1
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Berki P, Cserép C, Környei Z, Pósfai B, Szabadits E, Domonkos A, Kellermayer A, Nyerges M, Wei X, Mody I, Kunihiko A, Beck H, Kaikai H, Ya W, Lénárt N, Wu Z, Jing M, Li Y, Gulyás AI, Dénes Á. Microglia contribute to neuronal synchrony despite endogenous ATP-related phenotypic transformation in acute mouse brain slices. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5402. [PMID: 38926390 PMCID: PMC11208608 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49773-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute brain slices represent a workhorse model for studying the central nervous system (CNS) from nanoscale events to complex circuits. While slice preparation inherently involves tissue damage, it is unclear how microglia, the main immune cells and damage sensors of the CNS react to this injury and shape neuronal activity ex vivo. To this end, we investigated microglial phenotypes and contribution to network organization and functioning in acute brain slices. We reveal time-dependent microglial phenotype changes influenced by complex extracellular ATP dynamics through P2Y12R and CX3CR1 signalling, which is sustained for hours in ex vivo mouse brain slices. Downregulation of P2Y12R and changes of microglia-neuron interactions occur in line with alterations in the number of excitatory and inhibitory synapses over time. Importantly, functional microglia modulate synapse sprouting, while microglial dysfunction results in markedly impaired ripple activity both ex vivo and in vivo. Collectively, our data suggest that microglia are modulators of complex neuronal networks with important roles to maintain neuronal network integrity and activity. We suggest that slice preparation can be used to model time-dependent changes of microglia-neuron interactions to reveal how microglia shape neuronal circuits in physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Berki
- János Szentágothai Doctoral School of Neuroscience, Semmelweis University, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research, HUN-REN Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary
- Laboratory of Neuronal Network and Behaviour, HUN-REN Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary
| | - Csaba Cserép
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, HUN-REN Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Környei
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, HUN-REN Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary
| | - Balázs Pósfai
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, HUN-REN Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary
| | - Eszter Szabadits
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, HUN-REN Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary
| | - Andor Domonkos
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, HUN-REN Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary
- Laboratory of Thalamus Research, HUN-REN Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary
| | - Anna Kellermayer
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, HUN-REN Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary
| | - Miklós Nyerges
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, HUN-REN Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary
| | - Xiaofei Wei
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Istvan Mody
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Araki Kunihiko
- Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, Medical University of Bonn, Bonn, 53127, Germany
- University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Heinz Beck
- Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, Medical University of Bonn, Bonn, 53127, Germany
- University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - He Kaikai
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Wang Ya
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, 102206, Beijing, China
| | - Nikolett Lénárt
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, HUN-REN Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary
| | - Zhaofa Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Miao Jing
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, 102206, Beijing, China
| | - Yulong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Attila I Gulyás
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research, HUN-REN Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary
| | - Ádám Dénes
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, HUN-REN Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary.
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2
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Chen YH, Lin S, Jin SY, Gao TM. Extracellular ATP Is a Homeostatic Messenger That Mediates Cell-Cell Communication in Physiological Processes and Psychiatric Diseases. Biol Psychiatry 2024:S0006-3223(24)01261-7. [PMID: 38679359 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2024.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Neuronal activity is the basis of information encoding and processing in the brain. During neuronal activation, intracellular ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is generated to meet the high-energy demands. Simultaneously, ATP is secreted, increasing the extracellular ATP concentration and acting as a homeostatic messenger that mediates cell-cell communication to prevent aberrant hyperexcitability of the nervous system. In addition to the confined release and fast synaptic signaling of classic neurotransmitters within synaptic clefts, ATP can be released by all brain cells, diffuses widely, and targets different types of purinergic receptors on neurons and glial cells, making it possible to orchestrate brain neuronal activity and participate in various physiological processes, such as sleep and wakefulness, learning and memory, and feeding. Dysregulation of extracellular ATP leads to a destabilizing effect on the neural network, as found in the etiopathology of many psychiatric diseases, including depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and autism spectrum disorder. In this review, we summarize advances in the understanding of the mechanisms by which extracellular ATP serves as an intercellular signaling molecule to regulate neural activity, with a focus on how it maintains the homeostasis of neural networks. In particular, we also focus on neural activity issues that result from dysregulation of extracellular ATP and propose that aberrant levels of extracellular ATP may play a role in the etiopathology of some psychiatric diseases, highlighting the potential therapeutic targets of ATP signaling in the treatment of these psychiatric diseases. Finally, we suggest potential avenues to further elucidate the role of extracellular ATP in intercellular communication and psychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Psychiatric Disorders, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine for Qingzhi Diseases, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi-Yang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Psychiatric Disorders, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine for Qingzhi Diseases, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tian-Ming Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Psychiatric Disorders, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine for Qingzhi Diseases, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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3
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Uweru OJ, Okojie AK, Trivedi A, Benderoth J, Thomas LS, Davidson G, Cox K, Eyo UB. A P2RY12 deficiency results in sex-specific cellular perturbations and sexually dimorphic behavioral anomalies. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:95. [PMID: 38622726 PMCID: PMC11017545 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03079-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglia are sexually dimorphic, yet, this critical aspect is often overlooked in neuroscientific studies. Decades of research have revealed the dynamic nature of microglial-neuronal interactions, but seldom consider how this dynamism varies with microglial sex differences, leaving a significant gap in our knowledge. This study focuses on P2RY12, a highly expressed microglial signature gene that mediates microglial-neuronal interactions, we show that adult females have a significantly higher expression of the receptor than adult male microglia. We further demonstrate that a genetic deletion of P2RY12 induces sex-specific cellular perturbations with microglia and neurons in females more significantly affected. Correspondingly, female mice lacking P2RY12 exhibit unique behavioral anomalies not observed in male counterparts. These findings underscore the critical, sex-specific roles of P2RY12 in microglial-neuronal interactions, offering new insights into basal interactions and potential implications for CNS disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ogochukwu J Uweru
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| | - Akhabue K Okojie
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Aparna Trivedi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jordan Benderoth
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Lauren S Thomas
- North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Georgia Davidson
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Kendall Cox
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Ukpong B Eyo
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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4
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Pallarés-Moratalla C, Bergers G. The ins and outs of microglial cells in brain health and disease. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1305087. [PMID: 38665919 PMCID: PMC11043497 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1305087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the brain's resident macrophages that play pivotal roles in immune surveillance and maintaining homeostasis of the Central Nervous System (CNS). Microglia are functionally implicated in various cerebrovascular diseases, including stroke, aneurysm, and tumorigenesis as they regulate neuroinflammatory responses and tissue repair processes. Here, we review the manifold functions of microglia in the brain under physiological and pathological conditions, primarily focusing on the implication of microglia in glioma propagation and progression. We further review the current status of therapies targeting microglial cells, including their re-education, depletion, and re-population approaches as therapeutic options to improve patient outcomes for various neurological and neuroinflammatory disorders, including cancer.
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5
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Uweru OJ, Okojie KA, Trivedi A, Benderoth J, Thomas LS, Davidson G, Cox K, Eyo U. A P2RY12 Deficiency Results in Sex-specific Cellular Perturbations and Sexually Dimorphic Behavioral Anomalies. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3997803. [PMID: 38496602 PMCID: PMC10942488 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3997803/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Microglia are sexually dimorphic, yet, this critical aspect is often overlooked in neuroscientific studies. Decades of research have revealed the dynamic nature of microglial-neuronal interactions, but seldom consider how this dynamism varies with microglial sex differences, leaving a significant gap in our knowledge. This study focuses on P2RY12, a highly expressed microglial signature gene that mediates microglial-neuronal interactions, we show that adult females have a significantly higher expression of the receptor than adult male microglia. We further demonstrate that a genetic deletion of P2RY12 induces sex-specific cellular perturbations with microglia and neurons in females more significantly affected. Correspondingly, female mice lacking P2RY12 exhibit unique behavioral anomalies not observed in male counterparts. These findings underscore the critical, sex-specific roles of P2RY12 in microglial-neuronal interactions, offering new insights into basal interactions and potential implications for CNS disease mechanisms.
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6
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Zhao S, Umpierre AD, Wu LJ. Tuning neural circuits and behaviors by microglia in the adult brain. Trends Neurosci 2024; 47:181-194. [PMID: 38245380 PMCID: PMC10939815 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Microglia are the primary immune cells of the CNS, contributing to both inflammatory damage and tissue repair in neurological disorder. In addition, emerging evidence highlights the role of homeostatic microglia in regulating neuronal activity, interacting with synapses, tuning neural circuits, and modulating behaviors. Herein, we review how microglia sense and regulate neuronal activity through synaptic interactions, thereby directly engaging with neural networks and behaviors. We discuss current studies utilizing microglial optogenetic and chemogenetic approaches to modulate adult neural circuits. These manipulations of microglia across different CNS regions lead to diverse behavioral consequences. We propose that spatial heterogeneity of microglia-neuron interaction lays the groundwork for understanding diverse functions of microglia in neural circuits and behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunyi Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Long-Jun Wu
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
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7
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Zhao S, Wang L, Liang Y, Zheng J, Umpierre AD, Wu LJ. Chemogenetic activation of microglial Gi signaling decreases microglial surveillance and impairs neuronal synchronization. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.12.579861. [PMID: 38405754 PMCID: PMC10888941 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.12.579861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Microglia actively survey the brain and dynamically interact with neurons to maintain brain homeostasis. Microglial Gi-protein coupled receptors (Gi-GPCRs) play a critical role in microglia-neuron communications. However, the impact of temporally activating microglial Gi signaling on microglial dynamics and neuronal activity in the homeostatic brain remains largely unknown. In this study, we employed Gi-based Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (Gi-DREADD) to selectively and temporally modulate microglial Gi signaling pathway. By integrating this chemogenetic approach with in vivo two-photon imaging, we observed that exogenous activation of microglial Gi signaling transiently inhibited microglial process dynamics, reduced neuronal activity, and impaired neuronal synchronization. These altered neuronal functions were associated with a decrease in interactions between microglia and neuron somata. Altogether, this study demonstrates that acute, exogenous activation of microglial Gi signaling can regulate neuronal circuit function, offering a potential pharmacological target for neuromodulation through microglia.
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8
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Janowitz HN, Linden DJ. Chronic Treatment with Serotonin Selective Reuptake Inhibitors Does Not Affect Regrowth of Serotonin Axons Following Amphetamine Injury in the Mouse Forebrain. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0444-22.2023. [PMID: 38355299 PMCID: PMC10867722 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0444-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
A current hypothesis to explain the limited recovery following brain and spinal cord trauma stems from the dogma that neurons in the mammalian central nervous system lack the ability to regenerate their axons after injury. Serotonin (5-HT) neurons in the adult brain are a notable exception in that they can slowly regrow their axons following chemical or mechanical lesions. This process of regrowth occurs without intervention over several months and results in anatomical recovery that approximates the preinjured state. During development, serotonin is a trophic factor, playing a role in both cell survival and axon growth. Additionally, some studies have shown that stroke patients treated after injury with serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) appeared to have improved recovery. To test the hypothesis that serotonin can influence the regrowth of 5-HT axons, mice received a high dose of para-chloroamphetamine (PCA) to induce widespread retrograde degeneration of 5-HT axons. Then, after a short rest period to avoid any interaction with the acute injury phase, SSRIs were administered daily for 6 or 10 weeks. Using immunohistochemistry in 5-HT transporter-GFP BAC transgenic mice, we determined that while PCA led to a rapid initial decrease in total 5-HT axon length in the somatosensory cortex, visual cortex, or area CA1 of the hippocampus, treatment with either fluoxetine or sertraline (two different SSRIs) did not affect the recovery of axon length. These results suggest that chronic SSRI treatment does not affect the regrowth of 5-HT axons and argue against SSRIs as a potential therapy following brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley N Janowitz
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - David J Linden
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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Dheer A, Bosco DB, Zheng J, Wang L, Zhao S, Haruwaka K, Yi MH, Barath A, Tian DS, Wu LJ. Chemogenetic approaches reveal dual functions of microglia in seizures. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 115:406-418. [PMID: 37926132 PMCID: PMC10841657 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are key players in maintaining brain homeostasis and exhibit phenotypic alterations in response to epileptic stimuli. However, it is still relatively unknown if these alterations are pro- or anti-epileptic. To unravel this dilemma, we employed chemogenetic manipulation of microglia using the artificial Gi-Dreadd receptor within a kainic acid (KA) induced murine seizure model. Our results indicate that acute Gi-Dreadd activation with Clozapine-N-Oxide can reduce seizure severity. Additionally, we observed increased interaction between microglia and neuronal soma, which correlated with reduced neuronal hyperactivity. Interestingly, prolonged activation of microglial Gi-Dreadds by repeated doses of CNO over 3 days, arrested microglia in a less active, homeostatic-like state, which associated with increased neuronal loss after KA induced seizures. RNAseq analysis revealed that prolonged activation of Gi-Dreadd interferes with interferon β signaling and microglia proliferation. Thus, our findings highlight the importance of microglial Gi signaling not only during status epilepticus (SE) but also within later seizure induced pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aastha Dheer
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Dale B Bosco
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jiaying Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Lingxiao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Shunyi Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Min-Hee Yi
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Abhijeet Barath
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Dai-Shi Tian
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Long-Jun Wu
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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10
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Socodato R, Almeida TO, Portugal CC, Santos ECS, Tedim-Moreira J, Galvão-Ferreira J, Canedo T, Baptista FI, Magalhães A, Ambrósio AF, Brakebusch C, Rubinstein B, Moreira IS, Summavielle T, Pinto IM, Relvas JB. Microglial Rac1 is essential for experience-dependent brain plasticity and cognitive performance. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113447. [PMID: 37980559 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the largest population of brain immune cells, continuously interact with synapses to maintain brain homeostasis. In this study, we use conditional cell-specific gene targeting in mice with multi-omics approaches and demonstrate that the RhoGTPase Rac1 is an essential requirement for microglia to sense and interpret the brain microenvironment. This is crucial for microglia-synapse crosstalk that drives experience-dependent plasticity, a fundamental brain property impaired in several neuropsychiatric disorders. Phosphoproteomics profiling detects a large modulation of RhoGTPase signaling, predominantly of Rac1, in microglia of mice exposed to an environmental enrichment protocol known to induce experience-dependent brain plasticity and cognitive performance. Ablation of microglial Rac1 affects pathways involved in microglia-synapse communication, disrupts experience-dependent synaptic remodeling, and blocks the gains in learning, memory, and sociability induced by environmental enrichment. Our results reveal microglial Rac1 as a central regulator of pathways involved in the microglia-synapse crosstalk required for experience-dependent synaptic plasticity and cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Socodato
- Institute of Research and Innovation in Health (i3S) and Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Tiago O Almeida
- Institute of Research and Innovation in Health (i3S) and Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Porto, Portugal
| | - Camila C Portugal
- Institute of Research and Innovation in Health (i3S) and Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Evelyn C S Santos
- Institute of Research and Innovation in Health (i3S) and Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Tedim-Moreira
- Institute of Research and Innovation in Health (i3S) and Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - João Galvão-Ferreira
- Institute of Research and Innovation in Health (i3S) and Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Teresa Canedo
- Institute of Research and Innovation in Health (i3S) and Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Filipa I Baptista
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), and Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Magalhães
- Institute of Research and Innovation in Health (i3S) and Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - António F Ambrósio
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), and Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cord Brakebusch
- Molecular Pathology Section, BRIC, Københavns Biocenter, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Irina S Moreira
- Department of Life Sciences, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB) and CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Teresa Summavielle
- Institute of Research and Innovation in Health (i3S) and Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; ESS.PP, Escola Superior de Saúde do Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês Mendes Pinto
- Institute of Research and Innovation in Health (i3S) and Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - João B Relvas
- Institute of Research and Innovation in Health (i3S) and Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal.
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11
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Lopez-Ortiz AO, Eyo UB. Astrocytes and microglia in the coordination of CNS development and homeostasis. J Neurochem 2023:10.1111/jnc.16006. [PMID: 37985374 PMCID: PMC11102936 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Glia have emerged as important architects of central nervous system (CNS) development and maintenance. While traditionally glial contributions to CNS development and maintenance have been studied independently, there is growing evidence that either suggests or documents that glia may act in coordinated manners to effect developmental patterning and homeostatic functions in the CNS. In this review, we focus on astrocytes, the most abundant glia in the CNS, and microglia, the earliest glia to colonize the CNS highlighting research that documents either suggestive or established coordinated actions by these glial cells in various CNS processes including cell and/or debris clearance, neuronal survival and morphogenesis, synaptic maturation, and circuit function, angio-/vasculogenesis, myelination, and neurotransmission. Some molecular mechanisms underlying these processes that have been identified are also described. Throughout, we categorize the available evidence as either suggestive or established interactions between microglia and astrocytes in the regulation of the respective process and raise possible avenues for further research. We conclude indicating that a better understanding of coordinated astrocyte-microglial interactions in the developing and mature brain holds promise for developing effective therapies for brain pathologies where these processes are perturbed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aída Oryza Lopez-Ortiz
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Ukpong B Eyo
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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12
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González Ibáñez F, Halvorson T, Sharma K, McKee CG, Carrier M, Picard K, Vernoux N, Bisht K, Deslauriers J, Lalowski M, Tremblay MÈ. Ketogenic diet changes microglial morphology and the hippocampal lipidomic profile differently in stress susceptible versus resistant male mice upon repeated social defeat. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 114:383-406. [PMID: 37689276 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychological stress confers an increased risk for several diseases including psychiatric conditions. The susceptibility to psychological stress is modulated by various factors, many of them being modifiable lifestyle choices. The ketogenic diet (KD) has emerged as a dietary regime that offers positive outcomes on mood and health status. Psychological stress and elevated inflammation are common features of neuropsychiatric disorders such as certain types of major depressive disorder. KD has been attributed anti-inflammatory properties that could underlie its beneficial consequences on the brain and behavior. Microglia are the main drivers of inflammation in the central nervous system. They are known to respond to both dietary changes and psychological stress, notably by modifying their production of cytokines and relationships among the brain parenchyma. To assess the interactions between KD and the stress response, including effects on microglia, we examined adult male mice on control diet (CD) versus KD that underwent 10 days of repeated social defeat (RSD) or remained non-stressed (controls; CTRLs). Through a social interaction test, stressed mice were classified as susceptible (SUS) or resistant (RES) to RSD. The mouse population fed a KD tended to have a higher proportion of individuals classified as RES following RSD. Microglial morphology and ultrastructure were then analyzed in the ventral hippocampus CA1, a brain region known to present structural alterations as a response to psychological stress. Distinct changes in microglial soma and arborization linked to the KD, SUS and RES phenotypes were revealed. Ultrastructural analysis by electron microscopy showed a clear reduction of cellular stress markers in microglia from KD fed animals. Furthermore, ultrastructural analysis showed that microglial contacts with synaptic elements were reduced in the SUS compared to the RES and CTRL groups. Hippocampal lipidomic analyses lastly identified a distinct lipid profile in SUS animals compared to CTRLs. These key differences, combined with the distinct microglial responses to diet and stress, indicate that unique metabolic changes may underlie the stress susceptibility phenotypes. Altogether, our results reveal novel mechanisms by which a KD might improve the resistance to psychological stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando González Ibáñez
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada; Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada; Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Torin Halvorson
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kaushik Sharma
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada; Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States
| | - Chloe Grace McKee
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Micaël Carrier
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada; Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada; Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Katherine Picard
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada; Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada; Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nathalie Vernoux
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kanchan Bisht
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada; Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States
| | | | - Maciej Lalowski
- Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland; Biochemistry/Developmental Biology and HiLIFE, Meilahti Clinical Proteomics Core Facility, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada; Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada; Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada; Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
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13
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Xie M, Pallegar PN, Parusel S, Nguyen AT, Wu LJ. Regulation of cortical hyperexcitability in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: focusing on glial mechanisms. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:75. [PMID: 37858176 PMCID: PMC10585818 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00665-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of both upper and lower motor neurons, resulting in muscle weakness, atrophy, paralysis, and eventually death. Motor cortical hyperexcitability is a common phenomenon observed at the presymptomatic stage of ALS. Both cell-autonomous (the intrinsic properties of motor neurons) and non-cell-autonomous mechanisms (cells other than motor neurons) are believed to contribute to cortical hyperexcitability. Decoding the pathological relevance of these dynamic changes in motor neurons and glial cells has remained a major challenge. This review summarizes the evidence of cortical hyperexcitability from both clinical and preclinical research, as well as the underlying mechanisms. We discuss the potential role of glial cells, particularly microglia, in regulating abnormal neuronal activity during the disease progression. Identifying early changes such as neuronal hyperexcitability in the motor system may provide new insights for earlier diagnosis of ALS and reveal novel targets to halt the disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manling Xie
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Praveen N Pallegar
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sebastian Parusel
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Aivi T Nguyen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Long-Jun Wu
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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14
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Monsorno K, Ginggen K, Ivanov A, Buckinx A, Lalive AL, Tchenio A, Benson S, Vendrell M, D'Alessandro A, Beule D, Pellerin L, Mameli M, Paolicelli RC. Loss of microglial MCT4 leads to defective synaptic pruning and anxiety-like behavior in mice. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5749. [PMID: 37717033 PMCID: PMC10505217 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41502-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the innate immune cells of the central nervous system, actively participate in brain development by supporting neuronal maturation and refining synaptic connections. These cells are emerging as highly metabolically flexible, able to oxidize different energetic substrates to meet their energy demand. Lactate is particularly abundant in the brain, but whether microglia use it as a metabolic fuel has been poorly explored. Here we show that microglia can import lactate, and this is coupled with increased lysosomal acidification. In vitro, loss of the monocarboxylate transporter MCT4 in microglia prevents lactate-induced lysosomal modulation and leads to defective cargo degradation. Microglial depletion of MCT4 in vivo leads to impaired synaptic pruning, associated with increased excitation in hippocampal neurons, enhanced AMPA/GABA ratio, vulnerability to seizures and anxiety-like phenotype. Overall, these findings show that selective disruption of the MCT4 transporter in microglia is sufficient to alter synapse refinement and to induce defects in mouse brain development and adult behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Monsorno
- University of Lausanne, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kyllian Ginggen
- University of Lausanne, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andranik Ivanov
- Core Unit Bioinformatics, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - An Buckinx
- University of Lausanne, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Arnaud L Lalive
- University of Lausanne, Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anna Tchenio
- University of Lausanne, Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sam Benson
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Vendrell
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Angelo D'Alessandro
- University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Dieter Beule
- Core Unit Bioinformatics, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luc Pellerin
- Inserm U1313, University of Poitiers and CHU of Poitiers, Poitiers Cedex, France
| | - Manuel Mameli
- University of Lausanne, Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, Lausanne, Switzerland
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15
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González Ibáñez F, Halvorson T, Sharma K, McKee C, Carrier M, Picard K, Vernoux N, Bisht K, Deslauriers J, Lalowski M, Tremblay MÈ. Ketogenic diet alters microglial morphology and changes the hippocampal lipidomic profile distinctively in stress susceptible versus resistant male mice upon repeated social defeat. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.28.555135. [PMID: 37693370 PMCID: PMC10491121 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.28.555135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Psychological stress confers an increased risk for several diseases including psychiatric conditions. The susceptibility to psychological stress is modulated by various factors, many of them being modifiable lifestyle choices. The ketogenic diet (KD) has emerged as a dietary regime that offers positive outcomes on mood and health status. Psychological stress and elevated inflammation are common features of neuropsychiatric disorders such as certain types of major depressive disorder. KD has been attributed anti-inflammatory properties that could underlie its beneficial consequences on the brain and behavior. Microglia are the main drivers of inflammation in the central nervous system. They are known to respond to both dietary changes and psychological stress, notably by modifying their production of cytokines and relationships among the brain parenchyma. To assess the interactions between KD and the stress response, including effects on microglia, we examined adult male mice on control diet (CD) versus KD that underwent 10 days of repeated social defeat (RSD) or remained non-stressed (controls; CTRLs). Through a social interaction test, stressed mice were classified as susceptible (SUS) or resistant (RES) to RSD. The mouse population fed a KD tended to have a higher proportion of individuals classified as RES following RSD. Microglial morphology and ultrastructure were then analyzed in the ventral hippocampus CA1, a brain region known to present structural alterations as a response to psychological stress. Distinct changes in microglial soma and arborization linked to the KD, SUS and RES phenotypes were revealed. Ultrastructural analysis by electron microscopy showed a clear reduction of cellular stress markers in microglia from KD fed animals. Furthermore, ultrastructural analysis showed that microglial contacts with synaptic elements were reduced in the SUS compared to the RES and CTRL groups. Hippocampal lipidomic analyses lastly identified a distinct lipid profile in SUS animals compared to CTRLs. These key differences, combined with the distinct microglial responses to diet and stress, indicate that unique metabolic changes may underlie the stress susceptibility phenotypes. Altogether, our results reveal novel mechanisms by which a KD might improve the resistance to psychological stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando González Ibáñez
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Département de médecine moléculaire, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Torin Halvorson
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kaushik Sharma
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Département de médecine moléculaire, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
| | - Chloe McKee
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Micaël Carrier
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Département de médecine moléculaire, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Katherine Picard
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Département de médecine moléculaire, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Nathalie Vernoux
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Kanchan Bisht
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Département de médecine moléculaire, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
| | | | - Maciej Lalowski
- Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
- Biochemistry/Developmental Biology, Meilahti Clinical Proteomics Core Facility, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Département de médecine moléculaire, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, BC, Canada
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16
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Kobayashi M, Moro N, Yoshino A, Kumagawa T, Shijo K, Maeda T, Oshima H. Inhibition of P2X4 and P2X7 receptors improves histological and behavioral outcomes after experimental traumatic brain injury in rats. Exp Ther Med 2023; 26:378. [PMID: 37456165 PMCID: PMC10347371 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.12077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Release of large amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a gliotransmitter, into the extracellular space by traumatic brain injury (TBI) is considered to activate the microglia followed by release of inflammatory cytokines resulting in excessive inflammatory response that induces secondary brain injury. The present study investigated whether antagonists of ATP receptors (P2X4 and/or P2X7) on microglia are beneficial for reducing the post-injury inflammatory response that leads to secondary injury, a prognostic aggravation factor of TBI. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to cortical contusion injury (CCI) and randomly assigned to injury and drug treatment conditions, as follows: i) No surgical intervention (naïve group); ii) dimethyl sulfoxide treatment after CCI (CCI-control group); iii) 5-BDBD (antagonist of P2X4 receptor) treatment after CCI (CCI-5-BDBD group); iv) CCI-AZ11645373 (antagonist of P2X7 receptor) treatment after CCI (CCI-AZ11645373 group); v) or 5-BDBD and AZ11645373 treatment after CCI (CCI-5-BDBD + AZ11645373 group). In the CCI-5-BDBD, CCI-AZ11645373, and CCI-5-BDBD + AZ11645373 groups, expression of activated microglia was suppressed in the ipsilateral cortex and hippocampus 3 days after the CCI. Western blotting with ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 antibody revealed that administration of CCI-5-BDBD and/or CCI-AZ11645373 suppressed expression of microglia and reduced expression of inflammatory cytokine mRNA 3 days after the CCI. Furthermore, the plus maze test, which reflects the spatial memory function and involves the hippocampal function, showed improvement 28 days after secondary injury to the hippocampus. These findings confirmed that blocking the P2X4 and P2X7 receptors, which are ATP receptors central in gliotransmission, suppresses microglial activation and subsequent cytokine expression after brain injury, and demonstrates the potential as an effective treatment for reducing secondary brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Kobayashi
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Moro
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Honjo-General Hospital, Saitama 367-0031, Japan
| | - Atsuo Yoshino
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kumagawa
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Katsunori Shijo
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Takeshi Maeda
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Hideki Oshima
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
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17
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Zhao S, Zheng J, Wang L, Umpierre AD, Parusel S, Xie M, Dheer A, Ayasoufi K, Johnson AJ, Richardson JR, Wu LJ. Chemogenetic manipulation of CX3CR1 + cells transiently induces hypolocomotion independent of microglia. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:2857-2871. [PMID: 37365239 PMCID: PMC10906107 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02128-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Chemogenetic approaches using Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADD, a family of engineered GPCRs) were recently employed in microglia. Here, we used Cx3cr1CreER/+:R26hM4Di/+ mice to express Gi-DREADD (hM4Di) on CX3CR1+ cells, comprising microglia and some peripheral immune cells, and found that activation of hM4Di on long-lived CX3CR1+ cells induced hypolocomotion. Unexpectedly, Gi-DREADD-induced hypolocomotion was preserved when microglia were depleted. Consistently, specific activation of microglial hM4Di cannot induce hypolocomotion in Tmem119CreER/+:R26hM4Di/+ mice. Flow cytometric and histological analysis showed hM4Di expression in peripheral immune cells, which may be responsible for the hypolocomotion. Nevertheless, depletion of splenic macrophages, hepatic macrophages, or CD4+ T cells did not affect Gi-DREADD-induced hypolocomotion. Our study demonstrates that rigorous data analysis and interpretation are needed when using Cx3cr1CreER/+ mouse line to manipulate microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunyi Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jiaying Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Lingxiao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Manling Xie
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Aastha Dheer
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Aaron J Johnson
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jason R Richardson
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Long-Jun Wu
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
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18
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Whitelaw BS, Stoessel MB, Majewska AK. Movers and shakers: Microglial dynamics and modulation of neural networks. Glia 2023; 71:1575-1591. [PMID: 36533844 PMCID: PMC10729610 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are multifaceted cells that act as immune sentinels, with important roles in pathological events, but also as integral contributors to the normal development and function of neural circuits. In the last decade, our understanding of the contributions these cells make to synaptic health and dysfunction has expanded at a dizzying pace. Here we review the known mechanisms that govern the dynamics of microglia allowing these motile cells to interact with synapses, and recruit microglia to specific sites on neurons. We then review the molecular signals that may underlie the function of microglia in synaptic remodeling. The emerging picture from the literature suggests that microglia are highly sensitive cells, reacting to neuronal signals with dynamic and specific actions tuned to the need of specific synapses and networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Steven Whitelaw
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Mark Blohm Stoessel
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Ania Katarzyna Majewska
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
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19
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van Olst L, Kamermans A, van der Pol SMA, Rodríguez E, Hulshof LA, van Dijk RE, Vonk DN, Schouten M, Witte ME, de Vries HE, Middeldorp J. Age-associated systemic factors change central and peripheral immunity in adult male mice. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 111:395-411. [PMID: 37169133 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging coincides with major changes in brain immunity that aid in a decline in neuronal function. Here, we postulate that systemic, pro-aging factors contribute to immunological changes that occur within the brain during aging. To investigate this hypothesis, we comprehensively characterized the central and peripheral immune landscape of 20-month-old male mice using cytometry by time-of-flight (CyTOF) and investigated the role of age-associated circulating factors. We found that CD8+ T cells expressing programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1) and tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells accumulated in the aged brain while levels of memory T cells rose in the periphery. Injections of plasma derived from 20-month-old mice into 5-month-old receiving mice decreased the frequency of splenic and circulating naïve T cells, increased memory CD8+ T cells, and non-classical, patrolling monocytes in the spleen, and elevated levels of regulatory T cells and non-classical monocytes in the blood. Notably, CD8+ T cells accumulated within white matter areas of plasma-treated mice, which coincided with the expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), a mediator of immune cell trafficking, on the brain vasculature. Taken together, we here describe age-related immune cell changes in the mouse brain and circulation and show that age-associated systemic factors induce the expansion of CD8+ T cells in the aged brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- L van Olst
- Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - A Kamermans
- Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - S M A van der Pol
- Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - E Rodríguez
- Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - L A Hulshof
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Centre Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - R E van Dijk
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Centre Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - D N Vonk
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Centre Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - M Schouten
- Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M E Witte
- Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - H E de Vries
- Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J Middeldorp
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Centre Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurobiology and Aging, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, the Netherlands
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20
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Miao J, Ma H, Yang Y, Liao Y, Lin C, Zheng J, Yu M, Lan J. Microglia in Alzheimer's disease: pathogenesis, mechanisms, and therapeutic potentials. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1201982. [PMID: 37396657 PMCID: PMC10309009 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1201982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by protein aggregation in the brain. Recent studies have revealed the critical role of microglia in AD pathogenesis. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the current understanding of microglial involvement in AD, focusing on genetic determinants, phenotypic state, phagocytic capacity, neuroinflammatory response, and impact on synaptic plasticity and neuronal regulation. Furthermore, recent developments in drug discovery targeting microglia in AD are reviewed, highlighting potential avenues for therapeutic intervention. This review emphasizes the essential role of microglia in AD and provides insights into potential treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jifei Miao
- Shenzhen Bao’an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haixia Ma
- Shenzhen Bao’an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Shenzhen Bao’an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuanpin Liao
- Shenzhen Bao’an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Cui Lin
- Shenzhen Bao’an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Juanxia Zheng
- Shenzhen Bao’an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Muli Yu
- Shenzhen Bao’an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiao Lan
- Shenzhen Bao’an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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21
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Kim HJ, You MJ, Sung S, Rim C, Kwon MS. Possible involvement of microglial P2RY12 and peripheral IL-10 in postpartum depression. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1162966. [PMID: 37396924 PMCID: PMC10309556 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1162966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Postpartum depression (PPD) is another type of depression, including emotional fluctuation, fatigue, and anxiety. Based on the specific event like giving birth, it can be speculated that PPD might have its specific mechanism. Here, we confirmed that dexamethasone (DEX) administration during pregnancy (gestational days 16-18) induced depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors in dam (DEX-dam) after weaning period (3 weeks). DEX-dam showed anxiety-like behaviors in open-field test (OFT) and light-dark test (LD). In addition, DEX-dam exhibited depressive-like behaviors with the increased immobility time in forced swimming test (TST). Molecular analysis confirmed that microglia, rather than neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, are involved in anxiety-/depressive-like behaviors. Notably, P2ry12, homeostatic gene, and purinoceptor, along with hyper-ramified form, were reduced in the hippocampus of DEX-dam. In addition, we found that IL-10 mRNA was reduced in lymph nodes without alteration of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. Interestingly, anxiety-/depressive-like behaviors of DEX-dam were restored with the normalization of P2ry12 and IL-10 after 10 weeks postpartum without antidepressants. Our results propose that stress hormone elevation during pregnancy might be associated with PPD via microglial P2RY12 and peripheral IL-10.
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22
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Tewari BP, Harshad PA, Singh M, Joshi NB, Joshi PG. Pilocarpine-induced acute seizure causes rapid area-specific astrogliosis and alters purinergic signaling in rat hippocampus. Brain Res 2023:148444. [PMID: 37290610 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The progressive nature of acquired epilepsy warrants a thorough examination of acute changes that occur immediately after an epileptogenic insult to better understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms that trigger epileptogenesis. Astrocytes are important regulators of neuronal functions and emerging evidence suggests an involvement of astrocytic purinergic signaling in the etiology of acquired epilepsies. However, how astrocytic purinergic signaling responds immediately after an acute seizure or an epileptogenic insult to impact epileptogenesis is not well studied. In the present study, we report area-specific rapid onset of astrocytic changes in morphology, as well as in expression and functional activity of the purinergic signaling in the hippocampus that occur immediately after pilocarpine-induced stage 5 seizure. After 3 hours of stage 5 acute seizure, hippocampal astrocytes show increased intrinsic calcium activity in stratum radiatum as well as reactive astrogliosis in the stratum lacunosum moleculare and hilus regions of the hippocampus. Hilar astrocytes also upregulated the expression of P2Y1 and P2Y2 metabotropic purinergic receptors. Subsequently, P2Y1 exhibited a functional upregulation by showing a significantly higher intracellular calcium rise in ex-vivo hippocampal slices on P2Y1 activation. Our results suggest that hippocampal astrocytes undergo rapid area-specific morphological and functional changes immediately after the commencement of the seizure activity and purinergic receptors upregulation is one of the earliest changes in response to seizure activity. These changes can be considered acute astrocytic responses to seizure activity which can potentially drive the epileptogenesis and can be explored further to identify astrocyte-specific targets for seizure therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhanu P Tewari
- Department of Biophysics, National Institute of mental health and Neuroscience (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bangalore, 560029, Karnataka, India.
| | - P A Harshad
- Department of Biophysics, National Institute of mental health and Neuroscience (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bangalore, 560029, Karnataka, India
| | - Mahendra Singh
- Department of Biophysics, National Institute of mental health and Neuroscience (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bangalore, 560029, Karnataka, India
| | - Nanda B Joshi
- Department of Biophysics, National Institute of mental health and Neuroscience (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bangalore, 560029, Karnataka, India
| | - Preeti G Joshi
- Department of Biophysics, National Institute of mental health and Neuroscience (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bangalore, 560029, Karnataka, India.
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23
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Zhang WJ, Li MY, Wang CY, Feng X, Hu DX, Wu LD, Hu JL. P2Y12 receptor involved in the development of chronic nociceptive pain as a sensory information mediator. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 164:114975. [PMID: 37267639 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Direct or indirect damage to the nervous system (such as inflammation or tumor invasion) can lead to dysfunction and pain. The generation of pain is mainly reflected in the activation of glial cells and the abnormal discharge of sensory neurons, which transmit stronger sensory information to the center. P2Y12 receptor plays important roles in physiological and pathophysiological processes including inflammation and pain. P2Y12 receptor involved in the occurrence of pain as a sensory information mediator, which enhances the activation of microglia and the synaptic plasticity of primary sensory neurons, and reaches the higher center through the ascending conduction pathway (mainly spinothalamic tract) to produce pain. While the application of P2Y12 receptor antagonists (PBS-0739, AR-C69931MX and MRS2359) have better antagonistic activity and produce analgesic pharmacological properties. Therefore, in this article, we discussed the role of the P2Y12 receptor in different chronic pains and its use as a pharmacological target for pain relief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jun Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province 343000, China
| | - Mei-Yong Li
- Department of Laboratory medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province 343000, China
| | - Cheng-Yi Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province 343000, China
| | - Xiao Feng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province 343000, China
| | - Dong-Xia Hu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province 343000, China.
| | - Li-Dong Wu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province 343000, China.
| | - Jia-Ling Hu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province 343000, China.
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24
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Ming LG, Hu DX, Zuo C, Zhang WJ. G protein-coupled P2Y12 receptor is involved in the progression of neuropathic pain. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 162:114713. [PMID: 37084563 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathological mechanism of neuropathic pain is complex, which seriously affects the physical and mental health of patients, and its treatment is also difficult. The role of G protein-coupled P2Y12 receptor in pain has been widely recognized and affirmed. After nerve injury, stimulated cells can release large amounts of nucleotides into the extracellular matrix, act on P2Y12 receptor. Activated P2Y12 receptor activates intracellular signal transduction and is involved in the development of pain. P2Y12 receptor activation can sensitize primary sensory neurons and receive sensory information. By transmitting the integrated information through the dorsal root of the spinal cord to the secondary neurons of the posterior horn of the spinal cord. The integrated information is then transmitted to the higher center through the ascending conduction tract to produce pain. Moreover, activation of P2Y12 receptor can mediate immune cells to release pro-inflammatory factors, increase damage to nerve cells, and aggravate pain. While inhibits the activation of P2Y12 receptor can effectively relieve pain. Therefore, in this article, we described P2Y12 receptor antagonists and their pharmacological properties. In addition, we explored the potential link between P2Y12 receptor and the nervous system, discussed the intrinsic link of P2Y12 receptor and neuropathic pain and as a potential pharmacological target for pain suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Guo Ming
- Department of Gastrointestinal surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province 343000, China
| | - Dong-Xia Hu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province 343000, China
| | - Cheng Zuo
- Department of Gastrointestinal surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province 343000, China
| | - Wen-Jun Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province 343000, China.
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25
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Nagarajan N, Capecchi MR. Optogenetic stimulation of mouse Hoxb8 microglia in specific regions of the brain induces anxiety, grooming, or both. Mol Psychiatry 2023:10.1038/s41380-023-02019-w. [PMID: 37037872 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02019-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we have shown that either disruption of the Hoxb8 gene or ablation of a microglial subpopulation, Hoxb8 microglia, results in mice exhibiting both chronic anxiety and OCSD-like behavior, compulsive pathological hair pulling (trichotillomania), to the point of showing lesions at the sites of overgrooming. Herein we show, that optogenetic stimulation of Hoxb8 microglia in specific regions of the brain induces elevated anxiety, grooming or both. Optogenetic stimulation of Hoxb8 microglia within the dorsomedial striatum (DMS) or the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) induces grooming, whereas stimulation of Hoxb8 microglia in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) or central amygdala (CeA) produces elevated anxiety. Optogenetic stimulation of Hoxb8 microglia in the ventral CA1 region of the hippocampus (vCA1) induces both behaviors as well as freezing. In vitro we directly demonstrate that optogenetic stimulation of Hoxb8 microglia in specific regions of the brain activate neighboring neural activity through the induction of the c-fos-immediate early response. These experiments connect outputs from optogenetically stimulated Hoxb8 microglia, within specific regions of the brain, to the activation of neurons and neural circuits that in turn enable induction of these behaviors. These experiments suggest that Hoxb8 microglia are likely to be among, or the main, first responders to signals that evoke these behaviors. The same regions of the brain (DMS, mPFC, BLA, CeA and vCA1) have previously been defined at the neuronal level, by optogenetics, to control anxiety in mice. Intriguingly, the optogenetic experiments in microglia suggest that the two populations of microglia, canonical non-Hoxb8 and Hoxb8 microglia, function in opposition rather than in parallel to each other, providing a biological reason for the presence of two microglial subpopulations in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Nagarajan
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
| | - Mario R Capecchi
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
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26
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Lezmy J. How astrocytic ATP shapes neuronal activity and brain circuits. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 79:102685. [PMID: 36746109 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes play a key role in processing information at synapses, by controlling synapse formation, modulating synapse strength and terminating neurotransmitter action. They release ATP to shape brain activity but it is unclear how, as astrocyte processes contact many targets and ATP-mediated effects are diverse and numerous. Here, I review recent studies showing how astrocytic ATP modulates cellular mechanisms in nearby neurons and glia in the grey and white matter, how it affects signal transmission in these areas, and how it modulates behavioural outputs. I attempt to provide a flowchart of astrocytic ATP signalling, showing that it tends to inhibit neural circuits to match energy demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Lezmy
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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27
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Gasperi RD, Gama Sosa MA, Perez Garcia GS, Perez GM, Abutarboush R, Kawoos U, Statz JK, Patterson J, Hof PR, Katsel P, Cook DG, Ahlers ST, Elder GA. Progressive Transcriptional Changes in the Amygdala Implicate Neuroinflammation in the Effects of Repetitive Low-Level Blast Exposure in Male Rats. J Neurotrauma 2023; 40:561-577. [PMID: 36262047 PMCID: PMC10040418 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2022.0282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic mental health problems are common among military veterans who sustained blast-related traumatic brain injuries. The reasons for this association remain unexplained. Male rats exposed to repetitive low-level blast overpressure (BOP) exposures exhibit chronic cognitive and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)-related traits that develop in a delayed fashion. We examined blast-induced alterations on the transcriptome in four brain areas (anterior cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and cerebellum) across the time frame over which the PTSD-related behavioral phenotype develops. When analyzed at 6 weeks or 12 months after blast exposure, relatively few differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found. However, longitudinal analysis of amygdala, hippocampus, and anterior cortex between 6 weeks and 12 months revealed blast-specific DEG patterns. Six DEGs (hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 1 [Hapln1], glutamate metabotropic receptor 2 [Grm2], purinergic receptor P2y12 [P2ry12], C-C chemokine receptor type 5 [Ccr5], phenazine biosynthesis-like protein domain containing 1 [Pbld1], and cadherin related 23 [Cdh23]) were found altered in all three brain regions in blast-exposed animals. Pathway enrichment analysis using all DEGs or those uniquely changed revealed different transcription patterns in blast versus sham. In particular, the amygdala in blast-exposed animals had a unique set of enriched pathways related to stress responses, oxidative phosphorylation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Upstream analysis implicated tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α signaling in blast-related effects in amygdala and anterior cortex. Eukaryotic initiating factor eIF4E (EIF4e), an upstream regulator of P2ry12 and Ccr5, was predicted to be activated in the amygdala. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) validated longitudinal changes in two TNFα regulated genes (cathepsin B [Ctsb], Hapln1), P2ry12, and Grm2. These studies have implications for understanding how blast injury damages the brain and implicates inflammation as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita De Gasperi
- Research and Development Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Miguel A. Gama Sosa
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- General Medical Research Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Georgina S. Perez Garcia
- Research and Development Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gissel M. Perez
- Research and Development Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Rania Abutarboush
- Department of Neurotrauma, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Usmah Kawoos
- Department of Neurotrauma, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonathan K. Statz
- Department of Neurotrauma, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jacob Patterson
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Parsons Corporation, Centreville, Virginia, USA
| | - Patrick R. Hof
- Department of Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Geriatrics and Palliative Care, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Mount Sinai Alzheimer's Disease Research Center and Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Pavel Katsel
- Research and Development Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - David G. Cook
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stephen T. Ahlers
- Department of Neurotrauma, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Gregory A. Elder
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Mount Sinai Alzheimer's Disease Research Center and Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Neurology Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
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28
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Wang Q, Shi NR, Lv P, Liu J, Zhang JZ, Deng BL, Zuo YQ, Yang J, Wang X, Chen X, Hu XM, Liu TT, Liu J. P2Y12 receptor gene polymorphisms are associated with epilepsy. Purinergic Signal 2023; 19:155-162. [PMID: 35175489 PMCID: PMC9984642 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-022-09848-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The basic research indicated that microglial P2Y12 receptors (P2Y12Rs) are involved in the pathophysiology of epilepsy through regulated microglial-neuronal interactions, aberrant neurogenesis, or immature neuronal projections. However, whether the clinic case of epilepsy would be associated with P2Y12 receptor gene polymorphisms is presented with few data. In our study, a total of 176 patients with epilepsy and 50 healthy controls were enrolled. Two single-nucleotide polymorphisms, namely rs1491974 and rs6798347, were selected for analysis. The results revealed that carriers of the G allele of rs1491974 G>A or rs6798347 G>A may be associated with an increased risk of epilepsy (OR = 0.576, 95% CI = 0.368-0.901, p = 0.015; OR = 0.603, 95% CI = 0.367-0.988, p = 0.043). Interestingly, we found that the rs1491974 G>A genotype and allele frequencies have only a significant difference in female instead of male case (p = 0.004 for genotype; p = 0.001 for allele). The subgroup analysis demonstrated that individuals with the rs1491974 G>A genotype might have more frequent seizure (OR = 0.476, 95% CI = 0.255-0.890; p = 0.019). These data implied that both rs1491974 and rs6798347 polymorphisms of P2Y12R would be able to play import roles in epilepsy susceptibility, whereas the rs1491974 polymorphism may be specifically related to seizure frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, 646000, Luzhou, China
| | - Nan-Rui Shi
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Peng Lv
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Juan Liu
- School of Sports Medicine and Health, Sports Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ji-Zhou Zhang
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Bin-Lu Deng
- School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, 646000, Luzhou, China
| | - Yan-Qin Zuo
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, 646000, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiu-Min Hu
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Ting-Ting Liu
- Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences &, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Jie Liu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, 646000, Luzhou, China. .,Department of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China. .,Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences &, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, China.
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29
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Chun BJ, Aryal SP, Varughese P, Sun B, Bruno JA, Richards CI, Bachstetter AD, Kekenes-Huskey PM. Purinoreceptors and ectonucleotidases control ATP-induced calcium waveforms and calcium-dependent responses in microglia: Roles of P2 receptors and CD39 in ATP-stimulated microglia. Front Physiol 2023; 13:1037417. [PMID: 36699679 PMCID: PMC9868579 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1037417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and its metabolites drive microglia migration and cytokine production by activating P2X- and P2Y- class purinergic receptors. Purinergic receptor activation gives rise to diverse intracellular calcium (Ca2+ signals, or waveforms, that differ in amplitude, duration, and frequency. Whether and how these characteristics of diverse waveforms influence microglia function is not well-established. We developed a computational model trained with data from published primary murine microglia studies. We simulate how purinoreceptors influence Ca2+ signaling and migration, as well as, how purinoreceptor expression modifies these processes. Our simulation confirmed that P2 receptors encode the amplitude and duration of the ATP-induced Ca2+ waveforms. Our simulations also implicate CD39, an ectonucleotidase that rapidly degrades ATP, as a regulator of purinergic receptor-induced Ca2+ responses. Namely, it was necessary to account for CD39 metabolism of ATP to align the model's predicted purinoreceptor responses with published experimental data. In addition, our modeling results indicate that small Ca2+ transients accompany migration, while large and sustained transients are needed for cytokine responses. Lastly, as a proof-of-principal, we predict Ca2+ transients and cell membrane displacements in a BV2 microglia cell line using published P2 receptor mRNA data to illustrate how our computer model may be extrapolated to other microglia subtypes. These findings provide important insights into how differences in purinergic receptor expression influence microglial responses to ATP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong J. Chun
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States,*Correspondence: Byeong J. Chun, ; Peter M. Kekenes-Huskey,
| | - Surya P. Aryal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Peter Varughese
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Bin Sun
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Joshua A. Bruno
- Department of Physics, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Chris I. Richards
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | | | - Peter M. Kekenes-Huskey
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States,*Correspondence: Byeong J. Chun, ; Peter M. Kekenes-Huskey,
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30
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Kondev V, Bluett R, Najeed M, Rosas-Vidal LE, Grueter BA, Patel S. Ventral hippocampal diacylglycerol lipase-alpha deletion decreases avoidance behaviors and alters excitation-inhibition balance. Neurobiol Stress 2022; 22:100510. [PMID: 36594052 PMCID: PMC9803955 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2022.100510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The endogenous cannabinoid, 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), plays a key role in the regulation of anxiety- and stress-related behavioral phenotypes and may represent a novel target for the treatment of anxiety disorders. However, recent studies have suggested a more complex role for 2-AG signaling in the regulation of stress responsivity, including increases in acute fear responses after 2-AG augmentation under some conditions. Thus, 2-AG signaling within distinct brain regions and circuits could regulate anxiety-like behavior and stress responsivity in opposing manners. The ventral hippocampus (vHPC) is a critical region for emotional processing, anxiety-like behaviors, and stress responding. Here, we use a conditional knock-out of the 2-AG synthesis enzyme, diacylglycerol lipase α (DAGLα), to study the role of vHPC 2-AG signaling in the regulation of affective behavior. We show that vHPC DAGLα deletion decreases avoidance behaviors both basally and following an acute stress exposure. Genetic deletion of vHPC DAGLα also promotes stress resiliency, with no effect on fear acquisition, expression, or contextual fear generalization. Using slice electrophysiology, we demonstrate that vHPC DAGLα deletion shifts vHPC activity towards enhanced inhibition. Together, these data indicate endogenous 2-AG signaling in the vHPC promotes avoidance and increases stress reactivity, confirming the notion that 2-AG signaling within distinct brain regions may exert divergent effects on anxiety states and stress adaptability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Kondev
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Rebecca Bluett
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Mustafa Najeed
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Luis E. Rosas-Vidal
- Northwestern Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Brad A. Grueter
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Sachin Patel
- Northwestern Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA,Corresponding author. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, USA.
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Microglial P2Y12 mediates chronic stress-induced synapse loss in the prefrontal cortex and associated behavioral consequences. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022:10.1038/s41386-022-01519-7. [PMID: 36517583 PMCID: PMC10354016 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-022-01519-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) drives microglia-mediated neuronal remodeling and synapse loss in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), contributing to deficits in cognition and behavior. However, it remains unclear what mechanisms guide microglia-neuron interactions in stress. Evidence indicates that neuronal activity-dependent purinergic signaling directs microglial processes and synaptic engagement via P2Y12, a purinergic receptor exclusively expressed by microglia in the brain. Stress alters excitatory neurotransmission in the PFC, thus we aimed to determine if P2Y12 signaling promotes functional changes in microglia in chronic stress. Here we used genetic ablation of P2Y12 (P2ry12-/-) or pharmacological blockade (clopidogrel, ticagrelor) to examine the role of purinergic signaling in stress-induced microglia-neuron interaction. Multiple behavioral, physiological, and cytometric endpoints were analyzed. Deletion of P2Y12 led to a number of fundamental alterations in the PFC, including the heightened microglial number and increased dendritic spine density. Flow cytometry revealed that microglia in P2ry12-/- mice had shifts in surface levels of CX3CR1, CSF1R, and CD11b, suggesting changes in synaptic engagement and phagocytosis in the PFC. In line with this, pharmacological blockade of P2Y12 prevented CUS-induced increases in the proportion of microglia with neuronal inclusions, limited dendritic spine loss in the PFC, and attenuated alterations in stress coping behavior and working memory function. Overall, these findings indicate that microglial P2Y12 is a critical mediator of stress-induced synapse loss in the PFC and subsequent behavioral deficits.
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Paolicelli RC, Sierra A, Stevens B, Tremblay ME, Aguzzi A, Ajami B, Amit I, Audinat E, Bechmann I, Bennett M, Bennett F, Bessis A, Biber K, Bilbo S, Blurton-Jones M, Boddeke E, Brites D, Brône B, Brown GC, Butovsky O, Carson MJ, Castellano B, Colonna M, Cowley SA, Cunningham C, Davalos D, De Jager PL, de Strooper B, Denes A, Eggen BJL, Eyo U, Galea E, Garel S, Ginhoux F, Glass CK, Gokce O, Gomez-Nicola D, González B, Gordon S, Graeber MB, Greenhalgh AD, Gressens P, Greter M, Gutmann DH, Haass C, Heneka MT, Heppner FL, Hong S, Hume DA, Jung S, Kettenmann H, Kipnis J, Koyama R, Lemke G, Lynch M, Majewska A, Malcangio M, Malm T, Mancuso R, Masuda T, Matteoli M, McColl BW, Miron VE, Molofsky AV, Monje M, Mracsko E, Nadjar A, Neher JJ, Neniskyte U, Neumann H, Noda M, Peng B, Peri F, Perry VH, Popovich PG, Pridans C, Priller J, Prinz M, Ragozzino D, Ransohoff RM, Salter MW, Schaefer A, Schafer DP, Schwartz M, Simons M, Smith CJ, Streit WJ, Tay TL, Tsai LH, Verkhratsky A, von Bernhardi R, Wake H, Wittamer V, Wolf SA, Wu LJ, Wyss-Coray T. Microglia states and nomenclature: A field at its crossroads. Neuron 2022; 110:3458-3483. [PMID: 36327895 PMCID: PMC9999291 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 475] [Impact Index Per Article: 237.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Microglial research has advanced considerably in recent decades yet has been constrained by a rolling series of dichotomies such as "resting versus activated" and "M1 versus M2." This dualistic classification of good or bad microglia is inconsistent with the wide repertoire of microglial states and functions in development, plasticity, aging, and diseases that were elucidated in recent years. New designations continuously arising in an attempt to describe the different microglial states, notably defined using transcriptomics and proteomics, may easily lead to a misleading, although unintentional, coupling of categories and functions. To address these issues, we assembled a group of multidisciplinary experts to discuss our current understanding of microglial states as a dynamic concept and the importance of addressing microglial function. Here, we provide a conceptual framework and recommendations on the use of microglial nomenclature for researchers, reviewers, and editors, which will serve as the foundations for a future white paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa C Paolicelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Amanda Sierra
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Glial Cell Biology Lab, Leioa, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country EHU/UPV, Leioa, Spain; Ikerbasque Foundation, Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Beth Stevens
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, (HHMI), MD, USA; Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Marie-Eve Tremblay
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada; Center for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Adriano Aguzzi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bahareh Ajami
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Department of Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University School of Medicine, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Ido Amit
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Etienne Audinat
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Ingo Bechmann
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mariko Bennett
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child Neurology, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Frederick Bennett
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alain Bessis
- École Normale Supérieure, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Paris, France
| | - Knut Biber
- Neuroscience Discovery, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Staci Bilbo
- Departments of Psychology & Neuroscience, Neurobiology, and Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mathew Blurton-Jones
- Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, UCI MIND, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Erik Boddeke
- Department Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Dora Brites
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Bert Brône
- BIOMED Research Institute, University of Hasselt, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Guy C Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Oleg Butovsky
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Monica J Carson
- Center for Glial-Neuronal Interactions, Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Bernardo Castellano
- Unidad de Histología Medica, Depto. Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Barcelona, Spain; Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sally A Cowley
- James and Lillian Martin Centre for Stem Cell Research, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Colm Cunningham
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Republic of Ireland; Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Dimitrios Davalos
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Philip L De Jager
- Center for Translational & Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bart de Strooper
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London, UK; Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie at Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Adam Denes
- "Momentum" Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bart J L Eggen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ukpong Eyo
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Elena Galea
- Institut de Neurociències and Departament de Bioquímica, Unitat de Bioquímica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sonia Garel
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), Département de Biologie, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France; College de France, Paris, France
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Ozgun Gokce
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Ludwig Maximillian's University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Diego Gomez-Nicola
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Berta González
- Unidad de Histología Medica, Depto. Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología and Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Siamon Gordon
- Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan (ROC); Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Oxford, UK
| | - Manuel B Graeber
- Ken Parker Brain Tumour Research Laboratories, Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew D Greenhalgh
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Division of Infection, Immunity & Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Pierre Gressens
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, NeuroDiderot, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Melanie Greter
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David H Gutmann
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Christian Haass
- Division of Metabolic Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Center (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munchen, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); Munich, Germany
| | - Michael T Heneka
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Frank L Heppner
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Soyon Hong
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London, UK
| | - David A Hume
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Steffen Jung
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Helmut Kettenmann
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jonathan Kipnis
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ryuta Koyama
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Greg Lemke
- MNL-L, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Marina Lynch
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Ania Majewska
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Marzia Malcangio
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Tarja Malm
- University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Renzo Mancuso
- Microglia and Inflammation in Neurological Disorders (MIND) Lab, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Takahiro Masuda
- Department of Molecular and System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan
| | - Michela Matteoli
- Humanitas University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Milan, Italy
| | - Barry W McColl
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Veronique E Miron
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Michelle Monje
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, (HHMI), MD, USA; Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Agnes Nadjar
- Neurocentre Magendie, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Jonas J Neher
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany; Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Urte Neniskyte
- VU LSC-EMBL Partnership for Genome Editing Technologies, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania; Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Harald Neumann
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital of Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mami Noda
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Institute of Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Bo Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Francesca Peri
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - V Hugh Perry
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK; School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Phillip G Popovich
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Clare Pridans
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Josef Priller
- Department of Psychiatry & Psychotherapy, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and DZNE, Berlin, Germany; University of Edinburgh and UK DRI, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Davide Ragozzino
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), Rome, Italy
| | | | - Michael W Salter
- Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anne Schaefer
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Center for Glial Biology, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Koeln, Germany
| | - Dorothy P Schafer
- Department of Neurobiology, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Michal Schwartz
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Mikael Simons
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
| | - Cody J Smith
- Galvin Life Science Center, University of Notre Dame, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Wolfgang J Streit
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Tuan Leng Tay
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; BrainLinks-BrainTools Centre, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Freiburg Institute of Advanced Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Li-Huei Tsai
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Glial Cell Biology Lab, Leioa, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country EHU/UPV, Leioa, Spain; Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Hiroaki Wake
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Valérie Wittamer
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium; ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Susanne A Wolf
- Charité Universitätsmedizin, Experimental Ophthalmology and Neuroimmunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Long-Jun Wu
- Department of Neurology and Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Tony Wyss-Coray
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Gu N, Yi MH, Murugan M, Xie M, Parusel S, Peng J, Eyo UB, Hunt CL, Dong H, Wu LJ. Spinal microglia contribute to sustained inflammatory pain via amplifying neuronal activity. Mol Brain 2022; 15:86. [PMID: 36289499 PMCID: PMC9609165 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-022-00970-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are highly dynamic immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Microglial processes interact with neuronal elements constantly on the order of minutes. The functional significance of this acute microglia-neuron interaction and its potential role in the context of pain is still largely unknown. Here, we found that spinal microglia increased their process motility and electrophysiological reactivity within an hour after the insult in a mouse model of formalin-induced acute, sustained, inflammatory pain. Using an ablation strategy to specifically deplete resident microglia in the CNS, we demonstrate that microglia participate in formalin-induced acute sustained pain behaviors by amplifying neuronal activity in the spinal dorsal horn. Moreover, we identified that the P2Y12 receptor, which is specifically expressed in microglia in the CNS, was required for microglial function in formalin-induced pain. Taken together, our study provides a novel insight into the contribution of microglia and the P2Y12 receptor in inflammatory pain that could be used for potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Gu
- grid.430387.b0000 0004 1936 8796Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA ,grid.417295.c0000 0004 1799 374XDepartment of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710032 PR China
| | - Min-Hee Yi
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Madhuvika Murugan
- grid.430387.b0000 0004 1936 8796Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA ,grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Manling Xie
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Sebastian Parusel
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Jiyun Peng
- grid.430387.b0000 0004 1936 8796Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA ,grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Ukpong B. Eyo
- grid.430387.b0000 0004 1936 8796Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA ,grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Christine L. Hunt
- grid.417467.70000 0004 0443 9942Department of Pain Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
| | - Hailong Dong
- grid.417295.c0000 0004 1799 374XDepartment of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710032 PR China
| | - Long-Jun Wu
- grid.430387.b0000 0004 1936 8796Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA ,grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA ,grid.417467.70000 0004 0443 9942Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA ,grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
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Reddy DS, Abeygunaratne HN. Experimental and Clinical Biomarkers for Progressive Evaluation of Neuropathology and Therapeutic Interventions for Acute and Chronic Neurological Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:11734. [PMID: 36233034 PMCID: PMC9570151 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This article describes commonly used experimental and clinical biomarkers of neuronal injury and neurodegeneration for the evaluation of neuropathology and monitoring of therapeutic interventions. Biomarkers are vital for diagnostics of brain disease and therapeutic monitoring. A biomarker can be objectively measured and evaluated as a proxy indicator for the pathophysiological process or response to therapeutic interventions. There are complex hurdles in understanding the molecular pathophysiology of neurological disorders and the ability to diagnose them at initial stages. Novel biomarkers for neurological diseases may surpass these issues, especially for early identification of disease risk. Validated biomarkers can measure the severity and progression of both acute neuronal injury and chronic neurological diseases such as epilepsy, migraine, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, traumatic brain injury, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, and other brain diseases. Biomarkers are deployed to study progression and response to treatment, including noninvasive imaging tools for both acute and chronic brain conditions. Neuronal biomarkers are classified into four core subtypes: blood-based, immunohistochemical-based, neuroimaging-based, and electrophysiological biomarkers. Neuronal conditions have progressive stages, such as acute injury, inflammation, neurodegeneration, and neurogenesis, which can serve as indices of pathological status. Biomarkers are critical for the targeted identification of specific molecules, cells, tissues, or proteins that dramatically alter throughout the progression of brain conditions. There has been tremendous progress with biomarkers in acute conditions and chronic diseases affecting the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doodipala Samba Reddy
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
- Institute of Pharmacology and Neurotherapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
- Intercollegiate School of Engineering Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Hasara Nethma Abeygunaratne
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
- Institute of Pharmacology and Neurotherapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
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Region-Specific Characteristics of Astrocytes and Microglia: A Possible Involvement in Aging and Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121902. [PMID: 35741031 PMCID: PMC9220858 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although different regions of the brain are dedicated to specific functions, the intra- and inter-regional heterogeneity of astrocytes and microglia in these regions has not yet been fully understood. Recently, an advancement in various technologies, such as single-cell RNA sequencing, has allowed for the discovery of astrocytes and microglia with distinct molecular fingerprints and varying functions in the brain. In addition, the regional heterogeneity of astrocytes and microglia exhibits different functions in several situations, such as aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, investigating the region-specific astrocytes and microglia is important in understanding the overall function of the brain. In this review, we summarize up-to-date research on various intra- and inter-regional heterogeneities of astrocytes and microglia, and provide information on how they can be applied to aging and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Anxiety and hippocampal neuronal activity: Relationship and potential mechanisms. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 22:431-449. [PMID: 34873665 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-021-00973-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus has been implicated in modulating anxiety. It interacts with a variety of brain regions, both cortical and subcortical areas regulating emotion and stress responses, including prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hypothalamus, and the nucleus accumbens, to adjust anxiety levels in response to a variety of stressful conditions. Growing evidence indicates that anxiety is associated with increased neuronal excitability in the hippocampus, and alterations in local regulation of hippocampal excitability have been suggested to underlie behavioral disruptions characteristic of certain anxiety disorders. Furthermore, studies have shown that some anxiolytics can treat anxiety by altering the excitability and plasticity of hippocampal neurons. Hence, identifying cellular and molecular mechanisms and neural circuits that regulate hippocampal excitability in anxiety may be beneficial for developing targeted interventions for treatment of anxiety disorders particularly for the treatment-resistant cases. We first briefly review a role of the hippocampus in fear. We then review the evidence indicating a relationship between the hippocampal activity and fear/anxiety and discuss some possible mechanisms underlying stress-induced hippocampal excitability and anxiety-related behavior.
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Ji NN, Meng QX, Wang Y, Zhou ZM, Song Y, Hua R, Zhang YM. Microglia-derived TNF-α inhibiting GABAergic neurons in the anterior lateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis precipitates visceral hypersensitivity induced by colorectal distension in rats. Neurobiol Stress 2022; 18:100449. [PMID: 35521065 PMCID: PMC9065889 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2022.100449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common and debilitating gastrointestinal disorder that is exacerbated by stress and characterized by abdominal pain. Although microglia in the CNS have been implicated as an important mediator of the stress response, the role of microglia and microglia-GABAergic neuron interactions in the limbic area, most notably BNST, in the development of colorectal hypersensitivity has not been determined. We established a neonatal colorectal distension-induced chronic visceral hyperalgesia model in rats. The results showed that the frequency of spontaneous discharges of alBNST GABAergic neurons and the expression of GAD65/67 were significantly decreased in rats with chronic visceral pain. Moreover, ablation of BNST GABAergic neurons significantly reduced the visceral pain threshold in normal rats. Meanwhile, the number of M1 proinflammatory microglia and the expression of the M1 proinflammatory microglia-derived cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α were increased in the alBNST of rats with chronic visceral pain. Furthermore, alBNST infusion of the microglial inhibitor minocycline or IL-6 and TNF-α neutralizing antibodies significantly increased the visceral pain threshold. The decreased frequency of spontaneous discharges of alBNST GABAergic neurons in rats with chronic visceral pain was mimicked by a bath perfusion of TNF-α, but not IL-6, and was abolished by a perfusion of the microglial inhibitor minocycline. In addition, the alBNST infusion of the microglial inhibitor minocycline upregulated the expression of GAD65/67. Moreover, ablation of BNST GABAergic neurons significantly decreased the visceral pain threshold in normal rats, which was not reversed by a subsequent infusion of the microglial inhibitor minocycline. Our findings revealed this microglia-GABAergic neuron circuit in the alBNST, and this microglia-driven disinhibitory mechanism is essential for brain and gut dysfunction in stressful condition, providing a novel potential target for treating patients with IBS presenting visceral pain that is worsened during episodes of stress. Changes of microglial plasticity modulated neuronal sensitivity in stressful condition. Inhibition of alBNST GABAergic inhibitory neurons resulted in visceral pain. BNST GABAergic inhibitory neurons are inhibited by microglia-derived TNF-α. BNST infusion of minocycline or TNF-α neutralizing antibodies alleviates pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning-Ning Ji
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qing-Xiang Meng
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zi-Ming Zhou
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu Song
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rong Hua
- Institute of Emergency Rescue Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong-Mei Zhang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Corresponding author. Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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Li N, Guo Y, Gong Y, Zhang Y, Fan W, Yao K, Chen Z, Dou B, Lin X, Chen B, Chen Z, Xu Z, Lyu Z. The Anti-Inflammatory Actions and Mechanisms of Acupuncture from Acupoint to Target Organs via Neuro-Immune Regulation. J Inflamm Res 2022; 14:7191-7224. [PMID: 34992414 PMCID: PMC8710088 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s341581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays a significant role in the occurrence and development of multiple diseases. This study comprehensively reviews and presents literature from the last five years, showing that acupuncture indeed exerts strong anti-inflammatory effects in multiple biological systems, namely, the immune, digestive, respiratory, nervous, locomotory, circulatory, endocrine, and genitourinary systems. It is well known that localized acupuncture-mediated anti-inflammatory effects involve the regulation of multiple populations and functions of immune cells, including macrophages, granulocytes, mast cells, and T cells. In acupuncture stimulation, macrophages transform from the M1 to the M2 phenotype and the negative TLR4 regulator PPARγ is activated to inhibit the intracellular TLR/MyD88 and NOD signaling pathways. The downstream IκBα/NF-κB and P38 MAPK pathways are subsequently inhibited by acupuncture, followed by suppressed production of inflammasome and proinflammatory mediators. Acupuncture also modulates the balance of helper T cell populations. Furthermore, it inhibits oxidative stress by enhancing SOD activity via the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and eliminates the generation of oxygen free radicals, thereby preventing inflammatory cell infiltration. The anti-inflammatory effects of acupuncture on different biological systems are also specific to individual organ microenvironments. As part of its anti-inflammatory action, acupuncture deforms connective tissue and upregulates the secretion of various molecules in acupoints, further activating the NF-κB, MAPK, and ERK pathways in mast cells, fibroblasts, keratinocytes, and monocytes/macrophages. The somatic afferents present in acupuncture-activated acupoints also convey sensory signals to the spinal cord, brainstem, and hypothalamic neurons. Upon information integration in the brain, acupuncture further stimulates multiple neuro-immune pathways, including the cholinergic anti-inflammatory, vagus-adrenal medulla-dopamine, and sympathetic pathways, as well as the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, ultimately acting immune cells via the release of crucial neurotransmitters and hormones. This review provides a scientific and reliable basis and viewpoints for the clinical application of acupuncture in various inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningcen Li
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China.,School of Acupuncture & Moxibustion and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Guo
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China.,School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinan Gong
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China.,School of Acupuncture & Moxibustion and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China.,School of Acupuncture & Moxibustion and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Fan
- Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka City, Japan
| | - Kaifang Yao
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China.,School of Acupuncture & Moxibustion and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihan Chen
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China.,School of Acupuncture & Moxibustion and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China
| | - Baomin Dou
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China.,School of Acupuncture & Moxibustion and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Lin
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China.,School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Chen
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China.,School of Acupuncture & Moxibustion and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China
| | - Zelin Chen
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China.,School of Acupuncture & Moxibustion and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhifang Xu
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China.,School of Acupuncture & Moxibustion and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongxi Lyu
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China.,School of Acupuncture & Moxibustion and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China
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Chen P, Chen F, Wu Y, Zhou B. New Insights Into the Role of Aberrant Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Epilepsy. Front Neurol 2022; 12:727065. [PMID: 34975709 PMCID: PMC8714646 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.727065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Data accumulated over the past four decades have confirmed that adult hippocampal neurogenesis (HN) plays a key role in the wide spectrum of hippocampal pathology. Epilepsy is a disorder of the central nervous system characterized by spontaneous recurrent seizures. Although neurogenesis in persistent germinative zones is altered in the adult rodent models of epilepsy, the effects of seizure-induced neurogenesis in the epileptic brain, in terms of either a pathological or reparative role, are only beginning to be explored. In this review, we described the most recent advances in neurogenesis in epilepsy and outlooked future directions for neural stem cells (NSCs) and epilepsy-in-a-dish models. We proposed that it may help in refining the underlying molecular mechanisms of epilepsy and improving the therapies and precision medicine for patients with epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Fuchao Chen
- Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Benhong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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40
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Rahimian R, Belliveau C, Chen R, Mechawar N. Microglial Inflammatory-Metabolic Pathways and Their Potential Therapeutic Implication in Major Depressive Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:871997. [PMID: 35782423 PMCID: PMC9245023 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.871997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports the notion that neuroinflammation plays a critical role in the etiology of major depressive disorder (MDD), at least in a subset of patients. By virtue of their capacity to transform into reactive states in response to inflammatory insults, microglia, the brain's resident immune cells, play a pivotal role in the induction of neuroinflammation. Experimental studies have demonstrated the ability of microglia to recognize pathogens or damaged cells, leading to the activation of a cytotoxic response that exacerbates damage to brain cells. However, microglia display a wide range of responses to injury and may also promote resolution stages of inflammation and tissue regeneration. MDD has been associated with chronic priming of microglia. Recent studies suggest that altered microglial morphology and function, caused either by intense inflammatory activation or by senescence, may contribute to depression and associated impairments in neuroplasticity. In this context, modifying microglia phenotype by tuning inflammatory pathways might have important translational relevance to harness neuroinflammation in MDD. Interestingly, it was recently shown that different microglial phenotypes are associated with distinct metabolic pathways and analysis of the underlying molecular mechanisms points to an instrumental role for energy metabolism in shaping microglial functions. Here, we review various canonical pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory and metabolic pathways in microglia that may provide new therapeutic opportunities to control neuroinflammation in brain disorders, with a strong focus on MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Rahimian
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Verdun, QC, Canada
| | - Claudia Belliveau
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Verdun, QC, Canada.,Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Rebecca Chen
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Verdun, QC, Canada.,Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Naguib Mechawar
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Verdun, QC, Canada.,Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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41
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Chen K, Stieger KC, Kozai TD. Challenges and opportunities of advanced gliomodulation technologies for excitation-inhibition balance of brain networks. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 72:112-120. [PMID: 34773740 PMCID: PMC8671375 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent neuroscience studies have highlighted the critical role of glial cells in information processing. This has increased the demand for technologies that selectively modulate glial cells that regulate the excitation-inhibition balance of neural network function. Engineered technologies that modulate glial activity may be necessary for precise tuning of neural network activity in higher-order brain function. This perspective summarizes how glial cells regulate excitation and inhibition of neural circuits, highlights available technologies for glial modulation, and discusses current challenges and potential opportunities for glial engineering technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keying Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kevin C Stieger
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Takashi Dy Kozai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; NeuroTech Center, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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42
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Faust TE, Gunner G, Schafer DP. Mechanisms governing activity-dependent synaptic pruning in the developing mammalian CNS. Nat Rev Neurosci 2021; 22:657-673. [PMID: 34545240 PMCID: PMC8541743 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-021-00507-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Almost 60 years have passed since the initial discovery by Hubel and Wiesel that changes in neuronal activity can elicit developmental rewiring of the central nervous system (CNS). Over this period, we have gained a more comprehensive picture of how both spontaneous neural activity and sensory experience-induced changes in neuronal activity guide CNS circuit development. Here we review activity-dependent synaptic pruning in the mammalian CNS, which we define as the removal of a subset of synapses, while others are maintained, in response to changes in neural activity in the developing nervous system. We discuss the mounting evidence that immune and cell-death molecules are important mechanistic links by which changes in neural activity guide the pruning of specific synapses, emphasizing the role of glial cells in this process. Finally, we discuss how these developmental pruning programmes may go awry in neurodevelopmental disorders of the human CNS, focusing on autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia. Together, our aim is to give an overview of how the field of activity-dependent pruning research has evolved, led to exciting new questions and guided the identification of new, therapeutically relevant mechanisms that result in aberrant circuit development in neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis E Faust
- Department of Neurobiology, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Georgia Gunner
- Department of Neurobiology, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Dorothy P Schafer
- Department of Neurobiology, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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43
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Korzhevskii DE, Tsyba DL, Kirik OV, Alekseeva OS. A Comparison of Microglia Detection in Mammals and Humans Using Purinergic Receptor P2Y12 Labeling. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s002209302105001x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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44
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Augusto-Oliveira M, Arrifano GP, Delage CI, Tremblay MÈ, Crespo-Lopez ME, Verkhratsky A. Plasticity of microglia. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 97:217-250. [PMID: 34549510 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microglial cells are the scions of foetal macrophages which invade the neural tube early during embryogenesis. The nervous tissue environment instigates the phenotypic metamorphosis of foetal macrophages into idiosyncratic surveilling microglia, which are generally characterised by a small cell body and highly ramified motile processes that constantly scan the nervous tissue for signs of changes in homeostasis and allow microglia to perform crucial homeostatic functions. The surveilling microglial phenotype is evolutionarily conserved from early invertebrates to humans. Despite this evolutionary conservation, microglia show substantial heterogeneity in their gene and protein expression, as well as morphological appearance. These differences are age, region and context specific and reflect a high degree of plasticity underlying the life-long adaptation of microglia, supporting the exceptional adaptive capacity of the central nervous system. Microgliocytes are essential elements of cellular network formation and refinement in the developing nervous tissue. Several distinct patrolling modes of microglial processes contribute to the formation, modification, and pruning of synapses; to the support and protection of neurones through microglial-somatic junctions; and to the control of neuronal and axonal excitability by specific microglia-axonal contacts. In pathology, microglia undergo proliferation and reactive remodelling known as microgliosis, which is context dependent, yet represents an evolutionarily conserved defence response. Microgliosis results in the emergence of multiple disease and context-specific reactive states; in addition, neuropathology is associated with the appearance of specific protective or recovery microglial forms. In summary, the plasticity of microglia supports the development and functional activity of healthy nervous tissue and provides highly sophisticated defences against disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Augusto-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, 66075-110, Belém, Brazil
| | - Gabriela P Arrifano
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, 66075-110, Belém, Brazil
| | - Charlotte Isabelle Delage
- Division of Medical Sciences, Medical Sciences Building, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Division of Medical Sciences, Medical Sciences Building, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada.,Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Québec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada.,Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Pavillon Ferdinand-Vandry, Bureau 4835, 1050 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Life Sciences Center, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Maria Elena Crespo-Lopez
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, 66075-110, Belém, Brazil
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, U.K.,Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, 48011, Bilbao, Spain.,Department of Stem Cell Biology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, LT-01102, Vilnius, Lithuania
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45
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Cornell J, Salinas S, Huang HY, Zhou M. Microglia regulation of synaptic plasticity and learning and memory. Neural Regen Res 2021; 17:705-716. [PMID: 34472455 PMCID: PMC8530121 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.322423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident macrophages of the central nervous system. Microglia possess varied morphologies and functions. Under normal physiological conditions, microglia mainly exist in a resting state and constantly monitor their microenvironment and survey neuronal and synaptic activity. Through the C1q, C3 and CR3 “Eat Me” and CD47 and SIRPα “Don’t Eat Me” complement pathways, as well as other pathways such as CX3CR1 signaling, resting microglia regulate synaptic pruning, a process crucial for the promotion of synapse formation and the regulation of neuronal activity and synaptic plasticity. By mediating synaptic pruning, resting microglia play an important role in the regulation of experience-dependent plasticity in the barrel cortex and visual cortex after whisker removal or monocular deprivation, and also in the regulation of learning and memory, including the modulation of memory strength, forgetfulness, and memory quality. As a response to brain injury, infection or neuroinflammation, microglia become activated and increase in number. Activated microglia change to an amoeboid shape, migrate to sites of inflammation and secrete proteins such as cytokines, chemokines and reactive oxygen species. These molecules released by microglia can lead to synaptic plasticity and learning and memory deficits associated with aging, Alzheimer’s disease, traumatic brain injury, HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder, and other neurological or mental disorders such as autism, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. With a focus mainly on recently published literature, here we reviewed the studies investigating the role of resting microglia in synaptic plasticity and learning and memory, as well as how activated microglia modulate disease-related plasticity and learning and memory deficits. By summarizing the function of microglia in these processes, we aim to provide an overview of microglia regulation of synaptic plasticity and learning and memory, and to discuss the possibility of microglia manipulation as a therapeutic to ameliorate cognitive deficits associated with aging, Alzheimer’s disease, traumatic brain injury, HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder, and mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Cornell
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Shelbi Salinas
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Hou-Yuan Huang
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Miou Zhou
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
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Shi X, Bai H, Wang J, Wang J, Huang L, He M, Zheng X, Duan Z, Chen D, Zhang J, Chen X, Wang J. Behavioral Assessment of Sensory, Motor, Emotion, and Cognition in Rodent Models of Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Front Neurol 2021; 12:667511. [PMID: 34220676 PMCID: PMC8248664 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.667511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the second most common type of stroke and has one of the highest fatality rates of any disease. There are many clinical signs and symptoms after ICH due to brain cell injury and network disruption resulted from the rupture of a tiny artery and activation of inflammatory cells, such as motor dysfunction, sensory impairment, cognitive impairment, and emotional disturbance, etc. Thus, researchers have established many tests to evaluate behavioral changes in rodent ICH models, in order to achieve a better understanding and thus improvements in the prognosis for the clinical treatment of stroke. This review summarizes existing protocols that have been applied to assess neurologic function outcomes in the rodent ICH models such as pain, motor, cognition, and emotion tests. Pain tests include mechanical, hot, and cold pain tests; motor tests include the following 12 types: neurologic deficit scale test, staircase test, rotarod test, cylinder test, grid walk test, forelimb placing test, wire hanging test, modified neurologic severity score, beam walking test, horizontal ladder test, and adhesive removal test; learning and memory tests include Morris water maze, Y-maze, and novel object recognition test; emotion tests include elevated plus maze, sucrose preference test, tail suspension test, open field test, and forced swim test. This review discusses these assessments by examining their rationale, setup, duration, baseline, procedures as well as comparing their pros and cons, thus guiding researchers to select the most appropriate behavioral tests for preclinical ICH research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Shi
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huiying Bai
- Zhengzhou University Hospital Outpatient Surgery Center, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junmin Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiarui Wang
- Keieger School of Arts and Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Leo Huang
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Meimei He
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xuejun Zheng
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zitian Duan
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Danyang Chen
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiaxin Zhang
- Saint John Paul the Great Catholic High School, Dumfries, VA, United States
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Ohgomori T, Iinuma K, Yamada J, Jinno S. A unique subtype of ramified microglia associated with synapses in the rat hippocampus. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:4740-4754. [PMID: 34110047 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To date, a number of studies have reported the heterogeneity of activated microglia. However, there is increasing evidence suggests that ramified, so-called resting, microglia may also be heterogeneous, and they may play diverse roles in normal brain homeostasis. Here, we found that both 5D4 keratan sulfate epitope-positive (5D4+ ) and 5D4-negative (5D4- ) microglia coexisted in the hippocampus of normal rats, while all microglia were negative for the 5D4 epitope in the hippocampus of normal mice. We thus aimed to determine the potential heterogeneity of microglia related to the 5D4 epitope in the normal rat hippocampus. The optical disector analysis showed that the densities of 5D4+ microglia were higher in the stratum oriens of the CA3 region than in other layers and regions. Although both 5D4+ and 5D4- microglia exhibited a ramified morphology, the three-dimensional reconstruction analysis showed that the node numbers, end numbers, and complexity of processes were higher in 5D4+ than in 5D4- microglia. The linear discriminant analysis showed that 5D4+ and 5D4- microglia can be classified into distinct morphometric subtypes. The ratios of contact between synaptic boutons and microglial processes were higher in 5D4+ than in 5D4- microglia. The gene expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β and purinergic receptor P2Y12 (P2Y12 R) were higher in 5D4+ than in 5D4- microglia. Together, these results indicate that at least two different subtypes of ramified microglia coexist in the normal rat hippocampus and also suggest that 5D4+ microglia may represent a unique subtype associated with synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Ohgomori
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Rehabilitation, Osaka Kawasaki Rehabilitation University, Kaizuka, Japan
| | - Kyoko Iinuma
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Jun Yamada
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shozo Jinno
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Casali BT, Reed-Geaghan EG. Microglial Function and Regulation during Development, Homeostasis and Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040957. [PMID: 33924200 PMCID: PMC8074610 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells of the brain, deriving from yolk sac progenitors that populate the brain parenchyma during development. During development and homeostasis, microglia play critical roles in synaptogenesis and synaptic plasticity, in addition to their primary role as immune sentinels. In aging and neurodegenerative diseases generally, and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) specifically, microglial function is altered in ways that significantly diverge from their homeostatic state, inducing a more detrimental inflammatory environment. In this review, we discuss the receptors, signaling, regulation and gene expression patterns of microglia that mediate their phenotype and function contributing to the inflammatory milieu of the AD brain, as well as strategies that target microglia to ameliorate the onset, progression and symptoms of AD.
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Wang Y, Fu AKY, Ip NY. Instructive roles of astrocytes in hippocampal synaptic plasticity: neuronal activity-dependent regulatory mechanisms. FEBS J 2021; 289:2202-2218. [PMID: 33864430 PMCID: PMC9290076 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the adult hippocampus, synaptic plasticity is important for information processing, learning, and memory encoding. Astrocytes, the most common glial cells, play a pivotal role in the regulation of hippocampal synaptic plasticity. While astrocytes were initially described as a homogenous cell population, emerging evidence indicates that in the adult hippocampus, astrocytes are highly heterogeneous and can differentially respond to changes in neuronal activity in a subregion‐dependent manner to actively modulate synaptic plasticity. In this review, we summarize how local neuronal activity changes regulate the interactions between astrocytes and synapses, either by modulating the secretion of gliotransmitters and synaptogenic proteins or via contact‐mediated signaling pathways. In turn, these specific responses induced in astrocytes mediate the interactions between astrocytes and neurons, thus shaping synaptic communication in the adult hippocampus. Importantly, the activation of astrocytic signaling is required for memory performance including memory acquisition and recall. Meanwhile, the dysregulation of this signaling can cause hippocampal circuit dysfunction in pathological conditions, resulting in cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration. Indeed, reactive astrocytes, which have dysregulated signaling associated with memory, are induced in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and transgenic mouse model of AD. Emerging technologies that can precisely manipulate and monitor astrocytic signaling in vivo enable the examination of the specific actions of astrocytes in response to neuronal activity changes as well as how they modulate synaptic connections and circuit activity. Such findings will clarify the roles of astrocytes in hippocampal synaptic plasticity and memory in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Wang
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, China.,Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, China.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, China.,Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, China
| | - Amy K Y Fu
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, China.,Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, China.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, China.,Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Disease and Drug Development, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen, China
| | - Nancy Y Ip
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, China.,Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, China.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, China.,Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Disease and Drug Development, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen, China
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Lapointe T, Wolter M, Leri F. Analysis of memory modulation by conditioned stimuli. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 28:87-94. [PMID: 33593927 PMCID: PMC7888238 DOI: 10.1101/lm.052407.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Conditioned stimuli (CS) have multiple psychological functions that can potentially contribute to their effect on memory formation. It is generally believed that CS-induced memory modulation is primarily due to conditioned emotional responses, however, well-learned CSs not only generate the appropriate behavioral and physiological reactions required to best respond to an upcoming unconditioned stimulus (US), but they also serve as signals that the US is about to occur. Therefore, it is possible that CSs can impact memory consolidation even when their ability to elicit conditioned emotional arousal is significantly reduced. To test this, male Sprague–Dawley rats trained on a signaled active avoidance task were divided into “Avoider” and “Non-Avoider” subgroups on the basis of percentage avoidance after 6 d of training. Subgroup differences in responding to the CS complex were maintained during a test carried out in the absence of the US. Moreover, the subgroups displayed significant differences in stress-induced analgesia (hot-plate test) immediately after this test, suggesting significant subgroup differences in conditioned emotionality. Importantly, using the spontaneous object recognition task, it was found that immediate post-sample exposure to the avoidance CS complex had a similar enhancing effect on object memory in the two subgroups. Therefore, to our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that a significant conditioned emotional response is not necessary for the action of a predictive CS on modulation of memory consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lapointe
- Department of Psychology, Collaborative Program in Neuroscience, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Michael Wolter
- Department of Psychology, Collaborative Program in Neuroscience, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Francesco Leri
- Department of Psychology, Collaborative Program in Neuroscience, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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