Maringá, 5790 Av Colombo, Sala 19, Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Silvano Piovan
- Department of Biotechnology, Genetics, and Cellular Biology, State University of Maringá, 5790 Av Colombo, Sala 19, Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Veridiana Mota Moreira
- Department of Biotechnology, Genetics, and Cellular Biology, State University of Maringá, 5790 Av Colombo, Sala 19, Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Gessica Dutra Gonçalves
- Department of Biotechnology, Genetics, and Cellular Biology, State University of Maringá, 5790 Av Colombo, Sala 19, Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Anna Rebeka Oliveira Ferreira
- Department of Biotechnology, Genetics, and Cellular Biology, State University of Maringá, 5790 Av Colombo, Sala 19, Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Maiara Vanusa Guedes Ribeiro
- Department of Biotechnology, Genetics, and Cellular Biology, State University of Maringá, 5790 Av Colombo, Sala 19, Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Maria Natália Chimirri Peres
- Department of Biotechnology, Genetics, and Cellular Biology, State University of Maringá, 5790 Av Colombo, Sala 19, Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Douglas Lopes Almeida
- Department of Biotechnology, Genetics, and Cellular Biology, State University of Maringá, 5790 Av Colombo, Sala 19, Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Scarlett Rodrigues Raposo
- Department of Biotechnology, Genetics, and Cellular Biology, State University of Maringá, 5790 Av Colombo, Sala 19, Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Mariane Carneiro da Silva
- Department of Biotechnology, Genetics, and Cellular Biology, State University of Maringá, 5790 Av Colombo, Sala 19, Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Letícia Ferreira Barbosa
- Department of Biotechnology, Genetics, and Cellular Biology, State University of Maringá, 5790 Av Colombo, Sala 19, Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Paulo Cezar de Freitas Mathias
- Department of Biotechnology, Genetics, and Cellular Biology, State University of Maringá, 5790 Av Colombo, Sala 19, Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Brazil.
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Zhang JY, Ren CQ, Cao YN, Ren Y, Zou L, Zhou C, Peng LX. Role of MicroRNAs in Dietary Interventions for Obesity and Obesity-Related Diseases. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:14396-14412. [PMID: 37782460 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c03042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and related metabolic syndromes pose a serious threat to human health and quality of life. A proper diet is a safe and effective strategy to prevent and control obesity, thus maintaining overall health. However, no consensus exists on the connotations of proper diet, and it is attributed to various factors, including "nutritional dark matter" and the "matrix effect" of food. Accumulating evidence confirms that obesity is associated with the in vivo levels of miRNAs, which serve as potential markers and regulatory targets for obesity onset and progression; food-derived miRNAs can regulate host obesity by targeting the related genes or gut microbiota across the animal kingdom. Host miRNAs mediate food nutrient-gut microbiota-obesity interactions. Thus, miRNAs are important correlates of diet and obesity onset. This review outlines the recent findings on miRNA-mediated food interventions for obesity, thereby elucidating their potential applications. Overall, we provide new perspectives and views on the evaluation of dietary nutrition, which may bear important implications for dietary control and obesity prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao-Qin Ren
- Aba Teachers University, Wenchuan, Sichuan 623002, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Nan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanhang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Zou
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, People's Republic of China
| | - Lian-Xin Peng
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, People's Republic of China
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Xue Q, Huang Y, Cheng C, Wang Y, Liao F, Duan Q, Wang X, Miao C. Progress in epigenetic regulation of milk synthesis, with particular emphasis on mRNA regulation and DNA methylation. Cell Cycle 2023; 22:1675-1693. [PMID: 37409592 PMCID: PMC10446801 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2023.2225939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inadequate milk secretion and a lack of nutrients in humans and mammals are serious problems. It is of great significance to clarify the mechanisms of milk synthesis and treatment methods. Epigenetic modification, represented by RNA methylation, is an important way of gene expression regulation that profoundly affects human gene expression and participates in various physiological and pathological mechanisms. Epigenetic disorders also have an important impact on the production and secretion of milk. This review systematically summarized the research results of epigenetics in the process of lactation in PubMed, Web of Science, NSTL, and other databases and reviewed the effects of epigenetics on human and mammalian lactation, including miRNAs, circRNAs, lncRNAs, DNA methylations, and RNA methylations. The abnormal expression of miRNAs was closely related to the synthesis and secretion of milk fat, milk protein, and other nutrients in the milk of cattle, sheep, and other mammals. MiRNAs are also involved in the synthesis of human milk and the secretion of nutrients. CircRNAs and lncRNAs mainly target miRNAs and regulate the synthesis of nutrients in milk by ceRNA mechanisms. The abnormal expression of DNA and RNA methylation also has an important impact on milk synthesis. Epigenetic modification has the potential to regulate the milk synthesis of breast epithelial cells. Analyzing the mechanisms of human and mammalian milk secretion deficiency and nutrient deficiency from the perspective of epigenetics will provide a new perspective for the treatment of postpartum milk deficiency in pregnant women and mammalian milk secretion deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyun Xue
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Yurong Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Chenglong Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Faxue Liao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Public Health Clinical Center, Hefei, China
| | - Qiangjun Duan
- Department of Experimental (Practical Training) Teaching Center, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Clinical Nursing, School of Nursing, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Chenggui Miao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Institute of Rheumatism, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
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6
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Liang Y, Wang H, Wu B, Peng N, Yu D, Wu X, Zhong X. The emerging role of N 6-methyladenine RNA methylation in metal ion metabolism and metal-induced carcinogenesis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023:121897. [PMID: 37244530 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
N6-methyladenine (m6A) is the most common and abundant internal modification in eukaryotic mRNAs, which can regulate gene expression and perform important biological tasks. Metal ions participate in nucleotide biosynthesis and repair, signal transduction, energy generation, immune defense, and other important metabolic processes. However, long-term environmental and occupational exposure to metals through food, air, soil, water, and industry can result in toxicity, serious health problems, and cancer. Recent evidence indicates dynamic and reversible m6A modification modulates various metal ion metabolism, such as iron absorption, calcium uptake and transport. In turn, environmental heavy metal can alter m6A modification by directly affecting catalytic activity and expression level of methyltransferases and demethylases, or through reactive oxygen species, eventually disrupting normal biological function and leading to diseases. Therefore, m6A RNA methylation may play a bridging role in heavy metal pollution-induced carcinogenesis. This review discusses interaction among heavy metal, m6A, and metal ions metabolism, and their regulatory mechanism, focuses on the role of m6A methylation and heavy metal pollution in cancer. Finally, the role of nutritional therapy that targeting m6A methylation to prevent metal ion metabolism disorder-induced cancer is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxu Liang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Bencheng Wu
- Anyou Biotechnology Group Co., LTD., Taicang, 215437, China
| | - Ning Peng
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Dongming Yu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiang Zhong
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Abbas MA, Al-Saigh NN, Saqallah FG. Regulation of adipogenesis by exosomal milk miRNA. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2023; 24:297-316. [PMID: 36692804 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-023-09788-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Milk is a rich source of miRNA packaged in exosomes. Evidence for the systemic uptake and tissue distribution of milk exosomes was reported in newborn and adult humans and animals. Breastfeeding in infants was associated with a reduced risk of obesity. Numerous adipogenesis-related miRNAs have been detected in human milk exosomes. It has been demonstrated that ingested exosomal milk miRNAs may alter gene expression in offspring to regulate their metabolism and growth. In humans, consumption of other species' milk, such as cows and goats, is continued through adulthood. Since miRNAs are conserved, the concern of cross-species transfer of adipogenic miRNA has been raised in recent years, and the increase in obesity worldwide was attributed partially to dairy milk consumption by humans. However, evidence is still weak. Research emphasizes the need for an adequate number of exosomal milk's miRNAs to reach the target cell for biological action to be achieved. It was reported that obese women's milk had less miRNA-148a and miRNA-30b, which may affect the fat acquisition of their babies. Some exosomal milk miRNAs, such as miRNA-29, miRNA-148, miRNA-30b and miRNA-125b, may have epigenetic effects on milk recipients. Moreover, the ability of milk exosomes to cross the gastrointestinal barrier makes them a promising oral drug delivery tool. Yet, exosomes may also be tagged with specific ligands which target certain tissues. Thus, milk exosomes can be engineered and loaded with certain miRNAs responsible for adipocyte differentiation, conversion, or browning. Modifications in the miRNA cargo of exosomes can benefit human health and be an alternative to traditional drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal A Abbas
- Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, 19328, Jordan.
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, 19328, Jordan.
| | - Noor Nadhim Al-Saigh
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Ibn Sina University for Medical Siences, Amman, 11104, Jordan
| | - Fadi G Saqallah
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
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Weil PP, Reincke S, Hirsch CA, Giachero F, Aydin M, Scholz J, Jönsson F, Hagedorn C, Nguyen DN, Thymann T, Pembaur A, Orth V, Wünsche V, Jiang PP, Wirth S, Jenke ACW, Sangild PT, Kreppel F, Postberg J. Uncovering the gastrointestinal passage, intestinal epithelial cellular uptake and AGO2 loading of milk miRNAs in neonates using xenomiRs as tracers. Am J Clin Nutr 2023:S0002-9165(23)46299-5. [PMID: 36963568 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human breast milk has a high microRNA (miRNA) content. It remains unknown whether and how milk miRNAs might affect intestinal gene regulation and homeostasis of the developing microbiome after initiation of enteral nutrition. However, this requires that relevant milk miRNA amounts survive gastrointestinal passage, are taken up by cells, and become available to the RNA interference (RNAi) machinery. It seems important to dissect the fate of these miRNAs after oral ingestion and gastrointestinal passage. OBJECTIVE Our goal was to analyze the potential transmissibility of milk miRNAs via the gastrointestinal system in neonate humans and a porcine model in vivo to contribute to the discussion whether milk miRNAs could influence gene regulation in neonates and thus might vertically transmit developmental relevant signals. DESIGN We performed cross-species profiling of miRNAs via deep-sequencing and utilized dietary xenobiotic taxon-specific milk miRNA (xenomiRs) as tracers in human and porcine neonates, followed by functional studies in primary human fetal intestinal epithelial cells (HIEC-6) using Ad5-mediated miRNA-gene transfer. RESULTS Mammals share many milk miRNAs yet exhibit taxon-specific miRNA fingerprints. We traced bovine-specific miRNAs from formula-nutrition in human preterm stool and 9 days after onset of enteral feeding in intestinal cells of preterm piglets. Thereafter, several xenomiRs accumulated in the intestinal cells. Moreover, few hours after introducing enteral feeding in preterm piglets with supplemented reporter miRNAs (cel-miR-39-5p/-3p), we observed their enrichment in blood serum and in AGO2-immunocomplexes from intestinal biopsies. CONCLUSIONS Milk-derived miRNAs survived gastrointestinal passage in human and porcine neonates. Bovine-specific miRNAs accumulated in intestinal cells of preterm piglets after enteral feeding with bovine colostrum/formula. In piglets, colostrum supplementation with cel-miR-39-5p/-3p resulted in increased blood levels of cel-miR-39-3p and argonaute RISC catalytic component 2 (AGO2) loading in intestinal cells. This suggests the possibility of vertical transmission of miRNA signaling from milk through the neonatal digestive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Philipp Weil
- Clinical Molecular Genetics and Epigenetics, Faculty of Health, Centre for Biomedical Education & Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, Alfred-Herrhausen-Str. 50, 58448 Witten, Germany.
| | - Susanna Reincke
- Clinical Molecular Genetics and Epigenetics, Faculty of Health, Centre for Biomedical Education & Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, Alfred-Herrhausen-Str. 50, 58448 Witten, Germany.
| | - Christian Alexander Hirsch
- Clinical Molecular Genetics and Epigenetics, Faculty of Health, Centre for Biomedical Education & Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, Alfred-Herrhausen-Str. 50, 58448 Witten, Germany.
| | - Federica Giachero
- Clinical Molecular Genetics and Epigenetics, Faculty of Health, Centre for Biomedical Education & Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, Alfred-Herrhausen-Str. 50, 58448 Witten, Germany.
| | - Malik Aydin
- Clinical Molecular Genetics and Epigenetics, Faculty of Health, Centre for Biomedical Education & Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, Alfred-Herrhausen-Str. 50, 58448 Witten, Germany; HELIOS University Hospital Wuppertal, Children's Hospital, Centre for Clinical & Translational Research (CCTR), Witten/Herdecke University, Heusnerstr. 40, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany.
| | - Jonas Scholz
- Chair of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health, Centre for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, Stockumer Str. 10, 58453 Witten, Germany.
| | - Franziska Jönsson
- Chair of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health, Centre for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, Stockumer Str. 10, 58453 Witten, Germany.
| | - Claudia Hagedorn
- Chair of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health, Centre for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, Stockumer Str. 10, 58453 Witten, Germany.
| | - Duc Ninh Nguyen
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Thomas Thymann
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Anton Pembaur
- Clinical Molecular Genetics and Epigenetics, Faculty of Health, Centre for Biomedical Education & Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, Alfred-Herrhausen-Str. 50, 58448 Witten, Germany.
| | - Valerie Orth
- HELIOS University Hospital Wuppertal, Department of Surgery II, Centre for Clinical & Translational Research (CCTR), Witten/Herdecke University, Heusnerstr. 40, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany.
| | - Victoria Wünsche
- Clinical Molecular Genetics and Epigenetics, Faculty of Health, Centre for Biomedical Education & Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, Alfred-Herrhausen-Str. 50, 58448 Witten, Germany.
| | - Ping-Ping Jiang
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Stefan Wirth
- HELIOS University Hospital Wuppertal, Children's Hospital, Centre for Clinical & Translational Research (CCTR), Witten/Herdecke University, Heusnerstr. 40, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany.
| | - Andreas C W Jenke
- Klinikum Kassel, Zentrum für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Neonatologie und allgemeine Pädiatrie, Mönchebergstr. 41-43, 34125 Kassel, Germany.
| | - Per Torp Sangild
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Florian Kreppel
- Chair of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health, Centre for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, Stockumer Str. 10, 58453 Witten, Germany.
| | - Jan Postberg
- Clinical Molecular Genetics and Epigenetics, Faculty of Health, Centre for Biomedical Education & Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, Alfred-Herrhausen-Str. 50, 58448 Witten, Germany.
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9
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Melnik BC, John SM, Carrera-Bastos P, Cordain L, Leitzmann C, Weiskirchen R, Schmitz G. The Role of Cow's Milk Consumption in Breast Cancer Initiation and Progression. Curr Nutr Rep 2023; 12:122-140. [PMID: 36729355 PMCID: PMC9974716 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-023-00457-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review evaluates cow milk's impact on breast carcinogenesis by linking recent epidemiological evidence and new insights into the molecular signaling of milk and its constituents in breast cancer (BCa) pathogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS Recent prospective cohort studies support the association between cow's milk consumption and the risk of estrogen receptor-α-positive (ER+) BCa. Milk is a complex biological fluid that increases systemic insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), insulin and estrogen signaling, and interacting hormonal promoters of BCa. Further potential oncogenic components of commercial milk include exosomal microRNAs (miR-148a-3p, miR-21-5p), bovine meat and milk factors, aflatoxin M1, bisphenol A, pesticides, and micro- and nanoplastics. Individuals with BRCA1 loss-of-function mutations and FTO and IGF1 gain-of-function polymorphisms enhancing IGF-1/mTORC1 signaling may be at increased risk for milk-induced ER+ BCa. Recent prospective epidemiological and pathobiochemical studies identify commercial milk consumption as a critical risk factor of ER+ BCa. Large meta-analyses gathering individuals of different ethnic origins with milk derived from dairy cows of varying genetic backgrounds and diverse feeding procedures as well as missing data on thermal processing of milk (pasteurization versus ultra-heat treatment) make multi-national meta-analyses unsuitable for BCa risk estimations in susceptible populations. Future studies are required that consider all vulnerable periods of breast carcinogenesis to cow's milk exposure, beginning during the perinatal period and puberty, since these are the most critical periods of mammary gland morphogenesis. Notwithstanding the need for better studies including detailed information on milk processing and vulnerable periods of human breast carcinogenesis, the available evidence suggests that dietary guidelines on milk consumption may have to be reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, D-49076, Osnabrück, Germany.
| | - Swen Malte John
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, D-49076, Osnabrück, Germany
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatological Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm) at the University of Osnabrück, Lower-Saxonian Institute of Occupational Dermatology (NIB), Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Pedro Carrera-Bastos
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University/Region Skåne, Skåne University Hospital, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
- Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Nutrición (CEAN), 11007, Cádiz, Spain
| | | | - Claus Leitzmann
- Institute of Nutrition, University of Giessen, 35390, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Gerd Schmitz
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of Regensburg, University of Regensburg, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
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Shandilya UK, Sharma A, Naylor D, Canovas A, Mallard B, Karrow NA. Expression Profile of miRNA from High, Middle, and Low Stress-Responding Sheep during Bacterial Endotoxin Challenge. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030508. [PMID: 36766397 PMCID: PMC9913542 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals respond to stress by activating a wide array of physiological and behavioral responses that are collectively referred to as the stress response. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, noncoding RNAs that play key roles in the regulation of homeostasis. There are many reports demonstrating examples of stress-induced miRNA expression profiles. The aim of this study was to determine the circulatory miRNA profile of variable stress-responding lambs (n = 112) categorized based on their cortisol levels as high (HSR, 336.2 ± 27.9 nmol/L), middle (MSR, 147.3 ±9.5 nmol/L), and low (LSR, 32.1 ± 10.4 nmol/L) stress responders post-LPS challenge (400 ng/kg iv). Blood was collected from the jugular vein at 0 (T0) and 4 h (T4) post-LPS challenge, and miRNAs were isolated from four animals from each group. An array of 84 miRNAs and 6 individual miRNAs were evaluated using qPCR. Among 90 miRNAs, there were 48 differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs (log fold change (FC) > 2 < log FC) in the HSR group, 46 in the MSR group, and 49 in the LSR group compared with T0 (control) samples. In the HSR group, three miRNAs, miR-485-5p, miR-1193-5p, and miR-3957-5p were significantly (p < 0.05) upregulated, while seven miRNAs, miR-376b-3p, miR-376c-3p, miR-411b-5p, miR-376a-3p, miR-376b-3p, miR-376c-3p, and miR-381-3p, were downregulated (p < 0.05) as compared to the LSR and MSR groups. Functional analysis of DE miRNAs revealed their roles in Ras and MAPK signaling, cytokine signaling, the adaptive immune system, and transcription pathways in the HSR phenotype, implicating a hyper-induced acute-phase response. In contrast, in the LSR group, enriched pathways included glucagon signaling metabolic regulation, the transportation of amino acids and ions, and the integration of energy metabolism. Taken together, these results indicate variation in the acute-phase response to an immune stress challenge, and these miRNAs are implicated in regulating responses within cortisol-based phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesh K. Shandilya
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Ankita Sharma
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Danielle Naylor
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Angela Canovas
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Bonnie Mallard
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Niel A. Karrow
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Correspondence:
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11
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Petri BJ, Klinge CM. m6A readers, writers, erasers, and the m6A epitranscriptome in breast cancer. J Mol Endocrinol 2023; 70:JME-22-0110. [PMID: 36367225 PMCID: PMC9790079 DOI: 10.1530/jme-22-0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Epitranscriptomic modification of RNA regulates human development, health, and disease. The true diversity of the transcriptome in breast cancer including chemical modification of transcribed RNA (epitranscriptomics) is not well understood due to limitations of technology and bioinformatic analysis. N-6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant epitranscriptomic modification of mRNA and regulates splicing, stability, translation, and intracellular localization of transcripts depending on m6A association with reader RNA-binding proteins. m6A methylation is catalyzed by the METTL3 complex and removed by specific m6A demethylase ALKBH5, with the role of FTO as an 'eraser' uncertain. In this review, we provide an overview of epitranscriptomics related to mRNA and focus on m6A in mRNA and its detection. We summarize current knowledge on altered levels of writers, readers, and erasers of m6A and their roles in breast cancer and their association with prognosis. We summarize studies identifying m6A peaks and sites in genes in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda J. Petri
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine; Louisville, KY 40292 USA
| | - Carolyn M. Klinge
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine; Louisville, KY 40292 USA
- University of Louisville Center for Integrative Environmental Health Sciences (CIEHS)
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12
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Abruzzese GA, Arbocco FCV, Ferrer MJ, Silva AF, Motta AB. Role of Hormones During Gestation and Early Development: Pathways Involved in Developmental Programming. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1428:31-70. [PMID: 37466768 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-32554-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that an altered maternal milieu and environmental insults during the intrauterine and perinatal periods of life affect the developing organism, leading to detrimental long-term outcomes and often to adult pathologies through programming effects. Hormones, together with growth factors, play critical roles in the regulation of maternal-fetal and maternal-neonate interfaces, and alterations in any of them may lead to programming effects on the developing organism. In this chapter, we will review the role of sex steroids, thyroid hormones, and insulin-like growth factors, as crucial factors involved in physiological processes during pregnancy and lactation, and their role in developmental programming effects during fetal and early neonatal life. Also, we will consider epidemiological evidence and data from animal models of altered maternal hormonal environments and focus on the role of different tissues in the establishment of maternal and fetus/infant interaction. Finally, we will identify unresolved questions and discuss potential future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle Adriana Abruzzese
- Laboratorio de Fisio-patología ovárica, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fiorella Campo Verde Arbocco
- Laboratorio de Hormonas y Biología del Cáncer, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Reproducción y Lactancia, IMBECU, CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Mendoza, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - María José Ferrer
- Laboratorio de Fisio-patología ovárica, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Aimé Florencia Silva
- Laboratorio de Fisio-patología ovárica, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia Beatriz Motta
- Laboratorio de Fisio-patología ovárica, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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13
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Gao L, Zhang Y, Liu J, Li X, Sang Y, Zhou G, Xue J, Jing L, Shi Z, Wei J, Lu X, Zhou X. Fat mass and obesity-associated gene (FTO) hypermethylation induced by decabromodiphenyl ethane causing cardiac dysfunction via glucolipid metabolism disorder. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 237:113534. [PMID: 35462195 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) is a major alternative to BDE-209 owing to its lower toxicity. However, the mass production and increased consumption of DBDPE in recent years have raised concerns related to its adverse health effects. However, the effect and mechanism of DBDPE on cardiotoxicity have rarely been studied. In the present study, we investigated the impacts of DBDPE on the cardiovascular system in male SD rats and then explored the underlying mechanisms to explain the cardiotoxicity of DBDPE using AC16 cells. Under in vivo conditions, male rats were administered with an oral dosage of DBDPE at 0, 5, 50, and 500 mg/kg/day for 28 days, respectively. Histopathological analysis demonstrated that DBDPE induced cardiomyocyte injury and fibrosis, and ultrastructural observation revealed that DBDPE could induce mitochondria damage and dissolution. DBDPE could thus decrease the level of MYH6 and increase the level of SERCA2, which are the two key proteins involved in the maintenance of homeostasis during myocardial contractile and diastolic processes. Furthermore, DBDPE could increase the serum levels of glucose and low-density lipoprotein but decrease the content of high-density lipoprotein. In addition, DBDPE could activate the PI3K/AKT/GLUT2 and PPARγ/RXRα signaling pathways in AC16 cells. In addition, DBDPE decreased the UCP2 level and ATP synthesis in mitochondria both under in vitro and in vivo conditions, consequently leading to apoptosis via the Cytochrome C/Caspase-9/Caspase-3 pathway. Bisulfite sequencing PCR (BSP) identified the hypermethylation status of fat mass and obesity-associated gene (FTO). 5-aza exerted the opposite effects on the PI3K/AKT/GLUT2, PPARγ/RXRα, and Cytochrome C/Caspase-9/Caspase-3 signaling pathways induced by DBDPE in AC16 cells. In addition, the DBDPE-treated altered levels of UCP2, ATP, and apoptosis were also found to be significantly reversed by 5-aza in AC16 cells. These results suggested that FTO hypermethylation played a regulative role in the pathological process of DBDPE-induced glycolipid metabolism disorder, thereby contributing to the dysfunction of myocardial contraction and relaxation through cardiomyocytes fibrosis and apoptosis via the mitochondrial-mediated apoptotic pathway resulting from mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leqiang Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Department of Toxicology and Hygienic Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Department of Toxicology and Hygienic Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jianhui Liu
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100026, China
| | - Xiangyang Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Department of Toxicology and Hygienic Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yujian Sang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Department of Toxicology and Hygienic Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Guiqing Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Department of Toxicology and Hygienic Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jinglong Xue
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Department of Toxicology and Hygienic Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Li Jing
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Department of Toxicology and Hygienic Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zhixiong Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Department of Toxicology and Hygienic Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jialiu Wei
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Epidemiology & Department of Epidemiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China.
| | - Xiangfeng Lu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Epidemiology & Department of Epidemiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Xianqing Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Department of Toxicology and Hygienic Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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Abstract
Exosomes are natural nanoparticles that originate in the endocytic system. Exosomes play an important role in cell-to-cell communication by transferring RNAs, lipids, and proteins from donor cells to recipient cells or by binding to receptors on the recipient cell surface. The concentration of exosomes and the diversity of cargos are high in milk. Exosomes and their cargos resist degradation in the gastrointestinal tract and during processing of milk in dairy plants. They are absorbed and accumulate in tissues following oral administrations, cross the blood-brain barrier, and dietary depletion and supplementation elicit phenotypes. These features have sparked the interest of the nutrition and pharmacology communities for exploring milk exosomes as novel bioactive food compounds and for delivering drugs to diseased tissues. This review discusses the current knowledgebase, uncertainties, and controversies in these lines of scholarly endeavor and health research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Ngu
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Shu Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Haichuan Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Afsana Khanam
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Janos Zempleni
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
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15
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Askenase PW. Exosomes provide unappreciated carrier effects that assist transfers of their miRNAs to targeted cells; I. They are 'The Elephant in the Room'. RNA Biol 2021; 18:2038-2053. [PMID: 33944671 PMCID: PMC8582996 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2021.1885189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV), such as exosomes, are emerging biologic entities that mediate important newly recognized functional effects. Exosomes are intracellular endosome-originating, cell-secreted, small nano-size EV. They can transfer cargo molecules like miRNAs to act intracellularly in targeted acceptor cells, to then mediate epigenetic functional alterations. Exosomes among EV, are universal nanoparticles of life that are present across all species. Some critics mistakenly hold exosomes to concepts and standards of cells, whereas they are subcellular nanospheres that are a million times smaller, have neither nuclei nor mitochondria, are far less complex and currently cannot be studied deeply and elegantly by many and diverse technologies developed for cells over many years. There are important concerns about the seeming impossibility of biologically significant exosome transfers of very small amounts of miRNAs resulting in altered targeted cell functions. These hesitations are based on current canonical concepts developed for non-physiological application of miRNAs alone, or artificial non-quantitative genetic expression. Not considered is that the natural physiologic intercellular transit via exosomes can contribute numerous augmenting carrier effects to functional miRNA transfers. Some of these are particularly stimulated complex extracellular and intracellular physiologic processes activated in the exosome acceptor cells that can crucially influence the intracellular effects of the transferred miRNAs. These can lead to molecular chemical changes altering DNA expression for mediating functional changes of the targeted cells. Such exosome mediated molecular transfers of epigenetic functional alterations, are the most exciting and life-altering property that these nano EV bring to virtually all of biology and medicine. .Abbreviations: Ab, Antibody Ag Antigen; APC, Antigen presenting cells; CS, contact sensitivity; DC, Dendritic cells; DTH, Delayed-type hypersensitivity; EV, extracellular vesicles; EV, Extracellular vesicle; FLC, Free light chains of antibodies; GI, gastrointestinal; IP, Intraperitoneal administration; IV, intravenous administration; OMV, Outer membrane vesicles released by bacteria; PE, Phos-phatidylethanolamine; PO, oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip W. Askenase
- Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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16
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Yan Y, Peng J, Liang Q, Ren X, Cai Y, Peng B, Chen X, Wang X, Yi Q, Xu Z. Dynamic m6A-ncRNAs association and their impact on cancer pathogenesis, immune regulation and therapeutic response. Genes Dis 2021; 10:135-150. [PMID: 37013031 PMCID: PMC10066278 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Several types of modifications have been proven to participate in the metabolism and processing of different RNA types, including non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). N-6-methyladenosine (m6A) is a dynamic and reversible RNA modification that is closely involved in the ncRNA homeostasis, and serves as a crucial regulator for multiple cancer-associated signaling pathways. The ncRNAs usually regulate the epigenetic modification, mRNA transcription and other biological processes, displaying enormous roles in human cancers. In this review, we summarized the significant implications of m6A-ncRNA interaction in various types of cancers. In particular, the interplay between m6A and ncRNAs in cancer pathogenesis and therapeutic resistance are being widely recognized. We also discussed the relevance of m6A-ncRNA interaction in immune regulation, followed by the interference on cancer immunotherapeutic procedures. In addition, we briefly highlighted the computation tools that could identify the accurate features of m6A methylome among ncRNAs. In summary, this review would pave the way for a better understanding of the biological functions of m6A-ncRNA crosstalk in cancer research and treatment.
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17
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Masoud Abd El Gayed E, Kamal El Din Zewain S, Ragheb A, ElNaidany SS. Fat mass and obesity-associated gene expression and disease severity in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Steroids 2021; 174:108897. [PMID: 34358558 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2021.108897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Obesity and visceral adiposity are major risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene is associated with increased risk of obesity and T2DM. The aim of this work was to study the association between FTO gene expression and serum FTO protein level with disease severity in T2DM patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS One hundred T2DM patients were divided into two equal groups according to diabetes control and complications and fifty healthy controls were included in this study. FTO messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression level was analyzed by Real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique and serum level of FTO protein was measured by ELISA. RESULTS FTO gene expression and FTO protein levels were increased in the two T2DM groups compared to the control group with significant further increases in patients with severe disease. FTO gene expression and FTO protein levels were positively correlated with obesity, insulin resistance and blood glucose indices as well as the presence of diabetic complications. Regression analyses showed that FTO gene expression and FTO protein levels were risk factors for T2DM severity. CONCLUSIONS Increased FTO gene expression and its serum protein levels are associated with increased T2DM severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Masoud Abd El Gayed
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Egypt
| | | | - Ahmed Ragheb
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Egypt
| | - Sherin Sobhy ElNaidany
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Egypt.
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18
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Adriano B, Cotto NM, Chauhan N, Jaggi M, Chauhan SC, Yallapu MM. Milk exosomes: Nature's abundant nanoplatform for theranostic applications. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:2479-2490. [PMID: 33553829 PMCID: PMC7856328 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are a unique subpopulation of naturally occurring extracellular vesicles which are smaller intracellular membrane nanoparticle vesicles. Exosomes have proven to be excellent nanocarriers for carrying lipids, proteins, mRNAs, non-coding RNAs, and DNAs, and disseminating long-distance intercellular communications in various biological processes. Among various cell-line or biological fluid derived exosomes, milk exosomes are abundant in nature and exhibit many nanocarrier characteristics favorable for theranostic applications. To be an effective delivery carrier for their clinical translation, exosomes must inbuilt loading, release, targeting, and imaging/tracking characteristics. Considering the unmet gaps of milk exosomes in theranostic technology it is essential to focus the current review on drug delivery and imaging applications. This review delineates the efficiency of exosomes to load therapeutic or imaging agents and their successful delivery approaches. It is emphasized on possible modifications of exosomes towards increasing the stability and delivery of agents. This article also summarizes the specific applications and the process of developing milk exosomes as a future pharmaceutical drug delivery vehicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benilde Adriano
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, 78504, USA
- South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, 78504, USA
| | - Nycol M. Cotto
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, 78504, USA
- South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, 78504, USA
| | - Neeraj Chauhan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, 78504, USA
- South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, 78504, USA
| | - Meena Jaggi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, 78504, USA
- South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, 78504, USA
| | - Subhash C. Chauhan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, 78504, USA
- South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, 78504, USA
| | - Murali M. Yallapu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, 78504, USA
- South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, 78504, USA
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19
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Zheng F, Du F, Zhao J, Wang X, Si Y, Jin P, Qian H, Xu B, Yuan P. The emerging role of RNA N6-methyladenosine methylation in breast cancer. Biomark Res 2021; 9:39. [PMID: 34044876 PMCID: PMC8161983 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-021-00295-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification is the most prevalent internal mRNA modification and is involved in many biological processes in eukaryotes. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that m6A may play either a promoting or suppressing role in breast cancer, including in tumorigenesis, metastasis and angiogenesis. In this review, we summarize the latest research progress on the biological function and prognostic value of m6A modification in breast cancer, as well as potential related therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangchao Zheng
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Feng Du
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), The VIPII Gastrointestinal Cancer Division of Medical Department, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Jiuda Zhao
- Breast Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University & Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, 810000, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of VIP Medical Services, National Cancer Centre/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yiran Si
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Peng Jin
- Department of Surgery, National Cancer Centre/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Haili Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Hospital/Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Binghe Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Peng Yuan
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Beijing, 100021, China. .,Department of VIP Medical Services, National Cancer Centre/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
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20
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Melnik BC, Schmitz G. Pasteurized non-fermented cow's milk but not fermented milk is a promoter of mTORC1-driven aging and increased mortality. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 67:101270. [PMID: 33571703 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent epidemiological studies in Sweden, a country with traditionally high milk consumption, revealed that the intake of non-fermented pasteurized milk increased all-cause mortality in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, the majority of epidemiological and clinical studies report beneficial health effects of fermented milk products, especially of yogurt. It is the intention of this review to delineate potential molecular aging mechanisms related to the intake of non-fermented milk versus yogurt on the basis of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling. Non-fermented pasteurized milk via its high bioavailability of insulinotropic branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), abundance of lactose (glucosyl-galactose) and bioactive exosomal microRNAs (miRs) enhances mTORC1 signaling, which shortens lifespan and increases all-cause mortality. In contrast, fermentation-associated lactic acid bacteria metabolize BCAAs and degrade galactose and milk exosomes including their mTORC1-activating microRNAs. The Industrial Revolution, with the introduction of pasteurization and refrigeration of milk, restricted the action of beneficial milk-fermenting bacteria, which degrade milk's BCAAs, galactose and bioactive miRs that synergistically activate mTORC1. This unrecognized behavior change in humans after the Neolithic revolution increased aging-related over-activation of mTORC1 signaling in humans, who persistently consume large quantities of non-fermented pasteurized cow's milk, a potential risk factor for aging and all-cause mortality.
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Abstract
This review provides epidemiological and translational evidence for milk and dairy intake as critical risk factors in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Large epidemiological studies in the United States and Europe identified total dairy, milk and butter intake with the exception of yogurt as independent risk factors of HCC. Enhanced activity of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is a hallmark of HCC promoted by hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). mTORC1 is also activated by milk protein-induced synthesis of hepatic insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), abundant constituents of milk proteins. Over the last decades, annual milk protein-derived BCAA intake increased 3 to 5 times in Western countries. In synergy with HBV- and HCV-induced secretion of hepatocyte-derived exosomes enriched in microRNA-21 (miR-21) and miR-155, exosomes of pasteurized milk as well deliver these oncogenic miRs to the human liver. Thus, milk exosomes operate in a comparable fashion to HBV- or HCV- induced exosomes. Milk-derived miRs synergistically enhance IGF-1-AKT-mTORC1 signaling and promote mTORC1-dependent translation, a meaningful mechanism during the postnatal growth phase, but a long-term adverse effect promoting the development of HCC. Both, dietary BCAA abundance combined with oncogenic milk exosome exposure persistently overstimulate hepatic mTORC1. Chronic alcohol consumption as well as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), two HCC-related conditions, increase BCAA plasma levels. In HCC, mTORC1 is further hyperactivated due to RAB1 mutations as well as impaired hepatic BCAA catabolism, a metabolic hallmark of T2DM. The potential HCC-preventive effect of yogurt may be caused by lactobacilli-mediated degradation of BCAAs, inhibition of branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase via production of intestinal medium-chain fatty acids as well as degradation of milk exosomes including their oncogenic miRs. A restriction of total animal protein intake realized by a vegetable-based diet is recommended for the prevention of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
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Melnik BC. Lifetime Impact of Cow's Milk on Overactivation of mTORC1: From Fetal to Childhood Overgrowth, Acne, Diabetes, Cancers, and Neurodegeneration. Biomolecules 2021; 11:404. [PMID: 33803410 PMCID: PMC8000710 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The consumption of cow's milk is a part of the basic nutritional habits of Western industrialized countries. Recent epidemiological studies associate the intake of cow's milk with an increased risk of diseases, which are associated with overactivated mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling. This review presents current epidemiological and translational evidence linking milk consumption to the regulation of mTORC1, the master-switch for eukaryotic cell growth. Epidemiological studies confirm a correlation between cow's milk consumption and birthweight, body mass index, onset of menarche, linear growth during childhood, acne vulgaris, type 2 diabetes mellitus, prostate cancer, breast cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, neurodegenerative diseases, and all-cause mortality. Thus, long-term persistent consumption of cow's milk increases the risk of mTORC1-driven diseases of civilization. Milk is a highly conserved, lactation genome-controlled signaling system that functions as a maternal-neonatal relay for optimized species-specific activation of mTORC1, the nexus for regulation of eukaryotic cell growth, and control of autophagy. A deeper understanding of milk´s impact on mTORC1 signaling is of critical importance for the prevention of common diseases of civilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Am Finkenhügel 7a, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany
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Chen YS, Ouyang XP, Yu XH, Novák P, Zhou L, He PP, Yin K. N6-Adenosine Methylation (m 6A) RNA Modification: an Emerging Role in Cardiovascular Diseases. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2021; 14:857-872. [PMID: 33630241 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-021-10108-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant and prevalent epigenetic modification of mRNA in mammals. This dynamic modification is regulated by m6A methyltransferases and demethylases, which control the fate of target mRNAs through influencing splicing, translation and decay. Recent studies suggest that m6A modification plays an important role in the progress of cardiac remodeling and cardiomyocyte contractile function. However, the exact roles of m6A in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have not been fully explained. In this review, we summarize the current roles of the m6A methylation in the progress of CVDs, such as cardiac remodeling, heart failure, atherosclerosis (AS), and congenital heart disease. Furthermore, we seek to explore the potential risk mechanisms of m6A in CVDs, including obesity, inflammation, adipogenesis, insulin resistance (IR), hypertension, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which may provide novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Shi Chen
- School of Nursing, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Diabetic Systems Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541100, China
| | - Xin-Ping Ouyang
- Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, Department of Physiology, The Neuroscience Institute, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Yu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 460106, Hainan, China
| | - Petr Novák
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Diabetic Systems Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541100, China
| | - Le Zhou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Diabetic Systems Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541100, China
| | - Ping-Ping He
- School of Nursing, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China.
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China.
| | - Kai Yin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Diabetic Systems Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541100, China.
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Synergistic Effects of Milk-Derived Exosomes and Galactose on α-Synuclein Pathology in Parkinson's Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031059. [PMID: 33494388 PMCID: PMC7865729 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies associate milk consumption with an increased risk of Parkinson's disease (PD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). PD is an α-synucleinopathy associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, deficient lysosomal clearance of α-synuclein (α-syn) and aggregation of misfolded α-syn. In T2D, α-syn promotes co-aggregation with islet amyloid polypeptide in pancreatic β-cells. Prion-like vagal nerve-mediated propagation of exosomal α-syn from the gut to the brain and pancreatic islets apparently link both pathologies. Exosomes are critical transmitters of α-syn from cell to cell especially under conditions of compromised autophagy. This review provides translational evidence that milk exosomes (MEX) disturb α-syn homeostasis. MEX are taken up by intestinal epithelial cells and accumulate in the brain after oral administration to mice. The potential uptake of MEX miRNA-148a and miRNA-21 by enteroendocrine cells in the gut, dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra and pancreatic β-cells may enhance miRNA-148a/DNMT1-dependent overexpression of α-syn and impair miRNA-148a/PPARGC1A- and miRNA-21/LAMP2A-dependent autophagy driving both diseases. MiRNA-148a- and galactose-induced mitochondrial oxidative stress activate c-Abl-mediated aggregation of α-syn which is exported by exosome release. Via the vagal nerve and/or systemic exosomes, toxic α-syn may spread to dopaminergic neurons and pancreatic β-cells linking the pathogenesis of PD and T2D.
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Xu J, Liu Y, Liu J, Xu T, Cheng G, Shou Y, Tong J, Liu L, Zhou L, Xiao W, Xiong Z, Yuan C, Chen Z, Liu D, Yang H, Liang H, Chen K, Zhang X. The Identification of Critical m 6A RNA Methylation Regulators as Malignant Prognosis Factors in Prostate Adenocarcinoma. Front Genet 2020; 11:602485. [PMID: 33343639 PMCID: PMC7746824 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.602485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA methylation accounts for over 60% of all RNA modifications, and N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most common modification on mRNA and lncRNA of human beings. It has been found that m6A modification occurs in microRNA, circRNA, rRNA, and tRNA, etc. The m6A modification plays an important role in regulating gene expression, and the abnormality of its regulatory mechanism refers to many human diseases, including cancers. Pitifully, as it stands there is a serious lack of knowledge of the extent to which the expression and function of m6A RNA methylation can influence prostate cancer (PC). Herein, we systematically analyzed the expression levels of 35 m6A RNA methylation regulators mentioned in literatures among prostate adenocarcinoma patients in the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), finding that most of them expressed differently between cancer tissues and normal tissues with the significance of p < 0.05. Utilizing consensus clustering, we divided PC patients into two subgroups based on the differentially expressed m6A RNA methylation regulators with significantly different clinical outcomes. To appraise the discrepancy in total transcriptome between subgroups, the functional enrichment analysis was conducted for differential signaling pathways and cellular processes. Next, we selected five critical genes by the criteria that the regulators had a significant impact on prognosis of PC patients from TCGA through the last absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression and obtained a risk score by weighted summation for prognosis prediction. The survival analysis curve and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve showed that this signature could excellently predict the prognosis of PC patients. The univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses proved the independent prognostic value of the signature. In summary, our effort revealed the significance of m6A RNA methylation regulators in prostate cancer and determined a m6A gene expression classifier that well predicted the prognosis of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaju Xu
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuenan Liu
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingchong Liu
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tianbo Xu
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Gong Cheng
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Shou
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Junwei Tong
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lilong Liu
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lijie Zhou
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen Xiao
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiyong Xiong
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Changfei Yuan
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhixian Chen
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Di Liu
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongmei Yang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huageng Liang
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ke Chen
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Kumari A, Bhawal S, Kapila S, Yadav H, Kapila R. Health-promoting role of dietary bioactive compounds through epigenetic modulations: a novel prophylactic and therapeutic approach. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:619-639. [PMID: 33081489 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1825286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The epigenome is an overall epigenetic state of an organism, which is as important as that of the genome for normal development and functioning of an individual. Epigenetics involves heritable but reversible changes in gene expression through alterations in DNA methylation, histone modifications and regulation of non-coding RNAs in cells, without any change in the DNA sequence. Epigenetic changes are owned by various environmental factors including pollution, microbiota and diet, which have profound effects on epigenetic modifiers. The bioactive compounds present in the diet mainly include curcumin, resveratrol, catechins, quercetin, genistein, sulforaphane, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, alkaloids, vitamins, and peptides. Bioactive compounds released during fermentation by the action of microbes also have a significant effect on the host epigenome. Besides, recent studies have explored the new insights in vitamin's functions through epigenetic regulation. These bioactive compounds exert synergistic, preventive and therapeutic effects when combined as well as when used with chemotherapeutic agents. Therefore, these compounds have potential of therapeutic agents that could be used as "Epidrug" to treat many inflammatory diseases and various cancers where chemotherapy results have many side effects. In this review, the effect of diet derived bioactive compounds through epigenetic modulations on in vitro and in vivo models is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Kumari
- Animal Biochemistry Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Shalaka Bhawal
- Animal Biochemistry Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Suman Kapila
- Animal Biochemistry Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Hariom Yadav
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rajeev Kapila
- Animal Biochemistry Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
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Kucher AN. The FTO Gene and Diseases: The Role of Genetic Polymorphism, Epigenetic Modifications, and Environmental Factors. RUSS J GENET+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795420090136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Bozack AK, Colicino E, Rodosthenous R, Bloomquist TR, Baccarelli AA, Wright RO, Wright RJ, Lee AG. Associations between maternal lifetime stressors and negative events in pregnancy and breast milk-derived extracellular vesicle microRNAs in the programming of intergenerational stress mechanisms (PRISM) pregnancy cohort. Epigenetics 2020; 16:389-404. [PMID: 32777999 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2020.1805677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal stress is associated with adverse child health. Breast milk microRNAs encapsulated in extracellular vesicles (EVs) are involved in mother-infant biochemical communication during early-life programming. We leverage the PRogramming of Intergenerational Stress Mechanisms (PRISM) pregnancy cohort to investigate associations between maternal stress and breast milk EV-microRNAs. Lifetime stress and negative life events (NLEs) during pregnancy were assessed using the Life Stressor Checklist-Revised (LSCR) and the Crisis in Family Systems-Revised surveys, respectively. RNA was extracted from breast milk EVs (N = 80; collected 6.1 ± 5.9 weeks postnatally), and microRNAs were profiled using the TaqMan OpenArray Human miRNA panel. Associations between stress scores and detection (yes/no) of 173 microRNAs identified in 20-80% of samples were assessed using logistic regression; associations with expression levels of 205 EV-microRNAs identified in >50% of samples were assessed using linear regression. In adjusted models, detection of 60 and 44 EV-microRNAs was associated with higher LSCR and NLE scores, respectively (p < 0.05). Expression level of 8 and 17 EV-microRNAs was associated with LSCR and NLE scores, respectively, at our a priori criteria of p < 0.05 and |Bregression|>0.2. Enriched KEGG pathways for microRNAs associated with stress scores included fatty acid metabolism and the Hippo signaling pathway. Maternal lifetime stress and NLEs during pregnancy were both associated with detection and expression level of breast milk EV-microRNAs, although associations with microRNA profiles differed between stress measures. Further research is needed to identify biological pathways impacted by associated microRNAs and investigate relationships with child health outcomes.Abbreviations: EV: extracellular vesicle; PRISM: PRogramming of Intergenerational Stress Mechanisms pregnancy cohort; LSCR: Life Stressor Checklist-Revised survey; NLE: negative life event; CRISYS-R: Crisis in Family Systems-Revised survey; KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes; NYC: New York City; SD: standard deviation; IQR: interquartile range; Cq: relative cycle threshold values; PCA: principal component analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne K Bozack
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA.,Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elena Colicino
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Tessa R Bloomquist
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrea A Baccarelli
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert O Wright
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rosalind J Wright
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alison G Lee
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
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Exclusive breastfeeding can attenuate body-mass-index increase among genetically susceptible children: A longitudinal study from the ALSPAC cohort. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008790. [PMID: 32525877 PMCID: PMC7289340 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent discoveries from large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWASs) explain a larger proportion of the genetic variability to BMI and obesity. The genetic risk associated with BMI and obesity can be assessed by an obesity-specific genetic risk score (GRS) constructed from genome-wide significant genetic variants. The aim of our study is to examine whether the duration and exclusivity of breastfeeding can attenuate BMI increase during childhood and adolescence due to genetic risks. A total sample of 5,266 children (2,690 boys and 2,576 girls) from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) was used for the analysis. We evaluated the role of breastfeeding (exclusivity and duration) in modulating BMI increase attributed to the GRS from birth to 18 years of age. The GRS was composed of 69 variants associated with adult BMI and 25 non-overlapping SNPs associated with pediatric BMI. In the high genetic susceptible group (upper GRS quartile), exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) to 5 months reduces BMI by 1.14 kg/m2 (95% CI, 0.37 to 1.91, p = 0.0037) in 18-year-old boys, which compensates a 3.9-decile GRS increase. In 18-year-old girls, EBF to 5 months decreases BMI by 1.53 kg/m2 (95% CI, 0.76 to 2.29, p<0.0001), which compensates a 7.0-decile GRS increase. EBF acts early in life by delaying the age at adiposity peak and at adiposity rebound. EBF to 3 months or non-exclusive breastfeeding was associated with a significantly diminished impact on reducing BMI growth during childhood. EBF influences early life growth and development and thus may play a critical role in preventing overweight and obesity among children at high-risk due to genetic factors. Previous studies have shown that EBF is associated with lower BMI during childhood and adolescence. Moreover, a GRS based on 97 genetic variants has been derived from large GWASs and is predictive of BMI in adults and children. However, it remains unclear whether EBF can attenuate the increase in BMI attributed to the GRS in children. Our study was able to characterize the effect of the GRS in children from birth to 18 years of age. Our main results showed that EBF to 5 months has substantial effect in decreasing BMI among children at higher genetic risks. EBF to 3 months or non-exclusive breastfeeding had a significantly diminished effect on reducing BMI growth during childhood. Our study suggests that interventions aimed at reducing the risks of overweight and obesity across the lifespan should start in very early childhood to be impactful, which makes EBF a key candidate intervention. While EBF is beneficial to all children, targeting those carrying multiple BMI/obesity alleles should be a priority to reduce obesity and associated non-communicable diseases.
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Sanwlani R, Fonseka P, Chitti SV, Mathivanan S. Milk-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Inter-Organism, Cross-Species Communication and Drug Delivery. Proteomes 2020; 8:11. [PMID: 32414045 PMCID: PMC7356197 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes8020011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk is considered as more than a source of nutrition for infants and is a vector involved in the transfer of bioactive compounds and cells. Milk contains abundant quantities of extracellular vesicles (EVs) that may originate from multiple cellular sources. These nanosized vesicles have been well characterized and are known to carry a diverse cargo of proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and other biomolecules. Milk-derived EVs have been demonstrated to survive harsh and degrading conditions in gut, taken up by various cell types, cross biological barriers and reach peripheral tissues. The cargo carried by these dietary EVs has been suggested to have a role in cell growth, development, immune modulation and regulation. Hence, there is considerable interest in understanding the role of milk-derived EVs in mediating inter-organismal and cross-species communication. Furthermore, various attributes such as it being a natural source, as well as its abundance, scalability, economic viability and lack of unwarranted immunologic reactions, has generated significant interest in deploying milk-derived EVs for clinical applications such as drug delivery and disease therapy. In this review, the role of milk-derived EVs in inter-organismal, cross-species communication and in drug delivery is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Suresh Mathivanan
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (R.S.); (P.F.); (S.V.C.)
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Zhu ZM, Huo FC, Pei DS. Function and evolution of RNA N6-methyladenosine modification. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16:1929-1940. [PMID: 32398960 PMCID: PMC7211178 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.45231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is identified as the most prevalent and abundant internal RNA modification, especially within eukaryotic mRNAs, which has attracted much attention in recent years since its importance for regulating gene expression and deciding cell fate. m6A modification is installed by RNA methyltransferases METTL3, METTL14 and WTAP (Writers), removed by the demethylases FTO and ALKBH5 (Erasers) and recognized by m6A binding proteins, such as YT521-B homology YTH domain-containing proteins (Readers). Accumulating evidence shows that m6A RNA methylation participates in almost all aspects of RNA processing, implying an association with important bioprocesses. In this review, we mainly summarize and discuss the functional relevance and importance of m6A modification in cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Man Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Fu-Chun Huo
- Department of Pathology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Pei
- Department of Pathology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
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Melstrom L, Chen J. RNA N 6-methyladenosine modification in solid tumors: new therapeutic frontiers. Cancer Gene Ther 2020; 27:625-633. [PMID: 31956264 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-020-0160-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic mRNA modification is an evolving field. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most frequent internal transcriptional modification in eukaryotic messenger RNAs (mRNAs). This review will discuss the functions of the m6A mRNA machinery, including its "writers" that are components of the methyltransferase complex, its "readers" and its "erasers" (specifically FTO and ALKBH5) in cancer. The writers deposit the m6A and include METTL3, METTL14, WTAP, VIRMA, and RBM15. M6A methylation is removed by the m6A demethylases (FTO and ALKBH5). Lastly, the most diverse members are the readers that can contribute to mRNA splicing, stability, translation, and nuclear export. Many of these functions continue to be elucidated. The dysregulation of this machinery in various malignancies and the associated impact on tumorigenesis and drug response will be discussed herein with a focus on solid tumors. It is clear that, by contributing to either mRNA stability or translation, there are downstream targets that are impacted, contributing to cancer progression and the self-renewal ability of cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laleh Melstrom
- Department of Surgery and Immuno-Oncology, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Department of Systems Biology and The Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, The Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
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Cheshmeh S, Nachvak SM, Rezvani N, Saber A. Effects of Breastfeeding and Formula Feeding on the Expression Level of FTO, CPT1A and PPAR-α Genes in Healthy Infants. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020; 13:2227-2237. [PMID: 32617012 PMCID: PMC7326192 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s252122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The study aimed to investigate the effect of breastfeeding, formula feeding and mix feeding (breastfed plus formula-fed) on the expression level of obesity-predisposing genes including fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO), carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) in 5- to 6-month-old infants. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 150 infants participated in this case-control study. All subjects were healthy infants aged 5-6 months that divided into 3 groups: breastfed, formula-fed, and mix-fed. The expression level of FTO, CPT1A, and PPAR-α genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was evaluated in each group using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method. RESULTS Our findings showed that the current weight, height, and head circumference of infants in the formula feeding and mix feeding groups were significantly higher than those in the exclusive breastfeeding group. The expression level of FTO and CPT1A genes in formula-fed and mix-fed infants was significantly higher (p<0.001) than that in breastfed infants, while the expression level of PPAR-α gene was significantly lower (p<0.05). CONCLUSION Breastfeeding showed modulatory effects on the expression level of obesity-predisposing genes and can protect against obesity and subsequent non-communicable diseases. However, more investigations are required to explain the epigenetic effects of breast milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Cheshmeh
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Nutritional Sciences and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Student Research Committee, School of Nutritional Sciences and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Seyed Mostafa Nachvak
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Nutritional Sciences and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Correspondence: Seyed Mostafa Nachvak Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Nutritional Sciences and Food Technologies, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Isar Sq., Across from Farabi Hospital, P.O. Box 6719851351, Kermanshah, IranTel +98-8338395885Fax +98-83 37102002 Email
| | - Nayebali Rezvani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Nayebali Rezvani Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 67148-69914, Kermanshah, IranTel +98-9183391265 Email
| | - Amir Saber
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Nutritional Sciences and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Melnik BC. Milk exosomal miRNAs: potential drivers of AMPK-to-mTORC1 switching in β-cell de-differentiation of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2019; 16:85. [PMID: 31827573 PMCID: PMC6898964 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-019-0412-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) steadily increases in prevalence since the 1950's, the period of widespread distribution of refrigerated pasteurized cow's milk. Whereas breastfeeding protects against the development of T2DM in later life, accumulating epidemiological evidence underlines the role of cow's milk consumption in T2DM. Recent studies in rodent models demonstrate that during the breastfeeding period pancreatic β-cells are metabolically immature and preferentially proliferate by activation of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and suppression of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Weaning determines a metabolic switch of β-cells from a proliferating, immature phenotype with low insulin secretion to a differentiated mature phenotype with glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, less proliferation, reduced mTORC1- but increased AMPK activity. Translational evidence presented in this perspective implies for the first time that termination of milk miRNA transfer is the driver of this metabolic switch. miRNA-148a is a key inhibitor of AMPK and phosphatase and tensin homolog, crucial suppressors of mTORC1. β-Cells of diabetic patients return to the postnatal phenotype with high mTORC1 and low AMPK activity, explained by continuous transfer of bovine milk miRNAs to the human milk consumer. Bovine milk miRNA-148a apparently promotes β-cell de-differentiation to the immature mTORC1-high/AMPK-low phenotype with functional impairments in insulin secretion, increased mTORC1-driven endoplasmic reticulum stress, reduced autophagy and early β-cell apoptosis. In contrast to pasteurized cow's milk, milk's miRNAs are inactivated by bacterial fermentation, boiling and ultra-heat treatment and are missing in current infant formula. Persistent milk miRNA signaling adds a new perspective to the pathogenesis of T2DM and explains the protective role of breastfeeding but the diabetogenic effect of continued milk miRNA signaling by persistent consumption of pasteurized cow's milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C. Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Am Finkenhügel 7A, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany
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Milk Fat Intake and Telomere Length in U.S. Women and Men: The Role of the Milk Fat Fraction. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:1574021. [PMID: 31772698 PMCID: PMC6855010 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1574021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The associations between milk intake frequency and milk fat consumption and telomere length, an index of biological aging, were studied using an NHANES sample of 5,834 U.S. adults and a cross-sectional design. The milk consumption variables were assessed with the NHANES Diet Behavior and Nutrition questionnaire. The quantitative polymerase chain reaction method was used to measure leukocyte telomere length. Results showed that milk consumption frequency was not related to telomere length; however, there was a strong association between milk fat intake and telomere length. With the sample delimited to milk drinkers only, milk fat intake was linearly and inversely related to telomere length, after adjusting for the covariates (F = 8.6, P = 0.0066). For each 1 percentage point increase in milk fat consumed (e.g., 1% to 2%), adults had more than 4 years of additional biological aging. With milk fat intake divided into 5 categories (i.e., milk abstainers, nonfat, 1%, 2%, and full-fat milk), mean telomere lengths differed across the categories (F = 4.1, P = 0.0093). The mean telomere difference between the extremes of milk fat intake (nonfat vs. full-fat) was 145 base pairs, representing years of additional biological aging for full-fat milk consumers. Effect modification testing indicated that the milk fat and cellular aging association may be partly due to saturated fat intake differences across the milk fat groups. When the sample was delimited to adults reporting only high total saturated fat intake (tertile 3), the milk fat and telomere relationship was strong. However, when the sample was restricted to adults reporting only low saturated fat consumption (tertile 1), there was no relationship between milk fat intake and telomere length. Overall, the findings highlight an association of increased biological aging in U.S. adults who consumed high-fat milk. The results support the latest Dietary Guidelines for Americans (2015–2020), which recommend consumption of low-fat milk, but not high-fat milk, as part of a healthy diet.
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Hailay T, Hoelker M, Poirier M, Gebremedhn S, Rings F, Saeed-Zidane M, Salilew-Wondim D, Dauben C, Tholen E, Neuhoff C, Schellander K, Tesfaye D. Extracellular vesicle-coupled miRNA profiles in follicular fluid of cows with divergent post-calving metabolic status. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12851. [PMID: 31492906 PMCID: PMC6731312 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49029-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Most high-yielding dairy cows enter a state of negative energy balance (NEB) during early lactation. This, in turn, results in changes in the level of various metabolites in the blood and follicular fluid microenvironment which contributes to disturbed fertility. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are evolutionarily conserved communicasomes that transport cargo of miRNA, proteins and lipids. EV-coupled miRNAs have been reported in follicular fluid. However, the association between postpartum NEB and EV-coupled miRNA signatures in follicular fluid is not yet known. Energy balance analysis in lactating cows shortly after post-calving revealed that the majority of the cows exhibited transiently negative energy balance levels, whereas the remaining cows exhibited either consistently negative or consistently positive energy levels. Metabolic status was associated with EV-coupled miRNA composition in the follicular fluid. Cows experiencing NEB showed reduced expression of a large number of miRNAs while cows with positive energy balances primarily exhibited elevated expression of EV-coupled miRNAs. The miRNAs that were suppressed under NEB were found to be involved in various metabolic pathways. This is the first study to reveal the presence of an association between EV-coupled miRNA in follicular fluid and metabolic stress in dairy cows. The involvement of differentially expressed miRNAs in various pathways associated with follicular growth and oocyte maturation suggest the potential involvement of specific follicular miRNAs in oocyte developmental competence, which may partially explain reduced fertility in cows due to post-calving metabolic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsige Hailay
- Institute of Animal Science, Department of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Hoelker
- Institute of Animal Science, Department of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mikhael Poirier
- Institute of Animal Science, Department of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Samuel Gebremedhn
- Institute of Animal Science, Department of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Franca Rings
- Institute of Animal Science, Department of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mohammed Saeed-Zidane
- Institute of Animal Science, Department of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dessie Salilew-Wondim
- Institute of Animal Science, Department of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christina Dauben
- Institute of Animal Science, Department of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ernst Tholen
- Institute of Animal Science, Department of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christiane Neuhoff
- Institute of Animal Science, Department of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Karl Schellander
- Institute of Animal Science, Department of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dawit Tesfaye
- Institute of Animal Science, Department of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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Vasconcelos A, Santos T, Ravasco P, Neves PM. Dairy Products: Is There an Impact on Promotion of Prostate Cancer? A Review of the Literature. Front Nutr 2019; 6:62. [PMID: 31139629 PMCID: PMC6527888 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This review of the literature aims to study potential associations between high consumption of milk and/or dairy products and prostate cancer (PC). Literature is scarce, yet there is a direct relationship between mTORC1 activation and PC; several ingredients in milk/dairy products, when in high concentrations, increase signaling of the mTORC1 pathway. However, there are no studies showing an unequivocal relationship between milk products PC initiation and/or progression. Three different reviews were conducted with articles published in the last 5 years: (M1) PC and intake of dairy products, taking into account the possible mTORC1signaling mechanism; (M2) Intake of milk products and incidence/promotion of PC; (M3) mTORC1 activation signaling pathway, levels of IGF-1 and PC; (M4) mTORC pathway and dairy products. Of the 32 reviews identified, only 21 met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. There is little scientific evidence that directly link the three factors: incidence/promotion of PC, intake of dairy products and PC, and PC and increased mTORC1 signaling. Persistent hyper-activation of mTORC1 is associated with PC promotion. The activity of exosomal mRNA in cellular communication may lead to different impacts of different types of milk and whether or not mammalian milks will have their own characteristics within each species. Based on this review of the literature, it is possible to establish a relationship between the consumption of milk products and the progression of PC; we also found a possible association with PC initiation, hence it is likely that the intake of dairy products should be reduced or minimized in mens' diet.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Teresa Santos
- European University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Saúde Ambiental, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paula Ravasco
- University Hospital of Santa Maria, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Health, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Miguel Neves
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Health, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Benmoussa A, Provost P. Milk MicroRNAs in Health and Disease. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2019; 18:703-722. [PMID: 33336926 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs are small noncoding RNAs responsible for regulating 40% to 60% of gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. The discovery of circulating microRNAs in several biological fluids opened the path for their study as biomarkers and long-range cell-to-cell communication mediators. Their transfer between individuals in the case of blood transfusion, for example, and their high enrichment in milk have sparked the interest for microRNA transfer through diet, especially from mothers to infants during breastfeeding. The extension of such paradigm led to the study of milk microRNAs in the case of cow or goat milk consumption in adults. Here we provide a comprehensive critical review of the key findings surrounding milk microRNAs in human, cow, and goat milk among other species. We discuss the data on their biological properties, their use as disease biomarkers, their transfer between individuals or species, and their putative or verified functions in health and disease of infants and adult consumers. This work is based on all the literature available and integrates all the results, theories, debates, and validation studies available so far on milk microRNAs and related areas of investigations. We critically discuss the limitations and outline future aspects and avenues to explore in this rapidly growing field of research that could impact public health through infant milk formulations or new therapies. We hope that this comprehensive review of the literature will provide insight for all teams investigating milk RNAs' biological activities and help ensure the quality of future reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abderrahim Benmoussa
- CHUQ Research Center/CHUL, 2705 Blvd Laurier, Quebec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada.,Dept. of Microbiology-Infectious Disease and Immunity and Faculty of Medicine, Univ. Laval, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Patrick Provost
- CHUQ Research Center/CHUL, 2705 Blvd Laurier, Quebec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada.,Dept. of Microbiology-Infectious Disease and Immunity and Faculty of Medicine, Univ. Laval, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
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40
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Melnik BC, Schmitz G. Exosomes of pasteurized milk: potential pathogens of Western diseases. J Transl Med 2019; 17:3. [PMID: 30602375 PMCID: PMC6317263 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1760-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk consumption is a hallmark of western diet. According to common believes, milk consumption has beneficial effects for human health. Pasteurization of cow's milk protects thermolabile vitamins and other organic compounds including bioactive and bioavailable exosomes and extracellular vesicles in the range of 40-120 nm, which are pivotal mediators of cell communication via systemic transfer of specific micro-ribonucleic acids, mRNAs and regulatory proteins such as transforming growth factor-β. There is compelling evidence that human and bovine milk exosomes play a crucial role for adequate metabolic and immunological programming of the newborn infant at the beginning of extrauterine life. Milk exosomes assist in executing an anabolic, growth-promoting and immunological program confined to the postnatal period in all mammals. However, epidemiological and translational evidence presented in this review indicates that continuous exposure of humans to exosomes of pasteurized milk may confer a substantial risk for the development of chronic diseases of civilization including obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, common cancers (prostate, breast, liver, B-cells) as well as Parkinson's disease. Exosomes of pasteurized milk may represent new pathogens that should not reach the human food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C. Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Am Finkenhügel 7A, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Gerd Schmitz
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, University of Regensburg, Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Novel positioning from obesity to cancer: FTO, an m 6A RNA demethylase, regulates tumour progression. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2018; 145:19-29. [PMID: 30465076 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-018-2796-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The fat mass- and obesity-associated (FTO) gene on chromosome 16q12.2 shows an intimate association with obesity and body mass index. Recently, research into the FTO gene and its expression product has attracted widespread interest due to the identification of FTO as an N6-methyladenosine (m6A) demethylase. FTO primarily regulates the m6A levels of downstream targets via their 3' untranslated regions. FTO not only plays a critical role in obesity-related diseases but also is involved in the occurrence, development and prognosis of many types of cancer, such as acute myeloid leukaemia, glioblastoma and breast cancer. Currently, studies indicate that FTO is a crucial component of m6A modification, it regulates cancer stem cell function, and promotes the growth, self-renewal and metastasis of cancer cells. In this review, we summarized and analysed the data regarding the structural features and biological functions of FTO as well as its association with different cancers and possible molecular mechanisms. METHODS We systematically reviewed the related literatures regarding FTO and its demethylation activity in many pathologic and physiological processes, especially in cancer-related diseases based on PubMed databases in this article. RESULTS Mounting evidence indicated that FTO plays a critical role in occurrence, progression and treatment of various cancers, even acting as a cancer oncogene in acute myeloid leukaemia, research on which is no longer restricted to metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes. CONCLUSION Considering FTO's critical role in many diseases, FTO may become a new promising target for the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases in the near future, especially for specific types of cancers, such as acute myeloid leukaemia, glioblastoma and breast cancer.
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Wu YY, Lye S, Briollais L. The role of early life growth development, the FTO gene and exclusive breastfeeding on child BMI trajectories. Int J Epidemiol 2018; 46:1512-1522. [PMID: 29040503 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyx081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies have implicated the FTO gene in child and adult obesity. A longer duration of exclusive breastfeeding (EXBF) has been shown to reduce body mass index (BMI) and the risk of being overweight in the general population and among FTO gene carriers. However, it remains unclear whether the preventive effect of EXBF could be explained by its impact on early life growth development, e.g. ages at adiposity peak (AP) and adiposity rebound (AR) and BMI velocities in the first years of life, which are major determinants of overweight and obesity later in life. Methods We studied 5590 children from the British Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) cohort and modelled their longitudinal BMI profiles with mixed effects models from birth to 16 years of age, as well as their ages at AP, AR and BMI velocities in relation to the FTO gene variant and EXBF. Results A longer duration of EXBF (i.e. at least 5 months) has substantial impact on BMI growth trajectories among children carrying the FTO adverse variant by modulating the age at AP, age at AR and BMI velocities. EXBF acts antagonistically to the FTO rs9939609 risk allele and by the age of 15, the predicted reduction in BMI after 5 months of EXBF is 0.56 kg/m2 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.11-1.01; P = 0.003] and 1.14 kg/m2 (95% CI 0.67-1.62; P < 0.0001) in boys and girls, respectively. Conclusions EXBF influences early life growth development and thus plays a critical role in preventing the risks of overweight and obesity even when those are exacerbated by genetic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yan Wu
- Office of Public Health Studies, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen Lye
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Laurent Briollais
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Deng X, Su R, Stanford S, Chen J. Critical Enzymatic Functions of FTO in Obesity and Cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:396. [PMID: 30105001 PMCID: PMC6077364 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO) single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been linked to increased body mass and obesity in humans by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) since 2007. Although some recent studies suggest that the obesity-related SNPs in FTO influence obesity susceptibility likely through altering the expression of the adjacent genes such as IRX3 and RPGRIP1L, rather than FTO itself, a solid link between the SNP risk genotype and the increased FTO expression in both human blood cells and fibroblasts has been reported. Moreover, multiple lines of evidence have demonstrated that FTO does play a critical role in the regulation of fat mass, adipogenesis, and body weight. Epidemiology studies also showed a strong association of FTO SNPs and overweight/obesity with increased risk of various types of cancers. As the first identified messenger RNA N6-methyladenosine (m6A) demethylase, FTO has been shown recently to play m6A-dependent roles in adipogenesis and tumorigenesis (especially in the development of leukemia and glioblastoma). Given the critical roles of FTO in cancers, the development of selective and effective inhibitors targeting FTO holds potential to treat cancers. This mini review discusses the roles and underlying molecular mechanisms of FTO in both obesity and cancers, and also summarizes recent advances in the development of FTO inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Deng
- Department of Systems Biology and The Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, Beckman Research Institute of City of HopeMonrovia, CA, United States
- School of PharmacyChina Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Rui Su
- Department of Systems Biology and The Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, Beckman Research Institute of City of HopeMonrovia, CA, United States
| | - Savanna Stanford
- Department of Systems Biology and The Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, Beckman Research Institute of City of HopeMonrovia, CA, United States
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Department of Systems Biology and The Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, Beckman Research Institute of City of HopeMonrovia, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Jianjun Chen
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Salgado-Montilla JL, Rodríguez-Cabán JL, Sánchez-García J, Sánchez-Ortiz R, Irizarry-Ramírez M. Impact of FTO SNPs rs9930506 and rs9939609 in Prostate Cancer Severity in a Cohort of Puerto Rican Men. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 5. [PMID: 29333375 DOI: 10.21767/2254-6081.1000148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Obesity is prevalent in PR and has been associated with prostate cancer (PCa) mortality and aggressiveness. Polymorphisms (SNPs) rs9930506 and rs9939609 in the FTO gene have been associated with both obesity and PCa. The aim of this work was to ascertain whether the presence of these SNPs is associated with PCa risk and severity in a cohort of Puerto Rican men. Methods and findings The study population consisted of 513 Puerto Rican men age ranging from 40-79 years old who underwent radical prostatectomy (RP) as the first treatment for PCa and 128 healthy Puerto Rican men age ranging from 40-79 years old. Genomic DNA (gDNA) was extracted and SNPs were determined by Real-Time PCR. PCa severity was defined based on RP stage and Gleason Score. The relationship of FTO SNPs with demographic, clinical characteristics, PCa status and PCa severity were assessed. Logistic regression models with a 95% confidence interval (CI) determined SNPs interaction with PCa risk and severity odds ratio (ORs). Results and discussion BMI, age and PSA were considered as confounders. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was present for both SNPs. The heterozygous forms (A/G; T/A) were the most prevalent genotypes and the frequency of alleles and genotypes for both SNPs agreed with those published in 1000 genomes. Results suggest an inverse association between the mutated rs9939609 and the risk of having PCa (OR: 0.53, 95% CI: 0.31-0.92) and a positive association with overweight (OR: 1.05, 95% CI: 0.68-1.62). Importantly, among the cases that were overweight, those with mutated rs9939609 had a greater chance of high severity PCa (OR: 1.39, 95% CI: 0.84-2.32) although these results were not statistical significant upon adjustment. Limitations of the study were the relatively small cohort and lack of access to the weight history of all our subjects. Conclusion Results offer a research line to be followed with an expanded number of subjects that may provide a better statistical significance, to unravel the high mortality rate in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannette L Salgado-Montilla
- University of Puerto Rico/MD Anderson Cancer Center Partnership for Excellence in Cancer Research, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - Jorge L Rodríguez-Cabán
- School of Health Professions, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - Jonathan Sánchez-García
- School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Rico, USA
| | - Ricardo Sánchez-Ortiz
- School of Medicine, Urology Section, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - Margarita Irizarry-Ramírez
- School of Health Professions, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA
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Xu D, Shao W, Jiang Y, Wang X, Liu Y, Liu X. FTO expression is associated with the occurrence of gastric cancer and prognosis. Oncol Rep 2017; 38:2285-2292. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Abstract
Our perception of milk has changed from a "simple food" to a highly sophisticated maternal-neonatal nutrient and communication system orchestrating early programming of the infant. Milk miRNAs delivered by exosomes and milk fat globules derived from mammary gland epithelial cells play a key role in this process. Exosomes resist the harsh intestinal environment, are taken up by intestinal cells via endocytosis, and reach the systemic circulation of the milk recipient. The most abundant miRNA found in exosomes and milk fat globules of human and cow's milk, miRNA-148a, attenuates the expression of DNA methyltransferase 1, which is critically involved in epigenetic regulation. Another important miRNA of milk, miRNA-125b, targets p53, the guardian of the genome, and its diverse transcriptional network. The deficiency of exosomal miRNAs in infant formula and the persistent uptake of milk miRNAs after the nursing period via consumption of cow's milk are two epigenetic aberrations that may induce adverse long-term effects on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine, and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Germany.
| | - Gerd Schmitz
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Del Carmen Martínez-Jiménez V, Méndez-Mancilla A, Patricia Portales-Pérez D. miRNAs in nutrition, obesity, and cancer: The biology of miRNAs in metabolic disorders and its relationship with cancer development. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 62. [PMID: 28594107 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE The scope of this review is to explain how metabolic disorders originated by a deficient nutrition can develop into a neoplastic process by the alteration of epigenetic mechanisms like miRNAs. Obesity is a proinflammatory state with a wide impact on health around the world that is associated with neoplastic diseases. Epigenetic mechanisms have a central role in the obesogenic environment, which participates on the development of comorbidities such as cancer. METHODS AND RESULTS We made an exhaustive review of the most recent reports about metabolic disorders with nutrition and their relationship with miRNAs, and their risk of developing into oncogenic processes. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) act as one of the major epigenetic mechanisms that can affect the metabolic reprogramming of cellular metabolism that plays an important role in the oncogenic process. There is evidence that some foods may contribute to diminishing the risk of cancer as well as epidemiological studies that support the notion that diets high in animal protein and fat promote cancer risk. Therefore, diets high in fruit and vegetables reduce the risk of cancer. One of the principal explanations is that these foods contain bioactive compounds that increase the efficacy of epigenetic mechanisms, which in turn decrease the risk of obesity and its comorbidities. CONCLUSION In this review, we show how miRNAs are implicated in several signaling pathways as well as illustrating some bioactive compounds that impact inflammation and cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alejandro Méndez-Mancilla
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, UASLP San Luis Potosí, SLP México
| | - Diana Patricia Portales-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, UASLP San Luis Potosí, SLP México
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Rani P, Yenuganti VR, Shandilya S, Onteru SK, Singh D. miRNAs: The hidden bioactive component of milk. Trends Food Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Melnik BC, Schmitz G. Milk's Role as an Epigenetic Regulator in Health and Disease. Diseases 2017; 5:diseases5010012. [PMID: 28933365 PMCID: PMC5456335 DOI: 10.3390/diseases5010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is the intention of this review to characterize milk's role as an epigenetic regulator in health and disease. Based on translational research, we identify milk as a major epigenetic modulator of gene expression of the milk recipient. Milk is presented as an epigenetic "doping system" of mammalian development. Milk exosome-derived micro-ribonucleic acids (miRNAs) that target DNA methyltransferases are implicated to play the key role in the upregulation of developmental genes such as FTO, INS, and IGF1. In contrast to miRNA-deficient infant formula, breastfeeding via physiological miRNA transfer provides the appropriate signals for adequate epigenetic programming of the newborn infant. Whereas breastfeeding is restricted to the lactation period, continued consumption of cow's milk results in persistent epigenetic upregulation of genes critically involved in the development of diseases of civilization such as diabesity, neurodegeneration, and cancer. We hypothesize that the same miRNAs that epigenetically increase lactation, upregulate gene expression of the milk recipient via milk-derived miRNAs. It is of critical concern that persistent consumption of pasteurized cow's milk contaminates the human food chain with bovine miRNAs, that are identical to their human analogs. Commercial interest to enhance dairy lactation performance may further increase the epigenetic miRNA burden for the milk consumer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Osnabrück, Am Finkenhügel 7a, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany.
| | - Gerd Schmitz
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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Depurinized milk downregulates rat thymus MyD88/Akt/p38 function, NF-κB-mediated inflammation, caspase-1 activity but not the endonuclease pathway: in vitro/in vivo study. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41971. [PMID: 28176796 PMCID: PMC5296740 DOI: 10.1038/srep41971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was the evaluation of 15 days dietary regimen of depurinized (DP) milk (obtained using our patented technological procedures) or 1.5% fat UHT milk instead of standard chow diet, on rat thymus and bone marrow MyD88/Akt/p38, NF-κB, caspase-1 and endonuclease pathways, in relation to peripheral blood cell composition. To determine whether the reduced mass of the thymus is a consequence of the direct effect of DP/UHT milk on apoptosis of thymocytes, in vitro Annexin-V-FITC/PI assay was performed. Significant decreases in the thymus wet weight, thymocyte MyD88, Akt-1/phospho-Akt-1 kinase, p38/phospho-p38, NF-κB, caspase-1 activity and CD4+/CD8+ antigen expression were obtained, especially in the DP milk group. The activity of thymocyte alkaline and acid DNase increased in the DP but not in the UHT milk group. The level of IL-6 significantly decreased in DP milk treated group, while the level of total TGF-β and IL-6 increased in UHT milk group. Significant differences in hematological parameters were obtained in commercial milk fed group. Observed results about prevention of experimental diabetes in DP pretreated groups may suggest that purine compounds, uric acid and other volatile toxic compounds of commercial milk may suppress oral tolerance, probably via IL-6 and TGF-β cytokine effects.
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