The roles of metallothioneins in carcinogenesis

Unraveling pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma immune prognostic signature through a naive B cell gene set

BACKGROUND

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), a leading cause of cancer mortality, has a complex pathogenesis involving various immune cells, including B cells and their subpopulations. Despite emerging research on the role of these cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME), the detailed molecular interactions with tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs) are not fully understood.

METHODS

We applied CIBERSORT to quantify TIICs and naive B cells, which are prognostic for PDAC. Marker genes from scRNA-seq and modular genes from weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) were integrated to identify naive B cell-related genes. A prognostic signature was constructed utilizing ten machine-learning algorithms, with validation in external cohorts. We further assessed the immune cell diversity, ESTIMATE scores, and immune checkpoint genes (ICGs) between patient groups stratified by risk to clarify the immune landscape in PDAC.

RESULTS

Our analysis identified 994 naive B cell-related genes across single-cell and bulk transcriptomes, with 247 linked to overall survival. We developed a 12-gene prognostic signature using Lasso and plsRcox algorithms, which was confirmed by 10-fold cross-validation and showed robust predictive power in training and real-world cohorts. Notably, we observed substantial differences in immune infiltration between patients with high and low risk.

CONCLUSION

Our study presents a robust prognostic signature that effectively maps the complex immune interactions in PDAC, emphasizing the critical function of naive B cells and suggesting new avenues for immunotherapeutic interventions. This signature has potential clinical applications in personalizing PDAC treatment, enhancing the understanding of immune dynamics, and guiding immunotherapy strategies.

Human apo-metallothionein 1a is not a random coil: Evidence from guanidinium chloride, high temperature, and acidic pH unfolding studies

The structures of apo-metallothioneins (apo-MTs) have been relatively elusive due to their fluxional, disordered state which has been difficult to characterize. However, intrinsically disordered protein (IDP) structures are rather diverse, which raises questions about where the structure of apo-MTs fit into the protein structural spectrum. In this paper, the unfolding transitions of apo-MT1a are discussed with respect to the effect of the chemical denaturant GdmCl, temperature conditions, and pH environment. Cysteine modification in combination with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry was used to probe the unfolding transition of apo-MT1a in terms of cysteine exposure. Circular dichroism spectroscopy was also used to monitor the change in secondary structure as a function of GdmCl concentration. For both of these techniques, cooperative unfolding was observed, suggesting that apo-MT1a is not a random coil. More GdmCl was required to unfold the protein backbone than to expose the cysteines, indicating that cysteine exposure is likely an early step in the unfolding of apo-MT1a. MD simulations complement the experimental results, suggesting that apo-MT1a adopts a more compact structure than expected for a random coil. Overall, these results provide further insight into the intrinsically disordered structure of apo-MT.

MTF1 genetic variants are associated with lung cancer risk in the Chinese Han population

BACKGROUND

Metal-regulatory transcription factor 1 (MTF1), a conserved metal-binding transcription factor in eukaryotes, regulates the proliferation of cancer cells by activating downstream target genes and then participates in the formation and progression of tumors, including lung cancer (LC). The expression level of MTF1 is down-regulated in LC, and high expression of MTF1 is associated with a good prognosis of LC. However, the association between MTF1 polymorphism and LC risk has not been explored.

METHODS

The genotyping of MTF1 Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) including rs473279, rs28411034, rs28411352, and rs3748682 was identified by the Agena MassARRAY system among 670 healthy controls and 670 patients with LC. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated by logistics regression to assess the association of these SNPs with LC risk.

RESULTS

MTF1 rs28411034 (OR 1.22, 95% CI 1.03-1.45, p = 0.024) and rs3748682 (OR 1.24, 95% CI 1.04-1.47, p = 0.014) were associated with higher LC susceptibility overall. Moreover, the effect of rs28411034 and rs3748682 on LC susceptibility was observed in males, subjects with body mass index (BMI) ≥ 24 kg/m2, smokers, drinkers, and patients with lung squamous carcinoma (OR and 95% CI > 1, p < 0.05). Besides, rs28411352 (OR 0.73, 95% CI 0.55-0.97, p = 0.028,) showed protective effect for reduced LC risk in drinkers.

CONCLUSIONS

We were first who reported that rs28411034 and rs3748682 tended to be relevant to increased LC susceptibility among the Chinese Han population. These results of this study could help to recognize the pathogenic mechanisms of the MTF1 gene in LC progress.

Deciphering the heterogeneity of differentiating hPSC-derived corneal limbal stem cells through single-cell RNA sequencing

A comprehensive understanding of the human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) differentiation process stands as a prerequisite for the development of hPSC-based therapeutics. In this study, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was performed to decipher the heterogeneity during differentiation of three hPSC lines toward corneal limbal stem cells (LSCs). The scRNA-seq data revealed nine clusters encompassing the entire differentiation process, among which five followed the anticipated differentiation path of LSCs. The remaining four clusters were previously undescribed cell states that were annotated as either mesodermal-like or undifferentiated subpopulations, and their prevalence was hPSC line dependent. Distinct cluster-specific marker genes identified in this study were confirmed by immunofluorescence analysis and employed to purify hPSC-derived LSCs, which effectively minimized the variation in the line-dependent differentiation efficiency. In summary, scRNA-seq offered molecular insights into the heterogeneity of hPSC-LSC differentiation, allowing a data-driven strategy for consistent and robust generation of LSCs, essential for future advancement toward clinical translation.

MT1G induces lipid droplet accumulation through modulation of H3K14 trimethylation accelerating clear cell renal cell carcinoma progression

BACKGROUND

Lipid droplet formation is a prominent histological feature in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), but the significance and mechanisms underlying lipid droplet accumulation remain unclear.

METHODS

Expression and clinical significance of MT1G in ccRCC were analyzed by using TCGA data, GEO data and scRNASeq data. MT1G overexpression or knockdown ccRCC cell lines were constructed and in situ ccRCC model, lung metastasis assay, metabolomics and lipid droplets staining were performed to explore the role of MT1G on lipid droplet accumulation in ccRCC.

RESULTS

Initially, we observed low MT1G expression in ccRCC tissues, whereas high MT1G expression correlated with advanced disease stage and poorer prognosis. Elevated MT1G expression promoted ccRCC growth and metastasis both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, MT1G significantly suppressed acylcarnitine levels and downstream tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle activity, resulting in increased fatty acid and lipid accumulation without affecting cholesterol metabolism. Notably, MT1G inhibited H3K14 trimethylation (H3K14me3) modification. Under these conditions, MT1G-mediated H3K14me3 was recruited to the CPT1B promoter through direct interaction with specific promoter regions, leading to reduced CPT1B transcription and translation.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study unveils a novel mechanism of lipid droplet accumulation in ccRCC, where MT1G inhibits CPT1B expression through modulation of H3K14 trimethylation, consequently enhancing lipid droplet accumulation and promoting ccRCC progression. Graphical abstract figure Schematic diagram illustrating MT1G/H3K14me3/CPT1B-mediated lipid droplet accumulation promoted ccRCC progression via FAO inhibition.

Metal ion-complexed DNA probe coupled with CRISPR/Cas12a amplification and AuNPs for sensitive colorimetric assay of metallothionein in fish

The accurate and sensitive detection of metallothionein (MT) is of great significance in the fields of biomedical, toxicological and environmental sciences. In this work, based on the high affinity interaction between MT and the heavy metal ions of Hg2+ and the significant signal amplification capability of Cas12a/crRNA enzyme as well, we report a simple and highly sensitive method for visual detection of MT, a biomarker in fish for heavy metal ion-induced water bio-pollution. The target MT molecules bind Hg2+ in the Hg2+- complexed hairpin DNA probes to unfold the hairpin structure into ssDNAs, which hybridize with the partial dsDNA duplexes via strand displacement to yield specific sequence-containing dsDNAs. Cas12a/crRNA recognizes these specific sequences to activate its enzyme activity to cyclically cleave the ssDNA linkers in the blue colored gold nanoparticle aggregates to transit their color into red to realize visual detection of MT. Owing to the signal amplification by Cas12a/crRNA, as low as 25 nM of MT can be visually detected with naked eye. In addition, our colorimetric detection method has high selectivity for MT against other interference proteins and can detect MT in the livers and kidneys of crucian carps bought from a local supermarket. Moreover, the developed assay overcomes the limitations of conventional MT detection methods in terms of complexity, high cost and low sensitivity and can therefore offer new methods for monitoring water bio-pollutions.

Enzalutamide Sensitizes Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer to Copper-Mediated Cell Death

Despite the initial efficacy of enzalutamide in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), inevitable resistance remains a significant challenge. Here, the synergistic induction of copper-dependent cell death (cuproptosis) in CRPC cells is reported by enzalutamide and copper ionophores (elesclomol/disulfiram). Mechanistically, enzalutamide treatment increases mitochondrial dependence in CRPC cells, rendering them susceptible to cuproptosis, as evidenced by specific reversal with the copper chelator tetrathiomolybdate. This susceptibility is characterized by hallmarks of cuproptosis, including lipoylated protein aggregation and iron-sulfur cluster protein instability. Interestingly, the mitochondrial matrix reductase, FDX1, specifically correlates with elesclomol sensitivity, suggesting a potential mechanistic divergence between the two copper ionophores. Notably, this synergistic effect extends beyond in vitro models, demonstrating efficacy in 22Rv1 xenografts, mouse Pten p53 knockout organoids. Importantly, enzalutamide significantly enhances copper ionophore-mediated cytotoxicity in enzalutamide-resistant cells. Collectively, these findings indicate that enzalutamide and copper ionophores synergistically induce cuproptosis, offering a promising therapeutic avenue for CRPC, potentially including enzalutamide-resistant cases.

Deciphering the role of zinc homeostasis in the tumor microenvironment and prognosis of prostate cancer

BACKGROUND

Dysregulation of zinc homeostasis is widely recognized as a hallmark feature of prostate cancer (PCa) based on the compelling clinical and experimental evidence. Nevertheless, the implications of zinc dyshomeostasis in PCa remains largely unexplored.

METHODS

In this research, the zinc homeostasis pattern subtype (ZHPS) was constructed according to the profile of zinc homeostasis genes. The identified subtypes were assessed for their immune functions, mutational landscapes, biological peculiarities and drug susceptibility. Subsequently, we developed the optimal signature, known as the zinc homeostasis-related risk score (ZHRRS), using the approach won out in multifariously machine learning algorithms. Eventually, clinical specimens, Bayesian network inference and single-cell sequencing were used to excavate the underlying mechanisms of MT1A in PCa.

RESULTS

The zinc dyshomeostasis subgroup, ZHPS2, possessed a markedly worse prognosis than ZHPS1. Moreover, ZHPS2 demonstrated a more conspicuous genomic instability and better therapeutic responses to docetaxel and olaparib than ZHPS1. Compared with traditional clinicopathological characteristics and 35 published signatures, ZHRRS displayed a significantly improved accuracy in prognosis prediction. The diagnostic value of MT1A in PCa was substantiated through analysis of clinical samples. Additionally, we inferred and established the regulatory network of MT1A to elucidate its biological mechanisms.

CONCLUSIONS

The ZHPS classifier and ZHRRS model hold great potential as clinical applications for improving outcomes of PCa patients.

Multi-omics reveals new links between Fructosamine-3-Kinase (FN3K) and core metabolic pathways

Fructosamine-3-kinases (FN3Ks) are a conserved family of repair enzymes that phosphorylate reactive sugars attached to lysine residues in peptides and proteins. Although FN3Ks are present across the Tree of Life and share detectable sequence similarity to eukaryotic protein kinases, the biological processes regulated by these kinases are largely unknown. To address this knowledge gap, we leveraged the FN3K CRISPR Knock-Out (KO) HepG2 cell line alongside an integrative multi-omics study combining transcriptomics, metabolomics, and interactomics to place these enzymes in a pathway context. The integrative analyses revealed the enrichment of pathways related to oxidative stress response, lipid biosynthesis (cholesterol and fatty acids), and carbon and co-factor metabolism. Moreover, enrichment of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) binding proteins and localization of human FN3K (HsFN3K) to mitochondria suggests potential links between FN3K and NAD-mediated energy metabolism and redox balance. We report specific binding of HsFN3K to NAD compounds in a metal and concentration-dependent manner and provide insight into their binding mode using modeling and experimental site-directed mutagenesis. Our studies provide a framework for targeting these understudied kinases in diabetic complications and metabolic disorders where redox balance and NAD-dependent metabolic processes are altered.

Gene expression profiles and protein-protein interaction networks in THP-1 cells exposed to metal-based nanomaterials

We analyzed gene expression in THP-1 cells exposed to metal-based nanomaterials (NMs) [TiO2 (NM-100), ZnO (NM-110), SiO2 (NM-200), Ag (NM-300 K)]. A functional enrichment analysis of the significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified the key modulated biological processes and pathways. DEGs were used to construct protein-protein interaction networks. NM-110 and NM-300 K induced changes in the expression of genes involved in oxidative and genotoxic stress, immune response, alterations of cell cycle, detoxification of metal ions and regulation of redox-sensitive pathways. Both NMs shared a number of highly connected protein nodes (hubs) including CXCL8, ATF3, HMOX1, and IL1B. NM-200 induced limited transcriptional changes, mostly related to the immune response; however, several hubs (CXCL8, ATF3) were identical with NM-110 and NM-300 K. No effects of NM-100 were observed. Overall, soluble nanomaterials NM-110 and NM-300 K exerted a wide variety of toxic effects, while insoluble NM-200 induced immunotoxicity; NM-100 caused no detectable changes on the gene expression level.

Bioinformatics analysis and validation of mesenchymal stem cells related gene MT1G in osteosarcoma

BACKGROUND

Osteosarcoma (OS) is a primary malignant bone tumor arising from mesenchymal cells. The standard clinical treatment for OS involves extensive tumor resection combined with neoadjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy. OS's invasiveness, lung metastasis, and drug resistance contribute to a low cure rate and poor prognosis with this treatment. Metallothionein 1G (MT1G), observed in various cancers, may serve as a potential therapeutic target for OS.

METHODS

OS samples in GSE33382 and TARGET datasets were selected as the test cohorts. As the external validation cohort, 13 OS tissues and 13 adjacent cancerous tissues from The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University were collected. Patients with OS were divided into high and low MT1G mRNA-expression groups; differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified as MT1G-related genes. The biological function of MT1G was annotated using Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), Gene Ontology (GO) and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). Gene expression correlation analysis and competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory network construction were used to determine potential biological regulatory relationships of DEGs. Survival analysis assessed the prognostic value of MT1G.

RESULTS

MT1G expression increased in OS samples and presented higher in metastatic OS compared with non-metastatic OS. Functional analyses indicated that MT1G was mainly associated with spliceosome. A ceRNA network with DEGs was constructed. MT1G is an effective biomarker predicting survival and correlated with increased recurrence rates and poorer survival.

CONCLUSIONS

This research identified MT1G as a potential biomarker for OS prognosis, highlighting its potential as a therapy target.

Metallothionein 3 Potentiates Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation by Promoting Zinc-MTF1-ATG5 Axis-mediated Autophagosome Formation

Abnormal proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) is one of the critical pathological mechanisms of pulmonary hypertension (PH), and therefore is gradually being adopted as an important direction for the treatment of PH. Metallothioneins (MTs) have been reported to be associated with PH, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, we demonstrated that the expression level of metallothionein 3 (MT3) was significantly increased in pulmonary arterioles from PH patients and chronic hypoxia-induced rat and mouse PH models, as well as in hypoxia-treated human PASMCs. Knockdown of MT3 significantly inhibited the proliferation of human PASMCs by arresting the cell cycle in the G1 phase, while overexpression of MT3 had the opposite effect. Mechanistically, we found that MT3 increased the intracellular zinc (Zn2+) concentration to enhance the transcriptional activity of metal-regulated transcription factor 1 (MTF1), which promoted the expression of autophagy-related gene 5 (ATG5), facilitating autophagosome formation. More importantly, MT3-induced autophagy and proliferation of human PASMCs were largely prevented by knockdown of MTF1 and ATG5. Therefore, in this study, we identified MT3-Zinc-MTF1-ATG5 as a novel pathway that affects PASMC proliferation by regulating autophagosome formation, suggesting that MT3 may be a novel target for the treatment of PH.

Cuproptosis: unveiling a new frontier in cancer biology and therapeutics

Copper plays vital roles in numerous cellular processes and its imbalance can lead to oxidative stress and dysfunction. Recent research has unveiled a unique form of copper-induced cell death, termed cuproptosis, which differs from known cell death mechanisms. This process involves the interaction of copper with lipoylated tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes, causing protein aggregation and cell death. Recently, a growing number of studies have explored the link between cuproptosis and cancer development. This review comprehensively examines the systemic and cellular metabolism of copper, including tumor-related signaling pathways influenced by copper. It delves into the discovery and mechanisms of cuproptosis and its connection to various cancers. Additionally, the review suggests potential cancer treatments using copper ionophores that induce cuproptosis, in combination with small molecule drugs, for precision therapy in specific cancer types.

Tracing toxic path of antimony: From bioaccumulation to DNA hypomethylation in zebrafish (Danio rerio)

The increasing concentration of Antimony (Sb) in ecological environments has raised serious concerns about its potential biotoxicological impact. This study investigated the toxicokinetics, Global DNA Methylation (GDM), biomarker expression, and Integrated Biological Response (IBR) of Sb at different concentrations in zebrafish. The toxic mechanism of Sb exposure was simulated using molecular dynamics (MD). The results showed that significant differences effect existed (BCFk: liver > ovary > gut > brain) and uptake saturation phenomenon of Sb among zebrafish tissues. Over a 54-day exposure period, the liver emerged as the main target site for Sb-induced GDM, and the restoration was slower than in other tissues during the 54-day recovery period. Moreover, the concentration of Sb had a significant impact on the normally expression of biomarkers, with GSTM1 inhibited and MTF2, MT1, TET3, and p53 showing varying degrees of activation at different Sb concentrations. This could be attributed to Sb3+ potentially occupying the active site or tightly binding to the deep cavity of these genes. The IBR and MD results highlighted DNMT1 as the most sensitive biomarker among those assessed. This heightened sensitivity can be attributed to the stable binding of Sb3+ to DNMT1, resulting in alterations in the conformation of DNMT1's catalytic domain and inhibition of its activity. Consequently, this disruption leads to damage to the integrity of GDM. The study suggests that DNA methylation could serve as a valuable biomarker for assessing the ecotoxicological impact of Sb exposure. It contributes to a better understanding of the toxicity mechanisms in aquatic environments caused potential pollutants.

A2AR-mediated CXCL5 upregulation on macrophages promotes NSCLC progression via NETosis

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are abundant in tumors and interact with tumor cells, leading to the formation of an immunosuppressive microenvironment and tumor progression. Although many studies have explored the mechanisms underlying TAM polarization and its immunosuppressive functions, understanding of its progression remains limited. TAMs promote tumor progression by secreting cytokines, which subsequently recruit immunosuppressive cells to suppress the antitumor immunity. In this study, we established an in vitro model of macrophage and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell co-culture to explore the mechanisms of cell-cell crosstalk. We observed that in NSCLC, the C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 5 (CXCL5) was upregulated in macrophages because of the stimulation of A2AR by adenosine. Adenosine was catalyzed by CD39 and CD73 in macrophages and tumor cells, respectively. Nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) mediated the A2AR stimulation of CXCL5 upregulation in macrophages. Additionally, CXCL5 stimulated NETosis in neutrophils. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)-treated CD8+ T cells exhibited upregulation of exhaustion-related and cytosolic DNA sensing pathways and downregulation of effector-related genes. However, A2AR inhibition significantly downregulated CXCL5 expression and reduced neutrophil infiltration, consequently alleviating CD8+ T cell dysfunction. Our findings suggest a complex interaction between tumor and immune cells and its potential as therapeutic target.

A comparative analysis of transcriptomics of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: exploring drug repurposing

Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable malignant plasma cell disorder characterized by the infiltration of clonal plasma cells in the bone marrow compartment. Gene Expression Profiling (GEP) has emerged as a powerful investigation tool in modern myeloma research enabling the dissection of the molecular background of MM and allowing the identification of gene products that could potentially serve as targets for therapeutic intervention. In this study we investigated shared transcriptomic abnormalities across newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM) patient cohorts. In total, publicly available transcriptomic data of 7 studies from CD138+ cells from 281 NDMM patients and 44 healthy individuals were integrated and analyzed. Overall, we identified 28 genes that were consistently differentially expressed (DE) between NDMM patients and healthy donors (HD) across various studies. Of those, 9 genes were over/under-expressed in more than 75% of NDMM patients. In addition, we identified 4 genes (MT1F, PURPL, LINC01239 and LINC01480) that were not previously considered to participate in MM pathogenesis. Meanwhile, by mining three drug databases (ChEMBL, IUPHAR/BPS and DrugBank) we identified 31 FDA-approved and 144 experimental drugs that target 8 of these 28 over/under-expressed MM genes. Taken together, our study offers new insights in MM pathogenesis and importantly, it reveals potential new treatment options that need to be further investigated in future studies.

Artesunate induces ferroptosis by regulating MT1G and has an additive effect with doxorubicin in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cells

Diffuse Large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a highly aggressive disease with heterogeneous outcomes and marked variability in the response to chemotherapy. DLBCL comprises two major subtypes: germinal centre B-cell-like (GCB) and activated B-cell-like (ABC). Our study highlights the extensive antitumour activity of artesunate (ART) against both major DLBCL subtypes. Transcriptome analysis suggests the potential involvement of ferroptosis in artesunate-induced cell death. Because of low glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) levels, along with the accumulation of free iron (Fe2+), artesunate induces the excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), ultimately leading to ferroptosis, a form of cell death driven by phospholipid peroxidation. A putative target of artesunate, metallothionein 1G (MT1G), was selected for further analysis. Subsequent studies revealed that inhibiting MT1G expression in vitro significantly impedes the ferroptosis-promoting activity of artesunate by reducing lipid peroxidation and iron accumulation. We also showed that the combination of artesunate and doxorubicin had a marked additive inhibitory effect on GCB and ABC DLBCL cells. In conclusion, artesunate induces ferroptotic death in GCB and ABC DLBCL cells by attenuating the GPX4/GSH antioxidant defence system and increasing intracellular iron levels, indicating its therapeutic potential for relapsed or refractory DLBCL.

Near-infrared light responsive gold nanoparticles coating endows polyetheretherketone with enhanced osseointegration and antibacterial properties

Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is considered as a promising dental implant material owing to its excellent physicochemical and mechanical properties. However, its wide range of applications is limited by its biologically inert nature. In this study, a near-infrared (NIR) light responsive bioactive coating with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and metronidazole adhered to the PEEK surface via dopamine polymerization. Compared to pure PEEK, the hydrophilicity of the treated PEEK surface was significantly improved. In addition, under NIR light, the surface coating exhibited photothermal conversion effect, and gold nanoparticles and the antibiotic can be released from the coating. This improved the antibacterial properties of PEEK materials. Moreover, the coating was more conducive to the early adhesion of bone mesenchymal stem cells. The results of in vitro and in vivo osteogenic activity studies showed that the developed coating promoted osseointegration of PEEK implants, and NIR light irradiation further improved the antibacterial ability and osteogenic activity of PEEK implants. Through RNA sequencing, the potential underlying mechanism of promoting bone formation of the AuNPs coating combined metronidazole was interpreted. In summary, the developed coating is a potential surface treatment strategy that endows PEEK with enhanced osseointegration and antibacterial properties.

Tumor-associated macrophage subtypes on cancer immunity along with prognostic analysis and SPP1-mediated interactions between tumor cells and macrophages

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) subtypes have been shown to impact cancer prognosis and resistance to immunotherapy. However, there is still a lack of systematic investigation into their molecular characteristics and clinical relevance in different cancer types. Single-cell RNA sequencing data from three different tumor types were used to cluster and type macrophages. Functional analysis and communication of TAM subpopulations were performed by Gene Ontology-Biological Process and CellChat respectively. Differential expression of characteristic genes in subpopulations was calculated using zscore as well as edgeR and Wilcoxon rank sum tests, and subsequently gene enrichment analysis of characteristic genes and anti-PD-1 resistance was performed by the REACTOME database. We revealed the heterogeneity of TAM, and identified eleven subtypes and their impact on prognosis. These subtypes expressed different molecular functions respectively, such as being involved in T cell activation, apoptosis and differentiation, or regulating viral bioprocesses or responses to viruses. The SPP1 pathway was identified as a critical mediator of communication between TAM subpopulations, as well as between TAM and epithelial cells. Macrophages with high expression of SPP1 resulted in poorer survival. By in vitro study, we showed SPP1 mediated the interactions between TAM clusters and between TAM and tumor cells. SPP1 promoted the tumor-promoting ability of TAM, and increased PDL1 expression and stemness of tumor cells. Inhibition of SPP1 attenuated N-cadherin and β-catenin expression and the activation of AKT and STAT3 pathway in tumor cells. Additionally, we found that several subpopulations could decrease the sensitivity of anti-PD-1 therapy in melanoma. SPP1 signal was a critical pathway of communication between macrophage subtypes. Some specific macrophage subtypes were associated with immunotherapy resistance and prognosis in some cancer types.

Role of Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria in Plant Machinery for Soil Heavy Metal Detoxification

Heavy metals migrate easily and are difficult to degrade in the soil environment, which causes serious harm to the ecological environment and human health. Thus, soil heavy metal pollution has become one of the main environmental issues of global concern. Plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) is a kind of microorganism that grows around the rhizosphere and can promote plant growth and increase crop yield. PGPR can change the bioavailability of heavy metals in the rhizosphere microenvironment, increase heavy metal uptake by phytoremediation plants, and enhance the phytoremediation efficiency of heavy-metal-contaminated soils. In recent years, the number of studies on the phytoremediation efficiency of heavy-metal-contaminated soil enhanced by PGPR has increased rapidly. This paper systematically reviews the mechanisms of PGPR that promote plant growth (including nitrogen fixation, phosphorus solubilization, potassium solubilization, iron solubilization, and plant hormone secretion) and the mechanisms of PGPR that enhance plant-heavy metal interactions (including chelation, the induction of systemic resistance, and the improvement of bioavailability). Future research on PGPR should address the challenges in heavy metal removal by PGPR-assisted phytoremediation.

Tumor and immune cell types interact to produce heterogeneous phenotypes of pediatric high-grade glioma

BACKGROUND

Pediatric high-grade gliomas (PHGG) are aggressive brain tumors with 5-year survival rates ranging from <2% to 20% depending upon subtype. PHGG presents differently from patient to patient and is intratumorally heterogeneous, posing challenges in designing therapies. We hypothesized that heterogeneity occurs because PHGG comprises multiple distinct tumor and immune cell types in varying proportions, each of which may influence tumor characteristics.

METHODS

We obtained 19 PHGG samples from our institution's pediatric brain tumor bank. We constructed a comprehensive transcriptomic dataset at the single-cell level using single-cell RNA-Seq (scRNA-Seq), identified known glial and immune cell types, and performed differential gene expression and gene set enrichment analysis. We conducted multi-channel immunofluorescence (IF) staining to confirm the transcriptomic results.

RESULTS

Our PHGG samples included 3 principal predicted tumor cell types: astrocytes, oligodendrocyte progenitors (OPCs), and mesenchymal-like cells (Mes). These cell types differed in their gene expression profiles, pathway enrichment, and mesenchymal character. We identified a macrophage population enriched in mesenchymal and inflammatory gene expression as a possible source of mesenchymal tumor characteristics. We found evidence of T-cell exhaustion and suppression.

CONCLUSIONS

PHGG comprises multiple distinct proliferating tumor cell types. Microglia-derived macrophages may drive mesenchymal gene expression in PHGG. The predicted Mes tumor cell population likely derives from OPCs. The variable tumor cell populations rely on different oncogenic pathways and are thus likely to vary in their responses to therapy.

Single-cell RNA combined with bulk RNA analysis to explore oxidative stress and energy metabolism factors and found a new prostate cancer oncogene MXRA8

BACKGROUND

Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy among men worldwide, and its diagnosis and treatment are challenging due to its heterogeneity.

METHODS

Integrating single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and bulk RNA-seq data, we identified two molecular subtypes of prostate cancer based on dysregulated genes involved in oxidative stress and energy metabolism. We constructed a risk score model (OMR) using common differentially expressed genes, which effectively evaluated prostate cancer prognosis.

RESULTS

Our analysis demonstrated a significant correlation between the risk score model and various factors, including tumor immune microenvironment, genomic variations, chemotherapy resistance, and immune response. Notably, patients with low-risk scores exhibited increased sensitivity to chemotherapy and immunotherapy compared to those with high-risk scores, indicating the model's potential to predict patient response to treatment. Additionally, our investigation of MXRA8 in prostate cancer showed significant upregulation of this gene in the disease as confirmed by PCR and immunohistochemistry. Functional assays including CCK-8, transwell, plate cloning, and ROS generation assay demonstrated that depletion of MXRA8 reduced the proliferative, invasive, migratory capabilities of PC-3 cells, as well as their ROS generation capacity.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study highlights the potential of oxidative stress and energy metabolism-related genes as prognostic markers and therapeutic targets in prostate cancer. The integration of scRNA-seq and bulk RNA-seq data enables a better understanding of prostate cancer heterogeneity and promotes personalized treatment development. Additionally, we identified a novel oncogene MXRA8 in prostate cancer.

Preparation of a novel metallothionein-AuNP composite material by genetic modification and AuS covalent combination

Metallothionein (MTs) can be used in the prevention and treatment of tumors and diabetes due to its antioxidant properties. However, it is necessary to solve its non-transmembrane properties and further improve its antioxidant activity, increase its fluorescence visualization and enhance its stability to meet practical applications in the biomedical field. Here, we report the preparation of a novel metallothionein-AuNP composite material with high transmembrane ability, fluorescence visualization, antioxidant activity, and stability by genetic modification (introducing transduction peptide TAT, fluorescence tag GFP and increasing sulfydryl groups) and immobilization technology (covalently bonding with AuNPs). The transmembrane activity of modified proteins was verified by immunofluorescence. Increasing the sulfhydryl content within a certain range can enhance the antioxidant activity of the protein. In addition, GFP were used to further simplify the imaging of the metallothionein-AuNP composite in cells. XPS results indicated that AuNPs can immobilize metallothionein through AuS covalent bonds. TGA characterization and degradation experiments showed that thermal and degradation stability of the immobilized material was significantly improved. This work provides new ideas to construct metallothionein composites with high transmembrane ability, antioxidant activity, fluorescence visualization and stability to meet novel applications in the biomedical field.

Association between Heavy Metals and Trace Elements in Cancerous and Non-cancerous Tissues with the Risk of Colorectal Cancer Progression in Northwest China

Alterations in heavy metals and trace element levels may be associated with various cancers. However, the role of this interaction in colorectal cancer (CRC) progression is unclear. In recent years, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR) models have provided new ideas for analyzing the effects of metal mixtures on CRC progression. Herein, we assessed the differences in the levels of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se), and zinc (Zn) in tumors and adjacent healthy tissues, to investigate the relationship between heavy metals/trace elements and CRC progression. Surgical samples of CRC and noncancerous tissues were collected, and trace metal levels were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Logistic regression, PCA, and BKMR models were used to investigate the relationship between heavy metals and trace elements and the degree of tumor differentiation and lymph node metastasis in CRC. Cancer tissues showed lower As, Cd, Co, and Cr concentrations, and higher Se concentrations than healthy tissues (P < 0.05). In addition, CRC patients with poorly differentiated tumors and/or positive lymph node metastases had lower levels of Cd, Zn, Cu, and Se (P < 0.05). Logistic regression showed that single metal concentration was negatively correlated with CRC progression. PCA and BKMR models also showed that the metal mixture concentration was negatively correlated with CRC progression, with Cd contributing the most. Overall, changes in heavy metal and trace element levels may be related to the development of CRC; however, further mechanistic studies are required.

Illuminating the functions of the understudied Fructosamine-3-kinase (FN3K) using a multi-omics approach reveals new links to lipid, carbon, and co-factor metabolic pathways

Fructosamine-3-kinases (FN3Ks) are a conserved family of repair enzymes that phosphorylate reactive sugars attached to lysine residues in peptides and proteins. Although FN3Ks are present across the tree of life and share detectable sequence similarity to eukaryotic protein kinases, the biological processes regulated by these kinases are largely unknown. To address this knowledge gap, we leveraged the FN3K CRISPR Knock-Out (KO) cell line alongside an integrative multi-omics study combining transcriptomics, metabolomics, and interactomics to place these enzymes in a pathway context. The integrative analyses revealed the enrichment of pathways related to oxidative stress response, lipid biosynthesis (cholesterol and fatty acids), carbon and co-factor metabolism. Moreover, enrichment of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) binding proteins and localization of human FN3K (HsFN3K) to mitochondria suggests potential links between FN3Ks and NAD-mediated energy metabolism and redox balance. We report specific binding of HsFN3K to NAD compounds in a metal and concentration-dependent manner and provide insight into their binding mode using modeling and experimental site-directed mutagenesis. By identifying a potential link between FN3Ks, redox regulation, and NAD-dependent metabolic processes, our studies provide a framework for targeting these understudied kinases in diabetic complications and metabolic disorders where redox balance is altered.

Protective Potential of a Botanical-Based Supplement Ingredient against the Impact of Environmental Pollution on Cutaneous and Cardiopulmonary Systems: Preclinical Study

Air pollution is a growing threat to human health. Airborne pollution effects on respiratory, cardiovascular and skin health are well-established. The main mechanisms of air-pollution-induced health effects involve oxidative stress and inflammation. The present study evaluates the potential of a polyphenol-enriched food supplement ingredient comprising Lippia citriodora, Olea europaea, Rosmarinus officinalis, and Sophora japonica extracts in mitigating the adverse effects of environmental pollution on skin and cardiopulmonary systems. Both in vitro and ex vivo studies were used to assess the blend's effects against pollution-induced damage. In these studies, the botanical blend was found to reduce lipid peroxidation, inflammation (by reducing IL-1α), and metabolic alterations (by regulating MT-1H, AhR, and Nrf2 expression) in human skin explants exposed to a mixture of pollutants. Similar results were also observed in keratinocytes exposed to urban dust. Moreover, the ingredient significantly reduced pollutant-induced ROS production in human endothelial cells and lung fibroblasts, while downregulating the expression of apoptotic genes (bcl-2 and bax) in lung fibroblasts. Additionally, the blend counteracted the effect of urban dust on the heart rate in zebrafish embryos. These results support the potential use of this supplement as an adjuvant method to reduce the impact of environmental pollution on the skin, lungs, and cardiovascular tissues.

Current Trends on the Involvement of Zinc, Copper, and Selenium in the Process of Hepatocarcinogenesis

Numerous nutritional factors increase the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. The dysregulation of zinc, copper, and selenium homeostasis is associated with the occurrence of HCC. The impairment of the homeostasis of these essential trace elements results in oxidative stress, DNA damage, cell cycle progression, and angiogenesis, finally leading to hepatocarcinogenesis. These essential trace elements can affect the microenvironment in HCC. The carrier proteins for zinc and copper and selenium-containing enzymes play important roles in the prevention or progression of HCC. These trace elements enhance or alleviate the chemosensitivity of anticancer agents in patients with HCC. The zinc, copper, or selenium may affect the homeostasis of other trace elements with each other. Novel types of cell death including ferropotosis and cupropotosis are also associated with hepatocarcinogenesis. Therapeutic strategies for HCC that target these carrier proteins for zinc and copper or selenium-containing enzymes have been developed in in vitro and in vivo studies. The use of zinc-, copper- or selenium-nanoparticles has been considered as novel therapeutic agents for HCC. These results indicate that zinc, copper, and selenium may become promising therapeutic targets in patients with HCC. The clinical application of these agents is an urgent unmet requirement. This review article highlights the correlation between the dysregulation of the homeostasis of these essential trace elements and the development of HCC and summarizes the current trends on the roles of these essential trace elements in the pathogenesis of hepatocarcinogenesis.

Ag+-stabilized DNA triplex coupled with catalytic hairpin assembly and CRISPR/Cas12a amplifications for sensitive metallothionein assay

Metallothionein (MT) is a protein biomarker secreted by liver in response to the treatment for heavy metal toxicity and oncological diseases. On the basis of a new Ag+-stabilized DNA triplex probe (Ag+-SDTP), we establish a fluorescent biosensing system for high sensitivity detection of MT by combining catalytic hairpin assembly (CHA) and the CRISPR/Cas12a signal enhancements. The MT analyte complexes with Ag+ in Ag+-SDTP to disrupt the triplex structure and to release the ssDNA strands, which trigger subsequent CHA formation of many protospacer adjacent motif (PAM)-containing dsDNAs from two hairpins. Cas12a/crRNA further recognizes these PAM sequences to activate its trans-catalytic activity to cyclically cleave the fluorescently quenched ssDNA reporters to recovery drastically amplified fluorescence for detecting MT down to 0.34 nM within the dynamic range of 1∼800 nM. Moreover, the sensing method is able to selectively discriminate MT from other non-specific molecules and can realize low level detection of MT in diluted human serums, manifesting its potentiality for monitoring the disease-specific MT biomarker at trace levels.

Impact of plastic-related compounds on the gene expression signature of HepG2 cells transfected with CYP3A4

The presence of plastic and microplastic within the oceans as well as in marine flora and fauna have caused a multitude of problems that have been the topic of numerous investigations for many years. However, their impact on human health remains largely unknown. Such plastic and microplastic particles have been detected in blood and placenta, underlining their ability to enter the human body. Plastics also contain other compounds, such as plasticizers, antioxidants, or dyes, whose impact on human health is currently being studied. Critical enzymes within the metabolism of endogenous molecules, especially of xenobiotics, are the cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs). Although their importance in maintaining cellular balance has been confirmed, their interactions with plastics and related products are poorly understood. In this study, the possible relationship between different plastic-related compounds and CYP3A4 as one of the most important CYPs was analyzed using hepatic cells overexpressing this enzyme. Beginning with virtual compound screening and molecular docking of more than 1000 plastic-related compounds, several candidates were identified to interact with CYP3A4. In a second step, RNA-sequencing was used to study in detail the transcriptome-wide gene expression levels affected by the selected compounds. Three candidate molecules ((2,2'-methylenebis(6-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol), 1,1-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)ethane, and 2,2'-methylenebis(6-cyclohexyl-4-methylphenol)) had an excellent binding affinity to CYP3A4 in-silico as well as cytotoxic effects and interactions with several metabolic pathways in-vitro. We identified common pathways influenced by all three selected plastic-related compounds. In particular, the suppression of pathways related to mitosis and 'DNA-templated DNA replication' which were confirmed by cell cycle analysis and single-cell gel electrophoresis. Furthermore, several mis-regulated metabolic and inflammation-related pathways were identified, suggesting the induction of hepatotoxicity at different levels. These findings imply that these compounds may cause liver problems subsequently affecting the entire organism.

Proteomic analysis of holocarboxylase synthetase deficient-MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells revealed the biochemical changes associated with cell death, impaired growth signaling, and metabolism

We have previously shown that the holocarboxylase synthetase (HLCS) is overexpressed in breast cancer tissue of patients, and silencing of its expression in triple-negative cancer cell line inhibits growth and migration. Here we investigated the global biochemical changes associated with HLCS knockdown in MDA-MB-231 cells to discern the pathways that involve HLCS. Proteomic analysis of two independent HLCS knockdown cell lines identified 347 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) whose expression change > 2-fold (p < 0.05) relative to the control cell line. GO enrichment analysis showed that these DEPs were mainly associated with the cellular process such as cellular metabolic process, cellular response to stimulus, and cellular component organization or biogenesis, metabolic process, biological regulation, response to stimuli, localization, and signaling. Among the 347 identified DEPs, 64 proteins were commonly found in both HLCS knockdown clones, confirming their authenticity. Validation of some of these DEPs by Western blot analysis showed that plasminogen activator inhibitor type 2 (SerpinB2) and interstitial collagenase (MMP1) were approximately 90% decreased in HLCS knockdown cells, consistent with a 50%-60% decrease in invasion ability of knockdown cells. Notably, argininosuccinate synthase 1 (ASS1), one of the enzymes in the urea cycle, showed approximately a 10-fold increase in the knockdown cells, suggesting the crucial role of HLCS in supporting the urea cycle in the triple-negative cancer cell line. Collectively, our proteomic data provide biochemical insights into how suppression of HLCS expression perturbs global changes in cellular processes and metabolic pathways, impairing cell growth and invasion.

Cellular zinc metabolism and zinc signaling: from biological functions to diseases and therapeutic targets

Zinc metabolism at the cellular level is critical for many biological processes in the body. A key observation is the disruption of cellular homeostasis, often coinciding with disease progression. As an essential factor in maintaining cellular equilibrium, cellular zinc has been increasingly spotlighted in the context of disease development. Extensive research suggests zinc's involvement in promoting malignancy and invasion in cancer cells, despite its low tissue concentration. This has led to a growing body of literature investigating zinc's cellular metabolism, particularly the functions of zinc transporters and storage mechanisms during cancer progression. Zinc transportation is under the control of two major transporter families: SLC30 (ZnT) for the excretion of zinc and SLC39 (ZIP) for the zinc intake. Additionally, the storage of this essential element is predominantly mediated by metallothioneins (MTs). This review consolidates knowledge on the critical functions of cellular zinc signaling and underscores potential molecular pathways linking zinc metabolism to disease progression, with a special focus on cancer. We also compile a summary of clinical trials involving zinc ions. Given the main localization of zinc transporters at the cell membrane, the potential for targeted therapies, including small molecules and monoclonal antibodies, offers promising avenues for future exploration.

MT1G Regulates c-MYC/P53 Signal to Inhibit Proliferation, Invasion and Migration and Promote Apoptosis in Colon Cancer Cells

INTRODUCTION

Colon cancer is a common and malignant cancer featuring high morbidity and poor prognosis.

AIMS

This study was performed to explore the regulatory role of MT1G in colon cancer as well as its unconcealed molecular mechanism.

METHODS

The expressions of MT1G, c-MYC, and p53 were assessed with the application of RT-qPCR and western blot. The impacts of MT1G overexpression on the proliferative ability of HCT116 and LoVo cells were measured by CCK-8 and BrdU incorporation assays. Additionally, transwell wound healing, and flow cytometry assays were employed to evaluate the invasive and migrative capacities as well as the apoptosis level of HCT116 and LoVo cells. Moreover, the activity of the P53 promoter region was assessed with the help of a luciferase reporter assay.

RESULTS

It was found that the expressions of MT1G at both mRNA and protein levels were greatly decreased in human colon cancer cell lines, particularly in HCT116 and LoVo cell lines. After transfection, it was discovered that the MT1G overexpression suppressed the proliferation, migration and invasion but promoted the apoptosis of HCT116 and LoVo cells, which were then partially reversed after overexpressing c-MYC. Additionally, MT1G overexpression reduced c-MYC expression but enhanced the p53 expression, revealing that the MT1G overexpression could regulate c-MYC/P53 signal. Elsewhere, it was also shown that c-MYC overexpression suppressed the regulatory effects of MT1G on P53.

CONCLUSION

To conclude, MT1G was verified to regulate c-MYC/P53 signal to repress the proliferation, migration and invasion but promote the apoptosis of colon cancer cells, which might offer a novel targeted-therapy for the improvement of colon cancer.

Cuproptosis-related gene-located DNA methylation in lower-grade glioma: Prognosis and tumor microenvironment

Cuproptosis a novel copper-dependent cell death modality, plays a crucial part in the oncogenesis, progression and prognosis of tumors. However, the relationships among DNA-methylation located in cuproptosis-related genes (CRGs), overall survival (OS) and the tumor microenvironment remain undefined. In this study, we systematically assessed the prognostic value of CRG-located DNA-methylation for lower-grade glioma (LGG). Clinical and molecular data were sourced from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases. We employed Cox hazard regression to examine the associations between CRG-located DNA-methylation and OS, leading to the development of a prognostic signature. Kaplan-Meier survival and time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were utilized to gauge the accuracy of the signature. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was applied to uncover potential biological functions of differentially expressed genes between high- and low-risk groups. A three CRG-located DNA-methylation prognostic signature was established based on TCGA database and validated in GEO dataset. The 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year area under the curve (AUC) of ROC curves in the TCGA dataset were 0.884, 0.888, and 0.859 while those in the GEO dataset were 0.943, 0.761 and 0.725, respectively. Cox-regression-analyses revealed the risk signature as an independent risk factor for LGG patients. Immunogenomic profiling suggested that the signature was associated with immune infiltration level and immune checkpoints. Functional enrichment analysis indicated differential enrichment in cell differentiation in the hindbrain, ECM receptor interactions, glycolysis and reactive oxygen species pathway across different groups. We developed and verified a novel CRG-located DNA-methylation signature to predict the prognosis in LGG patients. Our findings emphasize the potential clinical implications of CRG-located DNA-methylation indicating that it may serve as a promising therapeutic target for LGG patients.

From synergy to resistance: Navigating the complex relationship between sorafenib and ferroptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a major global health burden, and sorafenib, a multi-kinase inhibitor, has shown effectiveness in the treatment of HCC and is considered as the first-line therapy for advanced HCC. However, the response to sorafenib varies among patients, and the development of drug resistance poses a prevalent obstacle. Ferroptosis, a newly characterized form of cell death featured by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, has emerged as a critical player in the reaction to sorafenib therapy in HCC. The induction of ferroptosis has been shown to augment the anticancer benefits of sorafenib. However, it has also been observed to contribute to sorafenib resistance. This review presents a comprehensive and thorough analysis that elucidates the intricate relationship between ferroptosis and sorafenib over recent years, aiming to formulate effective therapeutic approaches for liver cancer. Based on this exploration, we propose innovative strategies intended to overcome sorafenib resistance via targeted modulation of ferroptosis.

Traffic Density Exposure, Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Plasma Metabolomics in a Population-Based Sample: The Hortega Study

Exposure to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) generates oxidative stress, with downstream effects at the metabolic level. Human studies of traffic density and metabolomic markers, however, are rare. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the cross-sectional association between traffic density in the street of residence with oxidative stress and metabolomic profiles measured in a population-based sample from Spain. We also explored in silico the potential biological implications of the findings. Secondarily, we assessed the contribution of oxidative stress to the association between exposure to traffic density and variation in plasma metabolite levels. Traffic density was defined as the average daily traffic volume over an entire year within a buffer of 50 m around the participants' residence. Plasma metabolomic profiles and urine oxidative stress biomarkers were measured in samples from 1181 Hortega Study participants by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and high-performance liquid chromatography, respectively. Traffic density was associated with 7 (out of 49) plasma metabolites, including amino acids, fatty acids, products of bacterial and energy metabolism and fluid balance metabolites. Regarding urine oxidative stress biomarkers, traffic associations were positive for GSSG/GSH% and negative for MDA. A total of 12 KEGG pathways were linked to traffic-related metabolites. In a protein network from genes included in over-represented pathways and 63 redox-related candidate genes, we observed relevant proteins from the glutathione cycle. GSSG/GSH% and MDA accounted for 14.6% and 12.2% of changes in isobutyrate and the CH2CH2CO fatty acid moiety, respectively, which is attributable to traffic exposure. At the population level, exposure to traffic density was associated with specific urine oxidative stress and plasma metabolites. Although our results support a role of oxidative stress as a biological intermediary of traffic-related metabolic alterations, with potential implications for the co-bacterial and lipid metabolism, additional mechanistic and prospective studies are needed to confirm our findings.

A metal ion-coordinated DNA probe for sensitive fluorescence detection of metallothionein via a dual nucleic acid amplification strategy

Sensitively monitoring metallothionein (MT), a heavy metal-binding protein with substantial cysteine content, is of significance for evaluating heavy metal poisoning in both humans and animals. Based on a new metal ion-coordinated DNA probe and the heavy metal ion binding capability of MT, as well as the substantial signal enhancement of the hybridization chain reaction (HCR) and rolling circle amplification (RCA), we demonstrate a highly sensitive fluorescence MT detection assay. MT binds the metal ions in the hairpin structured, metal ion-coordinated DNA probe to switch its hairpin structure into ssDNA, which triggers subsequent RCA reactions and HCRs to open plenty of fluorescently quenched signal hairpins to exhibit drastically amplified fluorescence recovery for assaying MT down to 0.58 nM within a dynamic range of 1-320 nM. In addition, the investigation of low contents of MT in diluted human serum by such an assay has also been verified, indicating its promising application potential for diagnosing heavy metal poisoning.

Fusobacterium nucleatum and its metabolite hydrogen sulfide alter gut microbiota composition and autophagy process and promote colorectal cancer progression

IMPORTANCE

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cancer in the world; the main treatment for CRC is immunosuppressive therapy, but this therapy is only effective for a small percentage of CRC patients, so there is an urgent need for a treatment with fewer side effects and higher efficacy. This study demonstrated that Fusobacterium nucleatum with increased abundance in CRC can regulate the autophagy process and disrupt normal intestinal microbiota by producing hydrogen sulfide, factors that may be involved in the development and progression of CRC. This study may provide a reference for future CRC treatment options that are efficient and have fewer side effects.

Somatic mutation as an explanation for epigenetic aging

DNA methylation marks have recently been used to build models known as "epigenetic clocks" which predict calendar age. As methylation of cytosine promotes C-to-T mutations, we hypothesized that the methylation changes observed with age should reflect the accrual of somatic mutations, and the two should yield analogous aging estimates. In analysis of multimodal data from 9,331 human individuals, we find that CpG mutations indeed coincide with changes in methylation, not only at the mutated site but also with pervasive remodeling of the methylome out to ±10 kilobases. This one-to-many mapping enables mutation-based predictions of age that agree with epigenetic clocks, including which individuals are aging faster or slower than expected. Moreover, genomic loci where mutations accumulate with age also tend to have methylation patterns that are especially predictive of age. These results suggest a close coupling between the accumulation of sporadic somatic mutations and the widespread changes in methylation observed over the course of life.

Moving beyond cisplatin resistance: mechanisms, challenges, and prospects for overcoming recurrence in clinical cancer therapy

Cisplatin, a classical platinum-based chemotherapy agent, has been a frontline treatment for various cancers for decades. However, its effectiveness has been hindered by the development of resistance, leading to cancer relapse. Addressing this challenge is crucial for both clinical practice and research. Hence, the imperative to unravel the intricate mechanisms underpinning cisplatin resistance and to uncover novel strategies to overcome this barrier holds immense significance. Within this review, we summarized the classification of platinum agents, highlighting their roles in therapeutic landscapes. We discussed the diverse mechanisms behind cisplatin resistance, including diminished intracellular cisplatin accumulation, intracellular detoxification, DNA repair, autophagy responses, heat shock proteins, tumor microenvironment, cancer stem cells, epigenetic regulation, ferroptosis resistance, and metabolic reprogramming. Drawing from this comprehensive understanding, we offered a series of prospective solutions to surmount cisplatin resistance and consequently mitigate the specter of disease recurrence within the realm of clinical cancer therapy.

Metallothionein 3 promotes osteoclast differentiation and survival by regulating the intracellular Zn2+ concentration and NRF2 pathway

In osteoclastogenesis, the metabolism of metal ions plays an essential role in controlling reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, mitochondrial biogenesis, and survival, and differentiation. However, the mechanism regulating metal ions during osteoclast differentiation remains unclear. The metal-binding protein metallothionein (MT) detoxifies heavy metals, maintains metal ion homeostasis, especially zinc, and manages cellular redox levels. We carried out tests using murine osteoclast precursors to examine the function of MT in osteoclastogenesis and evaluated their potential as targets for future osteoporosis treatments. MT genes were significantly upregulated upon differentiation from osteoclast precursors to mature osteoclasts in response to receptor activators of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL) stimulation, and MT3 expression was particularly pronounced in mature osteoclasts among MT genes. The knockdown of MT3 in osteoclast precursors demonstrated a remarkable inhibition of differentiation into mature osteoclasts. In preosteoclasts, MT3 knockdown suppressed the activity of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and NF-κB signaling pathways upon RANKL stimulation, leading to affect cell survival through elevated cleaved Caspase 3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) levels. Additionally, ROS levels were decreased, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) (a suppressor of ROS) and the downstream antioxidant proteins, such as catalase (CAT) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), were more highly expressed in the MT3 preosteoclast knockdowns. mitochondrial ROS, which is involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and the production of reactive oxygen species, were similarly decreased because cAMP response element-binding (CREB) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1β (PGC-1β) were less activated due to MT3 depletion. Thus, by modulating ROS through the NRF2 pathway, MT3 plays a crucial role in regulating osteoclast differentiation and survival, acting as a metabolic modulator of intracellular zinc ions.

RING induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human breast cancer cells by regulating the HSF1/MT2A axis

It was reported that lowly expressed RING1 indicates poor prognosis in breast cancer (BC) patients, while the mechanism by which RING1 is involved in BC progression is not fully understood. Here, we found that RING1 was lowly expressed in BC tissues and cells than in normal mammary tissues and epithelial cells. Overexpression of RING1 suppressed the cell proliferative and colony formation abilities, and facilitated cell cycle arrest and cell apoptosis in BC cells (T47D and MCF-7 cells). Mechanistically, as an ubiquitin ligase, RING1 bound to HSF1 and induced its proteasome-dependent degradation. HSF1 could bind to the promoter region of MT2A to promote the transcriptional level of MT2A. While RING1 overexpression hindered the transcriptional activation of MT2A induced by HSF1. Moreover, ectopic expression of MT2A reversed the inhibitory effect of RING1 on cell proliferation and clonogenesis, and antagonized the promotion effect of RING1 on cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in BC cells. Additionally, T47D cells infected with or without lentivirus-mediated RING1 overexpression vector (LV-RING1) were injected subcutaneously into the right back of nude mice to evaluate tumorigenicity. And overexpression of RING1 impeded the growth of BC xenografts in mice. In conclusion, RING1 suppressed the transcriptional activation of MT2A induced by HSF1 by facilitating the ubiquitination degradation of HSF1, resulting in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in BC cells.

Assessment of hypoxia and oxidative-related changes in a lung-derived brain metastasis model by [64Cu][Cu(ATSM)] PET and proteomic studies

BACKGROUND

Brain metastases (BM) are the most frequent malignant brain tumors. The aim of this study was to characterize the tumor microenvironment (TME) of BM and particularly hypoxia and redox state, known to play a role in tumor growth and treatment resistance with multimodal PET and MRI imaging, immunohistochemical and proteomic approaches in a human lung cancer (H2030-BrM3)-derived BM model in rats.

RESULTS

First, in vitro studies confirmed that H2030-BrM3 cells respond to hypoxia with increasing expression of HIF-1, HIF-2 and their target genes. Proteomic analyses revealed, among expression changes, proteins associated with metabolism, oxidative stress, metal response and hypoxia signaling in particular in cortical BM. [64Cu][Cu(ATSM)] PET revealed a significant uptake by cortical BM (p < 0.01), while no uptake is observed in striatal BM 23 days after tumor implantation. Pimonidazole, HIF-1α, HIF-2α, CA-IX as well as GFAP, CTR1 and DMT1 immunostainings are positive in both BM.

CONCLUSION

Overall, [64Cu][Cu(ATSM)] imaging and proteomic results showed the presence of hypoxia and protein expression changes linked to hypoxia and oxidative stress in BM, which are more pronounced in cortical BM compared to striatal BM. Moreover, it emphasized the interest of [64Cu][Cu(ATSM)] PET to characterize TME of BM and depict inter-metastasis heterogeneity that could be useful to guide treatments.

Metallothionein Family Proteins as Regulators of Zinc Ions Synergistically Enhance the Anticancer Effect of Cannabidiol in Human Colorectal Cancer Cells

Cannabidiol (CBD) is a chemical obtained from Cannabis sativa; it has therapeutic effects on anxiety and cognition and anti-inflammatory properties. Although pharmacological applications of CBD in many types of tumors have recently been reported, the mechanism of action of CBD is not yet fully understood. In this study, we perform an mRNA-seq analysis to identify the target genes of CBD after determining the cytotoxic concentrations of CBD using an MTT assay. CBD treatment regulated the expression of genes related to DNA repair and cell division, with metallothionein (MT) family genes being identified as having highly increased expression levels induced by CBD. It was also found that the expression levels of MT family genes were decreased in colorectal cancer tissues compared to those in normal tissues, indicating that the downregulation of MT family genes might be highly associated with colorectal tumor progression. A qPCR experiment revealed that the expression levels of MT family genes were increased by CBD. Moreover, MT family genes were regulated by CBD or crude extract but not by other cannabinoids, suggesting that the expression of MT family genes was specifically induced by CBD. A synergistic effect between CBD and MT gene transfection or zinc ion treatment was found. In conclusion, MT family genes as novel target genes could synergistically increase the anticancer activity of CBD by regulating the zinc ions in human colorectal cancer cells.

A Peptoid-Chelator Selective to Cu2+ That Can Extract Copper from Metallothionein-2 and Lead to the Production of ROS

Copper is an essential metal ion that is involved in critical cellular processes, but which can also exhibit toxic effects through its ability to catalyze reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. Dysregulation of copper homeostasis has been implicated in the progression of several diseases, including cancer. A novel therapeutic approach, extensively studied in recent years, is to capitalize on the increased copper uptake and dependency exhibited by cancer cells and to promote copper-associated ROS production within the tumor microenvironment, leading to the apoptosis of cancer cells. Such an effect can be achieved by selectively chelating copper from copper-bearing metalloproteins in cancer cells, thereby forming a copper-chelator complex that produces ROS and, through this, induces oxidative stress and initiates apoptosis. Herein, we describe a peptoid chelator, TB, that is highly suitable to carry this task. Peptoids are N-substituted glycine oligomers that can be efficiently synthesized on a solid support and are also biocompatible; thus, they are considered promising drug candidates. We show, by rigorous spectroscopic techniques, that TB is not only selective for Cu(II) ions, but can also effectively extract copper from metallothionein-2, and the formed complex CuTB can promote ROS production. Our findings present a promising first example for the future development of peptoid-based chelators for applications in anti-cancer chelation therapy, highlighting the potential for the prospect of peptoid chelators as therapeutics.

Tumor cell cytoplasmic metallothionein expression associates with differential tumor immunogenicity and prognostic outcome in high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma

Background

The underlying mechanism of high T-cell presence as a favorable prognostic factor in high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC) is not yet understood. In addition to immune cells, various cofactors are essential for immune processes. One of those are metallothioneins (MTs), metal-binding proteins comprising various isoforms. MTs play a role in tumor development and drug resistance. Moreover, MTs influence inflammatory processes by regulating zinc homeostasis. In particular, T-cell function and polarization are particularly susceptible to changes in zinc status. The aim of the present study was to investigate a possible role of MT-mediated immune response and its association with prognostic outcome in ovarian cancer.

Methods

A retrospective study was conducted on a clinically well-characterized cohort of 24 patients with HGSOC treated at the University Hospital of Essen. Gene expression patterns for anti-cancer immunogenicity-related targets were performed using the NanoString nCounter platform for digital gene expression analysis with the appurtenant PanCancer Immune Profiling panel, consisting of 770 targets and 30 reference genes. Tumor-associated immunohistochemical MT protein expression was evaluated using a semi-quantitative four-tier Immunohistochemistry (IHC) scoring.

Results

MT immunoexpression was detected in 43% (10/23) of all HGSOC samples. MT immunoexpression levels showed a significant association to survival, leading to prolonged progression-free and overall survival in positively stained tumors. Furthermore, T-cell receptor signaling gene signature showed a strong activation in MT-positive tumors. Activated downstream signaling cascades resulting in elevated interferon-gamma expression with a shift in the balance between T helper cells (TH1 and TH2) could be observed in the MT-positive subgroup. In addition, a higher expression pattern of perforin and several granzymes could be detected, overall suggestive of acute, targeted anti-cancer immune response in MT-positive samples.

Conclusion

This is the first study combining broad, digital mRNA screening of anti-tumor immune response-associated genes and their relation to MT-I/II in ovarian cancer. MT overexpression is associated with molecular characteristics of an anti-cancer immune response and is a strong prognostic marker in ovarian HGSOC. The observed immune cell activation associated with tumor MT expression comprises but is not limited to T cells and natural killer cells.

Interaction of Cellular Uptake of Nanosilver and Metallothionein Stress Expression Elucidated by 2D Single-Cell Analyses Based on LIF and ICP-MS

The exploration of cytology mechanisms of nanosilver uptake, toxicity, and detoxification has become an important issue due to its widespread applications. Previous studies have shown differences in the toxic response of mammalian cells to nanosilver. However, the analysis results based on cell populations ignore the impact of cell uptake heterogeneity on the expression of associated stress proteins and cellular physiological activities. In this respect, this work investigated the interaction between silver uptake and metallothionein (MT) expression in individual cells. In addition, we have also preliminarily elucidated the sensitivity variation to AgNPs by using five cell lines, e.g., LX-2, HepG-2, SK-HEP-1, Huh-7, and MDA-MB-231, by adopting a two-dimensional (2D) high-throughput single-cell analysis platform coupling laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). We developed a 2D data analysis method for one-to-one unification of fluorescence-mass spectrometry signals corresponding to a specific single cell. It indicated that there is no obvious correlation between cellular silver uptake and cell size, and the low MT expression of cells is more sensitive to silver nanoparticles. For each cell line, significant heterogeneity in MT expression was observed. This provides important information for understanding the potential heterogeneous effects of nanosilver on mammalian biological systems. Overall, detoxified cells are more tolerant to nanosilver and normal cells are more tolerant than cancer cells.

Construction and validation of a predictive nomogram for ferroptosis-related genes in osteosarcoma

BACKGROUND

Ferroptosis is a new type of cellular regulation of necrosis that has attracted great attention in recent years, which is different from the traditional mode of autophagy, apoptosis, and necrosis. Studies suggest that ferroptosis is key to the occurrence and development of tumors.

METHODS

Here, we investigated the prognostic significance of ferroptosis-related genes (FRGs) in osteosarcoma (OS) using RNA transcriptome data from 88 OS samples collected from the UCSC Xena platform. We defined the OS sample from the UCSC platform as the training cohort and the GEO dataset (GSE21257 and GSE16091) as the validation cohorts. We assessed 73 up-regulated and 63 down-regulated FRGs. We divided patients from the UCSC database into groups at high risk and low risk and built a prognostic risk model to assess prognosis using five FRGs: MT1G, G6PD, ARNTL, BNIP3, and SQLE.

RESULTS

High-risk OS patients presented a lower survival rate. These results were confirmed in the validation groups. In the training group, the areas under the ROC curves (AUC) were as follows: 0.880 for 1 year, 0.833 for 3 years, and 0.818 for 5 years. In the GSE21257 validation cohort, the AUC were as follows: 0.770 for 1 year, 0.641 for 3 years, and 0.632 for 5 years survival, and in the GSE16091 were 0.729 for 1 year, 0.663 for 3 years, and 0.735 for 5 years survival.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings suggest that FRGs are associated with the prognosis of osteosarcoma. Moreover, our prognostic risk model can predict overall survival in osteosarcoma. This provides new ideas for the clinical diagnosis and personalized treatment of osteosarcoma.

An Update on Potential Molecular Biomarkers of Dietary Phytochemicals Targeting Lung Cancer Interception and Prevention

Since ancient times, dietary phytochemicals are known for their medicinal properties. They are broadly classified into polyphenols, terpenoids, alkaloids, phytosterols, and organosulfur compounds. Currently, there is considerable interest in their potential health effects against various diseases, including lung cancer. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths with an average of five-year survival rate of lung cancer patients limited to just 14%. Identifying potential early molecular biomarkers of pre-malignant lung cancer cells may provide a strong basis to develop early cancer detection and interception methods. In this review, we will discuss molecular changes, including genetic alterations, inflammation, signal transduction pathways, redox imbalance, epigenetic and proteomic signatures associated with initiation and progression of lung carcinoma. We will also highlight molecular targets of phytochemicals during lung cancer development. These targets mainly consist of cellular signaling pathways, epigenetic regulators and metabolic reprogramming. With growing interest in natural products research, translation of these compounds into new cancer prevention approaches to medical care will be urgently needed. In this context, we will also discuss the overall pharmacokinetic challenges of phytochemicals in translating to humans. Lastly, we will discuss clinical trials of phytochemicals in lung cancer patients.

MTF1 has the potential as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for gastric cancer and is associated with good prognosis

PURPOSE

Metal Regulatory Transcription Factor 1 (MTF1) can be an essential transcription factor for heavy metal response in cells and can also reduce oxidative and hypoxic stresses in cells. However, the current research on MTF1 in gastric cancer is lacking.

METHODS

Bioinformatics techniques were used to perform expression analysis, prognostic analysis, enrichment analysis, tumor microenvironment correlation analysis, immunotherapy Immune cell Proportion Score (IPS) correlation and drug sensitivity correlation analysis of MTF1 in gastric cancer. And qRT-PCR was used to verify MTF1 expression in gastric cancer cells and tissues.

RESULTS

MTF1 showed low expression in gastric cancer cells and tissues, and low expression in T3 stage compared with T1 stage. KM prognostic analysis showed that high expression of MTF1 was significantly associated with longer overall survival (OS), FP (first progression) and PPS (post-progression survival) in gastric cancer patients. Cox regression analysis showed that MTF1 was an independent prognostic factor and a protective factor in gastric cancer patients. MTF1 is involved in pathways in cancer, and the high expression of MTF1 is negatively correlated with the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of common chemotherapeutic drugs.

CONCLUSION

MTF1 is relatively lowly expressed in gastric cancer. MTF1 is also an independent prognostic factor for gastric cancer patients and is associated with good prognosis. It has the potential to be a diagnostic and prognostic marker for gastric cancer.

Biomarkers in Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: The Literature Review

Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) is the second most common cancer among head and neck cancers. Despite a lower incidence of laryngeal carcinoma, new diagnostic techniques, and more targeted therapies, the overall survival has not changed significantly in the last decades, leading to a negative prognosis in advanced stages. Recently, several studies have focused on the identification of biomarkers that may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of LSCC. Reviewing the literature on the main databases, this study aims to investigate the role of some biomarkers in LSCC that are correlated with oxidative stress and inflammation: heat shock proteins; metallothioneins; nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; heme oxygenase; cyclooxygenase-2; and micro ribonucleic acids. This review shows that biomarker expression depends on the type, grade of differentiation, stage, and site of carcinoma. In addition, the role of these biomarkers in LSCC is still little-known and little-studied. However, the study of biomarker expression and the detection of a possible correlation with patients' epidemiological, clinicopathological, and therapeutics data may lead to better awareness and knowledge of the tumor, to the identification of the best therapeutic strategy, and the most proper follow-up protocol tailored for each patient. In conclusion, the achievement of these goals may improve the prognosis of LSCC patients.