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Pesti I, Légrádi Á, Farkas E. Primary microglia cell cultures in translational research: Strengths and limitations. J Biotechnol 2024; 386:10-18. [PMID: 38519034 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2024.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Microglia are the resident macrophages in the central nervous system, accounting for 10-15% of the cell mass in the brain. Next to their physiological role in development, monitoring neuronal function and the maintenance of homeostasis, microglia are crucial in the brain's immune defense. Brain injury and chronic neurological disorders are associated with neuroinflammation, in which microglia activation is a central element. Microglia acquire a wide spectrum of activation states in the diseased or injured brain, some of which are neurotoxic. The investigation of microglia (patho)physiology and therapeutic interventions targeting neuroinflammation is a substantial challenge. In addition to in vivo approaches, the application of in vitro model systems has gained significant ground and is essential to complement in vivo work. Primary microglia cultures have proved to be a useful tool. Microglia cultures have offered the opportunity to explore the mechanistic, molecular elements of microglia activation, the microglia secretome, and the efficacy of therapeutic treatments against neuroinflammation. As all model systems, primary microglia cultures have distinct strengths and limitations to be weighed when experiments are designed and when data are interpreted. Here, we set out to provide a succinct overview of the advantages and pitfalls of the use of microglia cultures, which instructs the refinement and further development of this technique to remain useful in the toolbox of microglia researchers. Since there is no conclusive therapy to combat neurotoxicity linked to neuroinflammation in acute brain injury or neurodegenerative disorders, these research tools remain essential to explore therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Pesti
- Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine - University of Szeged Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism Research Group, Somogyi u 4, Szeged 6720, Hungary; Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School and Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Somogyi u 4, Szeged 6720, Hungary
| | - Ádám Légrádi
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School and Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Somogyi u 4, Szeged 6720, Hungary
| | - Eszter Farkas
- Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine - University of Szeged Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism Research Group, Somogyi u 4, Szeged 6720, Hungary; Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School and Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Somogyi u 4, Szeged 6720, Hungary.
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2
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Smiley CE, Pate BS, Bouknight SJ, Harrington EN, Jasnow AM, Wood SK. The role of locus coeruleus neuroimmune signaling in the response to social stress in female rats. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.10.575076. [PMID: 38260568 PMCID: PMC10802589 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.10.575076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders that result from stress exposure, including post-traumatic stress disorder and substance abuse, are highly associated with central inflammation. Our previous work established that females selectively exhibit increased proinflammatory cytokine release within the noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) in response to witnessing social stress, which was associated with a hypervigilant phenotype. Thus, neuroimmune activation in the LC may be responsible for the heightened risk of developing mental health disorders following stress in females. Further, ablation of microglia using pharmacological techniques reduces the hypervigilant behavioral response exhibited by females during social stress. Therefore, these studies were designed to further investigate the impact of stress-induced neuroimmune signaling on the long-term behavioral and neuronal consequences of social stress exposure in females using DREADDs. We first characterized the use of an AAV-CD68-Gi-DREADD virus targeted to microglia within the LC. While the use of AAVs in preclinical research has been limited by observations regarding poor transfection efficiency in mice, recent data suggest that species specific differences in microglial genetics may render rats more receptive to chemogenetic targeting of microglia using a CD68 promoter. Therefore, clozapine-n-oxide (CNO) was used to activate the microglial expressed hM4Di to inhibit microglial activity during acute exposure to vicarious social defeat (witness stress, WS) in female rats. Neuroimmune activity within the LC, quantified by microglial morphology and cytokine release, was augmented by WS and prevented by chemogenetic microglial inhibition. Following confirmation of DREADD selectivity and efficacy, we utilized this technique to inhibit microglial activity during repeated WS. Subsequently, rats were tested in a marble burying paradigm and exposed to the WS cues and context to measure hypervigilant behaviors. Chemogenetic-mediated inhibition of microglial activity prior to each WS exposure prevented both acute and long-term hypervigilant responses induced by WS across multiple behavioral paradigms. Further, a history of microglial inactivation during WS prevented the heightened LC activity typically observed in response to stress cues. These studies are among the first to use a chemogenetic approach to inhibit microglia within the female brain in vivo and establish LC inflammation as a key mechanism underlying the behavioral and neuronal responses to social stress in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cora E. Smiley
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience; University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209
- WJB Dorn Veterans Administration Medical Center, Columbia, SC 29209
| | - Brittany S. Pate
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience; University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209
- University of South Carolina, Department of Exercise Science, Columbia, SC 29209
| | - Samantha J. Bouknight
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience; University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209
| | - Evelynn N. Harrington
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience; University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209
- WJB Dorn Veterans Administration Medical Center, Columbia, SC 29209
| | - Aaron M. Jasnow
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience; University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209
| | - Susan K. Wood
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience; University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209
- WJB Dorn Veterans Administration Medical Center, Columbia, SC 29209
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Desmond LW, Holbrook EM, Wright CTO, Zambrano CA, Stamper CE, Bohr AD, Frank MG, Podell BK, Moreno JA, MacDonald AS, Reber SO, Hernández-Pando R, Lowry CA. Effects of Mycobacterium vaccae NCTC 11659 and Lipopolysaccharide Challenge on Polarization of Murine BV-2 Microglial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:474. [PMID: 38203645 PMCID: PMC10779110 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the in vivo administration of soil-derived bacteria with anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory properties, such as Mycobacterium vaccae NCTC 11659, can prevent a stress-induced shift toward an inflammatory M1 microglial immunophenotype and microglial priming in the central nervous system (CNS). It remains unclear whether M. vaccae NCTC 11659 can act directly on microglia to mediate these effects. This study was designed to determine the effects of M. vaccae NCTC 11659 on the polarization of naïve BV-2 cells, a murine microglial cell line, and BV-2 cells subsequently challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Briefly, murine BV-2 cells were exposed to 100 µg/mL whole-cell, heat-killed M. vaccae NCTC 11659 or sterile borate-buffered saline (BBS) vehicle, followed, 24 h later, by exposure to 0.250 µg/mL LPS (Escherichia coli 0111: B4; n = 3) in cell culture media vehicle (CMV) or a CMV control condition. Twenty-four hours after the LPS or CMV challenge, cells were harvested to isolate total RNA. An analysis using the NanoString platform revealed that, by itself, M. vaccae NCTC 11659 had an "adjuvant-like" effect, while exposure to LPS increased the expression of mRNAs encoding proinflammatory cytokines, chemokine ligands, the C3 component of complement, and components of inflammasome signaling such as Nlrp3. Among LPS-challenged cells, M. vaccae NCTC 11659 had limited effects on differential gene expression using a threshold of 1.5-fold change. A subset of genes was assessed using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (real-time RT-PCR), including Arg1, Ccl2, Il1b, Il6, Nlrp3, and Tnf. Based on the analysis using real-time RT-PCR, M. vaccae NCTC 11659 by itself again induced "adjuvant-like" effects, increasing the expression of Il1b, Il6, and Tnf while decreasing the expression of Arg1. LPS by itself increased the expression of Ccl2, Il1b, Il6, Nlrp3, and Tnf while decreasing the expression of Arg1. Among LPS-challenged cells, M. vaccae NCTC 11659 enhanced LPS-induced increases in the expression of Nlrp3 and Tnf, consistent with microglial priming. In contrast, among LPS-challenged cells, although M. vaccae NCTC 11659 did not fully prevent the effects of LPS relative to vehicle-treated control conditions, it increased Arg1 mRNA expression, suggesting that M. vaccae NCTC 11659 induces an atypical microglial phenotype. Thus, M. vaccae NCTC 11659 acutely (within 48 h) induced immune-activating and microglial-priming effects when applied directly to murine BV-2 microglial cells, in contrast to its long-term anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory effects observed on the CNS when whole-cell, heat-killed preparations of M. vaccae NCTC 11659 were given peripherally in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke W. Desmond
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; (L.W.D.); (E.M.H.); (C.T.O.W.); (C.A.Z.); (C.E.S.); (A.D.B.); (M.G.F.)
| | - Evan M. Holbrook
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; (L.W.D.); (E.M.H.); (C.T.O.W.); (C.A.Z.); (C.E.S.); (A.D.B.); (M.G.F.)
| | - Caelan T. O. Wright
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; (L.W.D.); (E.M.H.); (C.T.O.W.); (C.A.Z.); (C.E.S.); (A.D.B.); (M.G.F.)
| | - Cristian A. Zambrano
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; (L.W.D.); (E.M.H.); (C.T.O.W.); (C.A.Z.); (C.E.S.); (A.D.B.); (M.G.F.)
| | - Christopher E. Stamper
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; (L.W.D.); (E.M.H.); (C.T.O.W.); (C.A.Z.); (C.E.S.); (A.D.B.); (M.G.F.)
| | - Adam D. Bohr
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; (L.W.D.); (E.M.H.); (C.T.O.W.); (C.A.Z.); (C.E.S.); (A.D.B.); (M.G.F.)
| | - Matthew G. Frank
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; (L.W.D.); (E.M.H.); (C.T.O.W.); (C.A.Z.); (C.E.S.); (A.D.B.); (M.G.F.)
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Brendan K. Podell
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
| | - Julie A. Moreno
- Prion Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Center for Healthy Aging, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Andrew S. MacDonald
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK;
| | - Stefan O. Reber
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychosomatics, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany;
| | - Rogelio Hernández-Pando
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional De Ciencias Médicas Y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico;
| | - Christopher A. Lowry
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; (L.W.D.); (E.M.H.); (C.T.O.W.); (C.A.Z.); (C.E.S.); (A.D.B.); (M.G.F.)
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Center for Microbial Exploration, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Pfeifer CW, Walsh JT, Santeford A, Lin JB, Beatty WL, Terao R, Liu YA, Hase K, Ruzycki PA, Apte RS. Dysregulated CD200-CD200R signaling in early diabetes modulates microglia-mediated retinopathy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2308214120. [PMID: 37903272 PMCID: PMC10636339 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2308214120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a neurovascular complication of diabetes. Recent investigations have suggested that early degeneration of the neuroretina may occur prior to the appearance of microvascular changes; however, the mechanisms underlying this neurodegeneration have been elusive. Microglia are the predominant resident immune cell in the retina and adopt dynamic roles in disease. Here, we show that ablation of retinal microglia ameliorates visual dysfunction and neurodegeneration in a type I diabetes mouse model. We also provide evidence of enhanced microglial contact and engulfment of amacrine cells, ultrastructural modifications, and transcriptome changes that drive inflammation and phagocytosis. We show that CD200-CD200R signaling between amacrine cells and microglia is dysregulated during early DR and that targeting CD200R can attenuate high glucose-induced inflammation and phagocytosis in cultured microglia. Last, we demonstrate that targeting CD200R in vivo can prevent visual dysfunction, microglia activation, and retinal inflammation in the diabetic mouse. These studies provide a molecular framework for the pivotal role that microglia play in early DR pathogenesis and identify a potential immunotherapeutic target for treating DR in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles W. Pfeifer
- John F. Hardesty, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, Roy and Diana Vagelos Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - James T. Walsh
- John F. Hardesty, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - Andrea Santeford
- John F. Hardesty, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - Joseph B. Lin
- John F. Hardesty, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, Roy and Diana Vagelos Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - Wandy L. Beatty
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - Ryo Terao
- John F. Hardesty, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo1138665, Japan
| | - Yizhou A. Liu
- John F. Hardesty, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - Keitaro Hase
- John F. Hardesty, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - Philip A. Ruzycki
- John F. Hardesty, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - Rajendra S. Apte
- John F. Hardesty, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
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5
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Fang S, Wu Z, Guo Y, Zhu W, Wan C, Yuan N, Chen J, Hao W, Mo X, Guo X, Fan L, Li X, Chen J. Roles of microglia in adult hippocampal neurogenesis in depression and their therapeutics. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1193053. [PMID: 37881439 PMCID: PMC10597707 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1193053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis generates functional neurons from neural progenitor cells in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) to complement and repair neurons and neural circuits, thus benefiting the treatment of depression. Increasing evidence has shown that aberrant microglial activity can disrupt the appropriate formation and development of functional properties of neurogenesis, which will play a crucial role in the occurrence and development of depression. However, the mechanisms of the crosstalk between microglia and adult hippocampal neurogenesis in depression are not yet fully understood. Therefore, in this review, we first introduce recent discoveries regarding the roles of microglia and adult hippocampal neurogenesis in the etiology of depression. Then, we systematically discuss the possible mechanisms of how microglia regulate adult hippocampal neurogenesis in depression according to recent studies, which involve toll-like receptors, microglial polarization, fractalkine-C-X3-C motif chemokine receptor 1, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, cytokines, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and the microbiota-gut-brain axis, etc. In addition, we summarize the promising drugs that could improve the adult hippocampal neurogenesis by regulating the microglia. These findings will help us understand the complicated pathological mechanisms of depression and shed light on the development of new treatment strategies for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyi Fang
- Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhibin Wu
- Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yali Guo
- Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjun Zhu
- Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunmiao Wan
- Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Naijun Yuan
- Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Shenzhen People’s Hospital, 2Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianbei Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wenzhi Hao
- Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowei Mo
- Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofang Guo
- Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lili Fan
- Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaxu Chen
- Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Kamaruzzaman MA, Romli MH, Abas R, Vidyadaran S, Hidayat Baharuldin MT, Nasaruddin ML, Thirupathirao V, Sura S, Warsito K, Mohd Nor NH, Azwaruddin MA, Alshawsh MA, Mohd Moklas MA. Regulatory role of the endocannabinoid system on glial cells toward cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of animal studies. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1053680. [PMID: 36959856 PMCID: PMC10028478 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1053680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Over the last decade, researchers have sought to develop novel medications against dementia. One potential agent under investigation is cannabinoids. This review systematically appraised and meta-analyzed published pre-clinical research on the mechanism of endocannabinoid system modulation in glial cells and their effects on cognitive function in animal models of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods: A systematic review complying with PRISMA guidelines was conducted. Six databases were searched: EBSCOHost, Scopus, PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane, and Web of Science, using the keywords AD, cannabinoid, glial cells, and cognition. The methodological quality of each selected pre-clinical study was evaluated using the SYRCLE risk of bias tool. A random-effects model was applied to analyze the data and calculate the effect size, while I2 and p-values were used to assess heterogeneity. Results: The analysis included 26 original articles describing (1050 rodents) with AD-like symptoms. Rodents treated with cannabinoid agonists showed significant reductions in escape latency (standard mean difference [SMD] = -1.26; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -1.77 to -0.76, p < 0.00001) and ability to discriminate novel objects (SMD = 1.40; 95% CI: 1.04 to 1.76, p < 0.00001) compared to the control group. Furthermore, a significant decrease in Aβ plaques (SMD = -0.91; 95% CI: -1.55 to -0.27, p = 0.006) was observed in the endocannabinoid-treated group compared to the control group. Trends were observed toward neuroprotection, as represented by decreased levels of glial cell markers including glial fibrillary acid protein (SMD = -1.47; 95% CI: -2.56 to -0.38, p = 0.008) and Iba1 (SMD = -1.67; 95% CI: -2.56 to -0.79, p = 0.0002). Studies on the wild-type mice demonstrated significantly decreased levels of pro-inflammatory markers TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6 (SMD = -2.28; 95% CI: -3.15 to -1.41, p = 0.00001). Despite the non-significant decrease in pro-inflammatory marker levels in transgenic mice (SMD = -0.47; 95% CI: -1.03 to 0.08, p = 0.09), the result favored the endocannabinoid-treated group over the control group. Conclusion: The revised data suggested that endocannabinoid stimulation promotes cognitive function via modulation of glial cells by decreasing pro-inflammatory markers in AD-like rodent models. Thus, cannabinoid agents may be required to modulate the downstream chain of effect to enhance cognitive stability against concurrent neuroinflammation in AD. Population-based studies and well-designed clinical trials are required to characterize the acceptability and real-world effectiveness of cannabinoid agents. Systematic Review Registration: [https://inplasy.com/inplasy-2022-8-0094/], identifier [Inplasy Protocol 3770].
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Amir Kamaruzzaman
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Hibatullah Romli
- Department of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Razif Abas
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sharmili Vidyadaran
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | | | | | - Sreenivasulu Sura
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Malaysia
| | - Kabul Warsito
- Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Pembangunan Panca Budi, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Nurul Huda Mohd Nor
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Amsyar Azwaruddin
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohammed Abdullah Alshawsh
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Mohamad Aris Mohd Moklas, ; Mohammed Abdullah Alshawsh,
| | - Mohamad Aris Mohd Moklas
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- *Correspondence: Mohamad Aris Mohd Moklas, ; Mohammed Abdullah Alshawsh,
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7
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De Felice E, Gonçalves de Andrade E, Golia MT, González Ibáñez F, Khakpour M, Di Castro MA, Garofalo S, Di Pietro E, Benatti C, Brunello N, Tascedda F, Kaminska B, Limatola C, Ragozzino D, Tremblay ME, Alboni S, Maggi L. Microglial diversity along the hippocampal longitudinal axis impacts synaptic plasticity in adult male mice under homeostatic conditions. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:292. [PMID: 36482444 PMCID: PMC9730634 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02655-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus is a plastic brain area that shows functional segregation along its longitudinal axis, reflected by a higher level of long-term potentiation (LTP) in the CA1 region of the dorsal hippocampus (DH) compared to the ventral hippocampus (VH), but the mechanisms underlying this difference remain elusive. Numerous studies have highlighted the importance of microglia-neuronal communication in modulating synaptic transmission and hippocampal plasticity, although its role in physiological contexts is still largely unknown. We characterized in depth the features of microglia in the two hippocampal poles and investigated their contribution to CA1 plasticity under physiological conditions. We unveiled the influence of microglia in differentially modulating the amplitude of LTP in the DH and VH, showing that minocycline or PLX5622 treatment reduced LTP amplitude in the DH, while increasing it in the VH. This was recapitulated in Cx3cr1 knockout mice, indicating that microglia have a key role in setting the conditions for plasticity processes in a region-specific manner, and that the CX3CL1-CX3CR1 pathway is a key element in determining the basal level of CA1 LTP in the two regions. The observed LTP differences at the two poles were associated with transcriptional changes in the expression of genes encoding for Il-1, Tnf-α, Il-6, and Bdnf, essential players of neuronal plasticity. Furthermore, microglia in the CA1 SR region showed an increase in soma and a more extensive arborization, an increased prevalence of immature lysosomes accompanied by an elevation in mRNA expression of phagocytic markers Mertk and Cd68 and a surge in the expression of microglial outward K+ currents in the VH compared to DH, suggesting a distinct basal phenotypic state of microglia across the two hippocampal poles. Overall, we characterized the molecular, morphological, ultrastructural, and functional profile of microglia at the two poles, suggesting that modifications in hippocampal subregions related to different microglial statuses can contribute to dissect the phenotypical aspects of many diseases in which microglia are known to be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. De Felice
- grid.7841.aDepartment of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - E. Gonçalves de Andrade
- grid.143640.40000 0004 1936 9465Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | - M. T. Golia
- grid.7841.aDepartment of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - F. González Ibáñez
- grid.143640.40000 0004 1936 9465Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada ,grid.411081.d0000 0000 9471 1794Faculté de Médecine and Centre de Recherche, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - M. Khakpour
- grid.143640.40000 0004 1936 9465Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | - M. A. Di Castro
- grid.7841.aDepartment of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - S. Garofalo
- grid.7841.aDepartment of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - E. Di Pietro
- grid.7841.aDepartment of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - C. Benatti
- grid.7548.e0000000121697570Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy ,grid.7548.e0000000121697570Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - N. Brunello
- grid.7548.e0000000121697570Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - F. Tascedda
- grid.7548.e0000000121697570Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy ,grid.7548.e0000000121697570Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - B. Kaminska
- grid.419305.a0000 0001 1943 2944Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - C. Limatola
- grid.419543.e0000 0004 1760 3561IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy ,grid.7841.aDepartment of Physiology and Pharmacology, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - D. Ragozzino
- grid.7841.aDepartment of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy ,grid.417778.a0000 0001 0692 3437Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), Rome, Italy
| | - M. E. Tremblay
- grid.143640.40000 0004 1936 9465Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada ,grid.411081.d0000 0000 9471 1794Faculté de Médecine and Centre de Recherche, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - S. Alboni
- grid.7548.e0000000121697570Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy ,grid.7548.e0000000121697570Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - L. Maggi
- grid.7841.aDepartment of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Sarkar S. Microglial ion channels: Key players in non-cell autonomous neurodegeneration. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 174:105861. [PMID: 36115552 PMCID: PMC9617777 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a critical pathophysiological hallmark of neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and traumatic brain injury (TBI). Microglia, the first responders of the brain, are the drivers of this neuroinflammation. Microglial activation, leading to induction of pro-inflammatory factors, like Interleukin 1-β (IL-1β), Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), nitrites, and others, have been shown to induce neurodegeneration. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been shown to reduce the risk of developing PD, but the mechanism underlying the microglial activation is still under active research. Recently, microglial ion channels have come to the forefront as potential drug targets in multiple neurodegenerative disorders, including AD and PD. Microglia expresses a variety of ion channels, including potassium channels, calcium channels, chloride channels, sodium channels, and proton channels. The diversity of channels present on microglia is responsible for the dynamic nature of these immune cells of the brain. These ion channels regulate microglial proliferation, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, antigen recognition and presentation, apoptosis, and cell signaling leading to inflammation, among other critical functions. Understanding the role of these ion channels and the signaling mechanism these channels regulate under pathological conditions is an active area of research. This review will be focusing on the roles of different microglial ion channels, and their potential role in regulating microglial functions in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvarish Sarkar
- Dept. of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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9
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Microglia Contributes to BAF-312 Effects on Blood–Brain Barrier Stability. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12091174. [PMID: 36139013 PMCID: PMC9496388 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, together with astrocytes and pericytes, cooperate to ensure blood–brain barrier (BBB) stability, modulating endothelial responses to inflammatory insults. Agonists of the sphingosine 1 phosphate (S1P) receptors, such as siponimod (BAF-312), are important pharmacological tools in multiple sclerosis and other inflammatory diseases. Modulation of S1P receptors may result in a reduced inflammatory response and increased BBB stability. An in vitro BBB model was reproduced using human-derived endothelial cells, astrocytes and microglia. Co-cultures were exposed to inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, 10 UI and IFNγ, 5 UI) in the presence of BAF-312 (100 nM), and the BBB properties and microglia role were evaluated. The drug facilitated microglial migration towards endothelial/astrocyte co-cultures, involving the activity of the metalloprotease 2 (MMP2). Microglia actively cooperated with astrocytes in the maintenance of endothelial barrier stability: in the triple co-culture, selective treatment of microglial cells with BAF-312 significantly prevented cytokines’ effects on the endothelial barrier. In conclusion, BAF-312, modulating S1P receptors in microglia, may contribute to the reinforcement of the endothelial barrier at the BBB, suggesting an additional effect of the drug in the treatment of multiple sclerosis.
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10
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Characterization of Ex Vivo and In Vitro Wnt Transcriptome Induced by Spinal Cord Injury in Rat Microglial Cells. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12060708. [PMID: 35741593 PMCID: PMC9221341 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12060708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that inflammation is crucial in the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases and traumatic central nervous system (CNS) injuries, and that microglia and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) play a pivotal role in neuroinflammation. Therefore, the exploration of molecular signaling pathways that are involved in the microglia/macrophage response might help us to shed light on their eventual therapeutic modulation. Interestingly, there is growing evidence showing that the Wnt family of proteins is involved in different neuropathologies that are characterized by a dysregulated neuroinflammatory response, including spinal cord injury (SCI). Here, we aimed to validate a methodology with competence to assess the physiologically relevant Wnt expression patterns of active microglia and MDMs in a rat model of SCI. For that purpose, we have selected and adapted an in vitro system of primary microglia culture that were stimulated with a lesioned spinal cord extract (SCE), together with an ex vivo protocol of flow cytometry sorting of rat microglia/MDMs at different time-points after contusive SCI. Our study demonstrates that the expression profile of Wnt-related genes in microglia/MDM cells exhibit important differences between these particular scenarios which would be in line with previous studies where similar discrepancies have been described for other molecules. Moreover, our results provide for a first experimental report of the Wnt transcriptome in rat microglia and MDMs after SCI which, together with the research platform that was used in the study, and considering its limitations, we expect might contribute to foster the research on Wnt-driven immunomodulatory therapies.
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11
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Gargas J, Janowska J, Ziabska K, Ziemka-Nalecz M, Sypecka J. Neonatal Rat Glia Cultured in Physiological Normoxia for Modeling Neuropathological Conditions In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116000. [PMID: 35682683 PMCID: PMC9180927 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell culture conditions were proven to highly affect crucial biological processes like proliferation, differentiation, intercellular crosstalk, and senescence. Oxygen tension is one of the major factors influencing cell metabolism and thus, modulating cellular response to pathophysiological conditions. In this context, the presented study aimed at the development of a protocol for efficient culture of rat neonatal glial cells (microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes) in oxygen concentrations relevant to the nervous tissue. The protocol allows for obtaining three major cell populations, which play crucial roles in sustaining tissue homeostasis and are known to be activated in response to a wide spectrum of external stimuli. The cells are cultured in media without supplement addition to avoid potential modulation of cell processes. The application of active biomolecules for coating culturing surfaces might be useful for mirroring physiological cell interactions with extracellular matrix components. The cell fractions can be assembled as cocultures to further evaluate investigated mechanisms, intercellular crosstalk, or cell response to tested pharmacological compounds. Applying additional procedures, like transient oxygen and glucose deprivation, allows to mimic in vitro the selected pathophysiological conditions. The presented culture system for neonatal rat glial cells is a highly useful tool for in vitro modeling selected neuropathological conditions.
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12
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Pon1 Deficiency Promotes Trem2 Pathway-Mediated Microglial Phagocytosis and Inhibits Pro-inflammatory Cytokines Release In Vitro and In Vivo. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:4612-4629. [PMID: 35589918 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02827-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) plays an anti-inflammatory role in the cardiovascular system. Levels of serum PON1 and polymorphisms in this gene were linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson disease (PD), but its function in the neuroimmune system and AD is not clear. To address this issue, we used Pon1 knockout rats previously generated by our lab to investigate the role of Pon1 in microglia. Knockout of Pon1 in rat brain tissues protected against LPS-induced microglia activation. Pon1 deficiency in rat primary microglia increased Trem2 (triggering receptor expressed in myeloid cells 2) expression, phagocytosis, and IL-10 (M2-phenotype marker) release, but decreased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-18 especially TNF-α (M1-phenotype markers) induced by LPS. Pon1 deficiency in rat primary microglia activated Trem2 pathway but decreased LPS-induced ERK activation. The phagocytosis-promoting effect of Pon1 knockout could be reversed by administration of recombinant PON1 protein. The interaction between PON1 and TREM2 was verified by co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) using rat brain tissues or over-expressed BV2 cell lysates, which might be involved in lysosomal localization of TREM2. Furthermore, Pon1 knockout also enhanced microglial phagocytosis and clearance of exogenous Aβ by an intrahippocampal injection and decrease the transcription of cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in vivo. These results suggest that Pon1 knockout facilitates microglial phagocytosis and inhibits the production of proinflammatory cytokines both in vivo and in vitro, in which the interaction between Pon1 and Trem2 may be involved. These findings provide novel insights into the role of PON1 in neuroinflammation and highlight TREM2 as a potential target for Alzheimer's disease therapy.
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Pierre WC, Londono I, Quiniou C, Chemtob S, Lodygensky GA. Modulatory effect of IL‐1 inhibition following lipopolysaccharide‐induced neuroinflammation in neonatal microglia and astrocytes. Int J Dev Neurosci 2022; 82:243-260. [DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wyston C. Pierre
- Sainte‐Justine Hospital and Research Center, Department of Pediatrics Université de Montréal Montréal, Québec Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology Université de Montréal Montréal Canada
| | - Irène Londono
- Sainte‐Justine Hospital and Research Center, Department of Pediatrics Université de Montréal Montréal, Québec Canada
| | - Christiane Quiniou
- Sainte‐Justine Hospital and Research Center, Department of Pediatrics Université de Montréal Montréal, Québec Canada
| | - Sylvain Chemtob
- Sainte‐Justine Hospital and Research Center, Department of Pediatrics Université de Montréal Montréal, Québec Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology Université de Montréal Montréal Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics McGill University Montréal Canada
| | - Gregory A. Lodygensky
- Sainte‐Justine Hospital and Research Center, Department of Pediatrics Université de Montréal Montréal, Québec Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology Université de Montréal Montréal Canada
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Lehner C, Spitzer G, Langthaler P, Jakubecova D, Klein B, Weissenbacher N, Wagner A, Gehwolf R, Trinka E, Iglseder B, Paulweber B, Aigner L, Couillard-Després S, Weiss R, Tempfer H, Traweger A. Allergy-induced systemic inflammation impairs tendon quality. EBioMedicine 2022; 75:103778. [PMID: 35007819 PMCID: PMC8749446 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Treatment of degenerating tendons still presents a major challenge, since the aetiology of tendinopathies remains poorly understood. Besides mechanical overuse, further known predisposing factors include rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, obesity or smoking all of which combine with a systemic inflammation. Methods To determine whether the systemic inflammation accompanying these conditions contributes to the onset of tendinopathy, we studied the effect of a systemic inflammation induced by an allergic episode on tendon properties. To this end, we induced an allergic response in mice by exposing them to a timothy grass pollen allergen and subsequently analysed both their flexor and Achilles tendons. Additionally, we analysed data from a health survey comprising data from more than 10.000 persons for an association between the occurrence of an allergy and tendinopathy. Findings Biomechanical testing and histological analysis revealed that tendons from allergic mice not only showed a significant reduction of both elastic modulus and tensile stress, but also alterations of the tendon matrix. Moreover, treatment of 3D tendon-like constructs with sera from allergic mice resulted in a matrix-remodelling expression profile and the expression of macrophage-associated markers and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) was increased in allergic Achilles tendons. Data from the human health study revealed that persons suffering from an allergy have an increased propensity to develop a tendinopathy. Interpretation Our study demonstrates that the presence of a systemic inflammation accompanying an allergic condition negatively impacts on tendon structure and function. Funding This study was financially supported by the Fund for the Advancement of Scientific Research at Paracelsus Medical University (PMU-FFF E-15/22/115-LEK), by the Land Salzburg, the Salzburger Landeskliniken (SALK, the Health Care Provider of the University Hospitals Landeskrankenhaus and Christian Doppler Klinik), the Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg and by unrestricted grants from Bayer, AstraZeneca, Sanofi-Aventis, Boehringer-Ingelheim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Lehner
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Spinal Cord Injury & Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse 22, Salzburg 5020, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Gabriel Spitzer
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Spinal Cord Injury & Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse 22, Salzburg 5020, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Langthaler
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler University Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Affiliated member of the European Reference Network EpiCARE, Austria; Department of Mathematics, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria; Team Biostatistics and Big Medical Data, IDA Lab Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Dominika Jakubecova
- Institute of Experimental Neuroregeneration, Spinal Cord Injury & Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Barbara Klein
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Nadja Weissenbacher
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Spinal Cord Injury & Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse 22, Salzburg 5020, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Wagner
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Spinal Cord Injury & Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse 22, Salzburg 5020, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Renate Gehwolf
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Spinal Cord Injury & Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse 22, Salzburg 5020, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eugen Trinka
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler University Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Affiliated member of the European Reference Network EpiCARE, Austria; Department of Public Health, Health Services Research and Health Technology Assessment, UMIT-University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Hall in Tirol, Austria; Neuroscience Institute, Christian Doppler University Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience Salzburg, Austria
| | - Bernhard Iglseder
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Christian Doppler University Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Bernhard Paulweber
- Department of Internal Medicine, St. Johanns University Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ludwig Aigner
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sebastien Couillard-Després
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Experimental Neuroregeneration, Spinal Cord Injury & Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Richard Weiss
- Department of Biosciences, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Herbert Tempfer
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Spinal Cord Injury & Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse 22, Salzburg 5020, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Traweger
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Spinal Cord Injury & Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse 22, Salzburg 5020, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
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15
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Shi L, Li B, Chen G, Huang Y, Tian Z, Zhang L, Tian L, Fu Q. MEF2D Participates in Microglia-Mediated Neuroprotection in Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Rats. Shock 2022; 57:118-130. [PMID: 34905532 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Microglial activation is a vital process in the neuroinflammatory response induced by I/R injury. It has been reported that myocyte enhancer factor (MEF)2D expression in activated microglia is associated with microglia-induced inflammatory responses and plays an important role in neuronal survival. This research aimed to investigate the role and mechanism of MEF2D in microglial activation and neuroinflammation in cerebral I/R in vitro and in vivo. METHODS A cerebral I/R model was established. In vitro, neuronal, or microglial cells were exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation to mimic I/R. MEF2D overexpression was induced, and siRNA was administered in vitro and in vivo. Microglial polarization; MEF2D, nuclear transcription factor (NF)-κb, TLR4, and cytokine levels; neuronal injury; mitochondrial function; brain injury and cognitive function were detected in the different groups in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS We found that oxygen-glucose deprivation increased MEF2D expression in a time-dependent manner in BV2 cells and primary microglia. MEF2D overexpression inhibited microglial activation, the expression of NF-κb and TLR, cytokine levels, and neuronal injury in microglia exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation. In the middle cerebral artery occlusion model, microglial activation, the neuroinflammatory response, mitochondrial dysfunction, brain injury, and cognitive function were improved by MEF2D overexpression and aggravated by MEF2D siRNA treatment. CONCLUSION These results indicate that MEF2D is a necessary molecule for neuroinflammation regulation and neuronal injury in cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Likai Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Medical Center of the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, China
| | - Baowei Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Medical Center of the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, China
| | - Guoqing Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Medical Center of the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, China
| | - Yingsi Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hainan Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Jianglin Road, Haitang District, Sanya, Hainan, China
| | - Zhenpu Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hainan Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Jianglin Road, Haitang District, Sanya, Hainan, China
| | - Lifeng Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hainan Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Jianglin Road, Haitang District, Sanya, Hainan, China
| | - Li Tian
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, Tongji University. No. 1878 Sichuanbei Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Medical Center of the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, China
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16
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Abstract
Microglia, a category of glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS), have attracted much attention because of their important role in neuroinflammation. Many translational studies are currently ongoing to discover novel drugs targeting microglia for the treatment of various CNS disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease (PD), and depression. Recent studies have shown that brain histamine, a neurotransmitter essential for the regulation of diverse brain functions, controls glial cells and neurons. In vitro studies using primary microglia and microglial cell lines have reported that histamine receptors are expressed in microglia and control microglial functions, including chemotaxis, migration, cytokine secretion, and autophagy. In vivo studies have demonstrated that histamine-related reagents could ameliorate abnormal symptoms in animal models of human diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), PD, and brain ischemia. Several human studies have revealed alterations in histamine receptor levels in ALS and PD, emphasizing the importance of the CNS histamine system, including histamine-dependent microglial modulation, as a therapeutic target for these disorders. In this review article, we summarize histamine-related research focusing on microglial functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomitsu Iida
- Department of Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kazuhiko Yanai
- Department of Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takeo Yoshikawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
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17
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Aramideh JA, Vidal-Itriago A, Morsch M, Graeber MB. Cytokine Signalling at the Microglial Penta-Partite Synapse. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413186. [PMID: 34947983 PMCID: PMC8708012 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial cell processes form part of a subset of synaptic contacts that have been dubbed microglial tetra-partite or quad-partite synapses. Since tetrapartite may also refer to the presence of extracellular matrix components, we propose the more precise term microglial penta-partite synapse for synapses that show a microglial cell process in close physical proximity to neuronal and astrocytic synaptic constituents. Microglial cells are now recognised as key players in central nervous system (CNS) synaptic changes. When synaptic plasticity involving microglial penta-partite synapses occurs, microglia may utilise their cytokine arsenal to facilitate the generation of new synapses, eliminate those that are not needed anymore, or modify the molecular and structural properties of the remaining synaptic contacts. In addition, microglia–synapse contacts may develop de novo under pathological conditions. Microglial penta-partite synapses have received comparatively little attention as unique sites in the CNS where microglial cells, cytokines and other factors they release have a direct influence on the connections between neurons and their function. It concerns our understanding of the penta-partite synapse where the confusion created by the term “neuroinflammation” is most counterproductive. The mere presence of activated microglia or the release of their cytokines may occur independent of inflammation, and penta-partite synapses are not usually active in a neuroimmunological sense. Clarification of these details is the main purpose of this review, specifically highlighting the relationship between microglia, synapses, and the cytokines that can be released by microglial cells in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Abbas Aramideh
- Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Andres Vidal-Itriago
- Faculty of Medicine, Health & Human Sciences, Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; (A.V.-I.); (M.M.)
| | - Marco Morsch
- Faculty of Medicine, Health & Human Sciences, Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; (A.V.-I.); (M.M.)
| | - Manuel B. Graeber
- Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
- Correspondence:
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18
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Cocozza G, Garofalo S, Capitani R, D’Alessandro G, Limatola C. Microglial Potassium Channels: From Homeostasis to Neurodegeneration. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1774. [PMID: 34944418 PMCID: PMC8698630 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing interest in the role of microglia in the progression of many neurodegenerative diseases is developing in an ever-expedited manner, in part thanks to emergent new tools for studying the morphological and functional features of the CNS. The discovery of specific biomarkers of the microglia phenotype could find application in a wide range of human diseases, and creates opportunities for the discovery and development of tailored therapeutic interventions. Among these, recent studies highlight the pivotal role of the potassium channels in regulating microglial functions in physiological and pathological conditions such as Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the involvement of the microglial potassium channels in several neurodegenerative diseases and their role as modulators of microglial homeostasis and dysfunction in CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germana Cocozza
- Instituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (G.C.); (G.D.)
| | - Stefano Garofalo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (S.G.); (R.C.)
| | - Riccardo Capitani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (S.G.); (R.C.)
| | - Giuseppina D’Alessandro
- Instituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (G.C.); (G.D.)
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (S.G.); (R.C.)
| | - Cristina Limatola
- Instituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (G.C.); (G.D.)
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
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19
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Wang Q, Yao H, Liu W, Ya B, Cheng H, Xing Z, Wu Y. Microglia Polarization in Alzheimer's Disease: Mechanisms and a Potential Therapeutic Target. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:772717. [PMID: 34819850 PMCID: PMC8606412 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.772717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation regulated by microglia is one of the important factors involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Activated microglia exhibited phenotypes termed as M1 and M2 phenotypes separately. M1 microglia contribute to the development of inflammation via upregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines, while M2 microglia exert anti-inflammation effects through enhancing the expression of anti-inflammation factors. Moreover, M1 and M2 microglia could be mutually transformed under various conditions. Both M1 and M2 microglia are implicated in AD. Amyloid-β (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau are two major components of AD pathological hallmarks, neuritic plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles. Both Aβ and hyperphosphorylated tau were involved in microglial activation and subsequent inflammation, which further contribute to neuronal and synaptic loss in AD. In this review, we summarized the roles of M1 and M2 microglia in AD and underlying mechanisms, which will provide an insight into the role of microglia in the pathogenesis of AD and highlight the therapeutic potential of modulating microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinqin Wang
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Behavioral Interventions of Mental Disorders, Institute of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Hongmei Yao
- Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Wenyan Liu
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Bailiu Ya
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Hongju Cheng
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Zhenkai Xing
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Behavioral Interventions of Mental Disorders, Institute of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Yili Wu
- The Affiliated Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Aging, School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Oujiang Laboratory, Wenzhou, China
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20
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Ma D, Liu J, Wei C, Shen W, Yang Y, Lin D, Wu A. Activation of CD200-CD200R1 Axis Attenuates Perioperative Neurocognitive Disorder Through Inhibition of Neuroinflammation in Mice. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:3190-3199. [PMID: 34392443 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03422-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Perioperative neurocognitive disorder (PND) is the mild cognitive impairment associated with surgery and anesthesia. It is a common surgical complication in the elderly. An important mechanism of PND is the surgically induced neuroinflammation. The interaction between the neuronal surface protein CD200 and its receptor in microglia, CD200R1, is an important regulatory pathway to control neuroinflammation. However, the potential role of the CD200-CD200R1 pathway in the acute period of PND has not been fully investigated. In this study, in a PND mouse model, we first measured the protein expression level of CD200, CD200R1, and the related pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus. Then, we investigated cognitive function, neuroinflammation and postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95) expression after the injection of CD200-Fc (agonist), CD200R1-Fc (antagonist) or IgG1-Fc (vehicle) into lateral ventricle in PND models. Compared with the control group, the expression of CD200 was up-regulated at day 1 after surgery in PND models. The injection of the CD200-Fc into the lateral ventricle could mitigate primed neuroinflammation and cognitive decline, increase the expression of PSD-95 at day 1 after surgery in PND models. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that CD200-CD200R1 signaling was involved in the acute inflammatory process of PND, and activating CD200R1 can inhibit neuroinflammation and attenuate PND. Thus, the CD200-CD200R1 axis is a potential novel target for PND prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danxu Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8 Gongtinan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhu Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing First Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China
| | - Changwei Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8 Gongtinan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenzhen Shen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8 Gongtinan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinan Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8 Gongtinan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8 Gongtinan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, People's Republic of China
| | - Anshi Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8 Gongtinan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, People's Republic of China.
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21
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Ohgomori T, Iinuma K, Yamada J, Jinno S. A unique subtype of ramified microglia associated with synapses in the rat hippocampus. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:4740-4754. [PMID: 34110047 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To date, a number of studies have reported the heterogeneity of activated microglia. However, there is increasing evidence suggests that ramified, so-called resting, microglia may also be heterogeneous, and they may play diverse roles in normal brain homeostasis. Here, we found that both 5D4 keratan sulfate epitope-positive (5D4+ ) and 5D4-negative (5D4- ) microglia coexisted in the hippocampus of normal rats, while all microglia were negative for the 5D4 epitope in the hippocampus of normal mice. We thus aimed to determine the potential heterogeneity of microglia related to the 5D4 epitope in the normal rat hippocampus. The optical disector analysis showed that the densities of 5D4+ microglia were higher in the stratum oriens of the CA3 region than in other layers and regions. Although both 5D4+ and 5D4- microglia exhibited a ramified morphology, the three-dimensional reconstruction analysis showed that the node numbers, end numbers, and complexity of processes were higher in 5D4+ than in 5D4- microglia. The linear discriminant analysis showed that 5D4+ and 5D4- microglia can be classified into distinct morphometric subtypes. The ratios of contact between synaptic boutons and microglial processes were higher in 5D4+ than in 5D4- microglia. The gene expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β and purinergic receptor P2Y12 (P2Y12 R) were higher in 5D4+ than in 5D4- microglia. Together, these results indicate that at least two different subtypes of ramified microglia coexist in the normal rat hippocampus and also suggest that 5D4+ microglia may represent a unique subtype associated with synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Ohgomori
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Rehabilitation, Osaka Kawasaki Rehabilitation University, Kaizuka, Japan
| | - Kyoko Iinuma
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Jun Yamada
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shozo Jinno
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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22
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Andrew PM, Lein PJ. Neuroinflammation as a Therapeutic Target for Mitigating the Long-Term Consequences of Acute Organophosphate Intoxication. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:674325. [PMID: 34054549 PMCID: PMC8153682 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.674325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute intoxication with organophosphates (OPs) can cause a potentially fatal cholinergic crisis characterized by peripheral parasympathomimetic symptoms and seizures that rapidly progress to status epilepticus (SE). While current therapeutic countermeasures for acute OP intoxication significantly improve the chances of survival when administered promptly, they are insufficient for protecting individuals from chronic neurologic outcomes such as cognitive deficits, affective disorders, and acquired epilepsy. Neuroinflammation is posited to contribute to the pathogenesis of these long-term neurologic sequelae. In this review, we summarize what is currently known regarding the progression of neuroinflammatory responses after acute OP intoxication, drawing parallels to other models of SE. We also discuss studies in which neuroinflammation was targeted following OP-induced SE, and explain possible reasons why such therapeutic interventions have inconsistently and only partially improved long-term outcomes. Finally, we suggest future directions for the development of therapeutic strategies that target neuroinflammation to mitigate the neurologic sequelae of acute OP intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pamela J. Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
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23
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Hume DA, Caruso M, Keshvari S, Patkar OL, Sehgal A, Bush SJ, Summers KM, Pridans C, Irvine KM. The Mononuclear Phagocyte System of the Rat. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:2251-2263. [PMID: 33965905 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The laboratory rat continues to be the model of choice for many studies of physiology, behavior, and complex human diseases. Cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS; monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells) are abundant residents in every tissue in the body and regulate postnatal development, homeostasis, and innate and acquired immunity. Recruitment and proliferation of MPS cells is an essential component of both initiation and resolution of inflammation. The large majority of current knowledge of MPS biology is derived from studies of inbred mice, but advances in technology and resources have eliminated many of the advantages of the mouse as a model. In this article, we review the tools available and the current state of knowledge of development, homeostasis, regulation, and diversity within the MPS of the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Hume
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Melanie Caruso
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sahar Keshvari
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Omkar L Patkar
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anuj Sehgal
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephen J Bush
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kim M Summers
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Clare Pridans
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Katharine M Irvine
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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24
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Cojocaru A, Burada E, Bălșeanu AT, Deftu AF, Cătălin B, Popa-Wagner A, Osiac E. Roles of Microglial Ion Channel in Neurodegenerative Diseases. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10061239. [PMID: 33802786 PMCID: PMC8002406 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10061239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As the average age and life expectancy increases, the incidence of both acute and chronic central nervous system (CNS) pathologies will increase. Understanding mechanisms underlying neuroinflammation as the common feature of any neurodegenerative pathology, we can exploit the pharmacology of cell specific ion channels to improve the outcome of many CNS diseases. As the main cellular player of neuroinflammation, microglia play a central role in this process. Although microglia are considered non-excitable cells, they express a variety of ion channels under both physiological and pathological conditions that seem to be involved in a plethora of cellular processes. Here, we discuss the impact of modulating microglia voltage-gated, potential transient receptor, chloride and proton channels on microglial proliferation, migration, and phagocytosis in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Cojocaru
- Department of Physiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (A.C.); (E.B.); (A.-T.B.)
- Experimental Research Center for Normal and Pathological Aging, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Emilia Burada
- Department of Physiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (A.C.); (E.B.); (A.-T.B.)
| | - Adrian-Tudor Bălșeanu
- Department of Physiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (A.C.); (E.B.); (A.-T.B.)
- Experimental Research Center for Normal and Pathological Aging, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Alexandru-Florian Deftu
- Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland;
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine (FBM), University of Lausanne (UNIL), CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bogdan Cătălin
- Department of Physiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (A.C.); (E.B.); (A.-T.B.)
- Experimental Research Center for Normal and Pathological Aging, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
- Correspondence: (B.C.); (A.P.-W.)
| | - Aurel Popa-Wagner
- Chair of Vascular Neurology, Dementia and Ageing Research, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
- Correspondence: (B.C.); (A.P.-W.)
| | - Eugen Osiac
- Department of Biophysics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
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25
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Molina-Martínez P, Corpas R, García-Lara E, Cosín-Tomás M, Cristòfol R, Kaliman P, Solà C, Molinuevo JL, Sánchez-Valle R, Antonell A, Lladó A, Sanfeliu C. Microglial Hyperreactivity Evolved to Immunosuppression in the Hippocampus of a Mouse Model of Accelerated Aging and Alzheimer's Disease Traits. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 12:622360. [PMID: 33584248 PMCID: PMC7875867 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.622360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). We sought to study the glial derangement in AD using diverse experimental models and human brain tissue. Besides classical pro-inflammatory cytokines, we analyzed chitinase 3 like 1 (CHI3L1 or YKL40) and triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) that are increasingly being associated with astrogliosis and microgliosis in AD, respectively. The SAMP8 mouse model of accelerated aging and AD traits showed elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines and activated microglia phenotype. Furthermore, 6-month-old SAMP8 showed an exacerbated inflammatory response to peripheral lipopolysaccharide in the hippocampus and null responsiveness at the advanced age (for this strain) of 12 months. Gene expression of TREM2 was increased in the hippocampus of transgenic 5XFAD mice and in the cingulate cortex of autosomal dominant AD patients, and to a lesser extent in aged SAMP8 mice and sporadic early-onset AD patients. However, gene expression of CHI3L1 was increased in mice but not in human AD brain samples. The results support the relevance of microglia activation in the pathways leading to neurodegeneration and suggest diverse neuroinflammatory responses according to the AD process. Therefore, the SAMP8 mouse model with marked alterations in the dynamics of microglia activation and senescence may provide a complementary approach to transgenic mouse models for the study of the neuroinflammatory mechanisms underlying AD risk and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Molina-Martínez
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rubén Corpas
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisa García-Lara
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Cosín-Tomás
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Cristòfol
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Perla Kaliman
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Solà
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Luis Molinuevo
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain.,Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Sánchez-Valle
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain.,Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Antonell
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain.,Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Lladó
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain.,Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Coral Sanfeliu
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
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26
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Laliberte AM, Karadimas SK, Vidal PM, Satkunendrarajah K, Fehlings MG. Mir21 modulates inflammation and sensorimotor deficits in cervical myelopathy: data from humans and animal models. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcaa234. [PMID: 33604572 PMCID: PMC7878254 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaa234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Degenerative cervical myelopathy is a common condition resulting from chronic compression of the spinal cord by degenerating structures of the spine. Degenerative cervical myelopathy present a wide range of outcomes, and the biological factors underlying this variability are poorly understood. Previous studies have found elevated MIR21-5p in the sub-acute and chronic neuroinflammatory environment after spinal cord injury. As chronic spinal cord neuroinflammation is a major feature of degenerative cervical myelopathy, we hypothesized that MIR21-5p may be particularly relevant to disease pathobiology, and could serve as a potential biomarker. A prospective cohort study of 69 human degenerative cervical myelopathy patients (36 male:33 female) between the ages of 30 and 78 years was performed to identify the relationship between MIR21-5p expression, symptom severity and treatment outcomes. Results from this study identified a positive correlation between elevated plasma MIR21-5p expression, initial symptom severity and poor treatment outcomes. Subsequent validation of these relationships using a mouse model of degenerative cervical myelopathy identified a similar elevation of MIR21-5p expression at 6 and 12 weeks after onset, corresponding to moderate to severe neurological deficits. To further determine how MIR21-5p affects cervical myelopathy pathobiology, this mouse model was applied to a Mir21 knockout mouse line. Deletion of the Mir21 gene preserved locomotor function on rotarod and forced swim tests, but also resulted in increased nociception based on tail flick, Von Frey filament and electrophysiological testing. Critically, Mir21 knockout mice also had reduced spinal cord inflammation, demonstrated by the reduction of Iba1+ microglia by ∼50% relative to wild-type controls. In vitro experiments using primary microglial cultures confirmed that MIR21-5p expression was greatly increased after exposure to lipopolysaccharide (pro-inflammatory), Il4 (anti-inflammatory) and hypoxia. Mir21 knockout did not appear to alter the ability of microglia to respond to these stimuli, as expression of key pro- and anti-inflammatory response genes was not significantly altered. However, target prediction algorithms identified the IL6/STAT3 pathway as a potential downstream target of MIR21-5p, and subsequent in vitro testing found that expression of components of the IL6 receptor complex, Il6ra and Il6st, were significantly higher in Mir21 knockout microglia. In aggregate, these data show that Mir21 plays a role in the progression of motor deficits and neuroinflammatory modulation in degenerative cervical myelopathy. Given this role in neuroinflammation, and its association with poor patient outcomes, MIR21-5p represents a potential therapeutic target and a new marker for prognostication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex M Laliberte
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T2S8, Canada
| | - Spyridon K Karadimas
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T2S8, Canada
| | - Pia M Vidal
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T2S8, Canada
| | - Kajana Satkunendrarajah
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T2S8, Canada
| | - Michael G Fehlings
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T2S8, Canada
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27
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Lian L, Zhang Y, Liu L, Yang L, Cai Y, Zhang J, Xu S. Neuroinflammation in Ischemic Stroke: Focus on MicroRNA-mediated Polarization of Microglia. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 13:612439. [PMID: 33488360 PMCID: PMC7817943 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.612439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the most common causes of death and disability worldwide. Neuroinflammation is a major pathological event involved in the process of ischemic injury and repair. In particular, microglia play a dual role in neuroinflammation. During the acute phase of stroke onset, M2 microglia are the dominant phenotype and exert protective effects on neuronal cells, whereas permanent M1 microglia contribute to prolonged inflammation and are detrimental to brain tissue. Emerging evidence indicates that microRNAs (miRNAs) may have regulatory effects on microglia-associated inflammation. Thus, we briefly reviewed the dynamic response of microglia after a stroke and assessed how specific miRNAs affect the behavior of reactive microglia. We concluded that miRNAs may be useful novel therapeutic targets to improve stroke outcomes and modulate neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lian
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yunsha Zhang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Binhai New Area Hospital of TCM. Tian Jin, Fourth Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Liji Yang
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yichen Cai
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Junping Zhang
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, China
| | - Shixin Xu
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, China
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28
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Fomina AF, Nguyen HM, Wulff H. Kv1.3 inhibition attenuates neuroinflammation through disruption of microglial calcium signaling. Channels (Austin) 2020; 15:67-78. [PMID: 33356832 PMCID: PMC7781540 DOI: 10.1080/19336950.2020.1853943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last 5 years inhibitors of the potassium channel KV1.3 have been shown to reduce neuroinflammation in rodent models of ischemic stroke, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and traumatic brain injury. At the systemic level these beneficial actions are mediated by a reduction in microglia activation and a suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokine and nitric oxide production. However, the molecular mechanisms for the suppressive action of KV1.3 blockers on pro-inflammatory microglia functions was not known until our group recently demonstrated that KV1.3 channels not only regulate membrane potential, as would be expected of a voltage-gated potassium channel, but also play a crucial role in enabling microglia to resist depolarizations produced by the danger signal ATP thus regulating calcium influx through P2X4 receptors. We here review the role of KV1.3 in microglial signaling and show that, similarly to their role in T cells, KV1.3 channels also regulated store-operated calcium influx in microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla F Fomina
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California , Davis, CA, USA
| | - Hai M Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California , Davis, CA, USA
| | - Heike Wulff
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California , Davis, CA, USA
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29
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Tang Y, Xiao Z, Pan L, Zhuang D, Cho KS, Robert K, Chen X, Shu L, Tang G, Wu J, Sun X, Chen DF. Therapeutic Targeting of Retinal Immune Microenvironment With CSF-1 Receptor Antibody Promotes Visual Function Recovery After Ischemic Optic Neuropathy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:585918. [PMID: 33281816 PMCID: PMC7691249 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.585918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury (RI) is a common cause of irreversible visual impairment and blindness in elderly and critical unmet medical need. While no effective treatment is available for RI, microglial activation and local immune responses in the retina are thought to play important roles in the pathophysiology of neurodegeneration. While survival and activation of microglia depend critically on colony-stimulating factor receptor (CSF-1R) signaling, it remains unclear if targeting the retinal immune microenvironments by CSF-1RAb after RI is sufficient to rescue vision and present a potentially effective therapy. Here we used rodent models of RI and showed that retinal ischemia induced by acute elevation of intraocular pressure triggered an early activation of microglia and macrophages in the retina within 12 h. This was followed by lymphocyte infiltration and increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Intravitreal injection of CSF-1R neutralizing antibody (CSF-1RAb) after RI significantly blocked microglial activation and the subsequent T cell recruitment. This also led to improved retinal ganglion cell survival and function measured by cell quantification and electroretinogram positive scotopic threshold responses, as well as increased visual acuity and contrast sensitivity as assessed by optomotor reflex-based assays, when compared to the isotype-treated control group. Moreover, the administration of CSF-1RAb efficiently attenuated inflammatory responses and activation of human microglia in culture, suggesting a therapeutic target with human relevance. These results, together with the existing clinical safety profiles, support that CSF-1RAb may present a promising therapeutic avenue for RI, a currently untreatable condition, by targeting microglia and the immune microenvironment in the retina to facilitate neural survival and visual function recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhen Tang
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zebin Xiao
- Department of Radiology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Pan
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Dongli Zhuang
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kin-Sang Cho
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kyle Robert
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Xiaoxiao Chen
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lian Shu
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangxian Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology, 1st Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jihong Wu
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinghuai Sun
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong F. Chen
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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30
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Tripathi A, Thangaraj A, Chivero ET, Periyasamy P, Burkovetskaya ME, Niu F, Guo ML, Buch S. N-Acetylcysteine Reverses Antiretroviral-Mediated Microglial Activation by Attenuating Autophagy-Lysosomal Dysfunction. Front Neurol 2020; 11:840. [PMID: 33013619 PMCID: PMC7498983 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Successful suppression of viral replication by combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) in HIV-1 infected individuals is paradoxically also accompanied by an increased prevalence of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) in these individuals. HAND is characterized by a state of chronic oxidative stress and inflammation. Microglia are extremely sensitive to a plethora of stimuli, including viral proteins and cART. The current study aimed to assess the effects of cART-mediated oxidative stress on the induction of inflammatory responses in microglia. In the present study, we chose a combination of three commonly used antiretroviral drugs—tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, emtricitabine, and dolutegravir. We demonstrated that exposure of microglia to the chosen cART cocktail induced generation of reactive oxygen species, subsequently leading to lysosomal dysfunction and dysregulated autophagy, ultimately resulting in the activation of microglia. Intriguingly, the potent antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine, reversed the damaging effects of cART. These in vitro findings were further corroborated in vivo wherein cART-treated HIV transgenic (Tg) rats demonstrated increased microglial activation, exaggerated lysosome impairment, and dysregulated autophagy in the prefrontal cortices compared with HIV Tg rats not exposed to cART. Similar to in vitro findings, the treatment of HIV Tg rats with N-acetylcysteine also mitigated the deleterious effects of cART. Taken together, our findings suggest that oxidative stress-mediated lysosomal dysfunction plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of HAND in drug-treated HIV-infected individuals and that antioxidant-mediated mitigation of oxidative stress could thus be considered as an adjunctive therapeutic strategy for ameliorating/dampening some of the neurological complications of HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Tripathi
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Annadurai Thangaraj
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Ernest T Chivero
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Palsamy Periyasamy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Maria E Burkovetskaya
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Fang Niu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Ming-Lei Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Shilpa Buch
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
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31
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Quarta A, Berneman Z, Ponsaerts P. Neuroprotective modulation of microglia effector functions following priming with interleukin 4 and 13: current limitations in understanding their mode-of-action. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 88:856-866. [PMID: 32224056 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years the long-standing theory of microglia's properties for dual polarization towards a pro- or anti-inflammatory phenotype has been deeply challenged. Furthermore, the elucidation of microglia ontogenesis exposed intrinsic differences between microglia and peripheral myeloid cells, thereby further underscoring the need to re-evaluate microglia-specific activation behavior, especially within an inflamed central nervous system (CNS) environment. This review critically summarizes recent literature on the in vitro and in vivo response of murine microglia to the immune-modulatory cytokines interleukin 4 (IL4) and interleukin 13 (IL13), i.e. those driving the so-called anti-inflammatory phenotype. Here we highlight several pivotal factors that may influence experimental outcome and/or interpretation of in vitro and in vivo studies evaluating microglia's phenotypical and functional properties upon IL4/IL13 treatment. Finally, the current therapeutic relevance of IL4/IL13-induced microglia activation in both acute and chronic CNS disorders is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Quarta
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Zwi Berneman
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter Ponsaerts
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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32
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Song Q, Pifferi S, Shi L, Chen C, Proietti Zaccaria R, Menini A, Cao J, Zhang Q, Torre V. Textured nanofibrils drive microglial phenotype. Biomaterials 2020; 257:120177. [PMID: 32682149 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are highly plastic cells that change their properties in response to their microenvironment. By using immunofluorescence, live-cell imaging, electrophysiological recordings and RNA sequencing, we investigated the regulation of modified bacterial cellulose (mBC) nanofibril substrates on microglial properties. We demonstrate that mBC substrates induce ramified microglia with constantly extending and retracting processes, reminiscent of what is observed in vivo. Patch-clamp recordings show that microglia acquire a more negative resting membrane potential and have increased inward rectifier K+ currents, caused by an upregulation of Kir2.1 channels. Transcriptome analysis shows upregulation of genes involved in the immune response and downregulation of genes linked to cell adhesion and cell motion. Furthermore, Arp2/3 complex activation and integrin-mediated signaling modulate microglial morphology and motility. Our studies demonstrate that mBC nanofibril substrates modulate microglial phenotype, paving the way for a microglia-material interface that may be very valuable for anti-neuroinflammatory drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Song
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, 34136, Italy; School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315100, PR China; Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315201, PR China
| | - Simone Pifferi
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, 34136, Italy; Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Lin Shi
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China
| | - Chuntao Chen
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China
| | - Remo Proietti Zaccaria
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315201, PR China; Italian Institute of Technology, Genova, 16163, Italy
| | - Anna Menini
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, 34136, Italy
| | - Jianping Cao
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China.
| | - Vincent Torre
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, 34136, Italy; School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China; Joint Laboratory of Biophysics and Translational Medicine, ISM-SISSA, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China; Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315201, PR China.
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33
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Tajti G, Wai DCC, Panyi G, Norton RS. The voltage-gated potassium channel K V1.3 as a therapeutic target for venom-derived peptides. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 181:114146. [PMID: 32653588 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The voltage-gated potassium channel KV1.3 is a well-established therapeutic target for a range of autoimmune diseases, in addition to being the site of action of many venom-derived peptides. Numerous studies have documented the efficacy of venom peptides that target KV1.3, in particular from sea anemones and scorpions, in animal models of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and multiple sclerosis. Moreover, an analogue of the sea anemone peptide ShK (known as dalazatide) has successfully completed Phase 1 clinical trials in mild-to-moderate plaque psoriasis. In this article we consider other potential therapeutic applications of inhibitors of KV1.3, including in inflammatory bowel disease and neuroinflammatory conditions such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, as well as fibrotic diseases. We also summarise strategies for facilitating the entry of peptides to the central nervous system, given that this will be a pre-requisite for the treatment of most neuroinflammatory diseases. Venom-derived peptides that have been reported recently to target KV1.3 are also described. The increasing number of autoimmune and other conditions in which KV1.3 is upregulated and is therefore a potential therapeutic target, combined with the fact that many venom-derived peptides are potent inhibitors of KV1.3, suggests that venoms are likely to continue to serve as a rich source of new pharmacological tools and therapeutic leads targeting this channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabor Tajti
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Dorothy C C Wai
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Gyorgy Panyi
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Raymond S Norton
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; ARC Centre for Fragment-Based Design, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
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34
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Vay SU, Flitsch LJ, Rabenstein M, Monière H, Jakovcevski I, Andjus P, Bijelic D, Blaschke S, Walter HL, Fink GR, Schroeter M, Rueger MA. The impact of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) and voltage-gated potassium KCNQ/Kv7 channels on primary microglia function. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:100. [PMID: 32248813 PMCID: PMC7132998 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01779-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Microglia are essential to maintain cell homeostasis in the healthy brain and are activated after brain injury. Upon activation, microglia polarize towards different phenotypes. The course of microglia activation is complex and depends on signals in the surrounding milieu. Recently, it has been suggested that microglia respond to ion currents, as a way of regulating their activity and function. Methods and results Under the hypothesis that HCN and KCNQ/Kv7 channels impact on microglia, we studied primary rat microglia in the presence or absence of specific pharmacological blockade or RNA silencing. Primary microglia expressed the subunits HCN1-4, Kv7.2, Kv7.3, and Kv7.5. The expression of HCN2, as well as Kv7.2 and Kv7.3, varied among different microglia phenotypes. The pharmacological blockade of HCN channels by ZD7288 resulted in cell depolarization with slowly rising intracellular calcium levels, leading to enhanced survival and reduced proliferation rates of resting microglia. Furthermore, ZD7288 treatment, as well as knockdown of HCN2 RNA by small interfering RNA, resulted in an attenuation of later microglia activation—both towards the anti- and pro-inflammatory phenotype. However, HCN channel inhibition enhanced the phagocytic capacity of IL4-stimulated microglia. Blockade of Kv7/KCNQ channel by XE-991 exclusively inhibited the migratory capacity of resting microglia. Conclusion These observations suggest that the HCN current contributes to various microglia functions and impacts on the course of microglia activation, while the Kv7/KCNQ channels affect microglia migration. Characterizing the role of HCN channels in microglial functioning may offer new therapeutic approaches for targeted modulation of neuroinflammation as a hallmark of various neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Ulrike Vay
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Lea Jessica Flitsch
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany
| | - Monika Rabenstein
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany
| | - Helena Monière
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany
| | - Igor Jakovcevski
- Institute for Molecular and Behavioural Neuroscience and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Pavle Andjus
- Center for Laser Microscopy-CLM, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dunja Bijelic
- Center for Laser Microscopy-CLM, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Stefan Blaschke
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Helene Luise Walter
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gereon Rudolf Fink
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Michael Schroeter
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Maria Adele Rueger
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
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35
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Gattlen C, Deftu AF, Tonello R, Ling Y, Berta T, Ristoiu V, Suter MR. The inhibition of Kir2.1 potassium channels depolarizes spinal microglial cells, reduces their proliferation, and attenuates neuropathic pain. Glia 2020; 68:2119-2135. [PMID: 32220118 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Spinal microglia change their phenotype and proliferate after nerve injury, contributing to neuropathic pain. For the first time, we have characterized the electrophysiological properties of microglia and the potential role of microglial potassium channels in the spared nerve injury (SNI) model of neuropathic pain. We observed a strong increase of inward currents restricted at 2 days after injury associated with hyperpolarization of the resting membrane potential (RMP) in microglial cells compared to later time-points and naive animals. We identified pharmacologically and genetically the current as being mediated by Kir2.1 ion channels whose expression at the cell membrane is increased 2 days after SNI. The inhibition of Kir2.1 with ML133 and siRNA reversed the RMP hyperpolarization and strongly reduced the currents of microglial cells 2 days after SNI. These electrophysiological changes occurred coincidentally to the peak of microglial proliferation following nerve injury. In vitro, ML133 drastically reduced the proliferation of BV2 microglial cell line after both 2 and 4 days in culture. In vivo, the intrathecal injection of ML133 significantly attenuated the proliferation of microglia and neuropathic pain behaviors after nerve injury. In summary, our data implicate Kir2.1-mediated microglial proliferation as an important therapeutic target in neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Gattlen
- Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Faculty of Biology and Medicine (FBM), University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexandru-Florian Deftu
- Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Faculty of Biology and Medicine (FBM), University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Anatomy, Animal Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Raquel Tonello
- Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Yuejuan Ling
- Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Pain Research Laboratory, Institute of Nautical Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, University of Nantong, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Temugin Berta
- Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Violeta Ristoiu
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Marc René Suter
- Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Faculty of Biology and Medicine (FBM), University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine (FBM), University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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36
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Abu-Rish EY, Mansour AT, Mansour HT, Dahabiyeh LA, Aleidi SM, Bustanji Y. Pregabalin inhibits in vivo and in vitro cytokine secretion and attenuates spleen inflammation in Lipopolysaccharide/Concanavalin A -induced murine models of inflammation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4007. [PMID: 32132609 PMCID: PMC7055236 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune system alteration has been implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic pain conditions, epilepsy and generalized anxiety disorder. Targeting cytokines has recently been proposed for the management of such conditions. Pregabalin (PGB) is an antiepileptic agent used for the management of these conditions. However, little is known about its immunomodulatory effects on cytokine secretion in vivo and in vitro. Hence, a mitogen (Lipopolysaccharide [LPS] or Concanavalin A [ConA])-induced murine model of inflammation was used to investigate the effect of PGB on in vivo and in vitro IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and IL-2 cytokine secretion using ELISA. In addition, PGB effect on spleen histology, as a lymphoid organ, was examined. Our results revealed that PGB significantly inhibited the secretion of ConA-induced IL-6 secretion, basal and ConA-induced TNF-α and IL-2 secretion in splenocytes in vitro. In vivo, PGB inhibited basal and LPS/ConA-induced IL-6 and TNF-α secretion in addition to LPS-induced IL-1β and ConA-induced IL-2 secretion. Moreover, PGB attenuated mitogen-induced inflammatory changes in the spleen. These findings provide an evidence of the anti-inflammatory properties of PGB on cytokine secretion and lymphoid organ inflammation. This might give insights into the role of PGB in the management of the inflammatory state in PGB-indicated conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Y Abu-Rish
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, 11942, Jordan.
| | - Ahmad T Mansour
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, 11942, Jordan
| | - Hebah T Mansour
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, 11942, Jordan
| | - Lina A Dahabiyeh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, 11942, Jordan
| | - Shereen M Aleidi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, 11942, Jordan
| | - Yasser Bustanji
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, 11942, Jordan.,Hamdi Mango Centre for Scientific Research, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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37
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Fesharaki-Zadeh A, Miyauchi JT, St. Laurent-Arriot K, Tsirka SE, Bergold PJ. Increased Behavioral Deficits and Inflammation in a Mouse Model of Co-Morbid Traumatic Brain Injury and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. ASN Neuro 2020; 12:1759091420979567. [PMID: 33342261 PMCID: PMC7755938 DOI: 10.1177/1759091420979567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Comorbid post-traumatic stress disorder with traumatic brain injury (TBI) produce more severe affective and cognitive deficits than PTSD or TBI alone. Both PTSD and TBI produce long-lasting neuroinflammation, which may be a key underlying mechanism of the deficits observed in co-morbid TBI/PTSD. We developed a model of co-morbid TBI/PTSD by combining the closed head (CHI) model of TBI with the chronic variable stress (CVS) model of PTSD and examined multiple behavioral and neuroinflammatory outcomes. Male C57/Bl6 mice received sham treatment, CHI, CVS, CHI then CVS (CHI → CVS) or CVS then CHI (CVS → CHI). The CVS → CHI group had deficits in Barnes maze or active place avoidance not seen in the other groups. The CVS → CHI, CVS and CHI → CVS groups displayed increased basal anxiety level, based on performance on elevated plus maze. The CVS → CHI had impaired performance on Barnes Maze, and Active Place Avoidance. These performance deficits were strongly correlated with increased hippocampal Iba-1 level an indication of activated MP/MG. These data suggest that greater cognitive deficits in the CVS → CHI group were due to increased inflammation. The increased deficits and neuroinflammation in the CVS → CHI group suggest that the order by which a subject experiences TBI and PTSD is a major determinant of the outcome of brain injury in co-morbid TBI/PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arman Fesharaki-Zadeh
- Department of Psychiatry, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Jeremy T. Miyauchi
- Department of Physiology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Karrah St. Laurent-Arriot
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Stella E. Tsirka
- Department of Physiology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Peter J. Bergold
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
- Department of Neurology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
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38
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Tao C, Keep RF, Xi G, Hua Y. CD47 Blocking Antibody Accelerates Hematoma Clearance After Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Aged Rats. Transl Stroke Res 2019; 11:541-551. [PMID: 31664629 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-019-00745-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Both experimental studies and surgical clinical trials suggest that hematoma clearance is a therapeutic target in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). We have investigated effects of CD47, a "don't eat me" signal expressed on erythrocytes, on hematoma resolution after ICH in young mice. This study expands those findings by examining the effects on a CD47 blocking antibody in aged rats. First, male Fischer 344 rats (18 months old) received an intracaudate injection of 50 μL autologous whole blood or saline. Hematoma features of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and neurological deficits were evaluated within 3 days. Second, rats had an intracaudate co-injection of 50 μL autologous blood with either CD47 blocking antibody or IgG. MRI was used to quantify hematoma/iron volume, hemolysis, brain swelling, and atrophy at different time points, behavioral tests to assess neurological deficits, and immunohistochemistry to assess brain injury and neuroinflammation. The CD47 blocking antibody significantly promoted hematoma clearance, attenuated brain swelling, hemolysis, and neuronal loss and increased the number of phagocytic macrophages in and around hematoma 3 days after ICH. Moreover, CD47 blockade reduced neuronal loss, brain atrophy, and neurobehavioral deficits at day 28. These results indicate that a CD47 blocking antibody can accelerate hematoma clearance and alleviate short- and long-term brain injury after ICH in aged rats and that it might be a therapeutic strategy for ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanyuan Tao
- Department of Neurosurgery, R5018 BSRB, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, R5018 BSRB, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Guohua Xi
- Department of Neurosurgery, R5018 BSRB, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Ya Hua
- Department of Neurosurgery, R5018 BSRB, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA.
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39
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Schwarz JM. Frank Beach Award Winner - The future of mental health research: Examining the interactions of the immune, endocrine and nervous systems between mother and infant and how they affect mental health. Horm Behav 2019; 114:104521. [PMID: 30981689 PMCID: PMC7367439 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy and the postpartum period are periods of significant change in the immune and endocrine systems. This period of life is also associated with an increased risk of mental health disorders in the mother, and an increased risk of developmental and neuropsychiatric disorders in her infant. The collective data described here supports the idea that peripartum mood disorders in mother and developmental disorders in her infant likely reflects multiple pathogeneses, stemming from various interactions between the immune, endocrine and nervous systems, thereby resulting in various symptom constellations. In this case, testing the mechanisms underlying specific symptoms of these disorders (e.g. deficits in specific types of learning or anhedonia) may provide a better understanding of the various physiological interactions and multiple etiologies that most likely underlie the risk of mental health disorders during this unique time in life. The goal here is to summarize the current understanding of how immune and endocrine factors contribute to maternal mental health, while simultaneously understanding the impact these unique interactions have on the developing brain of her infant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn M Schwarz
- University of Delaware, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, 108 Wolf Hall, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
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40
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Lively S, Wong R, Lam D, Schlichter LC. Sex- and Development-Dependent Responses of Rat Microglia to Pro- and Anti-inflammatory Stimulation. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:433. [PMID: 30524242 PMCID: PMC6262307 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Addressing potential sex differences in pre-clinical studies is crucial for developing therapeutic interventions. Although sex differences have been reported in epidemiological studies and from clinical experience, most pre-clinical studies of neuroinflammation use male rodents; however, sexual dimorphisms in microglia might affect the CNS inflammatory response. Developmental changes are also important and, in rodents, there is a critical period of sexual brain differentiation in the first 3 weeks after birth. We compared rat microglia from sex-segregated neonates (P1) and at about the time of weaning (P21). To study transitions from a basal homeostatic state (untreated), microglia were subjected to a pro-inflammatory (IFNγ + TNFα) or anti-inflammatory (IL-4) stimulus. Responses were compared by quantifying changes in nitric oxide production, migration, and expression of nearly 70 genes, including inflammatory mediators and receptors, inflammasome molecules, immune modulators, and genes that regulate microglial physiological functions. No sex differences were seen in transcriptional responses in either age group but the IL-4-evoked migration increase was larger in male cells at both ages. Protein changes for the hallmark molecules, NOS2, COX-2, PYK2 and CD206 correlated with mRNA changes. P1 and P21 microglia showed substantial differences, including expression of genes related to developmental roles. That is, P21 microglia had a more mature phenotype, with higher basal and stimulated levels of many inflammatory genes, while P1 cells had higher expression of phagocytosis-related molecules. Nevertheless, cells of both ages responded to IL-4 and IFNγ + TNFα. We examined the Kv1.3 potassium channel (a potential target for modulating neuroinflammation) and the Kir2.1 channel, which regulate several microglia functions. Kv1.3 mRNA (Kcna3) was higher at P21 under all conditions and male P21 cells had higher mRNA and Kv currents in response to IFNγ + TNFα. Overall, numerous transcriptional and functional responses of microglia changed during the first 3 weeks after birth but few sex-dependent changes were seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Starlee Lively
- Division of Genetics & Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Raymond Wong
- Division of Genetics & Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Doris Lam
- Division of Genetics & Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lyanne C Schlichter
- Division of Genetics & Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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41
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Smolders S, Notter T, Smolders SMT, Rigo JM, Brône B. Controversies and prospects about microglia in maternal immune activation models for neurodevelopmental disorders. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 73:51-65. [PMID: 29870753 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the maternal immune system during pregnancy is a well-established risk factor for neuropsychiatric disease in the offspring, yet, the underlying mechanisms leading to altered brain function remain largely undefined. Microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, are key to adequate development of the central nervous system (CNS), and are prime candidates to mediate maternal immune activation (MIA)-induced brain abnormalities. As such, the effects of MIA on the immunological phenotype of microglia has been widely investigated. However, contradicting results due to differences in read-out and methodological approaches impede final conclusions on MIA-induced microglial alterations. The aim of this review is to critically discuss the evidence for an activated microglial phenotype upon MIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Smolders
- Uhasselt - BIOMED, Hasselt, Belgium; Laboratory of Neuronal Differentiation, VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Leuven and Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Tina Notter
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Vetsuisse, Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Sophie M T Smolders
- Uhasselt - BIOMED, Hasselt, Belgium; INSERM, UMR S 1130, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 8246, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris, France; UM 119 NPS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris, France.
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42
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Thei L, Imm J, Kaisis E, Dallas ML, Kerrigan TL. Microglia in Alzheimer's Disease: A Role for Ion Channels. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:676. [PMID: 30323735 PMCID: PMC6172337 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia, it is estimated to affect over 40 million people worldwide. Classically, the disease has been characterized by the neuropathological hallmarks of aggregated extracellular amyloid-β and intracellular paired helical filaments of hyperphosphorylated tau. A wealth of evidence indicates a pivotal role for the innate immune system, such as microglia, and inflammation in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease. The over production and aggregation of Alzheimer's associated proteins results in chronic inflammation and disrupts microglial clearance of these depositions. Despite being non-excitable, microglia express a diverse array of ion channels which shape their physiological functions. In support of this, there is a growing body of evidence pointing to the involvement of microglial ion channels contributing to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. In this review, we discuss the evidence for an array of microglia ion channels and their importance in modulating microglial homeostasis and how this process could be disrupted in Alzheimer's disease. One promising avenue for assessing the role that microglia play in the initiation and progression of Alzheimer's disease is through using induced pluripotent stem cell derived microglia. Here, we examine what is already understood in terms of the molecular underpinnings of inflammation in Alzheimer's disease, and the utility that inducible pluripotent stem cell derived microglia may have to advance this knowledge. We outline the variability that occurs between the use of animal and human models with regards to the importance of microglial ion channels in generating a relevant functional model of brain inflammation. Overcoming these hurdles will be pivotal in order to develop new drug targets and progress our understanding of the pathological mechanisms involved in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Thei
- Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Imm
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Eleni Kaisis
- Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Mark L Dallas
- Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Talitha L Kerrigan
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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43
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Vay SU, Flitsch LJ, Rabenstein M, Rogall R, Blaschke S, Kleinhaus J, Reinert N, Bach A, Fink GR, Schroeter M, Rueger MA. The plasticity of primary microglia and their multifaceted effects on endogenous neural stem cells in vitro and in vivo. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:226. [PMID: 30103769 PMCID: PMC6090672 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1261-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Microglia—the resident immune cells of the brain—are activated after brain lesions, e.g., cerebral ischemia, and polarize towards a classic “M1” pro-inflammatory or an alternative “M2” anti-inflammatory phenotype following characteristic temporo-spatial patterns, contributing either to secondary tissue damage or to regenerative responses. They closely interact with endogenous neural stem cells (NSCs) residing in distinct niches of the adult brain. The current study aimed at elucidating the dynamics of microglia polarization and their differential effects on NSC function. Results Primary rat microglia in vitro were polarized towards a M1 phenotype by LPS, or to a M2 phenotype by IL4, while simultaneous exposure to LPS plus IL4 resulted in a hybrid phenotype expressing both M1- and M2-characteristic markers. M2 microglia migrated less but exhibit higher phagocytic activity than M1 microglia. Defined mediators switched microglia from one polarization state to the other, a process more effective when transforming M2 microglia towards M1 than vice versa. Polarized microglia had differential effects on the differentiation potential of NSCs in vitro and in vivo, with M1 microglia promoting astrocytogenesis, while M2 microglia supported neurogenesis. Regardless of their polarization, microglia inhibited NSC proliferation, increased NSC migration, and accelerated NSC differentiation. Conclusion Overall, this study shed light on the complex conditions governing microglia polarization and the effects of differentially polarized microglia on critical functions of NSCs in vitro and in vivo. Refining the understanding of microglia activation and their modulatory effects on NSCs is likely to facilitate the development of innovative therapeutic concepts supporting the innate regenerative capacity of the brain. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-018-1261-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Ulrike Vay
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Lea Jessica Flitsch
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany
| | - Monika Rabenstein
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany
| | - Rebecca Rogall
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefan Blaschke
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Judith Kleinhaus
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany
| | - Noémie Reinert
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany
| | - Annika Bach
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gereon Rudolf Fink
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Michael Schroeter
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Maria Adele Rueger
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
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44
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Lively S, Schlichter LC. Microglia Responses to Pro-inflammatory Stimuli (LPS, IFNγ+TNFα) and Reprogramming by Resolving Cytokines (IL-4, IL-10). Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:215. [PMID: 30087595 PMCID: PMC6066613 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia respond to CNS injuries and diseases with complex reactions, often called "activation." A pro-inflammatory phenotype (also called classical or M1 activation) lies at one extreme of the reactivity spectrum. There were several motivations for this study. First, bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) is the most commonly used pro-inflammatory stimulus for microglia, both in vitro and in vivo; however, pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IFNγ, TNFα) rather than LPS will be encountered with sterile CNS damage and disease. We lack direct comparisons of responses between LPS and such cytokines. Second, while transcriptional profiling is providing substantial data on microglial responses to LPS, these studies mainly use mouse cells and models, and there is increasing evidence that responses of rat microglia can differ. Third, the cytokine milieu is dynamic after acute CNS damage, and an important question in microglial biology is: How malleable are their responses? There are very few studies of effects of resolving cytokines, particularly for rat microglia, and much of the work has focused on pro-inflammatory outcomes. Here, we first exposed primary rat microglia to LPS or to IFNγ+TNFα (I+T) and compared hallmark functional (nitric oxide production, migration) and molecular responses (almost 100 genes), including surface receptors that can be considered part of the sensome. Protein changes for exemplary molecules were also quantified: ARG1, CD206/MRC1, COX-2, iNOS, and PYK2. Despite some similarities, there were notable differences in responses to LPS and I+T. For instance, LPS often evoked higher pro-inflammatory gene expression and also increased several anti-inflammatory genes. Second, we compared the ability of two anti-inflammatory, resolving cytokines (IL-4, IL-10), to counteract responses to LPS and I+T. IL-4 was more effective after I+T than after LPS, and IL-10 was surprisingly ineffective after either stimulus. These results should prove useful in modeling microglial reactivity in vitro; and comparing transcriptional responses to sterile CNS inflammation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Starlee Lively
- Division of Genetics & Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lyanne C Schlichter
- Division of Genetics & Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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45
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Lively S, Lam D, Wong R, Schlichter LC. Comparing Effects of Transforming Growth Factor β1 on Microglia From Rat and Mouse: Transcriptional Profiles and Potassium Channels. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:115. [PMID: 29780305 PMCID: PMC5946019 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytokine, transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1), is up-regulated after central nervous system (CNS) injuries or diseases involving microglial activation, and it has been proposed as a therapeutic agent for treating neuroinflammation. Microglia can produce and respond to TGFβ1. While rats and mice are commonly used for studying neuroinflammation, very few reports directly compare them. Such studies are important for improving pre-clinical studies and furthering translational progress in developing therapeutic interventions. After intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in the rat striatum, the TGFβ1 receptor was highly expressed on microglia/macrophages within the hematoma. We recently found species similarities and differences in response to either a pro-inflammatory (interferon-γ, IFN-γ, +tumor necrosis factor, TNF-α) or anti-inflammatory interleukin-4 (IL-4) stimulus. Here, we assessed whether rat and mouse microglia differ in their responses to TGFβ1. Microglia were isolated from Sprague-Dawley rats and C57BL/6 mice and treated with TGFβ1. We quantified changes in expression of >50 genes, in their morphology, proliferation, apoptosis and in three potassium channels that are considered therapeutic targets. Many inflammatory mediators, immune receptors and modulators showed species similarities, but notable differences included that, for some genes, only one species responded (e.g., Il4r, Il10, Tgfbr2, colony-stimulating factor receptor (Csf1r), Itgam, suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (Socs1), toll-like receptors 4 (Tlr4), P2rx7, P2ry12), and opposite responses were seen for others (Tgfb1, Myc, Ifngr1). In rat only, TGFβ1 affected microglial morphology and proliferation, but there was no apoptosis in either species. In both species, TGFβ1 dramatically increased Kv1.3 channel expression and current (no effects on Kir2.1). KCa3.1 showed opposite species responses: the current was low in unstimulated rat microglia and greatly increased by TGFβ1 but higher in control mouse cells and decreased by TGFβ1. Finally, we compared TGFβ1 and IL10 (often considered similar anti-inflammatory stimuli) and found many different responses in both species. Overall, the numerous species differences should be considered when characterizing neuroinflammation and microglial activation in vitro and in vivo, and when targeting potassium channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Starlee Lively
- Krembil Research Institute, Genes and Development Division, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Doris Lam
- Krembil Research Institute, Genes and Development Division, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Raymond Wong
- Krembil Research Institute, Genes and Development Division, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lyanne C Schlichter
- Krembil Research Institute, Genes and Development Division, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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46
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Plescher M, Seifert G, Hansen JN, Bedner P, Steinhäuser C, Halle A. Plaque-dependent morphological and electrophysiological heterogeneity of microglia in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Glia 2018; 66:1464-1480. [PMID: 29493017 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Microglia, the central nervous system resident innate immune cells, cluster around Aβ plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The activation phenotype of these plaque-associated microglial cells, and their differences to microglia distant to Aβ plaques, are incompletely understood. We used novel three-dimensional cell analysis software to comprehensively analyze the morphological properties of microglia in the TgCRND8 mouse model of AD in spatial relation to Aβ plaques. We found strong morphological changes exclusively in plaque-associated microglia, whereas plaque-distant microglia showed only minor changes. In addition, patch-clamp recordings of microglia in acute cerebral slices of TgCRND8 mice revealed increased K+ currents in plaque-associated but not plaque-distant microglia. Within the subgroup of plaque-associated microglia, two different current profiles were detected. One subset of cells displayed only increased inward currents, while a second subset showed both increased inward and outward currents, implicating that the plaque microenvironment differentially impacts microglial ion channel expression. Using pharmacological channel blockers, multiplex single-cell PCR analysis and RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization, we identified Kir and Kv channel types contributing to the in- and outward K+ conductance in plaque-associated microglia. In summary, we have identified a previously unrecognized level of morphological and electrophysiological heterogeneity of microglia in relation to amyloid plaques, suggesting that microglia may display multiple activation states in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Plescher
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, DZNE, Bonn, Germany.,Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gerald Seifert
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan Niklas Hansen
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, DZNE, Bonn, Germany.,Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Bedner
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Steinhäuser
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Annett Halle
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, DZNE, Bonn, Germany.,Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, Bonn, Germany
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