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Qiu M, Tian M, Sun Y, Li H, Huang W, Ouyang H, Lin S, Zhang C, Wang M, Wang Y. Decoding the biochemical dialogue: metabolomic insights into soybean defense strategies against diverse pathogens. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2024:10.1007/s11427-023-2596-1. [PMID: 38965141 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-023-2596-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Soybean, a crucial global leguminous crop, confronts persistent threats from diverse pathogens, exerting a profound impact on global yields. While genetic dimensions of soybean-pathogen interactions have garnered attention, the intricate biochemical responses remain poorly elucidated. In this study, we applied targeted and untargeted liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) metabolite profiling to dissect the complex interplay between soybeans and five distinct pathogens. Our analysis uncovered 627 idMS/MS spectra, leading to the identification of four main modules, encompassing flavonoids, isoflavonoids, triterpenoids, and amino acids and peptides, alongside other compounds such as phenolics. Profound shifts were observed in both primary and secondary metabolism in response to pathogenic infections. Particularly notable were the bidirectional changes in total flavonoids across diverse pathogenic inoculations, while triterpenoids exhibited a general declining trend. Noteworthy among the highly inducible total flavonoids were known representative anti-pathogen compounds (glyceollin I), backbone forms of isoflavonoids (daidzein, genistein, glycitein, formononetin), and newly purified compounds in this study (prunin). Subsequently, we delved into the biological roles of these five compounds, validating their diverse functions against pathogens: prunin significantly inhibited the vegetative growth and virulence of Phytophthora sojae; genistein exhibited a pronounced inhibitory effect on the vegetative growth and virulence of Phomopsis longicolla; daidzein and formononetin displayed significant repressive effects on the virulence of P. longicolla. This study underscores the potent utility of metabolomic tools, providing in-depth insights into plant-pathogen interactions from a biochemical perspective. The findings not only contribute to plant pathology but also offer strategic pathways for bolstering plant resistance against diseases on a broader scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Qiu
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mengjun Tian
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yaru Sun
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Huaibo Li
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wenwen Huang
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Haibing Ouyang
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shaoyan Lin
- China State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Kong S, Zhu M, Scarpin MR, Pan D, Jia L, Martinez RE, Alamos S, Vadde BVL, Garcia HG, Qian SB, Brunkard JO, Roeder AHK. DRMY1 promotes robust morphogenesis by sustaining the translation of cytokinin signaling inhibitor proteins. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.04.07.536060. [PMID: 37066395 PMCID: PMC10104159 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.07.536060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Robustness is the invariant development of phenotype despite environmental changes and genetic perturbations. In the Arabidopsis flower bud, four sepals robustly initiate and grow to constant size to enclose and protect the inner floral organs. We previously characterized the mutant development related myb-like1 ( drmy1 ), where 3-5 sepals initiate variably and grow to different sizes, compromising their protective function. The molecular mechanism underlying this loss of robustness was unclear. Here, we show that drmy1 has reduced TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN (TOR) activity, ribosomal content, and translation. Translation reduction decreases the protein level of ARABIDOPSIS RESPONSE REGULATOR7 (ARR7) and ARABIDOPSIS HISTIDINE PHOSPHOTRANSFER PROTEIN 6 (AHP6), two cytokinin signaling inhibitors that are normally rapidly produced before sepal initiation. The resultant upregulation of cytokinin signaling disrupts robust auxin patterning and sepal initiation. Our work shows that the homeostasis of translation, a ubiquitous cellular process, is crucial for the robust spatiotemporal patterning of organogenesis.
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Choi MS, Lee J, Kim JM, Kim SG, Joo Y. Girdling behavior of the longhorn beetle modulates the host plant to enhance larval performance. BMC Ecol Evol 2024; 24:49. [PMID: 38637737 PMCID: PMC11025245 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-024-02228-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preingestive behavioral modulations of herbivorous insects on the host plant are abundant over insect taxa. Those behaviors are suspected to have functions such as deactivation of host plant defenses, nutrient accumulation, or modulating plant-mediated herbivore interactions. To understand the functional consequence of behavioral modulation of insect herbivore, we studied the girdling behavior of Phytoecia rufiventris Gautier (Lamiinae; Cerambycidae) on its host plant Erigeron annuus L. (Asteraceae) that is performed before endophytic oviposition in the stem. RESULTS The girdling behavior significantly increased the larval performance in both field monitoring and lab experiment. The upper part of the girdled stem exhibited lack of jasmonic acid induction upon larval attack, lowered protease inhibitor activity, and accumulated sugars and amino acids in compared to non-girdled stem. The girdling behavior had no effect on the larval performance of a non-girdling longhorn beetle Agapanthia amurensis, which also feeds on the stem of E. annuus during larval phase. However, the girdling behavior decreased the preference of A. amurensis females for oviposition, which enabled P. rufiventris larvae to avoid competition with A. amurensis larvae. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the girdling behavior modulates plant physiology and morphology to provide a modulated food source for larva and hide it from the competitor. Our study implies that the insect behavior modulations can have multiple functions, providing insights into adaptation of insect behavior in context of plant-herbivore interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Soo Choi
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, 00826, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 34141, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhee Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Chungbuk National University, 28644, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Min Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, 00826, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Chungbuk National University, 28644, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Gyu Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 34141, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Youngsung Joo
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, 00826, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Chungbuk National University, 28644, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.
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Yang C, Halitschke R, O'Connor SE. OXIDOSQUALENE CYCLASE 1 and 2 influence triterpene biosynthesis and defense in Nicotiana attenuata. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:2580-2599. [PMID: 38101922 PMCID: PMC10980520 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Triterpenes are a class of bioactive compounds with diverse biological functions, playing pivotal roles in plant defense against biotic stressors. Oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs) serve as gatekeepers in the biosynthesis of triterpenes. In this study, we utilized a Nicotiana benthamiana heterologous expression system to characterize NaOSC1 from Nicotiana attenuata as a multifunctional enzyme capable of synthesizing lupeol, dammarenediol II, 3-alpha,20-lupanediol, and 7 other triterpene scaffolds. We also demonstrated that NaOSC2 is, in contrast, a selective enzyme, producing only the β-amyrin scaffold. Through virus-induced gene silencing and in vitro toxicity assays, we elucidated the roles of NaOSC1 and NaOSC2 in the defense of N. attenuata against Manduca sexta larvae. Metabolomic and feature-based molecular network analyses of leaves with silenced NaOSC1 and NaOSC2 unveiled 3 potential triterpene glycoside metabolite clusters. Interestingly, features identified as triterpenes within these clusters displayed a significant negative correlation with larval mass. Our study highlights the pivotal roles of NaOSC1 and NaOSC2 from N. attenuata in the initial steps of triterpene biosynthesis, subsequently influencing defense against M. sexta through the modulation of downstream triterpene glycoside compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiqiong Yang
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena D-07745, Germany
| | - Rayko Halitschke
- Mass Spectrometry and Metabolomics, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena D-07745, Germany
| | - Sarah E O'Connor
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena D-07745, Germany
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Karady M, Hladík P, Cermanová K, Jiroutová P, Antoniadi I, Casanova-Sáez R, Ljung K, Novák O. Profiling of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid and selected phytohormones in Arabidopsis using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. PLANT METHODS 2024; 20:41. [PMID: 38493175 PMCID: PMC10943774 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-024-01165-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gaseous phytohormone ethylene levels are directly influenced by the production of its immediate non-volatile precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC). Owing to the strongly acidic character of the ACC molecule, its quantification has been difficult to perform. Here, we present a simple and straightforward validated method for accurate quantification of not only ACC levels, but also major members of other important phytohormonal classes - auxins, cytokinins, jasmonic acid, abscisic acid and salicylic acid from the same biological sample. RESULTS The presented technique facilitates the analysis of 15 compounds by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. It was optimized and validated for 10 mg of fresh weight plant material. The extraction procedure is composed of a minimal amount of necessary steps. Accuracy and precision were the basis for evaluating the method, together with process efficiency, recovery and matrix effects as validation parameters. The examined compounds comprise important groups of phytohormones, their active forms and some of their metabolites, including six cytokinins, four auxins, two jasmonates, abscisic acid, salicylic acid and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid. The resulting method was used to examine their contents in selected Arabidopsis thaliana mutant lines. CONCLUSION This profiling method enables a very straightforward approach for indirect ethylene study and explores how it interacts, based on content levels, with other phytohormonal groups in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Karady
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany, Palacký University, The Czech Academy of Sciences & Faculty of Science, Olomouc, CZ-783 71, Czechia.
| | - Pavel Hladík
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany, Palacký University, The Czech Academy of Sciences & Faculty of Science, Olomouc, CZ-783 71, Czechia
| | - Kateřina Cermanová
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany, Palacký University, The Czech Academy of Sciences & Faculty of Science, Olomouc, CZ-783 71, Czechia
| | - Petra Jiroutová
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany, Palacký University, The Czech Academy of Sciences & Faculty of Science, Olomouc, CZ-783 71, Czechia
| | - Ioanna Antoniadi
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, SE-901 83, Sweden
| | - Rubén Casanova-Sáez
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Umeå University, Umeå, SE-901 87, Sweden
| | - Karin Ljung
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, SE-901 83, Sweden
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany, Palacký University, The Czech Academy of Sciences & Faculty of Science, Olomouc, CZ-783 71, Czechia
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, SE-901 83, Sweden
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Leyva B, Brustolin M, Müller R, Yon F. Unveil the sugar diet and associated environmental compounds in the crop of the mosquito Culex pipiens. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26565. [PMID: 38439850 PMCID: PMC10909667 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Culex pipiens (Linnaeus, 1758) mosquitoes search plant sources of sugars to cope with the energetic demand of various physiological processes. The crop as part of the digestive system is devoted to the storage of sugar-based meal obtained from various nectars sources. The profiling of sugars and metabolites in the Culex pipiens' crop is scarce, and only few studies used Liquid Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS), which provides broad detection for biomonitoring environmental substances and even contaminants in the sugar diet of mosquitoes populations. Therefore, sugar and metabolite profiling were performed on crops obtained from mosquitoes exposed to plant nectar under laboratory or natural conditions by Ultra High-Performance LC-MS (UHPLC-MS). This method allowed us a precise quantitative and qualitative identification of sugar diet and associated environmental compounds in the crop of the mosquito C. pipiens. Under laboratory condition, mosquitoes were allowed to feed on either glucose solution, commercially-available flowers or field collected flowers. In addition, we collected mosquitoes from the field to compare those crop metabolomes with metabolome patterns occurring after nectar feeding in the lab. The sugar quantities and quality obtained from the crops of mosquitoes collected in the field were similar to those crops obtained from mosquitoes that fed on commercially-available flowers and from field collected flowers with a limit of detection of 10 μg/L for sucrose, glucose and sucrose. Next to sugar compounds, we identified 2 types of amino acids, 12 natural products, and 9 pesticides. Next to the diversity of sugar compounds, we could confirm that secondary metabolites and environmental pollutants are typically up taken from floral nectar sources by C. pipiens. The in-depth knowledge on mosquito-plant interactions may inspire the development and further optimization of mosquito trap systems and arboviral surveillance systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balvina Leyva
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander Von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Marco Brustolin
- Unit of Entomology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ruth Müller
- Unit of Entomology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Unit Environmental Toxicology & Medical Entomology, Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Felipe Yon
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander Von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Fisiológicas, Facultad de Ciencias e Ingeniería, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
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Li S, Baldwin G, Yang C, Lu R, Meng S, Huang J, Wang M, Baldwin IT. Field-work reveals a novel function for MAX2 in a native tobacco's high-light adaptions. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:230-245. [PMID: 37750501 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory studies have revealed that strigolatone (SL) and karrikin (KAR) signalling mediate responses to abiotic and biotic stresses, and reshape branching architecture that could increase reproductive performance and crop yields. To understand the ecological function of SL and KAR signalling, transgenic lines of wild tobacco Nicotiana attenuata, silenced in SL/KAR biosynthesis/signalling were grown in the glasshouse and in two field plots in the Great Basin Desert in Utah over four field seasons. Of the lines silenced in SL and KAR signalling components (irMAX2, irD14, irKAI2 and irD14 × irKAI2 plants), which exhibited the expected increases in shoot branching, only irMAX2 plants showed a strong leaf-bleaching phenotype when grown in the field. In the field, irMAX2 plants had lower sugar and higher leaf amino acid contents, lower lifetime fitness and were more susceptible to herbivore attack compared to wild-type plants. These irMAX2 phenotypes were not observed in glasshouse-grown plants. Transcriptomic analysis revealed dramatic responses to high-light intensity in irMAX2 leaves in the field: lutein contents decreased, and transcriptional responses to high-intensity light, singlet oxygen and hydrogen peroxide increased. PAR and UV-B manipulations in the field revealed that the irMAX2 bleaching phenotype is reversed by decreasing PAR, but not UV-B fluence. We propose that NaMAX2 functions in high-light adaptation and fitness optimisation by regulating high-light responses independently of its roles in the SL and KAR signalling pathways. The work provides another example of the value of studying the function of genes in the complex environments in which plants evolved, namely nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhua Li
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Gundega Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Caiqiong Yang
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Ruirui Lu
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuaishuai Meng
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianbei Huang
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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Ezediokpu MN, Halitschke R, Krause K, Boland W, Kothe E. Pre-symbiotic response of the compatible host spruce and low-compatibility host pine to the ectomycorrhizal fungus Tricholoma vaccinum. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1280485. [PMID: 38111643 PMCID: PMC10725908 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1280485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutualistic ectomycorrhizal symbiosis requires the exchange of signals even before direct contact of the partners. Volatiles, and specifically volatile terpenoids, can be detected at a distance and may trigger downstream signaling and reprogramming of metabolic responses. The late-stage ectomycorrhizal fungus Tricholoma vaccinum shows high host specificity with its main host spruce, Picea abies, while rarely associations can be found with pine, Pinus sylvestris. Hence, a comparison of the host and the low-compatibility host's responses can untangle differences in early signaling during mycorrhiza formation. We investigated sesquiterpenes and identified different patterns of phytohormone responses with spruce and pine. To test the specific role of volatiles, trees were exposed to the complete volatilome of the fungus versus volatiles present when terpene synthases were inhibited by rosuvastatin. The pleiotropic response in spruce included three non-identified products, a pyridine derivative as well as two diterpenes. In pine, other terpenoids responded to the fungal signal. Using exposure to the fungal volatilome with or without terpene synthesis inhibited, we could find a molecular explanation for the longer time needed to establish the low-compatibility interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marycolette Ndidi Ezediokpu
- Microbial Communication, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
- Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Rayko Halitschke
- Mass Spectrometry and Metabolomics, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Katrin Krause
- Microbial Communication, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Boland
- Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Erika Kothe
- Microbial Communication, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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Jiao R, Wu B, Liang Z, Gao P, Gao X. GLV reveal species differences and responses to environment in alpine shrub Rosa sericea complex. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 896:166146. [PMID: 37595914 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant Volatile components are an ecological adaptation mechanism of plants that can reflect species differences and environment information where it is located. The alpine shrub Rosa sericea complex consists of several allied species, which are morphologically similar and difficult to distinguish, they are typical distribution along the elevation in the Himalayas and the Transverse Ranges. We selected two typical areas to find that the different species could be distinguished by their "green leaf volatile components" (GLV) composition as well as their geographical location, and it was evident that species with glands had higher sesquiterpene content. Correlation analysis revealed the relation between volatile components and ecology factors (climate factors, soil factors, phyllospheric microorganisms). Our study adds a new perspective and basis for the environmental adaptations of different species in the alpine shrub Rosa sericea complex from a chemical ecology perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifang Jiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Bohan Wu
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhenlong Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ping Gao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Xinfen Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Vrobel O, Tarkowski P. Can plant hormonomics be built on simple analysis? A review. PLANT METHODS 2023; 19:107. [PMID: 37833752 PMCID: PMC10576392 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-023-01090-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
The field of plant hormonomics focuses on the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the hormone complement in plant samples, akin to other omics sciences. Plant hormones, alongside primary and secondary metabolites, govern vital processes throughout a plant's lifecycle. While active hormones have received significant attention, studying all related compounds provides valuable insights into internal processes. Conventional single-class plant hormone analysis employs thorough sample purification, short analysis and triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. Conversely, comprehensive hormonomics analysis necessitates minimal purification, robust and efficient separation and better-performing mass spectrometry instruments. This review summarizes the current status of plant hormone analysis methods, focusing on sample preparation, advances in chromatographic separation and mass spectrometric detection, including a discussion on internal standard selection and the potential of derivatization. Moreover, current approaches for assessing the spatiotemporal distribution are evaluated. The review touches on the legitimacy of the term plant hormonomics by exploring the current status of methods and outlining possible future trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Vrobel
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Genetic Resources for Vegetables, Medicinal and Special Plants, Crop Research Institute, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Tarkowski
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
- Department of Genetic Resources for Vegetables, Medicinal and Special Plants, Crop Research Institute, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Swainson NM, Pengoan T, Khonsap R, Meksangsee P, Hagn G, Gerner C, Aramrak A. In vitro inhibitory effects on free radicals, pigmentation, and skin cancer cell proliferation from Dendrobium hybrid extract: A new plant source of active compounds. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20197. [PMID: 37809523 PMCID: PMC10559953 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Orchidaceae are diverse plants whose bioactive compounds have various biological activities. New hybrids of Dendrobium have been generated to gain characteristics shared with their ancestors. Dendrobium Pearl Vera (designated as DH) is derived from parents used for dermatological treatments and cosmetics. However, the phytoconstituents and biological properties of DH have not been reported. The current study investigated extracts from DH plants using four solvents (water, methanol, ethanol, or 2-propanol). The propanolic extract (DH-P) contained the highest phenolic and flavonoid contents, along with a high scavenging performance for free radicals. In total, 25 tentative constituents in the DH-P matrix were identified, consisting of amino acids, nucleotides, and three types of secondary metabolites: furan, phenolics, and alkaloids. The DH-P inhibited human tyrosinase in vitro in a concentration-dependent manner of the phenolic content. Furthermore, there was no significant difference between DH-P with 10 μg/ml phenolic content and 0.75 mM kojic acid (a commercial whitening agent) on the inhibition of human tyrosinase. Incubation with DH-P containing at least 15 μg/ml phenolic content greatly inhibited the proliferation of human melanoma; however, the cell viability was not affected by the phenolic content at 5 μg/ml or less. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of the phenolic content in DH-P on melanoma viability was 12.90 ± 1.04 μg/ml. Melanin production in vivo by human melanoma incubated with 5 μg/ml phenolic content in DH-P was reduced significantly, compared to 2.5 μg/ml phenolic content in DH-P, 100 μg/ml arbutin, and in control. The identified components, including 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde, salicylic acid, nicotinamide, acetophenone, cytidine, adenosine, proline, or valine, have been reported to be associated with depigmentation, antioxidant, and anticancer. This research revealed, for the first time, the tentative phytoconstituents of Dendrobium Pearl Vera and their biological activities, thus demonstrating the potential use of DH-P in dermal applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thanyawan Pengoan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Thailand
| | - Rungpailin Khonsap
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Thailand
| | | | - Gerhard Hagn
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Christopher Gerner
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Attawan Aramrak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Thailand
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12
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Uyehara AN, Del Valle-Echevarria AR, Hunter CT, Nelissen H, Demuynck K, Cahill JF, Gorman Z, Jander G, Muszynski MG. Cytokinin Promotes Jasmonic Acid Accumulation in the Control of Maize Leaf Growth. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3014. [PMID: 37631225 PMCID: PMC10459232 DOI: 10.3390/plants12163014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Plant organ growth results from the combined activity of cell division and cell expansion. The co-ordination of these two processes depends on the interplay between multiple hormones that determine the final organ size. Using the semidominant Hairy Sheath Frayed1 (Hsf1) maize mutant that hypersignals the perception of cytokinin (CK), we show that CK can reduce leaf size and growth rate by decreasing cell division. Linked to CK hypersignaling, the Hsf1 mutant has an increased jasmonic acid (JA) content, a hormone that can inhibit cell division. The treatment of wild-type seedlings with exogenous JA reduces maize leaf size and growth rate, while JA-deficient maize mutants have increased leaf size and growth rate. Expression analysis revealed the increased transcript accumulation of several JA pathway genes in the Hsf1 leaf growth zone. A transient treatment of growing wild-type maize shoots with exogenous CK also induced the expression of JA biosynthetic genes, although this effect was blocked by the co-treatment with cycloheximide. Together, our results suggest that CK can promote JA accumulation, possibly through the increased expression of specific JA pathway genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee N. Uyehara
- Department of Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | | | - Charles T. Hunter
- Chemistry Research, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, USDA-ARS, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA; (C.T.H.)
| | - Hilde Nelissen
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Kirin Demuynck
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - James F. Cahill
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Zachary Gorman
- Chemistry Research, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, USDA-ARS, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA; (C.T.H.)
| | - Georg Jander
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Michael G. Muszynski
- Department of Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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13
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Yang C, Bai Y, Halitschke R, Gase K, Baldwin G, Baldwin IT. Exploring the metabolic basis of growth/defense trade-offs in complex environments with Nicotiana attenuata plants cosilenced in NaMYC2a/b expression. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:349-366. [PMID: 36636784 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In response to challenges from herbivores and competitors, plants use fitness-limiting resources to produce (auto)toxic defenses. Jasmonate signaling, mediated by MYC2 transcription factors (TF), is thought to reconfigure metabolism to minimize these formal costs of defense and optimize fitness in complex environments. To study the context-dependence of this metabolic reconfiguration, we cosilenced NaMYC2a/b by RNAi in Nicotiana attenuata and phenotyped plants in the field and increasingly realistic glasshouse setups with competitors and mobile herbivores. NaMYC2a/b had normal phytohormonal responses, and higher growth and fitness in herbivore-reduced environments, but were devastated in high herbivore-load environments in the field due to diminished accumulations of specialized metabolites. In setups with competitors and mobile herbivores, irMYC2a/b plants had lower fitness than empty vector (EV) in single-genotype setups but increased fitness in mixed-genotype setups. Correlational analyses of metabolic, resistance, and growth traits revealed the expected defense/growth associations for most sectors of primary and specialized metabolism. Notable exceptions were some HGL-DTGs and phenolamides that differed between single-genotype and mixed-genotype setups, consistent with expectations of a blurred functional trichotomy of metabolites. MYC2 TFs mediate the reconfiguration of primary and specialized metabolic sectors to allow plants to optimize their fitness in complex environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiqiong Yang
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena, D-07745, Germany
| | - Yuechen Bai
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena, D-07745, Germany
| | - Rayko Halitschke
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena, D-07745, Germany
| | - Klaus Gase
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena, D-07745, Germany
| | - Gundega Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena, D-07745, Germany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena, D-07745, Germany
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14
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Thallusin Quantification in Marine Bacteria and Algae Cultures. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20110690. [PMID: 36355014 PMCID: PMC9696546 DOI: 10.3390/md20110690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Thallusin, a highly biologically active, phytohormone-like and bacterial compound-inducing morphogenesis of the green tide-forming macroalga Ulva (Chlorophyta), was determined in bacteria and algae cultures. A sensitive and selective method was developed for quantification based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization and a high-resolution mass spectrometer. Upon C18 solid phase extraction of the water samples, thallusin was derivatized with iodomethane to inhibit the formation of Fe−thallusin complexes interfering with the chromatographic separation. The concentration of thallusin was quantified during the relevant phases of the bacterial growth of Maribacter spp., ranging from 0.16 ± 0.01 amol cell−1 (at the peak of the exponential growth phase) to 0.86 ± 0.13 amol cell−1 (late stationary phase), indicating its accumulation in the growth medium. Finally, we directly determined the concentration of thallusin in algal culture to validate our approach for monitoring applications. Detection and quantification limits of 2.5 and 7.4 pmol L−1, respectively, were reached, which allow for quantifying ecologically relevant thallusin concentrations. Our approach will enable the surveying of thallusin in culture and in nature and will thus contribute to the chemical monitoring of aquaculture.
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Cao D, Barbier F, Yoneyama K, Beveridge CA. Extraction and Quantification of Plant Hormones and RNA from Pea Axillary Buds. Bio Protoc 2022; 12:e4524. [PMID: 36313201 PMCID: PMC9548514 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The quantification of plant hormones and related gene expression is essential to improve the understanding of the molecular regulation of plant growth and development. However, plant hormone quantification is still challenging due to extremely low endogenous levels and high chemical diversity. In this study, we present a convenient extraction protocol that enables the simultaneous extraction of both phytohormones and RNA from the same sample in a small quantity (approximately 10 mg). Using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), this protocol provides a method to quantify 13 phytohormones and their derivatives from four classes (cytokinin, auxin, abscisic acid, and gibberellin) at the speed of 14 min per sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Cao
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, Australia
| | - Francois Barbier
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, Australia
| | - Kaori Yoneyama
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Christine A. Beveridge
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, Australia
,
*For correspondence:
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16
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Yi SY, Lee M, Park SK, Lu L, Lee G, Kim SG, Kang SY, Lim YP. Jasmonate regulates plant resistance to Pectobacterium brasiliense by inducing indole glucosinolate biosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:964092. [PMID: 36247644 PMCID: PMC9559233 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.964092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Pectobacterium brasiliense (P. brasiliense) is a necrotrophic bacterium that causes the soft rot disease in Brassica rapa. However, the mechanisms underlying plant immune responses against necrotrophic bacterial pathogens with a broad host range are still not well understood. Using a flg22-triggered seedling growth inhibition (SGI) assay with 455 Brassica rapa inbred lines, we selected six B. rapa flagellin-insensitive lines (Brfin2-7) and three B. rapa flagellin-sensitive lines (Brfs1-3). Brfin lines showed compromised flg22-induced immune responses (oxidative burst, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, and seedling growth inhibition) compared to the control line R-o-18; nevertheless, they were resistant to P. brasiliense. To explain this, we analyzed the phytohormone content and found that most Brfin lines had higher P. brasiliense-induced jasmonic acid (JA) than Brfs lines. Moreover, MeJA pretreatment enhanced the resistance of B. rapa to P. brasiliense. To explain the correlation between the resistance of Brfin lines to P. brasiliense and activated JA signaling, we analyzed pathogen-induced glucosinolate (GS) content in B. rapa. Notably, in Brfin7, the neoglucobrassicin (NGBS) content among indole glucosinolates (IGS) was significantly higher than that in Brfs2 following P. brasiliense inoculation, and genes involved in IGSs biosynthesis were also highly expressed. Furthermore, almost all Brfin lines with high JA levels and resistance to P. brasiliense had higher P. brasiliense-induced NGBS levels than Brfs lines. Thus, our results show that activated JA-mediated signaling attenuates flg22-triggered immunity but enhances resistance to P. brasiliense by inducing indole glucosinolate biosynthesis in Brassica rapa. This study provides novel insights into the role of JA-mediated defense against necrotrophic bacterial pathogens within a broad host range.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Young Yi
- Institute of Agricultural Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
- Research Center of Crop Breeding for Omics and Artificial Intelligence, Kongju National University, Yesan, South Korea
| | - Myungjin Lee
- Institute of Agricultural Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Sun Kyu Park
- Molecular Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Lu Lu
- Molecular Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Gisuk Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute for Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Sang-Gyu Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute for Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Si-Yong Kang
- Department of Horticulture, College of Industrial Sciences, Kongju National University, Yesan, South Korea
- Research Center of Crop Breeding for Omics and Artificial Intelligence, Kongju National University, Yesan, South Korea
| | - Yong Pyo Lim
- Molecular Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
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17
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Park HJ, Nam BE, Lee G, Kim SG, Joo Y, Kim JG. Ontogeny-dependent effects of elevated CO 2 and watering frequency on interaction between Aristolochia contorta and its herbivores. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:156065. [PMID: 35597357 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Effects of environmental change on plants can differ due to sequential changes in their life-history strategies (i.e., ontogenetic variations). The fitness of herbivorous insects by physiological changes of the host plant could be affected depending on their diet breadth. However, little is known regarding the combinational effects of plant ontogeny and climate change on plant-herbivore interactions. This study examined the plant ontogeny-dependent effects of climate change on the interaction between a host plant (Aristolochia contorta), its specialist herbivore (Sericinus montela), and a generalist herbivore (Spodoptera exigua). Plants were grown under a factorial design of two distinct CO2 concentrations (ambient, 400 ppm; elevated, 560 ppm) and two watering frequencies (control, once a week; increased, twice a week). Plant ontogeny ameliorated the effects of climate change by altering its defensive traits, where nutrient-related factors were cumulatively affected by climate change. Herbivore performance was assessed at three different plant ontogenetic stages (1st-year juvenile, 1st-year senescence, and 2nd-year juvenile). Elevated CO2 levels reduced the growth and survival of the specialist herbivore, whereas increased watering frequency partially alleviated this reduced performance. Generalist herbivore performance slightly increased under elevated CO2 levels with progressing ontogenetic stages. The effects of climate change, both elevated CO2 and increased watering frequency were weaker in 2nd-year juveniles than in 1st-year juveniles. Elevated CO2 levels detrimentally affected the nutritional quality of A. contorta leaves. The effects of climate change on both specialist and generalist herbivore performance differed as plant ontogenetic stage proceeded. Increased growth rates and survival of the generalist herbivore at the latter ontogenetic stage might negatively affect the population dynamics of a specialist herbivore. This study suggests that biases are possible when the plant-herbivore interaction under a changing environment is predicted from a singular plant ontogenetic stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jun Park
- Department of Biology Education, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Eun Nam
- Department of Biology Education, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Department of Biology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Gisuk Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Gyu Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsung Joo
- Department of Biology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea; Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Geun Kim
- Department of Biology Education, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Center for Education Research, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Lee J, Chen H, Lee G, Emonet A, Kim S, Shim D, Lee Y. MSD2-mediated ROS metabolism fine-tunes the timing of floral organ abscission in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:2466-2480. [PMID: 35689444 PMCID: PMC9543660 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The timely removal of end-of-purpose flowering organs is as essential for reproduction and plant survival as timely flowering. Despite much progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms of floral organ abscission, little is known about how various environmental factors are integrated into developmental programmes that determine the timing of abscission. Here, we investigated whether reactive oxygen species (ROS), mediators of various stress-related signalling pathways, are involved in determining the timing of abscission and, if so, how they are integrated with the developmental pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana. MSD2, encoding a secretory manganese superoxide dismutase, was preferentially expressed in the abscission zone of flowers, and floral organ abscission was accelerated by the accumulation of ROS in msd2 mutants. The expression of the genes encoding the receptor-like kinase HAESA (HAE) and its cognate peptide ligand INFLORESCENCE DEFICIENT IN ABSCISSION (IDA), the key signalling components of abscission, was accelerated in msd2 mutants, suggesting that MSD2 acts upstream of IDA-HAE. Further transcriptome and pharmacological analyses revealed that abscisic acid and nitric oxide facilitate abscission by regulating the expression of IDA and HAE during MSD2-mediated signalling. These results suggest that MSD2-dependent ROS metabolism is an important regulatory point integrating environmental stimuli into the developmental programme leading to abscission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsu Lee
- Research Institute of Basic SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Korea
- Research Centre for Plant PlasticitySeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Korea
| | - Huize Chen
- Research Institute of Basic SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Korea
- Higher Education Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular and Environmental Stress Response in Shanxi ProvinceShanxi Normal UniversityTaiyuan030000ShanxiChina
| | - Gisuk Lee
- Department of Biological SciencesKorea Advanced Institute for Science and TechnologyDaejeon34141Korea
| | - Aurélia Emonet
- Department of Plant Molecular BiologyUniversity of Lausanne1015LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Sang‐Gyu Kim
- Department of Biological SciencesKorea Advanced Institute for Science and TechnologyDaejeon34141Korea
| | - Donghwan Shim
- Department of Biological SciencesChungnam National UniversityDaejeon34134Korea
| | - Yuree Lee
- Research Centre for Plant PlasticitySeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Korea
- School of Biological SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding InstituteSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Korea
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19
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Mbaluto CM, Vergara F, van Dam NM, Martínez-Medina A. Root infection by the nematode Meloidogyne incognita modulates leaf antiherbivore defenses and plant resistance to Spodoptera exigua. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:7909-7926. [PMID: 34545935 PMCID: PMC8664589 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Studies on plant-mediated interactions between root parasitic nematodes and aboveground herbivores are rapidly increasing. However, outcomes for the interacting organisms vary, and the mechanisms involved remain ambiguous. We hypothesized that the impact of root infection by the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita on the performance of the aboveground caterpillar Spodoptera exigua is modulated by the nematode's infection cycle. We challenged root-knot nematode-infected tomato plants with caterpillars when the nematode's infection cycle was at the invasion, galling, and reproduction stages. We found that M. incognita root infection enhanced S. exigua performance during the galling stage, while it did not affect the caterpillar's performance at the invasion and reproduction stages. Molecular and chemical analyses performed at the different stages of the nematode infection cycle revealed that M. incognita root infection systemically affected the jasmonic acid-, salicylic acid-, and abscisic acid-related responses, as well as the changes in the leaf metabolome triggered during S. exigua feeding. The M. incognita-induced leaf responses varied over the nematode's root infection cycle. These findings suggest that specific leaf responses triggered systemically by the nematode at its different life-cycle stages underlie the differential impact of M. incognita on plant resistance against the caterpillar S. exigua.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crispus M Mbaluto
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig; PuschStraße 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität-Jena; DornburgerStraße 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Fredd Vergara
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig; PuschStraße 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nicole M van Dam
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig; PuschStraße 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität-Jena; DornburgerStraße 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ainhoa Martínez-Medina
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig; PuschStraße 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität-Jena; DornburgerStraße 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Plant-Microorganism Interaction, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), Cordel de Merinas, 40, 37008, Salamanca, Spain
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20
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Joo Y, Kim H, Kang M, Lee G, Choung S, Kaur H, Oh S, Choi JW, Ralph J, Baldwin IT, Kim SG. Pith-specific lignification in Nicotiana attenuata as a defense against a stem-boring herbivore. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:332-344. [PMID: 34171146 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants have developed tissue-specific defense strategies in response to various herbivores with different feeding habits. Although defense responses to leaf-chewing insects have been well studied, little is known about stem-specific responses, particularly in the pith, to stem-boring herbivores. To understand the stem-specific defense, we first conducted a comparative transcriptomic analysis of the wild tobacco Nicotiana attenuata before and after attack by the leaf-chewing herbivore Manduca sexta and the stem borer Trichobaris mucorea. When the stem-boring herbivore attacked, lignin-associated genes were upregulated specifically in the inner parenchymal cells of the stem, the pith; lignin also accumulated highly in the attacked pith. Silencing the lignin biosynthetic gene cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase enhanced the performance of the stem-boring herbivore but had no effect on the growth of the leaf-chewing herbivore. Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance results revealed that lignified pith contains feruloyltyramine as an unusual lignin component in the cell wall, as a response against stem-boring herbivore attack. Pith-specific lignification induced by the stem-boring herbivore was modulated by both jasmonate and ethylene signaling. These results suggest that lignin provides a stem-specific inducible barrier, protecting plants against stem-boring insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngsung Joo
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena, 07745, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute for Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
- Department of Biology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Korea
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1552 University Ave., Madison, WI, 53726, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1552 University Ave., Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Moonyoung Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute for Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Gisuk Lee
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena, 07745, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute for Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Sungjun Choung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute for Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Harleen Kaur
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Shinyoung Oh
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyoeng-Chang, 25354, Korea
| | - Jun Weon Choi
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyoeng-Chang, 25354, Korea
| | - John Ralph
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1552 University Ave., Madison, WI, 53726, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1552 University Ave., Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Sang-Gyu Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute for Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
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Pradhan M, Rocha C, Halitschke R, Baldwin IT, Pandey SP. microRNA390 modulates Nicotiana attenuata's tolerance response to Manduca sexta herbivory. PLANT DIRECT 2021; 5:e350. [PMID: 34622121 PMCID: PMC8482963 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
miR390 is a highly conserved miRNA in plant lineages known to function in growth and development processes, such as lateral root development, and in responses to salt and metal stress. In the ecological model species, Nicotiana attenuata, miR390's biological function remains unknown, which we explore here with a gain-of-function analysis with plants over-expressing (OE-) N. attenuata miR390 (Na-miR390) in glasshouse and natural environments. OEmiR390 plants showed normal developmental processes, including lateral root formation or reproductive output, in plants grown under standard conditions in the glasshouse. OEmiR390 plants did not have dramatically altered interactions with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), Fusarium pathogens, or herbivores. However, Na-miR390 regulated the plant's tolerance of herbivory. Caterpillar feeding elicits the accumulation of a suite of phytohormones, including auxin and jasmonates, which further regulate host-tolerance. The increase in Na-miR390 abundance reduces the accumulation of auxin but does not influence levels of other phytohormones including jasmonates (JA, JA-Ile), salicylic acid (SA), and abscisic acid (ABA). Na-miR390 overexpression reduces reproductive output, quantified as capsule production, when plants are attacked by herbivores. Exogenous auxin treatments of herbivore-attacked plants restored capsule production to wild-type levels. During herbivory, Na-miR390 transcript abundances are increased; its overexpression reduces the abundances of auxin biosynthesizing YUCCA and ARF (mainly ARF4) transcripts during herbivory. Furthermore, the accumulation of auxin-regulated phenolamide secondary metabolites (caffeoylputrescine, dicaffeoylspermidine) is also reduced. In N. attenuata, miR390 functions in modulating tolerance responses of herbivore-attacked plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maitree Pradhan
- Department of Molecular Ecology Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Jena Germany
| | - Catarina Rocha
- Department of Molecular Ecology Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Jena Germany
| | - Rayko Halitschke
- Department of Molecular Ecology Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Jena Germany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Jena Germany
| | - Shree P Pandey
- Department of Molecular Ecology Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Jena Germany
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Jin N, Jin L, Luo S, Tang Z, Liu Z, Wei S, Liu F, Zhao X, Yu J, Zhong Y. Comprehensive Evaluation of Amino Acids and Polyphenols in 69 Varieties of Green Cabbage ( Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L.) Based on Multivariate Statistical Analysis. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26175355. [PMID: 34500788 PMCID: PMC8434452 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The biological activities of the primary metabolites and secondary metabolites of 69 green cabbage varieties were tested. The LC-MS detection method was used to determine the content of 19 free amino acids (lysine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, methionine, threonine, isoleucine, leucine, valine, arginine, asparagine, glycine, proline, tyrosine, glutamine, alanine, aspartic acid, serine, and glutamate). The content of 10 polyphenols (chlorogenic acid, gallic acid, 4-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, gentisic acid, cymarin, erucic acid, benzoic acid, rutin, and kaempferol) was determined by the HPLC detection method. Considering the complexity of the data obtained, variance analysis, diversity analysis, correlation analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to process and correlate amino acid or polyphenol data, respectively. The results showed that there were significant differences between the different amino acids and polyphenols of the 69 cabbage varieties. The most abundant amino acids and polyphenols were Glu and rutin, respectively. Both amino acids and polyphenols had a high genetic diversity, and multiple groups of significant or extremely significant correlations. The 69 cabbage varieties were divided into two groups, according to 19 amino acid indexes, by PCA. Among them, seven varieties with high amino acid content all fell into the fourth quadrant. The HCA of amino acids also supports this view. Based on 10 polyphenols, the 69 cabbage varieties were divided into two groups by HCA. Based on 29 indexes of amino acids and polyphenols, 69 cabbage varieties were evaluated and ranked by PCA. Therefore, in this study, cabbage varieties were classified in accordance with the level of amino acids and polyphenols, which provided a theoretical basis for the genetic improvement of nutritional quality in cabbage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Jin
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (N.J.); (L.J.); (S.L.); (Z.T.); (Z.L.); (S.W.); (F.L.)
| | - Li Jin
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (N.J.); (L.J.); (S.L.); (Z.T.); (Z.L.); (S.W.); (F.L.)
| | - Shilei Luo
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (N.J.); (L.J.); (S.L.); (Z.T.); (Z.L.); (S.W.); (F.L.)
| | - Zhongqi Tang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (N.J.); (L.J.); (S.L.); (Z.T.); (Z.L.); (S.W.); (F.L.)
| | - Zeci Liu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (N.J.); (L.J.); (S.L.); (Z.T.); (Z.L.); (S.W.); (F.L.)
| | - Shouhui Wei
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (N.J.); (L.J.); (S.L.); (Z.T.); (Z.L.); (S.W.); (F.L.)
| | - Fanhong Liu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (N.J.); (L.J.); (S.L.); (Z.T.); (Z.L.); (S.W.); (F.L.)
| | - Xiaoqiang Zhao
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
| | - Jihua Yu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (N.J.); (L.J.); (S.L.); (Z.T.); (Z.L.); (S.W.); (F.L.)
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yuan Zhong
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (Y.Z.)
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Li Y, Li S, Du R, Wang J, Li H, Xie D, Yan J. Isoleucine Enhances Plant Resistance Against Botrytis cinerea via Jasmonate Signaling Pathway. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:628328. [PMID: 34489985 PMCID: PMC8416682 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.628328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Amino acids are the building blocks of biomacromolecules in organisms, among which isoleucine (Ile) is the precursor of JA-Ile, an active molecule of phytohormone jasmonate (JA). JA is essential for diverse plant defense responses against biotic and abiotic stresses. Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic nutritional fungal pathogen that causes the second most severe plant fungal disease worldwide and infects more than 200 kinds of monocot and dicot plant species. In this study, we demonstrated that Ile application enhances plant resistance against B. cinerea in Arabidopsis, which is dependent on the JA receptor COI1 and the jasmonic acid-amido synthetase JAR1. The mutant lib with higher Ile content in leaves exhibits enhanced resistance to B. cinerea infection. Furthermore, we found that the exogenous Ile application moderately enhanced plant resistance to B. cinerea in various horticultural plant species, including lettuce, rose, and strawberry, suggesting a practical and effective strategy to control B. cinerea disease in agriculture. These results together showed that the increase of Ile could positively regulate the resistance of various plants to B. cinerea by enhancing JA signaling, which would offer potential applications for crop protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Li
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Science, and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Suhua Li
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Agricultural Synthetic Biology, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ran Du
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Agricultural Synthetic Biology, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiaojiao Wang
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Science, and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Haiou Li
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Science, and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Daoxin Xie
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Science, and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianbin Yan
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Science, and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Agricultural Synthetic Biology, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
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Bing J, Li X, Haverkamp A, Baldwin IT, Hansson BS, Knaden M, Yon F. Variation in Manduca sexta Pollination-Related Floral Traits and Reproduction in a Wild Tobacco Plant. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.680463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most flowering plants depend on animal pollination for successful sexual reproduction. Floral signals such as color, shape, and odor are crucial in establishing this (often mutualistic) interaction. Plant and pollinator phenotypes can vary temporally but also spatially, thus creating mosaic-like patterns of local adaptations. Here, we investigated natural variation in floral morphology, flower volatile emission, and phenology in four accessions of a self-compatible wild tobacco, Nicotiana attenuata, to assess how these traits match the sensory perception of a known pollinator, the hawkmoth Manduca sexta. These accessions differ in floral traits and also in their habitat altitudes. Based on habitat temperatures, the accession occurring at the highest altitude (California) is less likely to be visited by M. sexta, while the others (Arizona, Utah 1, and Utah 2) are known to receive M. sexta pollinations. The accessions varied significantly in flower morphologies, volatile emissions, flower opening, and phenology, traits likely important for M. sexta perception and floral handling. In wind tunnel assays, we assessed the seed set of emasculated flowers after M. sexta visitation and of natural selfed and hand-pollinated selfed flowers. After moth visitations, plants of two accessions (Arizona and Utah 2) produced more capsules than the other two, consistent with predictions that accessions co-occurring with M. sexta would benefit more from the pollination services of this moth. We quantified flower and capsule production in four accessions in a glasshouse assay without pollinators to assess the potential for self-pollination. The two Utah accessions set significantly more seeds after pollen supplementation compared with those of autonomous selfing flowers, suggesting a greater opportunistic benefit from efficient pollinators than the other two. Moreover, emasculated flowers of the accession with the most exposed stigma (Utah 2) produced the greatest seed set after M. sexta visitation. This study reveals intraspecific variation in pollination syndromes that illuminate the potential of a plant species to adapt to local pollinator communities, changing environments, and altered pollination networks.
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Heiling S, Llorca LC, Li J, Gase K, Schmidt A, Schäfer M, Schneider B, Halitschke R, Gaquerel E, Baldwin IT. Specific decorations of 17-hydroxygeranyllinalool diterpene glycosides solve the autotoxicity problem of chemical defense in Nicotiana attenuata. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:1748-1770. [PMID: 33561278 PMCID: PMC8254506 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The native diploid tobacco Nicotiana attenuata produces abundant, potent anti-herbivore defense metabolites known as 17-hydroxygeranyllinalool diterpene glycosides (HGL-DTGs) whose glycosylation and malonylation biosynthetic steps are regulated by jasmonate signaling. To characterize the biosynthetic pathway of HGL-DTGs, we conducted a genome-wide analysis of uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferases (UGTs) and identified 107 family-1 UGT members. The transcript levels of three UGTs were highly correlated with the transcript levels two key HGL-DTG biosynthetic genes: geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (NaGGPPS) and geranyllinalool synthase (NaGLS). NaGLS's role in HGL-DTG biosynthesis was confirmed by virus-induced gene silencing. Silencing the Uridine diphosphate (UDP)-rhamnosyltransferase gene UGT91T1 demonstrated its role in the rhamnosylation of HGL-DTGs. In vitro enzyme assays revealed that UGT74P3 and UGT74P4 use UDP-glucose for the glucosylation of 17-hydroxygeranyllinalool (17-HGL) to lyciumoside I. Plants with stable silencing of UGT74P3 and UGT74P5 were severely developmentally deformed, pointing to a phytotoxic effect of the aglycone. The application of synthetic 17-HGL and silencing of the UGTs in HGL-DTG-free plants confirmed this phytotoxic effect. Feeding assays with tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta) larvae revealed the defensive functions of the glucosylation and rhamnosylation steps in HGL-DTG biosynthesis. Glucosylation of 17-HGL is therefore a critical step that contributes to the resulting metabolites' defensive function and solves the autotoxicity problem of this potent chemical defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Heiling
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Lucas Cortes Llorca
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Jiancai Li
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Klaus Gase
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Axel Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Schäfer
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Bernd Schneider
- Research Group Biosynthesis/NMR, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Rayko Halitschke
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Gaquerel
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS UPR 2357 Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Ian Thomas Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
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Li R, Jin J, Xu J, Wang L, Li J, Lou Y, Baldwin IT. Long non-coding RNAs associate with jasmonate-mediated plant defence against herbivores. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:982-994. [PMID: 33190219 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) are important regulators of many biological processes in plants, including defence against pathogens; whether lncRNAs mediate defence against herbivore attack is yet to be explored. With wild tobacco, Nicotiana attenuata, and its well-characterized interactions with herbivores, we identified a total of 1,290 significantly up- or down-regulated lncRNAs in response to a precise herbivore elicitation treatment. Of these, long intergenic non-coding RNAs (lincRNAs) were the most abundant. Based on their expression patterns, these up-regulated lincRNAs were classified as early (<1 hr) or late (>3 hr) responders. The early responding lincRNAs had accumulation patterns that tracked the herbivore-elicited burst of bioactive jasmonates (JAs) and the expression of regulator genes in JA signalling which regulate plant defences against herbivores. Silencing two of these early responders in N. attenuata (JAL1 and JAL3) significantly attenuated the accumulation of JAs, JA-mediated defensives and the plant's resistance to M. sexta attack, suggesting roles in regulating JA-mediated plant defence. By lincRNA sequencing of JA-deficient lines, many late responder lincRNAs were found to be transcriptionally regulated by JA signalling. This study uncovers a new role of lncRNAs in JA-mediated herbivore resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Li
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Jin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lanlan Wang
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiancai Li
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Yonggen Lou
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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Abdulsalam O, Wagner K, Wirth S, Kunert M, David A, Kallenbach M, Boland W, Kothe E, Krause K. Phytohormones and volatile organic compounds, like geosmin, in the ectomycorrhiza of Tricholoma vaccinum and Norway spruce (Picea abies). MYCORRHIZA 2021; 31:173-188. [PMID: 33210234 PMCID: PMC7910269 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-020-01005-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The ectomycorrhizospheric habitat contains a diverse pool of organisms, including the host plant, mycorrhizal fungi, and other rhizospheric microorganisms. Different signaling molecules may influence the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis. Here, we investigated the potential of the basidiomycete Tricholoma vaccinum to produce communication molecules for the interaction with its coniferous host, Norway spruce (Picea abies). We focused on the production of volatile organic compounds and phytohormones in axenic T. vaccinum cultures, identified the potential biosynthesis genes, and investigated their expression by RNA-Seq analyses. T. vaccinum released volatiles not usually associated with fungi, like limonene and β-barbatene, and geosmin. Using stable isotope labeling, the biosynthesis of geosmin was elucidated. The geosmin biosynthesis gene ges1 of T. vaccinum was identified, and up-regulation was scored during mycorrhiza, while a different regulation was seen with mycorrhizosphere bacteria. The fungus also released the volatile phytohormone ethylene and excreted salicylic and abscisic acid as well as jasmonates into the medium. The tree excreted the auxin, indole-3-acetic acid, and its biosynthesis intermediate, indole-3-acetamide, as well as salicylic acid with its root exudates. These compounds could be shown for the first time in exudates as well as in soil of a natural ectomycorrhizospheric habitat. The effects of phytohormones present in the mycorrhizosphere on hyphal branching of T. vaccinum were assessed. Salicylic and abscisic acid changed hyphal branching in a concentration-dependent manner. Since extensive branching is important for mycorrhiza establishment, a well-balanced level of mycorrhizospheric phytohormones is necessary. The regulation thus can be expected to contribute to an interkingdom language.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwatosin Abdulsalam
- Institute of Microbiology, Microbial Communication, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Neugasse 25, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Katharina Wagner
- Institute of Microbiology, Microbial Communication, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Neugasse 25, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Sophia Wirth
- Institute of Microbiology, Microbial Communication, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Neugasse 25, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Maritta Kunert
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Anja David
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Mario Kallenbach
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Boland
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Erika Kothe
- Institute of Microbiology, Microbial Communication, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Neugasse 25, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Katrin Krause
- Institute of Microbiology, Microbial Communication, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Neugasse 25, 07743, Jena, Germany.
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Cao D, Barbier F, Yoneyama K, Beveridge CA. A Rapid Method for Quantifying RNA and Phytohormones From a Small Amount of Plant Tissue. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:605069. [PMID: 33329677 PMCID: PMC7717934 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.605069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormones are involved in most plant physiological processes and the quantification of endogenous phytohormone levels and related gene expressions is an important approach to studying phytohormone functions. However, the quantification of phytohormones is still challenging due to their extremely low endogenous level in plant tissues and their high chemical diversity. Therefore, developing a method to simultaneously quantify phytohormone levels and RNA would strongly facilitate comparative analyses of phytohormones and gene expression. The present work reports a convenient extraction protocol enabling multivariate analysis of phytohormones and RNA from small amounts of plant material (around 10 mg). This high-throughput ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method demonstrates quantification of phytohormones and their related metabolites from four plant hormone classes: cytokinin, auxin, abscisic acid, and gibberellin. The UPLC-MS/MS method can quantify thirteen phytohormones and their metabolites simultaneously in 14 min. To validate the developed method, we determined the dynamic profiles of phytohormones and gene expressions in small axillary shoot buds in garden pea. This new method is applicable to quantification analysis of gene expression and multiple phytohormone classes in small amounts of plant materials. The results obtained using this method in axillary buds provide a basis for understanding the phytohormone functions in shoot branching regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Cao
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Francois Barbier
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kaori Yoneyama
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
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29
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Mouden S, Leiss KA, Uthe H, Klinkhamer PG. Water Dipping of Auxin Coated Chrysanthemum Cuttings Confers Protection against Insect Herbivores. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11110790. [PMID: 33198105 PMCID: PMC7697673 DOI: 10.3390/insects11110790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Cultivated chrysanthemums are one of the most economically important ornamental greenhouse crops worldwide. Classical breeding programs have mainly focused on improving aesthetic characteristics to meet the continuous increasing customer demands for new flower varieties. Consequently, commercial cultivars often lack insect resistance traits. Among the most important production constraints are biotic foes, in particular thrips and leaf miner infestations form a prominent hazard during its vegetative state. To maintain the desired aesthetic characteristics, clonal commercial propagation is aided by the use of auxin hormones for root promotion. This study aims to evaluate the potential of root promoting auxins in antiherbivore defenses. We demonstrate that water dipping of unrooted basal cut ends, coated with the commercial rooting hormone indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), conferred protection in chrysanthemum against thrips and leaf miner. Our findings add an interesting twist to the traditional role of auxins. We advocate a new twist of auxins beyond its traditional role in rooting in order to maximize plant yield by reducing herbivory through feasible, cost-effective water dipping treatments. Abstract Auxins are commonly used for commercial propagation of chrysanthemums by stem cuttings. Recent studies imply that these root-promoting hormones also affect plant defense responses. The underlying motive of this study stems from the serendipitous observation that water dipping of auxin-coated cuttings beneficially affected thrips herbivory. Therefore, the primary objective of this investigation was to explore the role of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) in relation to herbivore susceptibility in chrysanthemum. We observed contrasting findings concerning the physical presence of IBA and it’s role in promoting susceptibility of cuttings to thrips, which may in part be explained by the phenotypical variations of cuttings generated from mother plants. Nonetheless, we repeatedly demonstrated considerable protection, in some experiments up to 37%, against thrips and leaf miner upon water dipping of IBA-coated cuttings. Assessment of polyphenol oxidase activity (PPO), 14 days after dipping treatment, suggests that neither direct induction nor priming of plant defenses are involved. Future experiments aimed at understanding the early signaling events may help to explain the underlying mechanisms involved in conferring herbivore protection. We propose a dual role for auxins in early integrated pest management strategies to maximize plant development and minimize herbivory through feasible, cost-effective water dipping treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanae Mouden
- Plant Sciences and Natural Products, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands;
- Business Unit Greenhouse Horticulture, Wageningen University & Research, Violierenweg 1, 2665 MV Bleiswijk, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-(0)6-2012-4634
| | - Kirsten A. Leiss
- Business Unit Greenhouse Horticulture, Wageningen University & Research, Violierenweg 1, 2665 MV Bleiswijk, The Netherlands;
| | - Henriette Uthe
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Gena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger-Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Peter G.L. Klinkhamer
- Plant Sciences and Natural Products, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands;
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Valim H, Dalton H, Joo Y, McGale E, Halitschke R, Gaquerel E, Baldwin IT, Schuman MC. TOC1 in Nicotiana attenuata regulates efficient allocation of nitrogen to defense metabolites under herbivory stress. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:1227-1242. [PMID: 32608045 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The circadian clock contextualizes plant responses to environmental signals. Plants use temporal information to respond to herbivory, but many of the functional roles of circadian clock components in these responses, and their contribution to fitness, remain unknown. We investigate the role of the central clock regulator TIMING OF CAB EXPRESSION 1 (TOC1) in Nicotiana attenuata's defense responses to the specialist herbivore Manduca sexta under both field and glasshouse conditions. We utilize 15 N pulse-labeling to quantify nitrogen incorporation into pools of three defense compounds: caffeoylputrescine (CP), dicaffeoyl spermidine (DCS) and nicotine. Nitrogen incorporation was decreased in CP and DCS and increased in nicotine pools in irTOC1 plants compared to empty vector (EV) under control conditions, but these differences were abolished after simulated herbivory. Differences between EV and irTOC1 plants in nicotine, but not phenolamide production, were abolished by treatment with the ethylene agonist 1-methylcyclopropene. Using micrografting, TOC1's effect on nicotine was isolated to the root and did not affect the fitness of heterografts under field conditions. These results suggest that the circadian clock contributes to plant fitness by balancing production of metabolically expensive nitrogen-rich defense compounds and mediating the allocation of resources between vegetative biomass and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Valim
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Heidi Dalton
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Youngsung Joo
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Erica McGale
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Rayko Halitschke
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Gaquerel
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena, 07745, Germany
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Strasbourg, 12 Rue du Général Zimmer, Strasbourg, 67084, France
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Meredith C Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena, 07745, Germany
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Wahman R, Graßmann J, Sauvêtre A, Schröder P, Letzel T. Lemna minor studies under various storage periods using extended-polarity extraction and metabolite non-target screening analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 188:113362. [PMID: 32526623 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Plant metabolomic studies cover a broad band of compounds, including various functional groups with different polarities and other physiochemical properties. For this reason, specific optimized methods are needed in order to enable efficient and non-destructive extraction of molecules over a large range of LogD values. This study presents a simple and efficient extraction procedure for Lemna minor samples demonstrating polarity extension of the molecular range. The Lemna samples chosen were kept under the following storage conditions: 1) fresh, 2) stored for a few days at -80 °C, and 3) stored for 6 months at -80 °C. The samples were extracted using five specifically chosen solvents: 100 % ethanol, 100 % methanol (MeOH), acidic 90 % MeOH (MeOH-water-formic acid (FAC) (90:9.5:0.5, v/v/v), MeOH-water (50:50, v/v), and 100 % water. The final extraction procedure was conducted subject to three solvent conditions, and the subsequent polarity-extended analysis was applied for Lemna minor samples using RPLC-HILIC-ESI-TOF-MS. The extraction yield is in descending order (acidic 90 % MeOH), 50 % MeOH, 100 % water and 100 % MeOH. The results displayed significant molecular differences, both in the extracts investigated and in the fresh Lemna samples, compared to stored samples, in terms of the extraction yield and reducing contents as well as the number of features. The storage of Lemna minor resulted in changes to the fingerprint of its metabolites as the reducing contents increased. The comparisons enable a direct view of molecule characterizations, in terms of their polarity, molecular mass, and signal intensity. This parametric information would appear ideal for further statistical data analysis. Consequently, the extraction procedure and the analysis/data evaluation are highly suitable for the so-called extended-polarity non-target screening procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rofida Wahman
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Johanna Graßmann
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Andrés Sauvêtre
- German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Helmholtz Centrum Munich, Ingolstädter Street 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Peter Schröder
- German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Helmholtz Centrum Munich, Ingolstädter Street 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Letzel
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748, Garching, Germany.
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Li S, Joo Y, Cao D, Li R, Lee G, Halitschke R, Baldwin G, Baldwin IT, Wang M. Strigolactone signaling regulates specialized metabolism in tobacco stems and interactions with stem-feeding herbivores. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000830. [PMID: 32810128 PMCID: PMC7478753 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants are attacked by herbivores, which often specialize on different tissues, and in response, have evolved sophisticated resistance strategies that involve different types of chemical defenses frequently targeted to different tissues. Most known phytohormones have been implicated in regulating these defenses, with jasmonates (JAs) playing a pivotal role in complex regulatory networks of signaling interactions, often generically referred to as "cross talk." The newly identified class of phytohormones, strigolactones (SLs), known to regulate the shoot architecture, remain unstudied with regard to plant-herbivore interactions. We explored the role of SL signaling in resistance to a specialist weevil (Trichobaris mucorea) herbivore of the native tobacco, Nicotiana attenuata, that attacks the root-shoot junction (RSJ), the part of the plant most strongly influenced by alterations in SL signaling (increased branching). As SL signaling shares molecular components, such as the core F-box protein MORE AXILLARY GROWTH 2 (MAX2), with another new class of phytohormones, the karrikins (KARs), which promote seed germination and seedling growth, we generated transformed lines, individually silenced in the expression of NaMAX2, DWARF 14 (NaD14: the receptor for SL) and CAROTENOID CLEAVAGE DIOXYGENASE 7 (NaCCD7: a key enzyme in SL biosynthesis), and KARRIKIN INSENSITIVE 2 (NaKAI2: the KAR receptor). The mature stems of all transgenic lines impaired in the SL, but not the KAR signaling pathway, overaccumulated anthocyanins, as did the stems of plants attacked by the larvae of weevil, which burrow into the RSJs to feed on the pith of N. attenuata stems. T. mucorea larvae grew larger in the plants silenced in the SL pathway, but again, not in the KAI2-silenced plants. These phenotypes were associated with elevated JA and auxin (indole-3-acetic acid [IAA]) levels and significant changes in the accumulation of defensive compounds, including phenolamides and nicotine. The overaccumulation of phenolamides and anthocyanins in the SL pathway-silenced plants likely resulted from antagonism between the SL and JA pathway in N. attenuata. We show that the repressors of SL signaling, suppressor of max2-like (NaSMXL6/7), and JA signaling, jasmonate zim-domain (NaJAZs), physically interact, promoting NaJAZb degradation and releasing JASMONATE INSENSITIVE 1 (JIN1/MYC2) (NaMYC2), a critical transcription factor promoting JA responses. However, the increased performance of T. mucorea larvae resulted from lower pith nicotine levels, which were inhibited by increased IAA levels in SL pathway-silenced plants. This inference was confirmed by decapitation and auxin transport inhibitor treatments that decreased pith IAA and increased nicotine levels. In summary, SL signaling tunes specific sectors of specialized metabolism in stems, such as phenylpropanoid and nicotine biosynthesis, by tailoring the cross talk among phytohormones, including JA and IAA, to mediate herbivore resistance of stems. The metabolic consequences of the interplay of SL, JA, and IAA signaling revealed here could provide a mechanism for the commonly observed pattern of herbivore tolerance/resistance trade-offs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhua Li
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Youngsung Joo
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Dechang Cao
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ran Li
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gisuk Lee
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Rayko Halitschke
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Gundega Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Ian T. Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Mbaluto CM, Ahmad EM, Fu M, Martínez-Medina A, van Dam NM. The impact of Spodoptera exigua herbivory on Meloidogyne incognita-induced root responses depends on the nematodes' life cycle stages. AOB PLANTS 2020; 12:plaa029. [PMID: 32665829 PMCID: PMC7336558 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plaa029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Induced responses to above-ground and below-ground herbivores may interact via systemic signalling in plants. We investigated whether the impact of above-ground herbivory on root-knot nematode-induced responses depends on the nematode's life cycle stages. Tomato plants were infected with the nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) for 5, 15 or 30 days before receiving Spodoptera exigua caterpillars above-ground. We collected root materials after 24 h of caterpillar feeding. We investigated phytohormones and α-tomatine levels, and the expression of defence and glycoalkaloid metabolism (GAME) marker genes in tomato roots. Nematode infection alone increased the endogenous root levels of jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), abscisic acid (ABA), α-tomatine and the expression of the GLYCOALKALOID METABOLISM 1 (GAME1) gene mostly at 30 days post-nematode inoculation. Caterpillar feeding alone upregulated Lipoxygenase D and downregulated Basic-β-1-glucanase and GAME1 expression in roots. On nematode-infected plants, caterpillar feeding decreased JA levels, but it increased the expression of Leucine aminopeptidase A. The induction patterns of ABA and SA suggest that caterpillars cause cross-talk between the JA-signalling pathway and the SA and ABA pathways. Our results show that caterpillar feeding attenuated the induction of the JA pathway triggered by nematodes, mostly in the nematodes' reproduction stage. These results generate a better understanding of the molecular and chemical mechanisms underlying frequent nematode-plant-caterpillar interactions in natural and agricultural ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crispus M Mbaluto
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität-Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Esraa M Ahmad
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Melody Fu
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, BC, Canada
| | - Ainhoa Martínez-Medina
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Plant-Microorganism Interaction Unit, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Nicole M van Dam
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität-Jena, Jena, Germany
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Salem MA, Yoshida T, Perez de Souza L, Alseekh S, Bajdzienko K, Fernie AR, Giavalisco P. An improved extraction method enables the comprehensive analysis of lipids, proteins, metabolites and phytohormones from a single sample of leaf tissue under water-deficit stress. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:1614-1632. [PMID: 32378781 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormones play essential roles in the regulation of growth and development in plants. Plant hormone profiling is therefore essential to understand developmental processes and the adaptation of plants to biotic and/or abiotic stresses. Interestingly, commonly used hormone extraction and profiling methods do not adequately resolve other molecular entities, such as polar metabolites, lipids, starch and proteins, which would be required to comprehensively describe the continuing biological processes at a systematic level. In this article we introduce an updated version of a previously published liquid:liquid metabolite extraction protocol, which not only allows for the profiling of primary and secondary metabolites, lipids, starch and proteins, but also enables the quantitative analysis of the major plant hormone classes, including abscisic acid, auxins, cytokinins, jasmonates and salicylates, from a single sample aliquot. The optimization of the method, which uses the introduction of acidified water, enabling the complete purification of major plant hormones into the organic (methyl-tert-butyl-ether) phase, eliminated the need for solid-phase extraction for sample clean-up, and therefore reduces both sampling time and cost. As a proof-of-concept analysis, Arabidopsis thaliana plants were subjected to water-deficit stress, which were then profiled for hormonal, metabolic, lipidomic and proteomic changes. Surprisingly, we determined not only previously described molecular changes but also significant changes regarding the breakdown of specific galactolipids, followed by the substantial accumulation of unsaturated fatty-acid derivatives and diverse jasmonates in the course of adaptation to water-deficit stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Salem
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Gamal Abd El Nasr St, Shibin Elkom, Menoufia, 32511, Egypt
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Takuya Yoshida
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Leonardo Perez de Souza
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Saleh Alseekh
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv, 4000, Bulgaria
| | - Krzysztof Bajdzienko
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Patrick Giavalisco
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph Stelzmann Str. 9b, Cologne, 50931, Germany
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Cortés Llorca L, Li R, Yon F, Schäfer M, Halitschke R, Robert CAM, Kim SG, Baldwin IT. ZEITLUPE facilitates the rhythmic movements of Nicotiana attenuata flowers. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:308-322. [PMID: 32130751 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Circadian organ movements are ubiquitous in plants. These rhythmic outputs are thought to be regulated by the circadian clock and auxin signalling, but the underlying mechanisms have not been clarified. Flowers of Nicotiana attenuata change their orientation during the daytime through a 140° arc to balance the need for pollinators and the protection of their reproductive organs. This rhythmic trait is under the control of the circadian clock and results from bending and re-straightening movements of the pedicel, stems that connect flowers to the inflorescence. Using an explant system that allowed pedicel growth and curvature responses to be characterized with high spatial and temporal resolution, we demonstrated that this movement is organ autonomous and mediated by auxin. Changes in the growth curvature of the pedicel are accompanied by an auxin gradient and dorsiventral asymmetry in auxin-dependent transcriptional responses; application of auxin transport inhibitors influenced the normal movements of this organ. Silencing the expression of the circadian clock component ZEITLUPE (ZTL) arrested changes in the growth curvature of the pedicel and altered auxin signalling and responses. IAA19-like, an Aux/IAA transcriptional repressor that is circadian regulated and differentially expressed between opposite tissues of the pedicel, and therefore possibly involved in the regulation of changes in organ curvature, physically interacted with ZTL. Together, these results are consistent with a direct link between the circadian clock and the auxin signalling pathway in the regulation of this rhythmic floral movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Cortés Llorca
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 007745, Germany
| | - Ran Li
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 007745, Germany
| | - Felipe Yon
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 007745, Germany
| | - Martin Schäfer
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 007745, Germany
| | - Rayko Halitschke
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 007745, Germany
| | - Christelle A M Robert
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 007745, Germany
| | - Sang-Gyu Kim
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 007745, Germany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 007745, Germany
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Li D, Halitschke R, Baldwin IT, Gaquerel E. Information theory tests critical predictions of plant defense theory for specialized metabolism. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz0381. [PMID: 32577508 PMCID: PMC7286674 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz0381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Different plant defense theories have provided important theoretical guidance in explaining patterns in plant specialized metabolism, but their critical predictions remain to be tested. Here, we systematically explored the metabolomes of Nicotiana attenuata, from single plants to populations, as well as of closely related species, using unbiased tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analyses and processed the abundances of compound spectrum-based MS features within an information theory framework to test critical predictions of optimal defense (OD) and moving target (MT) theories. Information components of plant metabolomes were consistent with the OD theory but contradicted the main prediction of the MT theory for herbivory-induced dynamics of metabolome compositions. From micro- to macroevolutionary scales, jasmonate signaling was confirmed as the master determinant of OD, while ethylene signaling provided fine-tuning for herbivore-specific responses annotated via MS/MS molecular networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Li
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Molecular Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Rayko Halitschke
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Molecular Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Ian T. Baldwin
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Molecular Ecology, Jena, Germany
- Corresponding author. (E.G.); (I.T.B)
| | - Emmanuel Gaquerel
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Corresponding author. (E.G.); (I.T.B)
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Sugahara K, Kitao K, Yamagaki T, Koyama T. Practical optimization of liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry conditions and pretreatment methods toward the sensitive quantification of auxin in plants. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8625. [PMID: 31658390 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The plant hormone auxin, indole-3-acetic acid, regulates many aspects of plant growth and development. Auxin quantification should offer broad insights into its mechanistic action in plants. However, limited auxin content in plant tissues hampers the establishment of quantification methods without the highest graded instruments or deeply specialized experimental techniques. METHODS In this study, we detailed optimized conditions for high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC/MS). We compared LC/MS conditions, such as columns, mobile phases, parameters of acquisition methods (selective or multiple ion monitoring), dwell times (DTs), and channel numbers, using differentially mixed authentic auxin and its related compounds. We further investigated pretreatment methods through the optimization of auxin recovery and irrelative compound removal from plant tissues prior to the LC/MS analysis. RESULTS Our LC/MS analysis demonstrated the particular importance of the column, DTs, and channel numbers on detection sensitivity. Our comparative analysis developed optimal pretreatment methods, including the pulverization of plants, concentration of extract through centrifugal evaporation, and removal of irrelative metabolites using liquid-liquid extraction and a spin filter. We injected plant samples into our LC/MS system, quantified auxin and eight related compounds in a single measurement, and determined the auxin increase in an auxin over-producing mutant. CONCLUSIONS Our practical optimization of LC/MS conditions and pretreatment methods provides detailed experimental processes toward the sensitive quantification of auxin from 10 mg of plant tissue. These processes have not always been clearly documented; therefore, our protocol could broadly contribute to technical advances in plant growth and development research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohtaro Sugahara
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kitao
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tohru Yamagaki
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomotsugu Koyama
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, Kyoto, Japan
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Hauslage J, Görög M, Krause L, Schüler O, Schäfer M, Witten A, Kesseler L, Böhmer M, Hemmersbach R. ARABIDOMICS-A new experimental platform for molecular analyses of plants in drop towers, on parabolic flights, and sounding rockets. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:034504. [PMID: 32259966 DOI: 10.1063/1.5120573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants represent an essential part of future life support systems that will enable human space travel to distant planets and their colonization. Therefore, insights into changes and adaptations of plants in microgravity are of great importance. Despite considerable efforts, we still know very little about how plants respond to microgravity environments on the molecular level, partly due to a lack of sufficient hardware and flight opportunities. The plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the subject of this study, represents a well-studied model organism in gravitational biology, particularly for the analysis of transcriptional and metabolic changes. To overcome the limitations of previous plant hardware that often led to secondary effects and to allow for the extraction not only of RNA but also of phytohormones and proteins, we developed a new experimental platform, called ARABIDOMICS, for exposure and fixation under altered gravity conditions. Arabidopsis seedlings were exposed to hypergravity during launch and microgravity during the free-fall period of the MAPHEUS 5 sounding rocket. Seedlings were chemically fixed inflight at defined time points, and RNA and phytohormones were subsequently analyzed in the laboratory. RNA and phytohormones extracted from the fixed biological samples were of excellent quality. Changes in the phytohormone content of jasmonate, auxin, and several cytokinins were observed in response to hypergravity and microgravity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Hauslage
- Gravitational Biology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), 51147 Cologne, Germany
| | - Mark Görög
- Gravitational Biology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), 51147 Cologne, Germany
| | - Lars Krause
- Gravitational Biology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), 51147 Cologne, Germany
| | - Oliver Schüler
- Gravitational Biology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), 51147 Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Schäfer
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Anika Witten
- Core Facility Genomics of the Medical Faculty, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, Münster, Germany
| | - Leona Kesseler
- Gravitational Biology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), 51147 Cologne, Germany
| | - Maik Böhmer
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ruth Hemmersbach
- Gravitational Biology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), 51147 Cologne, Germany
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Song Y, Wang M, Zeng R, Groten K, Baldwin IT. Priming and filtering of antiherbivore defences among Nicotiana attenuata plants connected by mycorrhizal networks. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:2945-2961. [PMID: 31348534 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) establish symbiotic associations with a majority of terrestrial plants to form underground common mycorrhizal networks (CMNs) that connect neighbouring plants. Because Nicotiana attenuata plants do not respond to herbivory-elicited volatiles from neighbours, we used this ecological model system to evaluate if CMNs function in interplant transmission of herbivory-elicited responses. A mesocosm system was designed to establish and remove CMNs linking N. attenuata plants to examine the herbivory-elicited metabolic and hormone responses in CMNs-connected "receiver" plants after the elicitation of "donor" plants by wounding (W) treated with Manduca sexta larval oral secretions (OS). AMF colonization increased constitutive jasmonate (JA and JA-Ile) levels in N. attenuata roots but did not affect well-characterized JAs-regulated defensive metabolites in systemic leaves. Interestingly, larger JAs bursts, and higher levels of several amino acids and particular sectors of hydroxygeranyllinalool diterpene glycoside metabolism were elevated in the leaves of W + OS-elicited "receivers" with CMN connections with "donors" that had been W + OS-elicited 6 hr previously. Our results demonstrate that AMF colonization alone does not enhance systemic defence responses but that sectors of systemic responses in leaves can be primed by CMNs, suggesting that CMNs can transmit and even filter defence signalling among connected plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Song
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Rensen Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Karin Groten
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
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Valim HF, McGale E, Yon F, Halitschke R, Fragoso V, Schuman MC, Baldwin IT. The Clock Gene TOC1 in Shoots, Not Roots, Determines Fitness of Nicotiana attenuata under Drought. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 181:305-318. [PMID: 31182558 PMCID: PMC6716261 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The highly conserved core circadian clock component TIMING OF CAB EXPRESSION1 (TOC1) contextualizes environmental stress responses in plants, for example by gating abscisic acid signaling and suppressing thermoresponsive growth. Selective interaction of TOC1 with PHYTOCHROME B under far-red-enriched light suggests a connection between circadian gating of light responses and sensitivity to ABA, an important regulator of growth and stress responses, including under drought. However, the fitness consequences of TOC1 function, particularly in the root, are poorly understood. Here, we used the desert annual, Nicotiana attenuata, to investigate the function of TOC1 in shoots and roots for maintaining fitness under drought, in both field and glasshouse experiments. Despite marked decreases in leaf water loss, TOC1-deficient lines failed to maintain fitness in response to drought stress as measured by total seed capsule production. Restoring TOC1 transcript levels in shoots via micrografting was sufficient to restore wild-type drought responses under field conditions. Microarrays identified a coexpression module in leaves strongly linking red and far-red light signaling to drought responses in a TOC1-dependent manner, but experiments with phytochrome-deficient lines revealed that the effects of TOC1 deficiency under drought cannot be attributed to changes in red/far-red light perception alone. Taken together, these results elucidate the sophisticated, tissue-dependent role of the circadian clock in maintaining fitness in the face of long-term abiotic stresses such as drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique F Valim
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Erica McGale
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Felipe Yon
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Centro de Investigación Científico Ecológico Académico, Lima 37, Peru
| | - Rayko Halitschke
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Variluska Fragoso
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Research Support Center in Molecular Diversity of Natural Products, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Meredith C Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Geography, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
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Mindt E, Wang M, Schäfer M, Halitschke R, Baldwin IT. Quantification of Blumenol Derivatives as Leaf Biomarkers for Plant-AMF Association. Bio Protoc 2019; 9:e3301. [PMID: 33654814 PMCID: PMC7854195 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Symbiotic interactions between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and plants are widespread among land plants and can be beneficial for both partners. The plant is provided with mineral nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorous, whereas it provides carbon resources for the fungus in return. Due to the large economic and environmental impact, efficient characterization methods are required to monitor and quantify plant-AMF colonization. Existing methods, based on destructive sampling and elaborate root tissue analysis, are of limited value for high-throughput (HTP) screening. Here we describe a detailed protocol for the HTP quantification of blumenol derivatives in leaves by a simple extraction procedure and sensitive liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC/MS) analysis as accurate proxies of root AMF-associations in both model plants and economically relevant crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Mindt
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Schäfer
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Rayko Halitschke
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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Li Y, Deng T, Duan C, Ni L, Wang N, Guan Y. Dispersive Matrix Solid-Phase Extraction Method Coupled with High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Ultrasensitive Quantification of Endogenous Brassinosteroids in Minute Plants and Its Application for Geographical Distribution Study. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:3037-3045. [PMID: 30821966 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b07224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
An ultrasensitive analysis method for quantification of endogenous brassinosteroids in fresh minute plants was developed based on dispersive matrix solid-phase extraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. During the dispersive matrix solid-phase extraction, plant samples were first ground with solid sorbent (dispersant) in one microcentrifuge tube and then centrifuged after adding extraction solvent and cleanup materials (another type of sorbent). Three protocols based on dispersive matrix solid-phase extraction were compared and discussed for plant samples with different matrix complexity. The choice of any protocol was a compromise of increasing purification efficiency and decreasing sample loss. Under optimized conditions, the limits of detection were 1.38-6.75 pg mL-1 for five brassinosteroids in the oilseed rape samples. The intraday and interday precisions were in the range of 0.8%-9.8% and 4.6%-17.3%, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied to detection of endogenous brassinosteroids in milligram oilseed rape (2.0 mg) and submilligram Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings (0.5 mg). Finally, the geographical distribution of five endogenous brassinosteroids of Brassica napus L. oilseed rape in different provinces of origin in the Yangtze River basin was described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 457 Zhongshan Road , Dalian 116023 , P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100039 , P.R. China
| | - Ting Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 457 Zhongshan Road , Dalian 116023 , P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100039 , P.R. China
| | - Chunfeng Duan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 457 Zhongshan Road , Dalian 116023 , P.R. China
| | - Lanxiu Ni
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 457 Zhongshan Road , Dalian 116023 , P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100039 , P.R. China
| | - Nan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 457 Zhongshan Road , Dalian 116023 , P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100039 , P.R. China
| | - Yafeng Guan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 457 Zhongshan Road , Dalian 116023 , P.R. China
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Santhanam R, Menezes RC, Grabe V, Li D, Baldwin IT, Groten K. A suite of complementary biocontrol traits allows a native consortium of root-associated bacteria to protect their host plant from a fungal sudden-wilt disease. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:1154-1169. [PMID: 30633416 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The beneficial effects of plant--bacterial interactions in controlling plant pests have been extensively studied with single bacterial isolates. However, in nature, bacteria interact with plants in multitaxa consortia, systems which remain poorly understood. Previously, we demonstrated that a consortium of five native bacterial isolates protected their host plant Nicotiana attenuata from a sudden wilt disease. Here we explore the mechanisms behind the protection effect against the native pathosystem. Three members of the consortium, Pseudomonas azotoformans A70, P. frederiksbergensis A176 and Arthrobacter nitroguajacolicus E46, form biofilms when grown individually in vitro, and the amount of biofilm increased synergistically in the five-membered consortium, including two Bacillus species, B. megaterium and B. mojavensis. Fluorescence in situ hybridization and scanning electron microscopy in planta imaging techniques confirmed biofilm formation and revealed locally distinct distributions of the five bacterial strains colonizing different areas on the plant-root surface. One of the five isolates, K1 B. mojavensis produces the antifungal compound surfactin, under in vitro and in vivo conditions, clearly inhibiting fungal growth. Furthermore, isolates A70 and A176 produce siderophores under in vitro conditions. Based on these results we infer that the consortium of five bacterial isolates protects its host against fungal phytopathogens via complementary traits. The study should encourage researchers to create synthetic communities from native strains of different genera to improve bioprotection against wilting diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Santhanam
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Riya C Menezes
- Research Group Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Veit Grabe
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Dapeng Li
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Karin Groten
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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Escobar-Bravo R, Chen G, Kim HK, Grosser K, van Dam NM, Leiss KA, Klinkhamer PGL. Ultraviolet radiation exposure time and intensity modulate tomato resistance to herbivory through activation of jasmonic acid signaling. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:315-327. [PMID: 30304528 PMCID: PMC6305188 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation can modulate plant defenses against herbivorous arthropods. We investigated how different UV exposure times and irradiance intensities affected tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) resistance to thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) by assessing UV effects on thrips-associated damage and host-selection, selected metabolite and phytohormone contents, expression of defense-related genes, and trichome density and chemistry, the latter having dual roles in defense and UV protection. Short UV daily exposure times increased thrips resistance in the cultivar 'Moneymaker' but this could not be explained by changes in the contents of selected leaf polyphenols or terpenes, nor by trichome-associated defenses. UV irradiance intensity also affected resistance to thrips. Further analyses using the tomato mutants def-1, impaired in jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis, od-2, defective in the production of functional type-VI trichomes, and their wild-type, 'Castlemart', showed that UV enhanced thrips resistance in Moneymaker and od-2, but not in def-1 and Castlemart. UV increased salicylic acid (SA) and JA-isoleucine concentrations, and increased expression of SA- and JA-associated genes in Moneymaker, while inducing expression of JA-defensive genes in od-2. Our results demonstrate that UV-mediated enhancement of tomato resistance to thrips is probably associated with the activation of JA-associated signaling, but not with plant secondary metabolism or trichome-related traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Escobar-Bravo
- Plant Science and Natural Products, Institute of Biology Leiden (IBL), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gang Chen
- Plant Science and Natural Products, Institute of Biology Leiden (IBL), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hye Kyong Kim
- Plant Science and Natural Products, Institute of Biology Leiden (IBL), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Katharina Grosser
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Leipzig, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Biodiversity, Jena, Germany
| | - Nicole M van Dam
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Leipzig, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Biodiversity, Jena, Germany
| | - Kirsten A Leiss
- Plant Science and Natural Products, Institute of Biology Leiden (IBL), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter G L Klinkhamer
- Plant Science and Natural Products, Institute of Biology Leiden (IBL), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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45
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Escobar-Bravo R, Ruijgrok J, Kim HK, Grosser K, Van Dam NM, Klinkhamer PGL, Leiss KA. Light Intensity-Mediated Induction of Trichome-Associated Allelochemicals Increases Resistance Against Thrips in Tomato. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:2462-2475. [PMID: 30124946 PMCID: PMC6290487 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), increases in photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) induce type VI leaf glandular trichomes, which are important defensive structures against arthropod herbivores. Yet, how PAR affects the type VI trichome-associated leaf chemistry and its biological significance with respect to other photomorphogenic responses in this agronomically important plant species is unknown. We used the type VI trichome-deficient tomato mutant odorless-2 (od-2) and its wild type to investigate the influence of PAR on trichome-associated chemical defenses against thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis). High PAR increased thrips resistance in wild-type plants, but not in od-2. Furthermore, under high PAR, thrips preferred od-2 over the wild type. Both genotypes increased type VI trichome densities under high PAR. Wild-type plants, however, produced more trichome-associated allelochemicals, i.e. terpenes and phenolics, these being undetectable or barely altered in od-2. High PAR increased leaf number and thickness, and induced profound but similar metabolomic changes in wild-type and od-2 leaves. Enhanced PAR also increased levels of ABA in wild-type and od-2 plants, and of auxin in od-2, while the salicylic acid and jasmonate concentrations were unaltered. However, in both genotypes, high PAR induced the expression of jasmonic acid-responsive defense-related genes. Taken together, our results demonstrate that high PAR-mediated induction of trichome-associated chemical defenses plays a prominent role in tomato-thrips interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roc�o Escobar-Bravo
- Plant Science and Natural Products, Institute of Biology Leiden (IBL), Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jasmijn Ruijgrok
- Plant Science and Natural Products, Institute of Biology Leiden (IBL), Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hye Kyong Kim
- Plant Science and Natural Products, Institute of Biology Leiden (IBL), Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Katharina Grosser
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Gena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, Leipzig, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Biodiversity, Dornburger-Str. 159, Jena, Germany
| | - Nicole M Van Dam
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Gena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, Leipzig, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Biodiversity, Dornburger-Str. 159, Jena, Germany
| | - Peter G L Klinkhamer
- Plant Science and Natural Products, Institute of Biology Leiden (IBL), Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kirsten A Leiss
- Plant Science and Natural Products, Institute of Biology Leiden (IBL), Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, BE Leiden, The Netherlands
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Li J, Schuman MC, Halitschke R, Li X, Guo H, Grabe V, Hammer A, Baldwin IT. The decoration of specialized metabolites influences stylar development. eLife 2018; 7:e38611. [PMID: 30289384 PMCID: PMC6192696 DOI: 10.7554/elife.38611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants produce many different specialized (secondary) metabolites that function in solving ecological challenges; few are known to function in growth or other primary processes. 17-Hydroxygeranylinalool diterpene glycosides (DTGs) are abundant herbivory-induced, structurally diverse and commonly malonylated defense metabolites in Nicotiana attenuata plants. By identifying and silencing a malonyltransferase, NaMaT1, involved in DTG malonylation, we found that DTG malonylation percentages are normally remarkably uniform, but when disrupted, result in DTG-dependent reduced floral style lengths, which in turn result from reduced stylar cell sizes, IAA contents, and YUC activity; phenotypes that could be restored by IAA supplementation or by silencing the DTG pathway. Moreover, the Nicotiana genus-specific JA-deficient short-style phenotype also results from alterations in DTG malonylation patterns. Decorations of plant specialized metabolites can be tuned to remarkably uniform levels, and this regulation plays a central but poorly understood role in controlling the development of specific plant parts, such as floral styles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiancai Li
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Meredith C Schuman
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
- Department of GeographyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Rayko Halitschke
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Han Guo
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Veit Grabe
- Department of Evolutionary NeuroethologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Austin Hammer
- Department of BiologyBrigham Young UniversityProvoUnited States
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
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47
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Brütting C, Crava CM, Schäfer M, Schuman MC, Meldau S, Adam N, Baldwin IT. Cytokinin transfer by a free-living mirid to Nicotiana attenuata recapitulates a strategy of endophytic insects. eLife 2018; 7:e36268. [PMID: 30014847 PMCID: PMC6059766 DOI: 10.7554/elife.36268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endophytic insects provide the textbook examples of herbivores that manipulate their host plant's physiology, putatively altering source/sink relationships by transferring cytokinins (CK) to create 'green islands' that increase the nutritional value of infested tissues. However, unambiguous demonstrations of CK transfer are lacking. Here we show that feeding by the free-living herbivore Tupiocoris notatus on Nicotiana attenuata is characterized by stable nutrient levels, increased CK levels and alterations in CK-related transcript levels in attacked leaves, in striking similarity to endophytic insects. Using 15N-isotope labeling, we demonstrate that the CK N6-isopentenyladenine (IP) is transferred from insects to plants via their oral secretions. In the field, T. notatus preferentially attacks leaves with transgenically increased CK levels; plants with abrogated CK-perception are less tolerant of T. notatus feeding damage. We infer that this free-living insect uses CKs to manipulate source/sink relationships to increase food quality and minimize the fitness consequences of its feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Brütting
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Cristina Maria Crava
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Martin Schäfer
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Meredith C Schuman
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity ResearchLeipzigGermany
| | - Stefan Meldau
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Nora Adam
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity ResearchLeipzigGermany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
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48
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Šimura J, Antoniadi I, Široká J, Tarkowská D, Strnad M, Ljung K, Novák O. Plant Hormonomics: Multiple Phytohormone Profiling by Targeted Metabolomics. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 177:476-489. [PMID: 29703867 PMCID: PMC6001343 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormones are physiologically important small molecules that play essential roles in intricate signaling networks that regulate diverse processes in plants. We present a method for the simultaneous targeted profiling of 101 phytohormone-related analytes from minute amounts of fresh plant material (less than 20 mg). Rapid and nonselective extraction, fast one-step sample purification, and extremely sensitive ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry enable concurrent quantification of the main phytohormone classes: cytokinins, auxins, brassinosteroids, gibberellins, jasmonates, salicylates, and abscisates. We validated this hormonomic approach in salt-stressed and control Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedlings, quantifying a total of 43 endogenous compounds in both root and shoot samples. Subsequent multivariate statistical data processing and cross-validation with transcriptomic data highlighted the main hormone metabolites involved in plant adaptation to salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Šimura
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, and Faculty of Science, Palacký University, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ioanna Antoniadi
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-90183 Umea, Sweden
| | - Jitka Široká
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, and Faculty of Science, Palacký University, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Danuše Tarkowská
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, and Faculty of Science, Palacký University, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, and Faculty of Science, Palacký University, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Karin Ljung
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-90183 Umea, Sweden
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, and Faculty of Science, Palacký University, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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49
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Ha JH, Kim JH, Kim SG, Sim HJ, Lee G, Halitschke R, Baldwin IT, Kim JI, Park CM. Shoot phytochrome B modulates reactive oxygen species homeostasis in roots via abscisic acid signaling in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 94:790-798. [PMID: 29570885 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Underground roots normally reside in darkness. However, they are often exposed to ambient light that penetrates through cracks in the soil layers which can occur due to wind, heavy rain or temperature extremes. In response to light exposure, roots produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) which promote root growth. It is known that ROS-induced growth promotion facilitates rapid escape of the roots from non-natural light. Meanwhile, long-term exposure of the roots to light elicits a ROS burst, which causes oxidative damage to cellular components, necessitating that cellular levels of ROS should be tightly regulated in the roots. Here we demonstrate that the red/far-red light photoreceptor phytochrome B (phyB) stimulates the biosynthesis of abscisic acid (ABA) in the shoots, and notably the shoot-derived ABA signals induce a peroxidase-mediated ROS detoxification reaction in the roots. Accordingly, while ROS accumulate in the roots of the phyb mutant that exhibits reduced primary root growth in the light, such an accumulation of ROS did not occur in the dark-grown phyb roots that exhibited normal growth. These observations indicate that mobile shoot-to-root ABA signaling links shoot phyB-mediated light perception with root ROS homeostasis to help roots adapt to unfavorable light exposure. We propose that ABA-mediated shoot-to-root phyB signaling contributes to the synchronization of shoot and root growth for optimal propagation and performance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ho Ha
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Ju-Heon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Sang-Gyu Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Hee-Jung Sim
- Gyeongnam Department of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Gyeongnam, 52834, Korea
| | - Gisuk Lee
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Rayko Halitschke
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Jeong-Il Kim
- Department of Biotechnology and Kumho Life Science Laboratory, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Korea
| | - Chung-Mo Park
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
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Papadopoulou GV, Maedicke A, Grosser K, van Dam NM, Martínez-Medina A. Defence signalling marker gene responses to hormonal elicitation differ between roots and shoots. AOB PLANTS 2018; 10:ply031. [PMID: 29977487 PMCID: PMC6007416 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/ply031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormones such as jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), ethylene (ET) and abscisic acid (ABA) play a key role in regulation of plant immune responses to different attackers. Extensive research over recent years has led to the identification of molecular markers for specific hormonal-regulated defence pathways. However, most of our current knowledge on the regulation of plant immunity derives from studies focused on above-ground organs, mainly on the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Therefore, it is unclear whether the paradigms based on experiments on above-ground organs are entirely transferable to roots. Here, we used the non-model plant Brassica rapa to study the regulation dynamics of hormonal-related marker genes in both roots and shoots. These markers were identified in Arabidopsis shoots after elicitation of the JA-, SA-, ET- or ABA-signalling pathways, and are commonly used to study induced responses. We assessed whether the regulation of those genes by hormonal elicitation differs between roots and shoots. To discern whether the differences in marker gene expression between roots and shoots are related to differences in hormone production or to differential responsiveness, we also measured actual hormone content in the treated tissue after elicitation. Our results show that some of the widely used markers did not show specific responsiveness to single hormone applications in B. rapa. We further found that hormonal elicitation led to different response patterns of the molecular markers in shoots and roots. Our results suggest that the regulation of some hormonal-related marker genes in B. rapa is organ specific and differs from the Arabidopsis-derived paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galini V Papadopoulou
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Molecular Interaction Ecology, Deutscher Platz, Leipzig, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Biodiversity, Jena, Germany
| | - Anne Maedicke
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Molecular Interaction Ecology, Deutscher Platz, Leipzig, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Biodiversity, Jena, Germany
| | - Katharina Grosser
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Molecular Interaction Ecology, Deutscher Platz, Leipzig, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Biodiversity, Jena, Germany
| | - Nicole M van Dam
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Molecular Interaction Ecology, Deutscher Platz, Leipzig, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Biodiversity, Jena, Germany
- Radboud University, Molecular Interaction Ecology, Institute of Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ainhoa Martínez-Medina
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Molecular Interaction Ecology, Deutscher Platz, Leipzig, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Biodiversity, Jena, Germany
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