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Hariharan R, Cameron J, Menon K, Mesinovic J, Jansons P, Scott D, Lu ZX, de Courten M, Feehan J, de Courten B. Carnosine supplementation improves glucose control in adults with pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes: A randomised controlled trial. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2024; 34:485-496. [PMID: 38172006 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2023.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Carnosine, a naturally occurring dipeptide, has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-glycating effects, with preliminary evidence suggesting it may improve important chronic disease risk factors in adults with cardiometabolic conditions. METHODS AND RESULTS In this randomised controlled trial, 43 adults (30%F) living with prediabetes or T2DM consumed carnosine (2 g) or a matching placebo daily for 14 weeks to evaluate its effect on glucose metabolism assessed via a 2-h 75 g oral glucose tolerance test. Secondary outcomes included body composition analysis by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), calf muscle density by pQCT, and anthropometry. Carnosine supplementation decreased blood glucose at 90 min (-1.31 mmol/L; p = 0.02) and 120 min (-1.60 mmol/L, p = 0.02) and total glucose area under the curve (-3.30 mmol/L; p = 0.04) following an oral glucose tolerance test. There were no additional changes in secondary outcomes. The carnosine group results remained significant before and after adjustment for age, sex, and change in weight (all>0.05), and in further sensitivity analyses accounting for missing data. There were no significant changes in insulin levels. CONCLUSION This study provides preliminary support for larger trials evaluating carnosine as a potential treatment for prediabetes and the initial stages of T2DM. Likely mechanisms may include changes to hepatic glucose output explaining the observed reduction in blood glucose without changes in insulin secretion following carnosine supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Hariharan
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton VIC, Australia
| | - James Cameron
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton VIC, Australia; Monash Cardiovascular Research Centre, Monash Heart, Monash Health, Clayton VIC, Australia
| | - Kirthi Menon
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton VIC, Australia
| | - Jakub Mesinovic
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton VIC, Australia; Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong VIC, Australia
| | - Paul Jansons
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton VIC, Australia; Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong VIC, Australia
| | - David Scott
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton VIC, Australia; Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong VIC, Australia
| | - Zhong X Lu
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton VIC, Australia; Monash Health Pathology, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Maximilian de Courten
- Mitchell Institute for Health and Education Policy, Victoria University, Melbourne VIC, Australia; Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Footscray, VIC, Australia
| | - Jack Feehan
- Mitchell Institute for Health and Education Policy, Victoria University, Melbourne VIC, Australia; Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Footscray, VIC, Australia
| | - Barbora de Courten
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton VIC, Australia; School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT, Bundoora, Australia.
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Wickham KA, Spriet LL. Food for thought: Physiological considerations for nutritional ergogenic efficacy. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14307. [PMID: 36648389 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Top-class athletes have optimized their athletic performance largely through adequate training, nutrition, recovery, and sleep. A key component of sports nutrition is the utilization of nutritional ergogenic aids, which may provide a small but significant increase in athletic performance. Over the last decade, there has been an exponential increase in the consumption of nutritional ergogenic aids, where over 80% of young athletes report using at least one nutritional ergogenic aid for training and/or competition. Accordingly, due to their extensive use, there is a growing need for strong scientific investigations validating or invalidating the efficacy of novel nutritional ergogenic aids. Notably, an overview of the physiological considerations that play key roles in determining ergogenic efficacy is currently lacking. Therefore, in this brief review, we discuss important physiological considerations that contribute to ergogenic efficacy for nutritional ergogenic aids that are orally ingested including (1) the impact of first pass metabolism, (2) rises in systemic concentrations, and (3) interactions with the target tissue. In addition, we explore mouth rinsing as an alternate route of ergogenic efficacy that bypasses the physiological hurdles of first pass metabolism via direct stimulation of the central nervous system. Moreover, we provide real-world examples and discuss several practical factors that can alter the efficacy of nutritional ergogenic aids including human variability, dosing protocols, training status, sex differences, and the placebo effect. Taking these physiological considerations into account will strengthen the quality and impact of the literature regarding the efficacy of potential ergogenic aids for top-class athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate A Wickham
- Environmental Ergonomics Lab, Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lawrence L Spriet
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Carr AJ, McKay AKA, Burke LM, Smith ES, Urwin CS, Convit L, Jardine WT, Kelly MK, Saunders B. Use of Buffers in Specific Contexts: Highly Trained Female Athletes, Extreme Environments and Combined Buffering Agents-A Narrative Review. Sports Med 2023; 53:25-48. [PMID: 37878211 PMCID: PMC10721675 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01872-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
This narrative review evaluated the evidence for buffering agents (sodium bicarbonate, sodium citrate and beta-alanine), with specific consideration of three discrete scenarios: female athletes, extreme environments and combined buffering agents. Studies were screened according to exclusion and inclusion criteria and were analysed on three levels: (1) moderating variables (supplement dose and timing, and exercise test duration and intensity), (2) design factors (e.g., use of crossover or matched group study design, familiarisation trials) and (3) athlete-specific factors (recruitment of highly trained participants, buffering capacity and reported performance improvements). Only 19% of the included studies for the three buffering agents reported a performance benefit, and only 10% recruited highly trained athletes. This low transferability of research findings to athletes' real-world practices may be due to factors including the small number of sodium citrate studies in females (n = 2), no studies controlling for the menstrual cycle (MC) or menstrual status using methods described in recently established frameworks, and the limited number of beta-alanine studies using performance tests replicating real-world performance efforts (n = 3). We recommend further research into buffering agents in highly trained female athletes that control or account for the MC, studies that replicate the demands of athletes' heat and altitude camps, and investigations of highly trained athletes' use of combined buffering agents. In a practical context, we recommend developing evidence-based buffering protocols for individual athletes which feature co-supplementation with other evidence-based products, reduce the likelihood of side-effects, and optimise key moderating factors: supplement dose and timing, and exercise duration and intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia J Carr
- Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia.
| | - Alannah K A McKay
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Louise M Burke
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ella S Smith
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Charles S Urwin
- Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Lilia Convit
- Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - William T Jardine
- Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Monica K Kelly
- Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Bryan Saunders
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, School of Physical Education and Sport, Universidade de São Paulo, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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DE Araujo Pessôa K, Cholewa JM, Sousasilva R, Xia Z, Zagatto AM, Lancha-Jr AH, Lauver JD, Rossi FE, Zanchi NE. Does Beta-Alanine Supplementation Potentiate Muscle Performance Following 6 Weeks of Blood Flow Restriction or Traditional Resistance Training? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXERCISE SCIENCE 2023; 16:999-1011. [PMID: 37650035 PMCID: PMC10464749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to compare the effects of beta-alanine on Traditional Resistance Training (TRAD) or Blood Flow Restriction Training (BFR). METHODS 19 subjects were randomly allocated to a Placebo (n = 10) or beta-alanine (n = 9) group. Subjects from both groups were trained unilaterally (unilateral arm curl) for six weeks, and each arm was trained using a different paradigm (BFR or TRAD). One repetition maximum (1RM) test measurements were performed before and after the strength training program. Work output was accessed as the total weight lifted (repetitions × weight lifted × sets) for the entire strength training program. RESULTS 1RM or total weight lifted was not increased by beta-alanine supplementation. However, the TRAD-trained arm showed a significantly increased 1RM and total weight lifted compared to the BFR arm (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION We conclude that in the short-term (6 weeks) and following the current experimental conditions, beta-alanine does not benefit BFR or TRAD in terms of total weight lifted (volume of training) or maximal strength (1RM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassiana DE Araujo Pessôa
- Health Sciences Post Graduate Program, Biological and Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís - MA, Brazil
- Laboratory of Skeletal Muscle Biology and Human Strength Performance (LABFORCEH), Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA), São Luís - MA, Brazil
| | - Jason Michael Cholewa
- Laboratory of Skeletal Muscle Biology and Human Strength Performance (LABFORCEH), Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA), São Luís - MA, Brazil
- University of Lynchburg, Lynchburg, VA, United States
| | - Rayssa Sousasilva
- Laboratory of Skeletal Muscle Biology and Human Strength Performance (LABFORCEH), Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA), São Luís - MA, Brazil
| | - Zhi Xia
- Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, College of Physical Education, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, China
- Department of Sports Medicine, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, China
| | - Alessandro M Zagatto
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Department of Physical Education, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Antonio Herbert Lancha-Jr
- Laboratory of clinical investigation: experimental surgery, LIM26, Clinical Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo
| | - Jakob D Lauver
- Department of Kinesiology, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, SC, USA
| | - Fabrício Eduardo Rossi
- Immunometabolism of Skeletal Muscle and Exercise Research Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Physical Education and Professor at Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente-SP, Brazil
| | - Nelo Eidy Zanchi
- Health Sciences Post Graduate Program, Biological and Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís - MA, Brazil
- Laboratory of Skeletal Muscle Biology and Human Strength Performance (LABFORCEH), Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA), São Luís - MA, Brazil
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Does beta-alanine supplementation enhance adaptations to resistance training? A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Biol Sport 2023; 40:217-224. [PMID: 36636181 PMCID: PMC9806742 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2023.112967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of beta-alanine supplementation on muscle strength and thickness. Nineteen resistance-trained men (age: 27.3 ± 5.5 years; height: 178 ± 10 cm; body mass: 83.4 ± 9.7 kg; training experience: 5.9 ± 3.9 years) were allocated to one of the following groups: Beta-alanine (BA) (6.4 g/day of beta-alanine) or Placebo (PLA) (6.4 g/day of maltodextrin). Subjects completed 4 resistance training sessions per week for 8 weeks. The following assessments were performed before and after intervention periods: 1 repetition maximum (1RM) and 60%1RM tests in the bench press (60%1RMBENCH) and back squat (60%1RMSQUAT) exercises; muscle thickness assessment of biceps brachialis (MTBB), triceps brachialis (MTTB), and vastus lateralis (MTVL) by ultrasonography. No significant difference between groups was observed for the absolute increase (pre-post intervention) in the 1RMBENCH (mean difference = 0.8 kg; p = 0.679), 1RMSQUAT (mean difference = 0.1 kg; p = 0.992), MTBB (mean difference = 0.7 mm; p = 0.637), MTTB (mean difference = 1.4 mm; p = 0.282), MTVL (mean difference = 1.6 mm; p = 0.311), 60%1RMBENCH (mean difference = 0.5 repetitions; p = 0.670) and 60%1RMSQUAT (mean difference = 0.7 repetitions; p = 0.690). In conclusion, the 8-week training period induced significant strength and morphological responses. However, the addition of beta-alanine supplementation did not enhance these adaptive outcomes.
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López-Torres O, Rodríguez-Longobardo C, Capel-Escoriza R, Fernández-Elías VE. Ergogenic Aids to Improve Physical Performance in Female Athletes: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2022; 15:nu15010081. [PMID: 36615738 PMCID: PMC9823656 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Most intervention studies investigating the effects of ergogenic aids (EAs) on sports performance have been carried out in the male population. Thus, the aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to summarize the effects in the existing literature of EAs used by female athletes on performance. A literature research was conducted, and a descriptive analysis of the articles included in the systematic review was carried out. Meta-analyses could be performed on 32 of the included articles, evaluating performance in strength, sprint, and cardiovascular capacity. A random-effects model and the standardized mean differences (SMD) ± 95% confidence intervals (CI) were reported. The results showed that caffeine helped to improve jumping performance, isometric strength values, and the number of repetitions until failure. Caffeine and sodium phosphate helped to improve sprint performance. Aerobic tests could be improved with the use of taurine, caffeine, and beta-alanine. No conclusive effects of beetroot juice, polyphenols, or creatine in improving aerobic performance were shown. In terms of anaerobic variables, both caffeine and sodium phosphate could help to improve repeated sprint ability. More studies are needed in female athletes that measure the effects of different EAs on sports performance, such as beetroot juice, beta-alanine or sodium phosphate, as the studies to date are scarce and there are many types of EA that need to be further considered in this population, such as creatine and taurine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga López-Torres
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | - Celia Rodríguez-Longobardo
- Social Sciences of Physical Activity, Sport and Leisure Department, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Raquel Capel-Escoriza
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain
- Raquel Wellness Instituto de Nutrición y Salud, 28050 Madrid, Spain
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Samadi M, Askarian A, Shirvani H, Shamsoddini A, Shakibaee A, Forbes SC, Kaviani M. Effects of Four Weeks of Beta-Alanine Supplementation Combined with One Week of Creatine Loading on Physical and Cognitive Performance in Military Personnel. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19137992. [PMID: 35805647 PMCID: PMC9265371 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19137992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The purpose was to investigate the effects of a 7-day creatine (Cr) loading protocol at the end of four weeks of β-alanine supplementation (BA) on physical performance, blood lactate, cognitive performance, and resting hormonal concentrations compared to BA alone. Twenty male military personnel (age: 21.5 ± 1.5 yrs; height: 1.78 ± 0.05 m; body mass: 78.5 ± 7.0 kg; BMI: 23.7 ± 1.64 kg/m2) were recruited and randomized into two groups: BA + Cr or BA + placebo (PL). Participants in each group (n = 10 per group) were supplemented with 6.4 g/day of BA for 28 days. After the third week, the BA + Cr group participants were also supplemented with Cr (0.3 g/kg/day), while the BA + PL group ingested an isocaloric placebo for 7 days. Before and after supplementation, each participant performed a battery of physical and cognitive tests and provided a venous blood sample to determine resting testosterone, cortisol, and IGF-1. Furthermore, immediately after the last physical test, blood lactate was assessed. There was a significant improvement in physical performance and mathematical processing in the BA + Cr group over time (p < 0.05), while there was no change in the BA + PL group. Vertical jump performance and testosterone were significantly higher in the BA + Cr group compared to BA + PL. These results indicate that Cr loading during the final week of BA supplementation (28 days) enhanced muscular power and appears to be superior for muscular strength and cognitive performance compared to BA supplementation alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Samadi
- Exercise Physiology Research Center, Lifestyle Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155-6437, Iran; (M.S.); (A.A.); (H.S.); (A.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Ali Askarian
- Exercise Physiology Research Center, Lifestyle Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155-6437, Iran; (M.S.); (A.A.); (H.S.); (A.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Hossein Shirvani
- Exercise Physiology Research Center, Lifestyle Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155-6437, Iran; (M.S.); (A.A.); (H.S.); (A.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Alireza Shamsoddini
- Exercise Physiology Research Center, Lifestyle Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155-6437, Iran; (M.S.); (A.A.); (H.S.); (A.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Abolfazl Shakibaee
- Exercise Physiology Research Center, Lifestyle Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155-6437, Iran; (M.S.); (A.A.); (H.S.); (A.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Scott C. Forbes
- Faculty of Education, Department of Physical Education Studies, Brandon University, Brandon, MB R7A 6A9, Canada;
| | - Mojtaba Kaviani
- School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pure and Applied Science, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada
- Correspondence:
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Ashtary-Larky D, Bagheri R, Ghanavati M, Asbaghi O, Wong A, Stout JR, Suzuki K. Effects of beta-alanine supplementation on body composition: a GRADE-assessed systematic review and meta-analysis. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2022; 19:196-218. [PMID: 35813845 PMCID: PMC9261744 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2022.2079384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Previous studies have suggested that beta-alanine supplementation may benefit exercise performance, but current evidence regarding its effects on body composition remains unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the effects of beta-alanine supplementation on body composition indices. Methods Online databases, including PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase, were searched up to April 2021 to retrieve randomized controlled trials (RCTs), which examined the effect of beta-alanine supplementation on body composition indices. Meta-analyses were carried out using a random-effects model. The I2 index was used to assess the heterogeneity of RCTs. Results Among the initial 1413 studies that were identified from electronic databases search, 20 studies involving 492 participants were eligible. Pooled effect size from 20 studies indicated that beta-alanine supplementation has no effect on body mass (WMD: −0.15 kg; 95% CI: −0.78 to 0.47; p = 0.631, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.998), fat mass (FM) (WMD: −0.24 kg; 95% CI: −1.16 to 0.68; p = 0.612, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.969), body fat percentage (BFP) (WMD: −0.06%; 95% CI: −0.53 to 0.40; p = 0.782, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.936), and fat-free mass (FFM) (WMD: 0.05 kg; 95% CI: −0.71 to 0.82; p = 0.889, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.912). Subgroup analyses based on exercise type (resistance training [RT], endurance training [ET], and combined training [CT]), study duration (<8 and ≥8 weeks), and beta-alanine dosage (<6 and ≥6 g/d) demonstrated similar results. Certainty of evidence across outcomes ranged from low to moderate. Conclusions This meta-analysis study suggests that beta-alanine supplementation is unlikely to improve body composition indices regardless of supplementation dosage and its combination with exercise training. No studies have examined the effect of beta-alanine combined with both diet and exercise on body composition changes as the primary variable. Therefore, future studies examining the effect of the combination of beta-alanine supplementation with a hypocaloric diet and exercise programs are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damoon Ashtary-Larky
- Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Reza Bagheri
- Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Matin Ghanavati
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Teheran, Iran
| | - Omid Asbaghi
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Cancer Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alexei Wong
- Marymount University, Department of Health and Human Performance, Arlington, VA, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Stout
- University of Central Florida, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Physical Therapy, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, Orlando, FL, USA
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Dietary Supplements for Athletic Performance in Women: Beta-Alanine, Caffeine, and Nitrate. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2022; 32:311-323. [PMID: 35196646 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2021-0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Beta-alanine, caffeine, and nitrate are dietary supplements generally recognized by the sport and exercise science community as evidence-based ergogenic performance aids. Evidence supporting the efficacy of these supplements, however, is greatly skewed due to research being conducted primarily in men. The physiological differences between men and women, most notably in sex hormones and menstrual cycle fluctuations, make generalizing male data to the female athlete inappropriate, and potentially harmful to women. This narrative review outlines the studies conducted in women regarding the efficacy of beta-alanine, caffeine, and nitrate supplementation for performance enhancement. Only nine studies on beta-alanine, 15 on caffeine, and 10 on nitrate in healthy women under the age of 40 years conducted in normoxia conditions were identified as relevant to this research question. Evidence suggests that beta-alanine may lower the rate of perceived exertion and extend training bouts in women, leading to greater functional adaptations. Studies of caffeine in women suggest the physiological responder status and caffeine habituation may contribute to caffeine's efficacy, with a potential plateau in the dose-response relationship of performance enhancement. Nitrate appears to vary in influence based on activity type and primary muscle group examined. However, the results summarized in the limited literature for each of these three supplements provide no consensus on dosage, timing, or efficacy for women. Furthermore, the literature lacks considerations for hormonal status and its role in metabolism. This gap in sex-based knowledge necessitates further research on these ergogenic supplements in women with greater considerations for the effects of hormonal status.
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Gras D, Lanhers C, Bagheri R, Ugbolue UC, Coudeyre E, Pereira B, Zak M, Bouillon-Minois JB, Dutheil F. Creatine supplementation and VO 2max: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021:1-12. [PMID: 34859731 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.2008864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Although creatine supplementation is well-known to increase exercise performance in acute high-intensity exercises, its role in aerobic performance based on VO2max is more controversial. Thus, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis on the effects of creatine supplementation on VO2max. PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, and ScienceDirect were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) reporting VO2max in creatine supplementation and placebo groups before and after supplementation. We computed a random-effects meta-analysis on VO2max at baseline, within groups following supplementation, on changes on VO2max between groups, and after supplementation between groups. Sensitivity analyses and meta-regression were conducted. We included 19 RCTs for a total of 424 individuals (mean age 30 years old, 82% men). VO2max did not differ at baseline between groups (creatine and placebo). Participants in both groups were engaged in exercise interventions in most studies (80%). Using changes in VO2max, VO2max increased in both groups but increased less after creatine supplementation than placebo (effect size [ES] = -0.32, 95%CI = -0.51 to -0.12, p = 0.002). Comparisons after creatine supplementation confirmed a lower VO2max in the creatine group compared to the placebo group (ES= -0.20, 95%CI = -0.39 to -0.001, p = 0.049). Meta-analysis after exclusion from meta-funnel resulted in similar outcomes in a subgroup of young and healthy participants. Meta-regressions on characteristics of supplementation, physical training, or sociodemographic were not statistically significant. Creatine supplementation has a negative effect on VO2max, regardless of the characteristics of training, supplementation, or population characteristics.Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2021.2008864 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Gras
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Université Clermont Auvergne, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Charlotte Lanhers
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Université Clermont Auvergne, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Reza Bagheri
- Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ukadike Chris Ugbolue
- University of the West of Scotland, School of Health and Life Sciences, Institute for Clinical Exercise & Health Science, South Lanarkshire, Scotland, UK
| | - Emmanuel Coudeyre
- INRAE, Human Nutrition Unit (UNH), Université Clermont Auvergne, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bruno Pereira
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Biostatistics, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marek Zak
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Physiotherapy, The Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Jean-Baptiste Bouillon-Minois
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LaPSCo, Physiological and Psychosocial Stress, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Emergency Medicine, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Frédéric Dutheil
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LaPSCo, Physiological and Psychosocial Stress, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, WittyFit, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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11
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Shbib S, Rashidlamir A, Hakak Dokht E. The effects of plyometric training and β-alanine supplementation on anaerobic power and serum level of carnosine in handball players. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-020-00709-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Effects of Beta-Alanine Supplementation on Physical Performance in Aerobic-Anaerobic Transition Zones: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092490. [PMID: 32824885 PMCID: PMC7551186 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta-alanine supplementation (BA) has a positive impact on physical performance. However, evidence showing a benefit of this amino acid in aerobic-anaerobic transition zones is scarce and the results controversial. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to analyze the effects of BA supplementation on physical performance in aerobic-anaerobic transition zones. At the same time, the effect of different dosages and durations of BA supplementation were identified. The search was designed in accordance with the PRISMA® guidelines for systematic reviews and meta-analyses and performed in Web of Science (WOS), Scopus, SPORTDiscus, PubMed, and MEDLINE between 2010 and 2020. The methodological quality and risk of bias were evaluated with the Cochrane Collaboration tool. The main variables were the Time Trial Test (TTT) and Time to Exhaustion (TTE) tests, the latter separated into the Limited Time Test (LTT) and Limited Distance Test (LDT). The analysis was carried out with a pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) through Hedges' g test (95% CI). Nineteen studies were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis, revealing a small effect for time in the TTT (SMD, -0.36; 95% CI, -0.87-0.16; I2 = 59%; p = 0.010), a small effect for LTT (SMD, 0.25; 95% CI, -0.01-0.51; I2 = 0%; p = 0.53), and a large effect for LDT (SMD, 4.27; 95% CI, -0.25-8.79; I2 = 94%; p = 0.00001). BA supplementation showed small effects on physical performance in aerobic-anaerobic transition zones. Evidence on acute supplementation is scarce (one study); therefore, exploration of acute supplementation with different dosages and formats on physical performance in aerobic-anaerobic transition zones is needed.
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Rezende NS, Swinton P, de Oliveira LF, da Silva RP, da Eira Silva V, Nemezio K, Yamaguchi G, Artioli GG, Gualano B, Saunders B, Dolan E. The Muscle Carnosine Response to Beta-Alanine Supplementation: A Systematic Review With Bayesian Individual and Aggregate Data E-Max Model and Meta-Analysis. Front Physiol 2020; 11:913. [PMID: 32922303 PMCID: PMC7456894 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Beta-alanine (BA) supplementation increases muscle carnosine content (MCarn), and has many proven, and purported, ergogenic, and therapeutic benefits. Currently, many questions on the nature of the MCarn response to supplementation are open, and the response to these has considerable potential to enhance the efficacy and application of this supplementation strategy. To address these questions, we conducted a systematic review with Bayesian-based meta-analysis of all published aggregate data using a dose response (Emax) model. Meta-regression was used to consider the influence of potential moderators (including dose, sex, age, baseline MCarn, and analysis method used) on the primary outcome. The protocol was designed according to PRISMA guidelines and a three-step screening strategy was undertaken to identify studies that measured the MCarn response to BA supplementation. Additionally, we conducted an original analysis of all available individual data on the MCarn response to BA supplementation from studies conducted within our lab (n = 99). The Emax model indicated that human skeletal muscle has large capacity for non-linear MCarn accumulation, and that commonly used BA supplementation protocols may not come close to saturating muscle carnosine content. Neither baseline values, nor sex, appeared to influence subsequent response to supplementation. Analysis of individual data indicated that MCarn is relatively stable in the absence of intervention, and effectually all participants respond to BA supplementation (99.3% response [95%CrI: 96.2–100]).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathália Saffioti Rezende
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paul Swinton
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Luana Farias de Oliveira
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Pires da Silva
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vinicius da Eira Silva
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kleiner Nemezio
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Yamaguchi
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Giannini Artioli
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Gualano
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Food Research Center, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bryan Saunders
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eimear Dolan
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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14
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Paludo AC, Cook CJ, Owen JA, Woodman T, Irwin J, Crewther BT. The impact of menstrual-cycle phase on basal and exercise-induced hormones, mood, anxiety and exercise performance in physically active women. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 61:461-467. [PMID: 32550714 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.10844-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The influence of menstrual cycle phase on perceptual responses and exercise performance is still unclear in the literature. Therefore, this study investigated salivary estradiol (sal-E<inf>2</inf>) and cortisol (sal-C) concentrations, mood, anxiety and exercise (aerobic, anaerobic) performance in physically-active women across two menstrual-cycle phases. METHODS Twelve women (mean age 24.9±4.3 years) were assessed in the early follicular (early-FP) and mid luteal (mid-LP) phase of their menstrual cycle. In each phase, participants were tested for both aerobic (i.e. VO<inf>2max</inf>) and anaerobic (i.e. peak power, average power and Fatigue Index) performance. Basal and exercise-induced changes in sal-E<inf>2</inf> and sal-C concentrations, self-appraised mood and anxiety were assessed. RESULTS We observed a significant increase in basal (pre-exercise) sal-E<inf>2</inf> concentration from early-FP to mid-LP (P≤0.05), coupled with a significant increase in VO<inf>2max</inf> in early-FP (39.9±7.8 mL/kg/min) versus mid-LP (36.9±7.8 mL/kg/min). Depression also decreased with aerobic exercise, but only in the early-FP. No other significant menstrual-phase differences in exercise performance, emotional state or hormonal change scores were identified. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that physically-active women may experience a natural rise in estradiol concentration, as they transition from the early-FP to mid-LP. In the present study, this was accompanied by a small reduction in VO<inf>2max</inf>. An exercise (aerobic)-related decline in depression also emerged in the early-FP. Most of the exercise performance, emotional state and hormonal measures did not exhibit any menstrual phase-related difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Paludo
- Department of Physical Education, Midwest State University of Paraná, Guarapuava, Brazil -
| | - Christian J Cook
- School of Sport Health and Exercise Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK.,School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, Australia.,Hamlyn Center for Robotic Surgery, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Julian A Owen
- School of Sport Health and Exercise Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Tim Woodman
- School of Sport Health and Exercise Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Jennifer Irwin
- School of Sport Health and Exercise Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Blair T Crewther
- Institute of Sport - National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
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15
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Fernández-Landa J, Fernández-Lázaro D, Calleja-González J, Caballero-García A, Córdova A, León-Guereño P, Mielgo-Ayuso J. Long-Term Effect of Combination of Creatine Monohydrate Plus β-Hydroxy β-Methylbutyrate (HMB) on Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage and Anabolic/Catabolic Hormones in Elite Male Endurance Athletes. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E140. [PMID: 31952174 PMCID: PMC7022312 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Creatine monohydrate (CrM) and β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate (HMB) are widely studied ergogenic aids. However, both supplements are usually studied in an isolated manner. The few studies that have investigated the effect of combining both supplements on exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) and hormone status have reported controversial results. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to determine the effect and degree of potentiation of 10 weeks of CrM plus HMB supplementation on EIMD and anabolic/catabolic hormones. This study was a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial where participants (n = 28) were randomized into four different groups: placebo group (PLG; n = 7), CrM group (CrMG; 0.04 g/kg/day of CrM; n = 7), HMB group (HMBG; 3 g/day of HMB; n = 7), and CrM-HMB group (CrM-HMBG; 0.04 g/kg/day of CrM plus 3 g/day of HMB; n = 7). Before (baseline, T1) and after 10 weeks of supplementation (T2), blood samples were collected from all rowers. There were no significant differences in the EIMD markers (aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatine kinase) among groups. However, we observed significant differences in CrM-HMBG with respect to PLG, CrMG, and HMBG on testosterone (p = 0.006; η2p = 0.454) and the testosterone/cortisol ratio (T/C; p = 0.032; η2p = 0.349). Moreover, we found a synergistic effect of combined supplementation on testosterone (CrM-HMBG = -63.85% vs. CrMG + HMBG = -37.89%) and T/C (CrM-HMBG = 680% vs. CrMG + HMBG = 57.68%) and an antagonistic effect on cortisol (CrM-HMBG = 131.55% vs. CrMG + HMBG = 389.99%). In summary, the combination of CrM plus HMB showed an increase in testosterone and T/C compared with the other groups after 10 weeks of supplementation. Moreover, this combination presented a synergistic effect on testosterone and T/C and an antagonistic effect on cortisol compared with the sum of individual or isolated supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julen Fernández-Landa
- Laboratory of Human Performance, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education, Sport Section, University of the Basque Country, 01007 Vitoria, Spain; (J.F.-L.); (J.C.-G.)
| | - Diego Fernández-Lázaro
- Department of Cellular Biology, Histology and Pharmacology. Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Valladolid. Campus de Soria, 42003 Soria, Spain;
| | - Julio Calleja-González
- Laboratory of Human Performance, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education, Sport Section, University of the Basque Country, 01007 Vitoria, Spain; (J.F.-L.); (J.C.-G.)
| | - Alberto Caballero-García
- Department of Anatomy and Radiology. Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Valladolid, Campus de Soria, 42003 Soria, Spain;
| | - Alfredo Córdova
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Campus de Soria, University of Valladolid, 42003 Soria, Spain;
| | - Patxi León-Guereño
- Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Campus of Donostia-San Sebastián, 20012 San Sebastián, Guipúzcoa, Spain;
| | - Juan Mielgo-Ayuso
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Campus de Soria, University of Valladolid, 42003 Soria, Spain;
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16
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Fernández-Landa J, Fernández-Lázaro D, Calleja-González J, Caballero-García A, Córdova Martínez A, León-Guereño P, Mielgo-Ayuso J. Effect of Ten Weeks of Creatine Monohydrate Plus HMB Supplementation on Athletic Performance Tests in Elite Male Endurance Athletes. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12010193. [PMID: 31936727 PMCID: PMC7019716 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Creatine monohydrate (CrM) and β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate (HMB) are common ergogenic aids in the field of sports and are frequently used in an isolated way. However, there are a few studies that have investigated the effect of combining both supplements on different variables related to performance, with controversial results. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy and the degree of potentiation of 10 weeks of CrM plus HMB supplementation on sports performance, which was measured by an incremental test to exhaustion in elite male traditional rowers. In this placebo-controlled, double-blind trial, 10-week study, participants (n = 28) were randomized to a placebo group (PLG; n = 7), CrM group (0.04 g/kg/day of CrM; n = 7), HMB group (3 g/day of HMB; n = 7) and CrM-HMB group (0.04 g/kg/day of CrM plus 3 g/day of HMB; n = 7). Before and after 10 weeks of different treatments, an incremental test was performed on a rowing ergometer to calculate the power that each rower obtained at the anaerobic threshold (WAT), and at 4 mmol (W4) and 8 mmol (W8) of blood lactate concentration. There were no significant differences in WAT and W4 among groups or in body composition. However, it was observed that the aerobic power achieved at W8 was significantly higher in the CrM-HMB group than in the PLG, CrM and HMB groups (p < 0.001; η2p = 0.766). Likewise, a synergistic effect of combined supplementation was found for the sum of the two supplements separately at WAT (CrM-HMBG = 403.19% vs. CrMG+HMBG = 337.52%), W4 (CrM-HMBG = 2736.17% vs. CrMG+HMBG = 1705.32%) and W8 (CrM-HMBG = 1293.4% vs. CrMG+HMBG = 877.56%). In summary, CrM plus HMB supplementation over 10 weeks showed a synergistic effect on aerobic power (measured as WAT, W4, and W8) during an incremental test but had no influence muscle mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julen Fernández-Landa
- Laboratory of Human Performance, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education, Sport Section, University of the Basque Country, 01007 Vitoria, Spain; (J.F.-L.); (J.C.-G.)
| | - Diego Fernández-Lázaro
- Department of Cellular Biology, Histology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Valladolid, Campus de Soria, 42003 Soria, Spain;
| | - Julio Calleja-González
- Laboratory of Human Performance, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education, Sport Section, University of the Basque Country, 01007 Vitoria, Spain; (J.F.-L.); (J.C.-G.)
| | - Alberto Caballero-García
- Department of Anatomy and Radiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Valladolid, Campus de Soria, 42003 Soria, Spain;
| | - Alfredo Córdova Martínez
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Valladolid, Campus de Soria, 42003 Soria, Spain;
| | - Patxi León-Guereño
- Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Campus of Donostia-San Sebastián, 20012 San Sebastián, Guipúzcoa, Spain;
| | - Juan Mielgo-Ayuso
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Valladolid, Campus de Soria, 42003 Soria, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-975-129-187
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17
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The Effect of Beta-Alanine versus Alkaline Agent Supplementation Combined with Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Creatine Malate in Highly-Trained Sprinters and Endurance Athletes: A Randomized Double-Blind Crossover Study. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11091961. [PMID: 31438535 PMCID: PMC6769605 DOI: 10.3390/nu11091961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to verify the effect of intra- (beta-alanine—BA) versus extra- (alkaline agents—ALK) cellular buffering agent supplementation, combined with customarily used branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and creatine malate (TCM) treatment in natural training conditions. Thirty-one elite athletes (11 sprinters and 20 endurance athletes) participated in the study. Eight-week randomized double-blind, crossover, combined supplementation with BA-ALKplaBCAA&TCM and ALK-BAplaBCAA&TCM was implemented. In the course of the experiment, body composition, aerobic capacity, and selected blood markers were assayed. After BA-ALKplaBCAA&TCM supplementation, total fat-free mass increased in sprinters (p = 0.009). No other differences were found in body composition, respiratory parameters, aerobic capacity, blood lactate concentration, and hematological indices after BA-ALKplaBCAA&TCM/ALK-BAplaBCAA&TCM supplementation. The maximum post-exercise blood ammonia (NH3) concentration decreased in both groups after BA-ALKplaBCAA&TCM supplementation (endurance, p = 0.002; sprint, p < 0.0001). Also, lower NH3 concentrations were observed in endurance athletes in the post-exercise recovery period. The results of our study indicate that combined BCAA, TCM, and BA supplementation is more effective than combined BCAA, TCM and ALK supplementation for an increase in fat-free mass and exercise adaptation, but not for aerobic capacity improvement. Besides, it seems that specific exercise stimuli and the training status are key factors affecting exercise performance, even in athletes using efficient supplementation.
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18
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Hooshmand S, Halabchi F, Hashempour A, Rajabian Tabesh M, Alizadeh Z. Improving physical activity tolerance in sedentary overweight women under beta-alanine supplementation. Sci Sports 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Hummer E, Suprak DN, Buddhadev HH, Brilla L, San Juan JG. Creatine electrolyte supplement improves anaerobic power and strength: a randomized double-blind control study. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2019; 16:24. [PMID: 31126306 PMCID: PMC6534934 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-019-0291-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Creatine supplementation aids the Phosphagen system by increasing the amount of free creatine and phosphocreatine available to replenish adenosine triphosphate. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a creatine and electrolyte formulated multi-ingredient performance supplement (MIPS) on strength and power performance compared to a placebo. Maximal strength along with total concentric work, mean rate of force development (mRFD), mean power, peak power, and peak force for both bench press and back squat were determined at pre-test and post-test separated by 6 weeks of supplementation. Methods Twenty-two subjects (6 females, 21 ± 2 yrs., 72.46 ± 11.18 kg, 1.72 ± 0.09 m) performed a one-repetition maximum (1RM) for back squat and bench press. Eighty percent of the subject’s pre-test 1RM was used for a maximal repetition test to assess performance variables. Testing was separated by 6 weeks of supplementation of a MIPS dose per day in a double-blind fashion for comparison. A two-way mixed analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was applied with an alpha level of 0.05. Results For their back squat 1RM, the MIPS group displayed significant increase of 13.4% (95% CI: 2.77, 23.8%) while placebo displayed a decrease of − 0.2% (95% CI: − 1.46, 2.87%) (p = 0.047, ηp2 = 0.201). The MIPS displayed a significant increase of 5.9% (95% CI: 2.5, 10.1%) and placebo displayed a non-significant increase of 0.7% (95% CI: − 3.49, 3.9%) in bench press maximal strength (p = 0.033,0.217). The MIPS group displayed a significant increase as well in total concentric work (26.5, 95% CI: 6.07, 46.87%, p = 0.008, ηp2 = 0.330) and mean power (17.9, 95% CI: 3.42, 32.46%, p = 0.003, ηp2 = 0.402) for the maximal repetition bench press test at 80% of their 1RM. Conclusions The MIPS was found to be beneficial to recreationally trained individuals compared to a placebo. The greatest benefits are seen in bench press and back squat maximal strength as well as multiple repetition tests to fatigue during the bench press exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Hummer
- The University of Tennessee, 1914 Andy Holt Ave, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - David N Suprak
- Western Washington University, 516 High St, Bellingham, WA, 98225-9067, USA
| | - Harsh H Buddhadev
- Western Washington University, 516 High St, Bellingham, WA, 98225-9067, USA
| | - Lorrie Brilla
- Western Washington University, 516 High St, Bellingham, WA, 98225-9067, USA.
| | - Jun G San Juan
- Western Washington University, 516 High St, Bellingham, WA, 98225-9067, USA
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20
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MATTHEWS JOSEPHJ, ARTIOLI GUILHERMEG, TURNER MARKD, SALE CRAIG. The Physiological Roles of Carnosine and β-Alanine in Exercising Human Skeletal Muscle. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 51:2098-2108. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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21
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Short-Time β-Alanine Supplementation on the Acute Strength Performance after High-Intensity Intermittent Exercise in Recreationally Trained Men. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7050108. [PMID: 31075911 PMCID: PMC6571921 DOI: 10.3390/sports7050108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: We investigated the effects of 28 days of beta-alanine (β-alanine) supplementation on the acute interference effect of high-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE) on lower-body resistance exercise performance, body composition, and strength when combined with a resistance training program. (2) Methods: Twenty-two males were randomized into: β-alanine supplementation (6.4 g/day) or placebo (6.4 g/day maltodextrin) during 28 days. Total body water, intracellular and extracellular water, fat-free mass (FFM), and fat mass were assessed using bioelectrical impedance. Participants performed 5000-m HIIE (1:1 effort and rest ratio) followed by resistance exercise (four sets of 80% at 45° leg press until muscular failure) at baseline and after 28 days. The resistance training program consisted of three sets of 10 to 12 RM with 90 s of rest, four days per week. (3) Results: For the post-HIIE leg press volume, higher values were observed post-training than pre-training, but no group x time interaction was observed. There was a non-significant trend for an interaction in the FFM change (β-alanine = 2.8% versus placebo = 1.0%, p = 0.072). (4) Conclusion: Twenty-eight days of β-alanine supplementation did not prevent acute strength loss during resistance exercise after high-intensity interval exercise, nor increase strength or hypertrophic adaptations associated with resistance training.
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Goron A, Moinard C. Amino acids and sport: a true love story? Amino Acids 2018; 50:969-980. [PMID: 29855718 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-018-2591-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Among a plethora of dietary supplements, amino acids are very popular with athletes for several reasons (e.g., to prevent nutritional deficiency, improve muscle function, and decrease muscle damages) whose purpose is to improve performance. However, it is difficult to get a clear idea of which amino acids have real ergogenic impact. Here, we review and analyze the clinical studies evaluating specific amino acids (glutamine, arginine, leucine, etc.) in athletes. Only english-language clinical studies evaluating a specific effect of one amino acid were considered. Despite promising results, many studies have methodological limits or specific flaws that do not allow definitive conclusions. To date, only chronic β-alanine supplementation demonstrated an ergogenic effect in athletes. Much research is still needed to gain evidence-based data before any other specific amino acid can be recommended for use in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Goron
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics (LBFA), INSERM U 1055 and SFR Environmental and Systems Biology (BEeSy), University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.
| | - Christophe Moinard
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics (LBFA), INSERM U 1055 and SFR Environmental and Systems Biology (BEeSy), University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
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Dalton RL, Sowinski RJ, Grubic TJ, Collins PB, Coletta AM, Reyes AG, Sanchez B, Koozehchian M, Jung YP, Rasmussen C, Greenwood M, Murano PS, Earnest CP, Kreider RB. Hematological and Hemodynamic Responses to Acute and Short-Term Creatine Nitrate Supplementation. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9121359. [PMID: 29244743 PMCID: PMC5748809 DOI: 10.3390/nu9121359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In a double-blind, crossover, randomized and placebo-controlled trial; 28 men and women ingested a placebo (PLA), 3 g of creatine nitrate (CNL), and 6 g of creatine nitrate (CNH) for 6 days. Participants repeated the experiment with the alternate supplements after a 7-day washout. Hemodynamic responses to a postural challenge, fasting blood samples, and bench press, leg press, and cycling time trial performance and recovery were assessed. Data were analyzed by univariate, multivariate, and repeated measures general linear models (GLM). No significant differences were found among treatments for hemodynamic responses, clinical blood markers or self-reported side effects. After 5 days of supplementation, one repetition maximum (1RM) bench press improved significantly for CNH (mean change, 95% CI; 6.1 [3.5, 8.7] kg) but not PLA (0.7 [-1.6, 3.0] kg or CNL (2.0 [-0.9, 4.9] kg, CNH, p = 0.01). CNH participants also tended to experience an attenuated loss in 1RM strength during the recovery performance tests following supplementation on day 5 (PLA: -9.3 [-13.5, -5.0], CNL: -9.3 [-13.5, -5.1], CNH: -3.9 [-6.6, -1.2] kg, p = 0.07). After 5 days, pre-supplementation 1RM leg press values increased significantly, only with CNH (24.7 [8.8, 40.6] kg, but not PLA (13.9 [-15.7, 43.5] or CNL (14.6 [-0.5, 29.7]). Further, post-supplementation 1RM leg press recovery did not decrease significantly for CNH (-13.3 [-31.9, 5.3], but did for PLA (-30.5 [-53.4, -7.7] and CNL (-29.0 [-49.5, -8.4]). CNL treatment promoted an increase in bench press repetitions at 70% of 1RM during recovery on day 5 (PLA: 0.4 [-0.8, 1.6], CNL: 0.9 [0.35, 1.5], CNH: 0.5 [-0.2, 0.3], p = 0.56), greater leg press endurance prior to supplementation on day 5 (PLA: -0.2 [-1.6, 1.2], CNL: 0.9 [0.2, 1.6], CNH: 0.2 [-0.5, 0.9], p = 0.25) and greater leg press endurance during recovery on day 5 (PLA: -0.03 [-1.2, 1.1], CNL: 1.1 [0.3, 1.9], CNH: 0.4 [-0.4, 1.2], p = 0.23). Cycling time trial performance (4 km) was not affected. Results indicate that creatine nitrate supplementation, up to a 6 g dose, for 6 days, appears to be safe and provide some ergogenic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan L Dalton
- Exercise and Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843-4253, USA.
| | - Ryan J Sowinski
- Exercise and Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843-4253, USA.
| | - Tyler J Grubic
- Exercise and Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843-4253, USA.
| | - Patrick B Collins
- Exercise and Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843-4253, USA.
| | - Adriana M Coletta
- Exercise and Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843-4253, USA.
| | - Aimee G Reyes
- Exercise and Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843-4253, USA.
| | - Brittany Sanchez
- Exercise and Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843-4253, USA.
| | - Majid Koozehchian
- Exercise and Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843-4253, USA.
| | - Yanghoon P Jung
- Exercise and Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843-4253, USA.
| | - Christopher Rasmussen
- Exercise and Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843-4253, USA.
| | - Mike Greenwood
- Exercise and Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843-4253, USA.
| | - Peter S Murano
- Institute for Obesity and Program Evaluation, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Conrad P Earnest
- Exercise and Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843-4253, USA.
- Clinical Science Division, Nutrabolt, 3891 S. Traditions Drive, Bryan, TX 77807, USA.
| | - Richard B Kreider
- Exercise and Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843-4253, USA.
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Abstract
Context: The use of creatine as a dietary supplement has become increasingly popular over the past several decades. Despite the popularity of creatine, questions remain with regard to dosing, effects on sports performance, and safety. Evidence Acquisition: PubMed was searched for articles published between 1980 and January 2017 using the terms creatine, creatine supplementation, sports performance, and dietary supplements. An additional Google search was performed to capture National Collegiate Athletic Association–specific creatine usage data and US dietary supplement and creatine sales. Study Design: Clinical review. Level of Evidence: Level 4. Results: Short-term use of creatine is considered safe and without significant adverse effects, although caution should be advised as the number of long-term studies is limited. Suggested dosing is variable, with many different regimens showing benefits. The safety of creatine supplementation has not been studied in children and adolescents. Currently, the scientific literature best supports creatine supplementation for increased performance in short-duration, maximal-intensity resistance training. Conclusion: While creatine appears to be safe and effective for particular settings, whether creatine supplementation leads to improved performance on the field of play remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Butts
- Departments of Family and Community Medicine & Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Bret Jacobs
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Division of Primary Care Sports Medicine, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Matthew Silvis
- Departments of Family and Community Medicine & Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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25
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Church DD, Hoffman JR, Varanoske AN, Wang R, Baker KM, La Monica MB, Beyer KS, Dodd SJ, Oliveira LP, Harris RC, Fukuda DH, Stout JR. Comparison of Two β-Alanine Dosing Protocols on Muscle Carnosine Elevations. J Am Coll Nutr 2017; 36:608-616. [DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2017.1335250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David D. Church
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Jay R. Hoffman
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Alyssa N. Varanoske
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Ran Wang
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Kayla M. Baker
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Michael B. La Monica
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Kyle S. Beyer
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Sarah J. Dodd
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Leonardo P. Oliveira
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, Florida
| | - Roger C. Harris
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - David H. Fukuda
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Jeffrey R. Stout
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
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26
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Abstract
Many sports involve repeated bouts of high-intensity exercise. High-intensity exercise is compromised, however, by the early onset of exercise-induced fatigue. Metabolic by-products, ion dysbalance and amount of phosphocreatine are considered the main peripheral causes of fatigue during high-intensity exercise. Intake of nutritional ergogenic aids is commonplace to enhance performance of high-intensity exercise by offsetting the potential mechanisms of fatigue. Creatine, probably one of the best known nutritional aids to enhance performance of high-intensity exercise, has convincingly substantiated its ergogenic potential. Although multi-ingredient supplements are now common, the justification for effectiveness is mostly based on observations with single intake of those ingredients. In this narrative review, the main focus is on the evidence of the effect of co-ingestion of ergogenic aids on performance of high intensity exercise for which the single intake has shown beneficial effects on high-intensity performance.
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27
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Jung YP, Earnest CP, Koozehchian M, Galvan E, Dalton R, Walker D, Rasmussen C, Murano PS, Greenwood M, Kreider RB. Effects of acute ingestion of a pre-workout dietary supplement with and without p-synephrine on resting energy expenditure, cognitive function and exercise performance. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2017; 14:3. [PMID: 28096758 PMCID: PMC5234109 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-016-0159-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of acute ingestion of a pre-workout dietary supplement (PWS) with and without p-synephrine (S) on perceptions of readiness to perform, cognitive function, exercise performance, and markers of safety. METHODS In a randomized, double-blind, and counterbalanced manner; 25 healthy and recreationally active male and female participants ingested a flavored maltodextrin placebo (PLA), a PWS containing beta-alanine (3 g), creatine nitrate as a salt (2 g), arginine alpha-ketoglutarate (2 g), N-Acetyl-L-Tyrosine (300 mg), caffeine (284 mg), Mucuna pruiriens extract standardized for 15% L-Dopa (15 mg), Vitamin C as Ascorbic Acid (500 mg), niacin (60 mg), folate as folic acid (50 mg), and Vitamin B12 as Methylcobalamin (70 mg) with 2 g of maltodextrin and flavoring; or, the PWS with Citrus aurantium (PWS + S) extract standardized for 30% p-synephrine (20 mg). Participants had heart rate (HR), blood pressure, resting energy expenditure (REE), 12-lead electrocardiograms (ECG), perceptions about readiness to perform, cognitive function (Stroop Color-Word test), bench and leg press performance (2 sets of 10 repetitions at 70% of 1RM and 1 set to failure), and Wingate anaerobic capacity (WAC) sprint performance determined as well as donated blood samples prior to and/or following exercise/supplementation. Data were analyzed by MANOVA with repeated measures as well as mean changes from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS No clinically significant differences were observed among treatments in HR, blood pressure, ECG, or general clinical blood panels. There was evidence that PWS and PWS + S ingestion promoted greater changes in REE responses. Participants reported higher perception of optimism about performance and vigor and energy with PWS and PWS + S ingestion and there was evidence that PWS and PWS + S improved changes in cognitive function scores from baseline to a greater degree than PLA after 1 or 2 h. However, the scores in the PWS + S treatment did not exceed PLA or PWS responses at any data point. No statistically significant differences were observed among treatments in total bench press lifting volume, leg press lifting volume or WAC sprint performance. CONCLUSIONS Within the confines of this study, ingestion of PWS and/or PWS + S prior to exercise appears to be well-tolerated when consumed by young, healthy individuals. The primary effects appear to be to increase REE responses and improve perceptions about readiness to perform and cognitive function with limited to no effects on muscular endurance and WAC. The addition of 20 mg of p-synephrine to the PWS provided limited to no additive benefits. TRIAL REGISTRATION This trial (NCT02952014) was retrospectively registered on September 13th 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Peter Jung
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4243 USA
| | - Conrad P. Earnest
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4243 USA
- Nutrabolt, Bryan, TX 77807 USA
| | - Majid Koozehchian
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4243 USA
| | - Elfego Galvan
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4243 USA
| | - Ryan Dalton
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4243 USA
| | - Dillon Walker
- Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4243 USA
| | - Christopher Rasmussen
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4243 USA
| | - Peter S. Murano
- Institute for Obesity Research & Program Evaluation, Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Mike Greenwood
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4243 USA
| | - Richard B. Kreider
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4243 USA
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28
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Jung YP, Earnest CP, Koozehchian M, Cho M, Barringer N, Walker D, Rasmussen C, Greenwood M, Murano PS, Kreider RB. Effects of ingesting a pre-workout dietary supplement with and without synephrine for 8 weeks on training adaptations in resistance-trained males. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2017; 14:1. [PMID: 28096757 PMCID: PMC5234097 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-016-0158-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to examine whether ingesting a pre-workout dietary supplement (PWS) with and without synephrine (S) during training affects training responses in resistance-trained males. METHODS Resistance-trained males (N = 80) were randomly assigned to supplement their diet in a double-blind manner with either a flavored placebo (PLA); a PWS containing beta-alanine (3 g), creatine nitrate as a salt (2 g), arginine alpha-ketoglutarate (2 g), N-Acetyl-L-Tyrosine (300 mg), caffeine (284 mg), Mucuna pruiriens extract standardized for 15% L-Dopa (15 mg), Vitamin C as Ascorbic Acid (500 mg), niacin (60 mg), folate as folic acid (50 mg), and Vitamin B12 as Methylcobalamin (70 mg); or, the PWS supplement with Citrus aurantium extract containing 20 mg of synephrine (PWS + S) once per day for 8-weeks during training. Participants donated a fasting blood sample and had body composition (DXA), resting heart rate and blood pressure, cognitive function (Stroop Test), readiness to perform, bench and leg press 1 RM, and Wingate anaerobic capacity assessments determined a 0, 4, and 8-weeks of standardized training. Data were analyzed by MANOVA with repeated measures. Performance and cognitive function data were analyzed using baseline values as covariates as well as mean changes from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Blood chemistry data were also analyzed using Chi-square analysis. RESULTS Although significant time effects were seen, no statistically significant overall MANOVA Wilks' Lambda interactions were observed among groups for body composition, resting heart and blood pressure, readiness to perform questions, 1RM strength, anaerobic sprint capacity, or blood chemistry panels. MANOVA univariate analysis and analysis of changes from baseline with 95% CI revealed some evidence that cognitive function and 1RM strength were increased to a greater degree in the PWS and/or PWS + S groups after 4- and/or 8-weeks compared to PLA responses. However, there was no evidence that PWS + S promoted greater overall training adaptations compared to the PWS group. Dietary supplementation of PWS and PWS + S did not increase the incidence of reported side effects or significantly affect the number of blood values above clinical norms compared to PLA. CONCLUSION Results provide some evidence that 4-weeks of PWS and/or PWS + S supplementation can improve some indices of cognitive function and exercise performance during resistance-training without significant side effects in apparently health males. However, these effects were similar to PLA responses after 8-weeks of supplementation and inclusion of synephrine did not promote additive benefits. TRIAL REGISTRATION This trial (NCT02999581) was retrospectively registered on December 16th 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Peter Jung
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4243 USA
| | - Conrad P. Earnest
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4243 USA
- Nutrabolt, Bryan, TX 77807 USA
| | - Majid Koozehchian
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4243 USA
| | - Minye Cho
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4243 USA
| | - Nick Barringer
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4243 USA
| | - Dillon Walker
- Department of Health & Kinesiology, Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4243 USA
| | - Christopher Rasmussen
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4243 USA
| | - Mike Greenwood
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4243 USA
| | - Peter S. Murano
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute for Obesity Research & Program Evaluation, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Richard B. Kreider
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4243 USA
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29
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Baye E, Ukropcova B, Ukropec J, Hipkiss A, Aldini G, de Courten B. Physiological and therapeutic effects of carnosine on cardiometabolic risk and disease. Amino Acids 2016; 48:1131-49. [PMID: 26984320 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2208-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are the most common preventable causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. They represent major public health threat to our society. Increasing prevalence of obesity and T2DM contributes to escalating morbidity and mortality from CVD and stroke. Carnosine (β-alanyl-L-histidine) is a dipeptide with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-glycation, anti-ischaemic and chelating roles and is available as an over-the-counter food supplement. Animal evidence suggests that carnosine may offer many promising therapeutic benefits for multiple chronic diseases due to these properties. Carnosine, traditionally used in exercise physiology to increase exercise performance, has potential preventative and therapeutic benefits in obesity, insulin resistance, T2DM and diabetic microvascular and macrovascular complications (CVD and stroke) as well as number of neurological and mental health conditions. However, relatively little evidence is available in humans. Thus, future studies should focus on well-designed clinical trials to confirm or refute a potential role of carnosine in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases in humans, in addition to advancing knowledge from the basic science and animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estifanos Baye
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 43-51 Kanooka Grove, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, 3168, Australia.,Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Barbara Ukropcova
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jozef Ukropec
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Alan Hipkiss
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Giancarlo Aldini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbora de Courten
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 43-51 Kanooka Grove, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, 3168, Australia. .,Diabetes and Vascular Medicine Unit, Monash Health, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.
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30
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Pence BD, Gibbons TE, Bhattacharya TK, Mach H, Ossyra JM, Petr G, Martin SA, Wang L, Rubakhin SS, Sweedler JV, McCusker RH, Kelley KW, Rhodes JS, Johnson RW, Woods JA. Effects of exercise and dietary epigallocatechin gallate and β-alanine on skeletal muscle in aged mice. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2015; 41:181-90. [PMID: 26761622 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Aging leads to sarcopenia and loss of physical function. We examined whether voluntary wheel running, when combined with dietary supplementation with (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and β-alanine (β-ALA), could improve muscle function and alter gene expression in the gastrocnemius of aged mice. Seventeen-month-old BALB/cByJ mice were given access to a running wheel or remained sedentary for 41 days while receiving either AIN-93M (standard feed) or AIN-93M containing 1.5 mg·kg(-1) EGCG and 3.43 mg·kg(-1) β-ALA. Mice underwent tests over 11 days from day 29 to day 39 of the study period, including muscle function testing (grip strength, treadmill exhaustive fatigue, rotarod). Following a rest day, mice were euthanized and gastrocnemii were collected for analysis of gene expression by quantitative PCR. Voluntary wheel running (VWR) improved rotarod and treadmill exhaustive fatigue performance and maintained grip strength in aged mice, while dietary intervention had no effect. VWR increased gastrocnemius expression of several genes, including those encoding interleukin-6 (Il6, p = 0.001), superoxide dismutase 1 (Sod1, p = 0.046), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-α (Ppargc1a, p = 0.013), forkhead box protein O3 (Foxo3, p = 0.005), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf, p = 0.008), while reducing gastrocnemius levels of the lipid peroxidation marker 4-hydroxynonenal (p = 0.019). Dietary intervention alone increased gastrocnemius expression of Ppargc1a (p = 0.033) and genes encoding NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-1 (Sirt1, p = 0.039), insulin-like growth factor I (Igf1, p = 0.003), and macrophage marker CD11b (Itgam, p = 0.016). Exercise and a diet containing β-ALA and EGCG differentially regulated gene expression in the gastrocnemius of aged mice, while VWR but not dietary intervention improved muscle function. We found no synergistic effects between dietary intervention and VWR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandt D Pence
- a Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,b Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Trisha E Gibbons
- b Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,c Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Tushar K Bhattacharya
- d Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61820, USA.,e Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Houston Mach
- d Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61820, USA.,e Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jessica M Ossyra
- d Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61820, USA.,e Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Geraldine Petr
- b Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,c Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Stephen A Martin
- a Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,b Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Lin Wang
- e Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,f Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Stanislav S Rubakhin
- e Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,f Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jonathan V Sweedler
- e Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,f Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Robert H McCusker
- b Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,g Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,h Department of Pathology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Keith W Kelley
- b Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,g Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,h Department of Pathology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Justin S Rhodes
- d Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61820, USA.,e Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Rodney W Johnson
- b Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,c Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,g Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Woods
- a Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,b Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,c Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,h Department of Pathology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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31
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Trexler ET, Smith-Ryan AE, Stout JR, Hoffman JR, Wilborn CD, Sale C, Kreider RB, Jäger R, Earnest CP, Bannock L, Campbell B, Kalman D, Ziegenfuss TN, Antonio J. International society of sports nutrition position stand: Beta-Alanine. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2015; 12:30. [PMID: 26175657 PMCID: PMC4501114 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-015-0090-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) provides an objective and critical review of the mechanisms and use of beta-alanine supplementation. Based on the current available literature, the conclusions of the ISSN are as follows: 1) Four weeks of beta-alanine supplementation (4-6 g daily) significantly augments muscle carnosine concentrations, thereby acting as an intracellular pH buffer; 2) Beta-alanine supplementation currently appears to be safe in healthy populations at recommended doses; 3) The only reported side effect is paraesthesia (tingling), but studies indicate this can be attenuated by using divided lower doses (1.6 g) or using a sustained-release formula; 4) Daily supplementation with 4 to 6 g of beta-alanine for at least 2 to 4 weeks has been shown to improve exercise performance, with more pronounced effects in open end-point tasks/time trials lasting 1 to 4 min in duration; 5) Beta-alanine attenuates neuromuscular fatigue, particularly in older subjects, and preliminary evidence indicates that beta-alanine may improve tactical performance; 6) Combining beta-alanine with other single or multi-ingredient supplements may be advantageous when supplementation of beta-alanine is high enough (4-6 g daily) and long enough (minimum 4 weeks); 7) More research is needed to determine the effects of beta-alanine on strength, endurance performance beyond 25 min in duration, and other health-related benefits associated with carnosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T Trexler
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Abbie E Smith-Ryan
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Jeffrey R Stout
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL USA
| | - Jay R Hoffman
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL USA
| | - Colin D Wilborn
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX USA
| | - Craig Sale
- Health and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, Department of Sport Science, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Richard B Kreider
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX USA
| | - Ralf Jäger
- Increnovo LLC, 2138 E Lafayette Pl, Milwaukee, WI USA
| | - Conrad P Earnest
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX USA.,Nutrabolt International, Bryan, TX USA
| | | | - Bill Campbell
- Performance & Physique Enhancement Laboratory, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL USA
| | - Douglas Kalman
- Department of Nutrition & Endocrinology, Miami Research Associates, QPS-MRA, Miami, FL USA
| | - Tim N Ziegenfuss
- The Center for Applied Health Sciences, 4302 Allen Rd, STE 120 Stow, OH USA
| | - Jose Antonio
- Exercise and Sports Science, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL USA
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Carpentier A, Olbrechts N, Vieillevoye S, Poortmans JR. β-Alanine supplementation slightly enhances repeated plyometric performance after high-intensity training in humans. Amino Acids 2015; 47:1479-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-1981-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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