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Kamgang B, Acântara J, Tedjou A, Keumeni C, Yougang A, Ancia A, Bigirimana F, Clarke SE, Gil VS, Wondji C. Entomological surveys and insecticide susceptibility profile of Aedes aegypti during the dengue outbreak in Sao Tome and Principe in 2022. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011903. [PMID: 38829904 PMCID: PMC11175431 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The first dengue outbreak in Sao Tome and Principe was reported in 2022. Entomological investigations were undertaken to establish the typology of Aedes larval habitats, the distribution of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus, the related entomological risk and the susceptibility profile of Ae. aegypti to insecticides, to provide evidence to inform the outbreak response. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Entomological surveys were performed in all seven health districts of Sao Tome and Principe during the dry and rainy seasons in 2022. WHO tube and synergist assays using piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and diethyl maleate (DEM) were carried out, together with genotyping of F1534C/V1016I/V410L mutations in Ae. aegypti. Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus were found in all seven health districts of the country with high abundance of Ae. aegypti in the most urbanised district, Agua Grande. Both Aedes species bred mainly in used tyres, discarded tanks and water storage containers. In both survey periods, the Breteau (BI > 50), house (HI > 35%) and container (CI > 20%) indices were higher than the thresholds established by WHO to indicate high potential risk of dengue transmission. The Ae. aegypti sampled were susceptible to all insecticides tested except dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) (9.2% mortality, resistant), bendiocarb (61.4% mortality, resistant) and alpha-cypermethrin (97% mortality, probable resistant). A full recovery was observed in Ae. aegypti resistant to bendiocarb after pre-exposure to synergist PBO. Only one Ae. aegypti specimen was found carrying F1534C mutation. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These findings revealed a high potential risk for dengue transmission throughout the year, with the bulk of larval breeding occurring in used tyres, water storage and discarded containers. Most of the insecticides tested remain effective to control Aedes vectors in Sao Tome, except DDT and bendiocarb. These data underline the importance of raising community awareness and implementing routine dengue vector control strategies to prevent further outbreaks in Sao Tome and Principe, and elsewhere in the subregion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basile Kamgang
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Entomology, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - João Acântara
- Centro Nacional de Endemias, Ministério da Saúde de São Tomé e Príncipe, Agua Grande, São Tomé e Príncipe
| | - Armel Tedjou
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Entomology, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Christophe Keumeni
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Entomology, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Aurelie Yougang
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Entomology, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Anne Ancia
- World Health Organization, Port Louis, Mauritius
| | | | - Sian E. Clarke
- Disease Control Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Charles Wondji
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Entomology, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Poungou N, Sevidzem SL, Koumba AA, Koumba CRZ, Mbehang P, Onanga R, Zahouli JZB, Maganga GD, Djogbénou LS, Borrmann S, Adegnika AA, Becker SC, Mavoungou JF, Nguéma RM. Mosquito-Borne Arboviruses Occurrence and Distribution in the Last Three Decades in Central Africa: A Systematic Literature Review. Microorganisms 2023; 12:4. [PMID: 38276174 PMCID: PMC10819313 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses represent a real public health problem globally and in the Central African subregion in particular, which represents a high-risk zone for the emergence and re-emergence of arbovirus outbreaks. Furthermore, an updated review on the current arbovirus burden and associated mosquito vectors is lacking for this region. To contribute to filling this knowledge gap, the current study was designed with the following objectives: (i) to systematically review data on the occurrence and distribution of arboviruses and mosquito fauna; and (ii) to identify potential spillover mosquito species in the Central African region in the last 30 years. A web search enabled the documentation of 2454 articles from different online databases. The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) and the quality of reporting of meta-analyses (QUORUM) steps for a systematic review enabled the selection of 164 articles that fulfilled our selection criteria. Of the six arboviruses (dengue virus (DENV), chikungunya virus (CHIKV), yellow fever virus (YFV), Zika virus (ZIKV), Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), and West Nile virus (WNV)) of public health concern studied, the most frequently reported were chikungunya and dengue. The entomological records showed >248 species of mosquitoes regrouped under 15 genera, with Anopheles (n = 100 species), Culex (n = 56 species), and Aedes (n = 52 species) having high species diversity. Three genera were rarely represented, with only one species included, namely, Orthopodomyia, Lutzia, and Verrallina, but individuals of the genera Toxorhinchites and Finlayas were not identified at the species level. We found that two Aedes species (Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus) colonised the same microhabitat and were involved in major epidemics of the six medically important arboviruses, and other less-frequently identified mosquito genera consisted of competent species and were associated with outbreaks of medical and zoonotic arboviruses. The present study reveals a high species richness of competent mosquito vectors that could lead to the spillover of medically important arboviruses in the region. Although epidemiological studies were found, they were not regularly documented, and this also applies to vector competence and transmission studies. Future studies will consider unpublished information in dissertations and technical reports from different countries to allow their information to be more consistent. A regional project, entitled "Ecology of Arboviruses" (EcoVir), is underway in three countries (Gabon, Benin, and Cote d'Ivoire) to generate a more comprehensive epidemiological and entomological data on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Poungou
- Ecole Doctorale Regionale en Infectiologie Tropical de Franceville (EDR), University of Science and Technique of Masuku (USTM), Franceville P.O. Box 943, Gabon;
- Laboratoire d’Ecologie des Maladies Transmissibles (LEMAT), Université Libreville Nord (ULN), Libreville P.O. Box 1177, Gabon
| | - Silas Lendzele Sevidzem
- Laboratoire d’Ecologie des Maladies Transmissibles (LEMAT), Université Libreville Nord (ULN), Libreville P.O. Box 1177, Gabon
| | - Aubin Armel Koumba
- Département de Biologie et Ecologie Animale, Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale (IRET-CENAREST), Libreville P.O. Box 13354, Gabon
| | - Christophe Roland Zinga Koumba
- Département de Biologie et Ecologie Animale, Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale (IRET-CENAREST), Libreville P.O. Box 13354, Gabon
| | - Phillipe Mbehang
- Département de Biologie et Ecologie Animale, Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale (IRET-CENAREST), Libreville P.O. Box 13354, Gabon
| | - Richard Onanga
- Center of Interdisciplinary Medical Analysis of Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville P.O. Box 769, Gabon
| | - Julien Zahouli Bi Zahouli
- Centre d’Entomologie Médicale et Vétérinaire, Université Alassane Ouattara, Bouaké 01 BPV 18, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Gael Darren Maganga
- Center of Interdisciplinary Medical Analysis of Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville P.O. Box 769, Gabon
| | - Luc Salako Djogbénou
- Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Institut Régional de Santé Publique, Ouidah P.O. Box 384, Benin
| | - Steffen Borrmann
- Institute for Tropical Medicine (ITM), University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ayola Akim Adegnika
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Lambaréné P.O. Box 242, Gabon
| | - Stefanie C. Becker
- Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Jacques François Mavoungou
- Département de Biologie et Ecologie Animale, Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale (IRET-CENAREST), Libreville P.O. Box 13354, Gabon
| | - Rodrigue Mintsa Nguéma
- Laboratoire d’Ecologie des Maladies Transmissibles (LEMAT), Université Libreville Nord (ULN), Libreville P.O. Box 1177, Gabon
- Département de Biologie et Ecologie Animale, Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale (IRET-CENAREST), Libreville P.O. Box 13354, Gabon
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Wan-Norafikah O, Aliah-Diyanah S, Atiqah-Izzah Z, Chen CD, Sofian-Azirun M, Lailatul-Nadhirah A, Ibahim MJ. Assessing the bioefficacy of a commercial temephos formulation (Temebate®) for controlling Aedes albopictus larvae in different land use localities in Malaysia. Exp Parasitol 2023; 254:108627. [PMID: 37802180 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Temephos is the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended larvicide and is still being utilized worldwide to control larvae of dengue vectors; Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. The efficacy of a commercial temephos product; Temebate® to exterminate the local populations of Ae. albopictus larvae originated from different land use particularly dengue-risk and dengue-free housing localities as well as agrarian localities including oil palm plantations, rubber estates and paddy fields was assessed to verify its bioefficacy in these localities. Field populations of Ae. albopictus larvae were attained via a larval survey at each study locality. Each Ae. albopictus larval population was subjected to a 24-h larval bioassay using Temebate® at operational dosage of 1 mg/L. Almost all Ae. albopictus larval populations demonstrated mortalities between 7.00% and 100.00% by the end of the first 4 h of Temebate® exposure with the resistance ratios between 0.94 and 8.33. After 24 h of Temebate® exposure, all sixteen Ae. albopictus larval populations exhibited increased mortalities with ten of them showing 100% mortalities. These results confirmed the relevance of Temebate® to be continuously used by the residents of these localities as their control efforts against dengue vectors. Nevertheless, Temebate® application by consumers in dengue-risk localities need to be carefully monitored to prevent further development of temephos resistance among Ae. albopictus populations and substantiated with other vector control approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Othman Wan-Norafikah
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Selangor Branch, Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, 47000, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia; HW ReNeU, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia; Institute of Medical Molecular Biotechnology (IMMB), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Selangor Branch, Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, 47000, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Sharifah Aliah-Diyanah
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Selangor Branch, Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, 47000, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zaifol Atiqah-Izzah
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Selangor Branch, Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, 47000, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chee Dhang Chen
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Sofian-Azirun
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Asri Lailatul-Nadhirah
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Selangor Branch, Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, 47000, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Johari Ibahim
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Selangor Branch, Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, 47000, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia; HW ReNeU, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
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Kadjo YMAE, Adja AM, Guindo-Coulibaly N, Zoh DD, Traoré DF, Assouho KF, Sadia-Kacou MAC, Kpan MDS, Yapi A, Chandre F. Insecticide Resistance and Metabolic Mechanisms in Aedes aegypti from Two Agrosystems (Vegetable and Cotton Crops) in Côte d'Ivoire. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2023; 23:475-485. [PMID: 37615509 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2022.0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The emergence of insecticide resistance in Aedes vectors mosquitoes poses a real challenge for arboviral-borne disease control. In Côte d'Ivoire, data are available on phenotypic resistance and the presence of kdr mutations in Aedes aegypti. Therefore, information on metabolic resistance in Aedes populations is very scarce. Here, we assessed the insecticide resistance status of Ae. aegypti in periurban and rural areas of Côte d'Ivoire, and we investigated the role of detoxification enzymes as possible resistance mechanisms. Materials and Methods: Aedes mosquito eggs were collected between June 2019 to April 2021 in two agricultural sites. Adults of Ae. aegypti were tested using World Health Organization tube assays, with seven insecticides belonging to pyrethroids, organochlorines, carbamates, and organophosphates classes. We determined the knockdown times (KdT50, KdT95) and resistance ratios of pyrethroids in natural populations. The synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO) was used to investigate the role of enzymes in resistance. Biochemical assays were performed to detect potential increased activities in mixed-function oxidase levels, nonspecific esterases (NSEs), and glutathione S-transferases. Results: The results showed that Ae. aegypti populations were resistant to five insecticides with mortality of 46% and 89% for 0.75% permethrin, 68% and 92% for 0.05% deltamethrin, 57% and 89% for lambda-cyhalothrin, 41% and 47% for dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), 82% and 91% for chlorpyrifos-methyl in Songon-Agban and Kaforo, respectively. Susceptibility to carbamates was observed in our study sites. After exposure to PBO, the susceptibility of Ae. aegypti to pyrethroids and DDT was partially restored in Songon-Agban. Whereas in Kaforo, none increase of the mortality rates of Ae. aegypti for these four insecticides was observed after exposure to PBO. Increased activity of NSE (α-esterases) was found in Songon-Agban compared with the reference susceptible strain. Conclusion: These findings provide valuable information to support decisions for vector control strategies in Cote d'Ivoire. Also, we highlight the need for the monitoring of insecticide resistance management in Aedes vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yapo Marie-Ange Edwige Kadjo
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Santé, UFR Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
- Institut Pierre Richet, Institut National de la Santé Publique, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Akré M Adja
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Santé, UFR Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
- Institut Pierre Richet, Institut National de la Santé Publique, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Négnorogo Guindo-Coulibaly
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Santé, UFR Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Dounin Danielle Zoh
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Santé, UFR Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
- Institut Pierre Richet, Institut National de la Santé Publique, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | | | - Konan Fabrice Assouho
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Santé, UFR Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | | | | | - Ahoua Yapi
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Santé, UFR Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Fabrice Chandre
- MIVEGEC, UMR IRD-CNRS-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
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Wan-Norafikah O, Hasani NAH, Nabila AB, Najibah I, Nurjuani AHH, Masliana M, Aliah-Diyanah S, Alia-Yasmin Z, Yasmin-Zafirah I, Farah-Farhani A, Azahari AH, Faiqah-Nadhirah M, Nurul-Azira MS. Profiling Insecticide Susceptibility of Aedes Albopictus From Hot Springs in Selangor, Malaysia. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION 2023; 39:183-191. [PMID: 37796735 DOI: 10.2987/23-7125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study establishes insecticide susceptibility profiles of Aedes albopictus adult populations from 4 hot springs in Selangor, Malaysia, against 7 pyrethroids through an adult mosquito susceptibility bioassay. All Ae. albopictus populations were subjected to a 1-h exposure to each pyrethroid following the World Health Organization. The mortalities were recorded at 60 min of exposure to bifenthrin, 30 min for other pyrethroids, and 24 h posttreatment for all pyrethroids. Complete mortalities were observed upon exposures to the pyrethroids under 60 min and at 24 h posttreatment, excluding permethrin 0.25%, alpha-cypermethrin 0.05%, and bifenthrin 0.2%. These findings indicated that permethrin, deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, cyfluthrin, and etofenprox possess the recommended pyrethroid adulticide active ingredients that could be applied in vector control programs at these hot springs in the future. Nevertheless, the application of pyrethroids should be carefully monitored in rotation with other insecticide classes, including organophosphates and carbamates to avoid the development of insecticide resistance among mosquito vectors towards all insecticides. Although there were no reported cases of Aedes-borne pathogens at these hot springs to date, the current study results could still assist the Malaysian health authorities in determining approaches to control Aedes populations in these hot springs, if required in the future.
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Asgarian TS, Vatandoost H, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Nikpoor F. Worldwide Status of Insecticide Resistance of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus, Vectors of Arboviruses of Chikungunya, Dengue, Zika and Yellow Fever. J Arthropod Borne Dis 2023; 17:1-27. [PMID: 37609563 PMCID: PMC10440498 DOI: 10.18502/jad.v17i1.13198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Controlling of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus, vectors of five important mosquito-borne diseases, is known as the most effective method to prevent the transmission of arboviruses to humans, but the emergence of insecticide resistance is threat for control and prevention of vector borne diseases. A better understanding of mosquito resistance to insecticides will help to develop more effective methods to control insecticide resistance in mosquito vectors. Methods Worldwide geographical distribution of insecticide resistance in Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus by the available papers and map of the data for carbamates, organochlorines, organophosphates, pyrethroids, microbial and insect growth regulator insecticides were reviewed. Article data published up to December 2022 were investigated by searching the following databases: "Google Scholar", "PubMed", "Scopus", "SID" and "Web of Knowledge". Results The results showed that the susceptibility and resistance status of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus to insecticides in the world is very diverse. Conclusion Due to the importance of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus in the transmission of mosquito-borne arboviruses, resistance management should be given more attention worldwide to prevent insecticide resistance in the arbovirus vector and replace the new approach for vector control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Sadat Asgarian
- Department of Vector Biology and Control of Diseases, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Vatandoost
- Department of Vector Biology and Control of Diseases, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd
- Department of Vector Biology and Control of Diseases, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Nikpoor
- Department of Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Yougang AP, Keumeni CR, Wilson-Bahun TA, Tedjou AN, Njiokou F, Wondji C, Kamgang B. Spatial distribution and insecticide resistance profile of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Douala, the most important city of Cameroon. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278779. [PMID: 36512581 PMCID: PMC9746985 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prevention and control of Aedes-borne viral diseases such as dengue rely on vector control, including the use of insecticides and reduction of larval sources. However, this is threatened by the emergence of insecticide resistance. This study aimed to update the spatial distribution, the insecticide resistance profile of A. aegypti and A. albopictus and the potential resistant mechanisms implicated in the city of Douala. Immature stages of Aedes were collected in August 2020 in eight neighbourhoods in Douala and reared to adult stages. Adult bioassays, and piperonyl butoxide (PBO) synergist assays were carried out according to World Health Organization recommendations. Expression of some candidate metabolic genes including Cyp9M6F88/87, Cyp9J28a, Cyp9J10 and Cyp9J32 in A. aegypti, and Cyp6P12 in A. albopictus were assessed using qPCR. A. aegypti adults G0 were screened using real time melting curve qPCR analyses to genotype the F1534C, V1016I and V410L Aedes kdr mutations. Overall, A. aegypti is the predominant Aedes species, but analyses revealed that both A. albopictus and A. aegypti coexist in all the prospected neighbourhoods of Douala. High level of resistance was observed to three pyrethroids tested in both Aedes species. In A. aegypti a lower mortality rate was reported to permethrin (5.83%) and a higher mortality rate to deltamethrin (63.74%). Meanwhile, for A. albopictus, lower (6.72%) and higher (84.11%) mortality rates were reported to deltamethrin. Similar analysis with bendiocarb, revealed for A. aegypti a loss of susceptibility. However, in A. albopictus samples, analyses revealed a susceptibility in Logbessou, and confirmed resistance in Kotto (59.78%). A partial recovery of mortality was found to insecticides after pre-exposure to PBO. Cyp6P12 was found significantly overexpressed in A. albopictus permethrin resistant and Cyp9M6F88/87 for A. aegypti deltamethrin resistant. F1534C, V1016I and V410L mutations were detected in A. aegypti from different neighbourhoods and by considering the combination of these three kdr 14 genotypes were found. These findings provide relevant information which should be capitalised in the implementation of arbovirus vector control strategies and insecticide resistance management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelie P. Yougang
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Faculty of Science, Parasitology and Ecology Laboratory, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- * E-mail: (APY); (BK)
| | - Christophe R. Keumeni
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Faculty of Science, Parasitology and Ecology Laboratory, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Theodel A. Wilson-Bahun
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Laboratory of Vertebrate and Invertebrate Bioecology, Marien-Ngouabi University, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Armel N. Tedjou
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Faculty of Science, Parasitology and Ecology Laboratory, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Flobert Njiokou
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Faculty of Science, Parasitology and Ecology Laboratory, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Charles Wondji
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Basile Kamgang
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- * E-mail: (APY); (BK)
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Kwame Amlalo G, Akorli J, Etornam Akyea-Bobi N, Sowa Akporh S, Aqua-Baidoo D, Opoku M, Frempong K, Pi-Bansa S, Boakye HA, Joannides J, Nyarko Osei JH, Pwalia R, Abla Akorli E, Manu A, Dadzie SK. Evidence of High Frequencies of Insecticide Resistance Mutations in Aedes aegypti (Culicidae) Mosquitoes in Urban Accra, Ghana: Implications for Insecticide-based Vector Control of Aedes-borne Arboviral Diseases. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:2090-2101. [PMID: 36066455 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The most widespread arboviral diseases such as Dengue, Chikungunya, and Zika are transmitted mainly by Aedes mosquitoes. Due to the lack of effective therapeutics for most of these diseases, vector control remains the most effective preventative and control measure. This study investigated and compared the species composition, insecticide susceptibility, and resistance mechanisms in Aedes mosquito populations from a forest reserve converted to an eco-park and a peri-domestic sites in urban Accra, Ghana. Immature Aedes were sampled from the study sites, raised to adults, and exposed to deltamethrin, permethrin, DDT, fenitrothion, bendiocarb, permethrin + PBO, and deltamethrin + PBO using WHO tube assays. Melting curve analyses were performed for F1536C, V1016I, and V410L genetic mutations in surviving and dead mosquitoes following exposure to deltamethrin and permethrin. Microplate assay was used to access enzyme activity levels in adult mosquitoes from both populations. Aedes aegypti was found to be the dominant species from both study populations. The susceptibility test results revealed a high frequency of resistance to all the insecticides except fenitrothion. F1534C mutations were observed in 100% and 97% of mosquitoes from the peri-domestic and forest population, respectively but were associated with pyrethroid resistance only in the forest population (P < 0.0001). For the first time in Aedes mosquitoes in Ghana, we report the existence V410L mutations, mostly under selection only in the forest population (HWE P < 0.0001) and conclude that Aedes vectors in urban Accra have developed resistance to many commonly used insecticides. This information is important for the formulation of vector control strategies for Aedes control in Ghana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godwin Kwame Amlalo
- Vestergaard NMIMR Vector Labs, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Epidemiology and Disease Control, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 13, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Jewelna Akorli
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Nukunu Etornam Akyea-Bobi
- Vestergaard NMIMR Vector Labs, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Samuel Sowa Akporh
- Vestergaard NMIMR Vector Labs, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Dominic Aqua-Baidoo
- Vestergaard NMIMR Vector Labs, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Millicent Opoku
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Kwadwo Frempong
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Sellase Pi-Bansa
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Helena A Boakye
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Joannitta Joannides
- Vestergaard NMIMR Vector Labs, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Joseph Harold Nyarko Osei
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Rebecca Pwalia
- Vestergaard NMIMR Vector Labs, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Esinam Abla Akorli
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Alexander Manu
- Department of Epidemiology and Disease Control, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 13, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Samuel K Dadzie
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana
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Hamzah SN, Avicor SW, Alias Z, Razak SA, Bakhori SKM, Hsieh TC, Syanizam NN, Farouk SA. In Vivo Glutathione S-Transferases Superfamily Proteome Analysis: An Insight into Aedes albopictus Mosquitoes upon Acute Xenobiotic Challenges. INSECTS 2022; 13:1028. [PMID: 36354852 PMCID: PMC9698486 DOI: 10.3390/insects13111028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the induction of glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzymatic activities in Aedes albopictus under 24 h of xenobiotic challenges was investigated. From LCMS analysis, 23 GST isoforms were identified under Delta, Epsilon, Sigma, Zeta, Omega, and Iota classes, together with one GSTX1-1 isoform, in both treated and untreated samples. Using STRING 11.5, the functional enrichment network of Gene Ontology (GO) analysis, the identified peptides were found to be involved in the glutathione metabolic biological process (GO:0006749, p-value: 1.93 × 10−29), and the molecular functions involved are due to glutathione transferase (GO:0016848, p-value: 2.92 × 10−8) aside from carbon-halide lyase activity (GO:004364, p-value: 1.21 × 10−31). The Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) network (STRING 11.5) showed significant interactions within the GST superfamily and some of the GST classes interacted with other proteins among the input domain of the identified peptides (p-value < 1.0 × 10−16). In TMT labeling for the quantification of peptide abundance, isoforms from Delta (GSTD1-2, GSTD1-3, GSTD1-4) and Epsilon (GSTE3-1, GSTE4-2) were found to be overexpressed (between 1.5-fold and 2-fold changes). In the PPI analysis, 12 common enriched pathways of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) were found to be intercorrelated with the identified GSTs at PPI enrichment p-value < 1.0 × 10−16. Overall, this study indicates that distinct GST enzymes, which were identified up to their specific protein isoforms, are involved in the metabolic mechanisms underlying xenobiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Nasuha Hamzah
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, George Town 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Silas Wintuma Avicor
- Entomology Division, Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana, New Tafo-Akim P.O. Box 8, Ghana
| | - Zazali Alias
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Sarah Abdul Razak
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | | | - Ting Chuan Hsieh
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, George Town 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Nurin Nazifa Syanizam
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, George Town 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Salinah Abdul Farouk
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, George Town 11800, Penang, Malaysia
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Ateutchia Ngouanet S, Wanji S, Yadouleton A, Demanou M, Djouaka R, Nanfack-Minkeu F. Factors enhancing the transmission of mosquito-borne arboviruses in Africa. Virusdisease 2022; 33:477-488. [PMID: 36278029 PMCID: PMC9579656 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-022-00795-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Ateutchia Ngouanet
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), 08 Tri-Postal, P.O. Box 0932, Cotonou, Benin
- Department Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. BOX 63, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Samuel Wanji
- Department Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. BOX 63, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Anges Yadouleton
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Benin
| | - Maurice Demanou
- Regional Yellow Fever Laboratory Coordinator World Health Organization, Inter-Country Support Team West Africa, 03 P.O. Box 7019, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Rousseau Djouaka
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), 08 Tri-Postal, P.O. Box 0932, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Ferdinand Nanfack-Minkeu
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), 08 Tri-Postal, P.O. Box 0932, Cotonou, Benin
- Department of Biology, The College of Wooster, Wooster, OH USA
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Pichler V, Caputo B, Valadas V, Micocci M, Horvath C, Virgillito C, Akiner M, Balatsos G, Bender C, Besnard G, Bravo-Barriga D, Bueno-Mari R, Collantes F, Delacour-Estrella S, Dikolli E, Falcuta E, Flacio E, García-Pérez AL, Kalan K, Kavran M, L'Ambert G, Lia RP, Marabuto E, Medialdea R, Melero-Alcibar R, Michaelakis A, Mihalca A, Mikov O, Miranda MA, Müller P, Otranto D, Pajovic I, Petric D, Rebelo MT, Robert V, Rogozi E, Tello A, Zitko T, Schaffner F, Pinto J, Della Torre A. Geographic distribution of the V1016G knockdown resistance mutation in Aedes albopictus: a warning bell for Europe. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:280. [PMID: 35932088 PMCID: PMC9356396 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05407-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colonization of large part of Europe by the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus is causing autochthonous transmission of chikungunya and dengue exotic arboviruses. While pyrethroids are recommended only to reduce/limit transmission, they are widely implemented to reduce biting nuisance and to control agricultural pests, increasing the risk of insurgence of resistance mechanisms. Worryingly, pyrethroid resistance (with mortality < 70%) was recently reported in Ae. albopictus populations from Italy and Spain and associated with the V1016G point mutation in the voltage-sensitive sodium channel gene conferring knockdown resistance (kdr). Genotyping pyrethroid resistance-associated kdr mutations in field mosquito samples represents a powerful approach to detect early signs of resistance without the need for carrying out phenotypic bioassays which require availability of live mosquitoes, dedicated facilities and appropriate expertise. METHODS Here we report results on the PCR-genotyping of the V1016G mutation in 2530 Ae. albopictus specimens from 69 sampling sites in 19 European countries. RESULTS The mutation was identified in 12 sites from nine countries (with allele frequencies ranging from 1 to 8%), mostly distributed in two geographical clusters. The western cluster includes Mediterranean coastal sites from Italy, France and Malta as well as single sites from both Spain and Switzerland. The eastern cluster includes sites on both sides of the Black Sea in Bulgaria, Turkey and Georgia as well as one site from Romania. These results are consistent with genomic data showing high connectivity and close genetic relationship among West European populations and a major barrier to gene flow between West European and Balkan populations. CONCLUSIONS The results of this first effort to map kdr mutations in Ae. albopictus on a continental scale show a widespread presence of the V1016G allele in Europe, although at lower frequencies than those previously reported from Italy. This represents a wake-up call for mosquito surveillance programs in Europe to include PCR-genotyping of pyrethroid resistance alleles, as well as phenotypic resistance assessments, in their routine activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Pichler
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica & Malattie Infettive, Università di Roma Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Beniamino Caputo
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica & Malattie Infettive, Università di Roma Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Vera Valadas
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto De Higiene E Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova De Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Martina Micocci
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica & Malattie Infettive, Università di Roma Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Cintia Horvath
- University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Chiara Virgillito
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica & Malattie Infettive, Università di Roma Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Georgios Balatsos
- Laboratory of Insects & Parasites of Medical Importance, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Kifisia, Greece
| | - Christelle Bender
- Syndicat de Lutte Contre Les Moustiques du Bas-Rhin, Strasbourg, France
| | - Gilles Besnard
- Entente Interdépartementale Rhône-Alpes pour la Démoustication, Chindrieux, France
| | - Daniel Bravo-Barriga
- Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura (UEx), Cáceres, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Elena Falcuta
- Cantacuzino, National Military-Medical Institute of Research and Development, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Eleonora Flacio
- University of Applied Sciences of Southern Switzerland, Manno, Switzerland
| | - Ana L García-Pérez
- Neiker-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Derio, Spain
| | | | | | - Gregory L'Ambert
- Entente Interdépartementale Rhône-Alpes pour la Démoustication, Chindrieux, France
| | | | - Eduardo Marabuto
- Museum of Zoology, Senckenberg Natural History Collections Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | - Antonios Michaelakis
- Laboratory of Insects & Parasites of Medical Importance, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Kifisia, Greece
| | - Andrei Mihalca
- University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ognyan Mikov
- National Centre of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Miguel A Miranda
- Applied Zoology and Animal Conservation, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
| | - Pie Müller
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Maria Teresa Rebelo
- CESAM-Ciências, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, , Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Vincent Robert
- Mivegec Laboratory, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Ana Tello
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Toni Zitko
- Institute of Public Health of Split-Dalmatia County, Split, Croatia
| | | | - Joao Pinto
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto De Higiene E Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova De Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Alessandra Della Torre
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica & Malattie Infettive, Università di Roma Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
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12
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Wei Y, Zheng X, He S, Xin X, Zhang J, Hu K, Zhou G, Zhong D. Insecticide susceptibility status and knockdown resistance (kdr) mutation in Aedes albopictus in China. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:609. [PMID: 34922622 PMCID: PMC8684111 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05095-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse, 1894) is the main vector of dengue virus in China. The resistance to insecticides is a huge obstacle for the control of this species, and determining its resistance status and mechanisms in China is essential for the implementation of vector management strategies. Methods We have investigated the larval and adult resistance status of Ae. albopictus to deltamethrin in eight field populations in China. Mutations at the voltage-gated sodium channel gene, related to the knockdown resistance (kdr) effect, were detected by sequencing of PCR products. The eight field populations were examined for pyrethroid resistance using the World Health Organization standard bioassays, and the association between the mutations and phenotypic resistance was tested. Results The eight field populations of larvae of Ae. albopictus in China exhibited high resistance to deltamethrin; the RR50 values ranged from 12 (ZJ) to 44 (GZ). Adult bioassay revealed that Ae. albopictus populations were resistant to deltamethrin (mortality rate < 90%), except ZJ population (probably resistant, mortality rate = 93.5%). Long knockdown time in the field populations was consistent with low mortality rates in adult bioassay. F1534S mutation showed increased protection against deltamethrin in all populations except BJ and SJZ populations, whereas I1532T mutation showed increased protection against deltamethrin in only BJ population. Conclusion There were different degrees of resistance to deltamethrin in field Ae. albopictus populations in China. The longest knockdown time and lowest mortality rate observed in Ae. albopictus population in Guangzhou indicate the severity of high resistance to deltamethrin. The patchy distribution of deltamethrin resistance and kdr mutations in Ae. albopictus mosquitoes suggests the necessity for resistance management and developing counter measures to mitigate the spread of resistance. Graphical Abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wei
- Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Qianhai Shekou Free Trade Zone Hospital, Shenzhen, China. .,Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xueli Zheng
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Song He
- Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Qianhai Shekou Free Trade Zone Hospital, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Xuli Xin
- Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Qianhai Shekou Free Trade Zone Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiachun Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Qianhai Shekou Free Trade Zone Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ke Hu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guofa Zhou
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Daibin Zhong
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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Granada Y, Mejía-Jaramillo AM, Zuluaga S, Triana-Chávez O. Molecular surveillance of resistance to pyrethroids insecticides in Colombian Aedes aegypti populations. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0010001. [PMID: 34905537 PMCID: PMC8735628 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction In Colombia, organochloride, organophosphate, carbamate, and pyrethroid insecticides are broadly used to control Aedes aegypti populations. However, Colombian mosquito populations have shown variability in their susceptibility profiles to these insecticides, with some expressing high resistance levels. Materials and methods In this study, we analyzed the susceptibility status of ten Colombian field populations of Ae. aegypti to two pyrethroids; permethrin (type-I pyrethroid) and lambda-cyhalothrin (type-II pyrethroid). In addition, we evaluated if mosquitoes pressured with increasing lambda-cyhalothrin concentrations during some filial generations exhibited altered allelic frequency of these kdr mutations and the activity levels of some metabolic enzymes. Results Mosquitoes from all field populations showed resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin and permethrin. We found that resistance profiles could only be partially explained by kdr mutations and altered enzymatic activities such as esterases and mixed-function oxidases, indicating that other yet unknown mechanisms could be involved. The molecular and biochemical analyses of the most pyrethroid-resistant mosquito population (Acacías) indicated that kdr mutations and altered metabolic enzyme activity are involved in the resistance phenotype expression. Conclusions In this context, we propose genetic surveillance of the mosquito populations to monitor the emergence of resistance as an excellent initiative to improve mosquito-borne disease control measures. The main method of preventing Aedes-borne diseases such as dengue, Zika, and chikungunya is by targeting the primary mosquito vector, Aedes aegypti, with insecticides. However, the success of these vector control strategies is jeopardized by the widespread development of insecticide resistance in mosquito populations. Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms of insecticide resistance in Ae. aegypti are still not well understood, resulting in limited resistance mitigation and management strategies. In this paper, we found that resistance to some pyrethroid insecticides in different Colombian cities is associated with three allelic substitutions V419L, V1016I, and F1534C, on the voltage-gated sodium channel gene, known as kdr (‘knock-down resistance’) mutations, with all three mutations present in mosquitoes resistant to pyrethroids. The data also showed that kdr mutations are important in conferring low resistance levels, but after around 10-fold intensity, the allele frequencies don’t change, indicating that other mechanisms contribute to the resistance. Thus, we found that mosquitoes under selective pressure with insecticides present also altered enzymatic activities such as esterases and mixed-function oxidases, indicating that kdr mutations and metabolic enzymes are involved in the resistance expression. The findings on the extent of insecticide resistance and the molecular mechanisms underpinning the problem will impact the surveillance, selection, and rational use of insecticides by local health authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurany Granada
- Grupo Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Ana María Mejía-Jaramillo
- Grupo Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Sara Zuluaga
- Grupo Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Omar Triana-Chávez
- Grupo Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellin, Colombia
- * E-mail:
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14
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Nawaz S, Tahir HM, Asif Mahmood M, Summer M, Ali S, Ali A, Gormani AH. Current Status of Pyrethroids Resistance in Aedes aegypti (Culicidae: Diptera) in Lahore District, Pakistan: A Novel Mechanistic Insight. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 58:2432-2438. [PMID: 34343301 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) is a major vector responsible for dengue transmission. Insecticides are being used as the most effective tool to control vector populations in Lahore, Pakistan. Control of Ae. aegypti is threatened by the development of resistance against insecticides. The current status of insecticide resistance was evaluated against pyrethroids (deltamethrin, cypermethrin, and lambda-cyhalothrin) in different populations of Lahore (Model Town, Mishri Shah, Sadar Cantt, Walton, and Valencia). The susceptibility of the larval and adult populations was tested following the standard WHO guidelines. Moderate to high levels of resistance were found against pyrethroids in the larval (RR50: 3.6-27.2 and RR90: 5-90) and adult populations (percentage mortality < 98%). Biochemical assays revealed a statistically significant increase in the enzyme level in all field populations compared to the laboratory strain. The value of esterase was one-fold higher, monooxygenase was 3.9- to 4.7-fold higher, and glutathione S-transferases was 1.9- to 2.6-fold higher in field populations compared to the laboratory strain. These results depict the presence of resistance against deltamethrin, cypermethrin, and lambda-cyhalothrin in field populations of Lahore mediated by metabolic enzymes i.e. esterases, monooxygenases, and glutathione S-transferase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saira Nawaz
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Muhammad Summer
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shaukat Ali
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Aamir Ali
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
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Djiappi-Tchamen B, Nana-Ndjangwo MS, Mavridis K, Talipouo A, Nchoutpouen E, Makoudjou I, Bamou R, Mayi AMP, Awono-Ambene P, Tchuinkam T, Vontas J, Antonio-Nkondjio C. Analyses of Insecticide Resistance Genes in Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus Mosquito Populations from Cameroon. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12060828. [PMID: 34071214 PMCID: PMC8229692 DOI: 10.3390/genes12060828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of insecticide resistance in Aedes mosquitoes could pose major challenges for arboviral-borne disease control. In this paper, insecticide susceptibility level and resistance mechanisms were assessed in Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1894) from urban settings of Cameroon. The F1 progeny of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus collected in Douala, Yaoundé and Dschang from August to December 2020 was tested using WHO tube assays with four insecticides: deltamethrin 0.05%, permethrin 0.75%, DDT 4% and bendiocarb 0.1%. TaqMan, qPCR and RT-qPCR assays were used to detect kdr mutations and the expression profiles of eight detoxification genes. Aedes aegypti mosquitoes from Douala were found to be resistant to DDT, permethrin and deltamethrin. Three kdr mutations, F1534C, V1016G and V1016I were detected in Aedes aegypti populations from Douala and Dschang. The kdr allele F1534C was predominant (90%) in Aedes aegypti and was detected for the first time in Aedes albopictus (2.08%). P450s genes, Cyp9J28 (2.23-7.03 folds), Cyp9M6 (1.49-2.59 folds), Cyp9J32 (1.29-3.75 folds) and GSTD4 (1.34-55.3 folds) were found overexpressed in the Douala and Yaoundé Aedes aegypti populations. The emergence of insecticide resistance in Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus calls for alternative strategies towards the control and prevention of arboviral vector-borne diseases in Cameroon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borel Djiappi-Tchamen
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Applied Biology and Ecology Research Unit (VBID-URBEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 067 Dschang, Cameroon; (R.B.); (A.M.P.M.); (T.T.)
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288 Yaoundé, Cameroon; (M.S.N.-N.); (A.T.); (E.N.); (I.M.); (P.A.-A.)
- Correspondence: (B.D.-T.); (C.A.-N.)
| | - Mariette Stella Nana-Ndjangwo
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288 Yaoundé, Cameroon; (M.S.N.-N.); (A.T.); (E.N.); (I.M.); (P.A.-A.)
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337 Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Konstantinos Mavridis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Greece; (K.M.); (J.V.)
| | - Abdou Talipouo
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288 Yaoundé, Cameroon; (M.S.N.-N.); (A.T.); (E.N.); (I.M.); (P.A.-A.)
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337 Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Elysée Nchoutpouen
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288 Yaoundé, Cameroon; (M.S.N.-N.); (A.T.); (E.N.); (I.M.); (P.A.-A.)
| | - Idene Makoudjou
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288 Yaoundé, Cameroon; (M.S.N.-N.); (A.T.); (E.N.); (I.M.); (P.A.-A.)
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337 Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Roland Bamou
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Applied Biology and Ecology Research Unit (VBID-URBEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 067 Dschang, Cameroon; (R.B.); (A.M.P.M.); (T.T.)
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288 Yaoundé, Cameroon; (M.S.N.-N.); (A.T.); (E.N.); (I.M.); (P.A.-A.)
| | - Audrey Marie Paul Mayi
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Applied Biology and Ecology Research Unit (VBID-URBEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 067 Dschang, Cameroon; (R.B.); (A.M.P.M.); (T.T.)
| | - Parfait Awono-Ambene
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288 Yaoundé, Cameroon; (M.S.N.-N.); (A.T.); (E.N.); (I.M.); (P.A.-A.)
| | - Timoléon Tchuinkam
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Applied Biology and Ecology Research Unit (VBID-URBEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 067 Dschang, Cameroon; (R.B.); (A.M.P.M.); (T.T.)
| | - John Vontas
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Greece; (K.M.); (J.V.)
- Pesticide Science Laboratory, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Christophe Antonio-Nkondjio
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288 Yaoundé, Cameroon; (M.S.N.-N.); (A.T.); (E.N.); (I.M.); (P.A.-A.)
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
- Correspondence: (B.D.-T.); (C.A.-N.)
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16
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Sene NM, Mavridis K, Ndiaye EH, Diagne CT, Gaye A, Ngom EHM, Ba Y, Diallo D, Vontas J, Dia I, Diallo M. Insecticide resistance status and mechanisms in Aedes aegypti populations from Senegal. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009393. [PMID: 33970904 PMCID: PMC8136859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is the main epidemic vector of arboviruses in Africa. In Senegal, control activities are mainly limited to mitigation of epidemics, with limited information available for Ae. aegypti populations. A better understanding of the current Ae. aegypti susceptibility status to various insecticides and relevant resistance mechanisms involved is needed for the implementation of effective vector control strategies. The present study focuses on the detection of insecticide resistance and reveals the related mechanisms in Ae. aegypti populations from Senegal. Bioassays were performed on Ae. aegypti adults from nine Senegalese localities (Matam, Louga, Barkedji, Ziguinchor, Mbour, Fatick, Dakar, Kédougou and Touba). Mosquitoes were exposed to four classes of insecticides using the standard WHO protocols. Resistance mechanisms were investigated by genotyping for pyrethroid target site resistance mutations (V1016G, V1016I, F1534C and S989P) and measuring gene expression levels of key detoxification genes (CYP6BB2, CYP9J26, CYP9J28, CYP9J32, CYP9M6, CCEae3a and GSTD4). All collected populations were resistant to DDT and carbamates except for the ones in Matam (Northern region). Resistance to permethrin was uniformly detected in mosquitoes from all areas. Except for Barkédji and Touba, all populations were characterized by a susceptibility to 0.75% Permethrin. Susceptibility to type II pyrethroids was detected only in the Southern regions (Kédougou and Ziguinchor). All mosquito populations were susceptible to 5% Malathion, but only Kédougou and Matam mosquitoes were susceptible to 0.8% Malathion. All populations were resistant to 0.05% Pirimiphos-methyl, whereas those from Louga, Mbour and Barkédji, also exhibited resistance to 1% Fenitrothion. None of the known target site pyrethroid resistance mutations was present in the mosquito samples included in the genotyping analysis (performed in > 1500 samples). In contrast, a remarkably high (20-70-fold) overexpression of major detoxification genes was observed, suggesting that insecticide resistance is mostly mediated through metabolic mechanisms. These data provide important evidence to support dengue vector control in Senegal. In Senegal, as in most African countries, the arbovirus epidemics control policy relies on the control of the main vector Ae. aegypti though insecticide applications. Vector control strategies have been largely adopted without information on the vector populations’ insecticide resistance mechanisms. We profiled here the resistance status of nine Ae. aegypti populations from Senegal to four classes of insecticides and their related mechanisms. Our findings revealed high resistance to carbamates, a relative susceptibility of southern populations to pyrethroids and a variable efficacy of organophosphates. Resistance to pyrethroids was driven by a significant overexpression of detoxification genes linked to insecticide metabolism. Our results contribute towards a more targeted and efficient control of Ae. aegypti populations and thus of arbovirus epidemics in Senegal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Konstantinos Mavridis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Crete, Greece
| | - El Hadji Ndiaye
- Medical Zoology Pole, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Cheikh Tidiane Diagne
- Medical Zoology Pole, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
- MIVEGEC (Infectious Diseases and Vector: Ecology, Genetics, Evolution and Control), IRD (Institut de recherché pour le Développement), Montpellier, France
| | - Alioune Gaye
- Medical Zoology Pole, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | | | - Yamar Ba
- Medical Zoology Pole, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Diawo Diallo
- Medical Zoology Pole, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - John Vontas
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Crete, Greece
- Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ibrahima Dia
- Medical Zoology Pole, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Mawlouth Diallo
- Medical Zoology Pole, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
- * E-mail:
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17
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Pichler V, Mancini E, Micocci M, Calzetta M, Arnoldi D, Rizzoli A, Lencioni V, Paoli F, Bellini R, Veronesi R, Martini S, Drago A, De Liberato C, Ermenegildi A, Pinto J, della Torre A, Caputo B. A Novel Allele Specific Polymerase Chain Reaction (AS-PCR) Assay to Detect the V1016G Knockdown Resistance Mutation Confirms Its Widespread Presence in Aedes albopictus Populations from Italy. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12010079. [PMID: 33477382 PMCID: PMC7830166 DOI: 10.3390/insects12010079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based genotyping of mutations in the voltage-sensitive sodium channel (vssc) associated with resistance to pyrethroid insecticides is widely used and represents a potential early warning and monitoring system for insecticide resistance arising in mosquito populations, which are vectors of different human pathogens. In the secondary vector Aedes albopictus-an Asian species that has invaded and colonized the whole world, including temperate regions-sequencing of domain II of the vssc gene is still needed to detect the V1016G mutation associated with pyrethroid resistance. In this study we developed and tested a novel allele-specific PCR (AS-PCR) assay to genotype the V1016G mutation in this species and applied it to the analysis of wild populations from Italy. The results confirm the high accuracy of the novel AS-PCR and highlight frequencies of the V1016G allele as >5% in most sampling sites, with peaks of 20-45% in coastal touristic sites where pyrethroid treatments are extensively implemented, mostly for mosquito nuisance reduction. The high frequency of this mutation observed in Italian Ae. albopictus populations should serve as a warning bell, advocating for increased monitoring and management of a phenomenon which risks neutralizing the only weapon today available to counteract (risks of) arbovirus outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Pichler
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Università Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy; (V.P.); (M.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Emiliano Mancini
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie ‘C. Darwin’, Università Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Martina Micocci
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Università Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy; (V.P.); (M.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Maria Calzetta
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Università Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy; (V.P.); (M.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Daniele Arnoldi
- Research and Innovation Centre, Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, 38098 Trento, Italy; (D.A.); (A.R.)
| | - Annapaola Rizzoli
- Research and Innovation Centre, Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, 38098 Trento, Italy; (D.A.); (A.R.)
| | - Valeria Lencioni
- Section of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, MUSE-Science Museum, 38098 Trento, Italy; (V.L.); (F.P.)
| | - Francesca Paoli
- Section of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, MUSE-Science Museum, 38098 Trento, Italy; (V.L.); (F.P.)
| | - Romeo Bellini
- Centro Agricoltura Ambiente “G. Nicoli”, 40014 Crevalcore, Italy; (R.B.); (R.V.)
| | - Rodolfo Veronesi
- Centro Agricoltura Ambiente “G. Nicoli”, 40014 Crevalcore, Italy; (R.B.); (R.V.)
| | | | - Andrea Drago
- Entostudio snc, 35020 Padua, Italy; (S.M.); (A.D.)
| | - Claudio De Liberato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, 00178 Rome, Italy; (C.D.L.); (A.E.)
| | - Arianna Ermenegildi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, 00178 Rome, Italy; (C.D.L.); (A.E.)
| | - Joao Pinto
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Alessandra della Torre
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Università Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy; (V.P.); (M.M.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence: (A.d.T.); (B.C.)
| | - Beniamino Caputo
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Università Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy; (V.P.); (M.M.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence: (A.d.T.); (B.C.)
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18
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Insecticide resistance status of Aedes aegypti in Bangladesh. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:622. [PMID: 33317603 PMCID: PMC7734861 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04503-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Arboviral diseases, including dengue and chikungunya, are major public health concerns in Bangladesh where there have been unprecedented levels of transmission reported in recent years. The primary approach to control these diseases is to control the vector Aedes aegypti using pyrethroid insecticides. Although chemical control has long been practiced, no comprehensive analysis of Ae. aegypti susceptibility to insecticides has been conducted to date. The aim of this study was to determine the insecticide resistance status of Ae. aegypti in Bangladesh and investigate the role of detoxification enzymes and altered target site sensitivity as resistance mechanisms. Methods Eggs of Aedes mosquitoes were collected using ovitraps from five districts across Bangladesh and in eight neighborhoods of the capital city Dhaka, from August to November 2017. CDC bottle bioassays were conducted for permethrin, deltamethrin, malathion, and bendiocarb using 3- to 5-day-old F0–F2 non-blood-fed female mosquitoes. Biochemical assays were conducted to detect metabolic resistance mechanisms, and real-time PCR was performed to determine the frequencies of the knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations Gly1016, Cys1534, and Leu410. Results High levels of resistance to permethrin were detected in all Ae. aegypti populations, with mortality ranging from 0 to 14.8% at the diagnostic dose. Substantial resistance continued to be detected against higher (2×) doses of permethrin (5.1–44.4% mortality). Susceptibility to deltamethrin and malathion varied between populations while complete susceptibility to bendiocarb was observed in all populations. Significantly higher levels of esterase and oxidase activity were detected in most of the test populations as compared to the susceptible reference Rockefeller strain. A significant association was detected between permethrin resistance and the presence of Gly1016 and Cys1534 homozygotes. The frequency of kdr (knockdown resistance) alleles varied across the Dhaka Aedes populations. Leu410 was not detected in any of the tested populations. Conclusions The detection of widespread pyrethroid resistance and multiple resistance mechanisms highlights the urgency for implementing alternate Ae. aegypti control strategies. In addition, implementing routine monitoring of insecticide resistance in Ae. aegypti in Bangladesh will lead to a greater understanding of susceptibility trends over space and time, thereby enabling the development of improved control strategies.![]()
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Yougang AP, Kamgang B, Bahun TAW, Tedjou AN, Nguiffo-Nguete D, Njiokou F, Wondji CS. First detection of F1534C knockdown resistance mutation in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) from Cameroon. Infect Dis Poverty 2020; 9:152. [PMID: 33138860 PMCID: PMC7607635 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-020-00769-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aedes borne viral diseases, notably dengue, are increasingly reported in Cameroon with Aedes aegypti being a major vector. Data on insecticide resistance of this vector and underlying mechanisms needed for outbreak preparedness remain scarce in Cameroon. Here, we present the nationwide distribution of insecticide resistance in Ae. aegypti and investigate the potential resistance mechanisms involved. Methods Immature stages of Ae. aegypti were collected between March and July 2017 in 13 locations across Cameroon and reared until G1/G2/G3 generation. Larval, adult bioassays, and piperonyl butoxide (PBO) synergist assays were carried out according to World Health Organization guidelines. F1534C mutation was genotyped using allele specific polymerase chain reaction in field collected adults (Go) and the polymorphism of the sodium channel gene was assessed. The χ2 test was used to compare the mortality rate between bioassays with insecticides only and bioassays after preexposure to PBO synergist. Results Larval bioassay revealed that all the three populations tested with temephos were susceptible. Adult bioassays showed a good level of susceptibility toward both pyrethroids tested, 0.25% permethrin and 0.05% deltamethrin, with six out of 10 populations susceptible. However, two populations (Douala and Edéa) were resistant (deltamethrin [73.2–92.5% mortality], permethrin [2.6–76.3% mortality]). The resistance to 4% dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane was observed in four out of 10 populations tested (16.8–87.1% mortality). Resistance was also reported to carbamates including 0.1% propoxur (60.8–87.1% mortality) and to 0.1% bendiocarb (82.9% mortality). All populations tested were fully susceptible to 1% fenitrothion. A partial recovery of susceptibility was observed in the pyrethroid resistant population of Douala after pre-exposed to PBO suggesting the implication of cytochrome P450 monoxygenases permethrin resistance. Genotyping and sequencing detected the F1534C kdr mutation in the two pyrethroid resistant locations of Edéa and Douala, with allelic frequency of 3.3% and 33.3% respectively. However, the high genetic diversity of the sodium channel gene supports the recent introduction of this mutation in Cameroon. Conclusions This study revealed the contrasting resistance profiles to insecticides of Ae. aegypti populations in Cameroon suggesting that, instead of a unique nationwide control approach, a regionally adapted strategy will be needed to control this vector. The localised distribution of the F1534C kdr mutation supports this region-specific control strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelie P Yougang
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Parasitology and Ecology Laboratory, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Basile Kamgang
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Theodel A Wilson Bahun
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Laboratory of Vertebrate and Invertebrate Bioecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Marien-Ngouabi University, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Armel N Tedjou
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Parasitology and Ecology Laboratory, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Daniel Nguiffo-Nguete
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Laboratory of Biology and Applied Ecology, Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 96, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Flobert Njiokou
- Parasitology and Ecology Laboratory, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Charles S Wondji
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
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20
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Campos M, Ward D, Morales RF, Gomes AR, Silva K, Sepúlveda N, Gomez LF, Clark TG, Campino S. Surveillance of Aedes aegypti populations in the city of Praia, Cape Verde: Zika virus infection, insecticide resistance and genetic diversity. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:481. [PMID: 32958043 PMCID: PMC7507728 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04356-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aedes spp. are responsible for the transmission of many arboviruses, which contribute to rising human morbidity and mortality worldwide. The Aedes aegypti mosquito is a main vector for chikungunya, dengue and yellow fever infections, whose incidence have been increasing and distribution expanding. This vector has also driven the emergence of the Zika virus (ZIKV), first reported in Africa which spread rapidly to Asia and more recently across the Americas. During the outbreak in the Americas, Cape Verde became the first African country declaring a Zika epidemic, with confirmed cases of microcephaly. Here we investigate the prevalence of ZIKV and dengue (DENV) infected Ae. aegypti mosquitoes in the weeks following the outbreak in Cape Verde, and the presence of insecticide resistance in the circulating vector population. Genetic diversity in the mosquito population was also analysed. METHODS From August to October 2016, 816 Ae. aegypti mosquitoes were collected in several locations across Praia, Cape Verde, the major hot spot of reported ZIKV cases in the country. All mosquitoes were screened by reverse transcription PCR for ZIKV and DENV, and a subset (n = 220) were screened for knockdown insecticide resistance associated mutations in the voltage gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene by capillary sequencing. The mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 (nad4) gene was sequenced in 100 mosquitoes. These data were compared to 977 global sequences in a haplotype network and a phylogenetic tree analysis. RESULTS Two Ae. aegypti mosquitoes were ZIKV positive (0.25%). There were no SNP mutations found in the VGSC gene associated with insecticide resistance. Analysis of the nad4 gene revealed 11 haplotypes in the Cape Verdean samples, with 5 being singletons. Seven haplotypes were exclusive to Cape Verde. Several of the remaining haplotypes were frequent in the global dataset, being present in several countries (including Cape Verde) across five different continents. The most common haplotype in Cape Verde (50.6 %) was also found in Africa and South America. CONCLUSIONS There was low-level Zika virus circulation in mosquitoes from Praia shortly after the outbreak. The Ae. aegypti population did not appear to have the kdr mutations associated with pyrethroid resistance. Furthermore, haplotype and phylogenetic analyses revealed that Cape Verde Ae. aegypti mosquitoes are most closely related to those from other countries in Africa and South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Campos
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Daniel Ward
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Raika Francesca Morales
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Ana Rita Gomes
- Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interactions (LPHI), UMR5235, CNRS, Montpellier University, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Keily Silva
- Universidade Jean Piaget (UniPiaget), Praia, Cabo Verde
| | - Nuno Sepúlveda
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Centre of Statistics and Its Applications of University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Taane G. Clark
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Susana Campino
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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21
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Yougang AP, Kamgang B, Tedjou AN, Wilson-Bahun TA, Njiokou F, Wondji CS. Nationwide profiling of insecticide resistance in Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Cameroon. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234572. [PMID: 32555588 PMCID: PMC7302487 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Asian mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Skuse), is an invasive mosquito which has become one of the most important vectors of dengue, Zika, and chikungunya viruses worldwide. This species was reported for the first time in Cameroon in early 2000s and became the dominant Aedes species in the urban areas in the southern part of Cameroon but remain poorly characterized. Here, we assessed the susceptibility profile of A. albopictus collected throughout Cameroon and investigated the potential resistance mechanisms involved. Immature stages of A. albopictus were collected between March and July 2017 in 15 locations across Cameroon and reared until G1/G2 generation. Larval, adult bioassays, and synergists [piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and diethyl maleate (DEM)] assays were carried out according to WHO recommendations. F1534C mutation was genotyped in field collected adults (Go) using allele specific PCR. All tested populations were susceptible to both larvicides, temephos and Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti), after larval bioassays. Adult bioassays revealed a high level of resistance of A. albopictus to 4% DDT with mortality rates ranging from 12.42% in Bafang to 75.04% in Kumba. The resistance was reported also in 0.05% deltamethrin, 0.25% permethrin, and 0.1% propoxur in some locations. A loss of susceptibility to 0.1% bendiocarb was found in one of three populations analysed. A full susceptibility to 1% fenitrothion were observed across the country. A full recovery or partial of susceptibility was observed in A. albopictus when pre-exposed to PBO or DEM and then to DDT and permethrin, respectively. The F1534C kdr mutation was not detected in A. albopictus. This study showed that the susceptibility profile of A. albopictus to insecticide vary according to the sampling location and insecticides used. These findings are useful to planning vector control program against arbovirus vectors in Cameroon and can be used as baseline data for further researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelie P. Yougang
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Parasitology and Ecology Laboratory, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- * E-mail: (APY); (BK)
| | - Basile Kamgang
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- * E-mail: (APY); (BK)
| | - Armel N. Tedjou
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Parasitology and Ecology Laboratory, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Theodel A. Wilson-Bahun
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Laboratory of vertebrate and invertebrate bioecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Marien-Ngouabi University, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Flobert Njiokou
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Parasitology and Ecology Laboratory, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Charles S. Wondji
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Tancredi A, Papandrea D, Marconcini M, Carballar-Lejarazu R, Casas-Martinez M, Lo E, Chen XG, Malacrida AR, Bonizzoni M. Tracing temporal and geographic distribution of resistance to pyrethroids in the arboviral vector Aedes albopictus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008350. [PMID: 32569337 PMCID: PMC7332087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The arboviral vector Aedes albopictus became established on all continents except Antarctica in the past 50 years. A consequence of its rapid global invasion is the transmission of diseases previously confined to the tropics and subtropics occurring in temperate regions of the world, including the re-emergence of chikungunya and dengue in Europe. Application of pyrethroids is among the most widely-used interventions for vector control, especially in the presence of an arboviral outbreak. Studies are emerging that reveal phenotypic resistance and monitor mutations at the target site, the para sodium channel gene, primarily on a local scale. METHODS A total of 512 Ae. albopictus mosquitoes from twelve geographic sites, including those from the native home range and invaded areas, were sampled between 2011 and 2018, and were analyzed at five codons of the para sodium channel gene with mutations predictive of resistance phenotype. Additionally, to test for the origin of unique kdr mutations in Mexico, we analyzed the genetic connectivity of southern Mexico mosquitoes with mosquitoes from home range, the Reunion Island, America and Europe. RESULTS We detected mutations at all tested positions of the para sodium channel gene, with heterozygotes predominating and rare instance of double mutants. We observed an increase in the distribution and frequency of F1534C/L/S mutations in the ancestral China population and populations in the Mediterranean Greece, the appearance of the V1016G/I mutations as early as 2011 in Italy and mutations at position 410 and 989 in Mexico. The analyses of the distribution pattern of kdr alleles and haplotype network analyses showed evidence for multiple origins of all kdr mutations. CONCLUSIONS Here we provide the most-up-to-date survey on the geographic and temporal distribution of pyrethroid-predictive mutations in Ae. albopictus by combining kdr genotyping on current and historical samples with published data. While we confirm low levels of pyrethroid resistance in most analyzed samples, we find increasing frequencies of F1534C/S and V1016G in China and Greece or Italy, respectively. The observed patterns of kdr allele distribution support the hypothesis that on site emergence of resistance has contributed more than spread of resistance through mosquito migration/invasions to the current widespread of kdr alleles, emphasizing the importance of local surveillance programs and resistance management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Tancredi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Lombardy, Italy
| | - Davide Papandrea
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Lombardy, Italy
| | - Michele Marconcini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Lombardy, Italy
| | | | - Mauricio Casas-Martinez
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Eugenia Lo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Xiao-Guang Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University of Guangzhou, China
| | - Anna R. Malacrida
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Lombardy, Italy
| | - Mariangela Bonizzoni
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Lombardy, Italy
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Hamid PH, Ninditya VI, Ghiffari A, Taubert A, Hermosilla C. The V1016G mutation of the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene contributes to the insecticide resistance of Aedes aegypti from Makassar, Indonesia. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:2075-2083. [PMID: 32458116 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06720-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti represents one of the main vectors of at least five relevant arthropod-borne viral infections in humans (i.e., Rift Valley fever, Dengue fever, Zika, chikungunya, and yellow fever) worldwide. Ae. aegypti control strategies are mostly based on using chemical insecticides (i.e., organophosphates, pyrethroids, carbamates, and organochlorines) and reducing larval sources. Furthermore, monitoring the growth activity and mapping the geographical distribution of insecticide resistance are mandatory, as recommended by the WHO. Accordingly, we conducted a study on the possible mechanism by which Ae. aegypti develops resistance to several frequently used chemical insecticides (i.e., λ-cyhalothrin, bendiocarb, cyfluthrin, deltamethrin, malathion, and permethrin) in the city of Makassar, Sulawesi, Indonesia. The results showed the progression of resistance toward the examined insecticides in Ae. aegypti populations in Makassar. The mortality rate of Ae. aegypti was less than 90%, with the highest resistance recorded against 0.75% permethrin. The molecular evaluation of the voltage-gated sodium channel gene (VGSC) showed a significant correlation of the V1016G gene mutation in the tested 0.75% permethrin-resistant Ae. aegypti phenotypes. Nevertheless, the F1534C point mutation in the VGSC gene of Ae. aegypti did not show a significant correlation with the phenotype exhibiting insecticide resistance to 0.75% permethrin. These results indicate that Ae. aegypti mosquitoes in Makassar City have developed resistance against the frequently used insecticide permethrin, which might spread to less-populated regions of Sulawesi. Therefore, we call for further entomological monitoring of insecticide resistance not only on Sulawesi but also on other closely located islands of the Indonesian archipelago to delay the spread of Ae. aegypti insecticide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Hamid
- Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Fauna No. 2, Karangmalang, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
| | - V I Ninditya
- Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Fauna No. 2, Karangmalang, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - A Ghiffari
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Muhammadiyah Palembang, Palembang, Indonesia
| | - A Taubert
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Centre Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstr. 81,, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - C Hermosilla
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Centre Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstr. 81,, 35392, Giessen, Germany
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Ayres CFJ, Seixas G, Borrego S, Marques C, Monteiro I, Marques CS, Gouveia B, Leal S, Troco AD, Fortes F, Parreira R, Pinto J, Sousa CA. The V410L knockdown resistance mutation occurs in island and continental populations of Aedes aegypti in West and Central Africa. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008216. [PMID: 32384079 PMCID: PMC7304628 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The extensive use of insecticides for vector control has led to the development of insecticide resistance in Aedes aegypti populations on a global scale, which has significantly compromised control actions. Insecticide resistance, and its underlying mechanisms, has been investigated in several countries, mostly in South American and Asian countries. In Africa, however, studies reporting insecticide resistance are rare and data on resistance mechanisms, notably knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations, is scarce. In this study, the recently described V410L kdr mutation is reported for the first time in old world Ae. aegypti populations, namely from Angola and Madeira island. Two additional kdr mutations, V1016I and F1534C, are also reported for the first time in populations from Angola and Cape Verde. Significant associations with the resistance phenotype were found for both V410L and V1016I individually as well as for tri-locus genotypes in the Angolan population. However, no association was found in Madeira island, probably due to the presence of a complex pattern of multiple insecticide resistance mechanisms in the local Ae. aegypti population. These results suggest that populations carrying the same kdr mutations may respond differently to the same insecticide, stressing the need for complementary studies when assessing the impact of kdr resistance mechanisms in the outcome of insecticide-based control strategies. One of the pillars for the prevention of Aedes-transmitted arboviral infections has been vector control, which is primarily based on the use of chemical insecticides. However, extensive use of insecticides has led to the development of insecticide resistance, undermining the sustainability of control programs. Mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene have been associated with knockdown resistance in many insect species including Aedes aegypti. In Africa, in spite of the use of insecticides for vector control in many countries, data on insecticide resistance and its underlying mechanisms remain scarce. In this study, we report for the first time the occurrence of a recently described kdr mutation, V410L, in Old World Ae. aegypti from Angola and Madeira island. Two other kdr mutations, V1016I and F1534C, were also identified in populations from Angola and Cape Verde, extending our knowledge about the distribution of these mutations in Africa. We found significant associations between kdr genotypes and the resistance phenotype but only in the Angolan population. These results suggest that populations carrying the same kdr mutations may respond differently to the same insecticide, stressing the need for complementary studies when assessing the impact of kdr resistance in the outcome of insecticide-based vector control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constância F. J. Ayres
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Entomology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Gonçalo Seixas
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Borrego
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cátia Marques
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Inilça Monteiro
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Camila S. Marques
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Bruna Gouveia
- Instituto de Administração da Saúde IP-RAM, Secretaria Regional de Saúde e Proteção Civil, e Interactive Technologies Institute, LARSyS, Funchal, Região Autónoma da Madeira
| | - Silvania Leal
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Pública, Ministério da Saúde e Segurança Social, Praia, Cabo Verde
| | - Arlete D. Troco
- Direção Nacional de Saúde Pública, Ministério da Saúde, Luanda, Angola
| | - Filomeno Fortes
- Direção Nacional de Saúde Pública, Ministério da Saúde, Luanda, Angola
| | - Ricardo Parreira
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Pinto
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carla A. Sousa
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Lisbon, Portugal
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Kamgang B, Wilson-Bahun TA, Yougang AP, Lenga A, Wondji CS. Contrasting resistance patterns to type I and II pyrethroids in two major arbovirus vectors Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in the Republic of the Congo, Central Africa. Infect Dis Poverty 2020; 9:23. [PMID: 32114983 PMCID: PMC7050138 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-020-0637-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the Republic of Congo, with two massive outbreaks of chikungunya observed this decade, little is known about the insecticide resistance profile of the two major arbovirus vectors Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Here, we established the resistance profile of both species to insecticides and explored the resistance mechanisms to help Congo to better prepare for future outbreaks. METHODS Immature stages of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus were sampled in May 2017 in eight cities of the Republic of the Congo and reared to adult stage. Larval and adult bioassays, and synergist (piperonyl butoxide [PBO]) assays were carried out according to WHO guidelines. F1534C mutation was genotyped in field collected adults in both species and the polymorphism of the sodium channel gene assessed in Ae. aegypti. RESULTS All tested populations were susceptible to temephos after larval bioassays. A high resistance level was observed to 4% DDT in both species countrywide (21.9-88.3% mortality). All but one population (Ae. aegypti from Ngo) exhibited resistance to type I pyrethroid, permethrin, but showed a full susceptibility to type II pyrethroid (deltamethrin) in almost all locations. Resistance was also reported to 1% propoxur in Ae. aegypti likewise in two Ae. albopictus populations (Owando and Ouesso), and the remaining were fully susceptible. All populations of both species were fully susceptible to 1% fenitrothion. A full recovery of susceptibility was observed in Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus when pre-exposed to PBO and then to propoxur and permethrin respectively. The F1534C kdr mutation was not detected in either species. The high genetic variability of the portion of sodium channel spanning the F1534C in Ae. aegypti further supported that knockdown resistance probably play no role in the permethrin resistance. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed that both Aedes species were susceptible to organophosphates (temephos and fenitrothion), while for other insecticide classes tested the profile of resistance vary according to the population origin. These findings could help to implement better and efficient strategies to control these species in the Congo in the advent of future arbovirus outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basile Kamgang
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Entomology, PO Box 15391, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Theodel A Wilson-Bahun
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Entomology, PO Box 15391, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Marien Ngouabi University, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
| | - Aurelie P Yougang
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Entomology, PO Box 15391, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Arsene Lenga
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Marien Ngouabi University, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
| | - Charles S Wondji
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Entomology, PO Box 15391, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
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Yang L, Norris EJ, Jiang S, Bernier UR, Linthicum KJ, Bloomquist JR. Reduced effectiveness of repellents in a pyrethroid-resistant strain of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: culicidae) and its correlation with olfactory sensitivity. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:118-124. [PMID: 31338960 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mosquito, Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae), is a vector of dengue fever, zika, chikungunya, and yellow fever viruses, and in many areas possesses significant levels of resistance to pyrethroids. Behavioral performance was assessed in 15, 30, and 60 min exposures in a high throughput vapor phase spatial repellency assay to three contact repellent standards: N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET), ethyl 3-[acetyl(butyl)amino] propanoate (IR3535), and 2-undecanone, as well as pyrethrum extract, transfluthrin, and metofluthrin in susceptible (Orlando) and a pyrethroid-resistant Puerto Rico strain of Aedes aegypti. Additionally, electroantennographic studies were used to investigate the antennal sensitivities to these compounds in both strains. RESULTS Resistance was found to all tested insect repellents in the Puerto Rico strain of Ae. aegypti. Resistance ratios at the different time points were about 2 for DEET, 3 for 2-undecanone, and 12 for IR3535. Resistance was also observed to pyrethrum extract (∼9-fold), transfluthrin (∼5-fold), and metofluthrin (∼48-fold) in repellent behavioral response. Electrophysiological analysis found decreased antennal sensitivity to all repellents tested, consistent with their behavioral effects. CONCLUSION The reduced sensitivity to these repellents may represent a fitness cost arising from the kdr mutation present in Puerto Rico Aedes aegypti. This work highlights the need for understanding collateral effects from the evolution of pesticide resistance in mosquitoes, and the importance of finding alternative strategies to control resistance development. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Edmund J Norris
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Shiyao Jiang
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ulrich R Bernier
- USDA, ARS, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kenneth J Linthicum
- USDA, ARS, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Bloomquist
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Elia-Amira NMR, Chen CD, Low VL, Lau KW, Haziqah-Rashid A, Amelia-Yap ZH, Lee HL, Sofian-Azirun M. Adulticide Resistance Status of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Sabah, Malaysia: A Statewide Assessment. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 56:1715-1725. [PMID: 31290534 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Resistance status of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) collected from Sabah, East Malaysia, was evaluated against four major classes of adulticides, namely pyrethroid, carbamate, organochlorine, and organophosphate. Adult bioassays conforming to WHO standard protocols were conducted to assess knockdown and mortality rates of Ae. albopictus. Among tested pyrethroid adulticides, only cyfluthrin, lambda-cyaholthrin, and deltamethrin were able to inflict total knockdown. The other adulticide classes mostly failed to cause any knockdown; the highest knockdown rate was only 18.33% for propoxur. With regards to mortality rate, Ae. albopictus was unanimously susceptible toward all pyrethroids, dieldrin, and malathion, but exhibited resistance toward bendiocarb, propoxur, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, and fenitrothion. Additionally, correlation analysis demonstrated cross-resistance between bendiocarb and propoxur, and malathion and propoxur. In conclusion, this study has disclosed that pyrethroids are still generally effective for Aedes control in Sabah, Malaysia. The susceptibility status of Ae. albopictus against pyrethroids in descending order was cyfluthrin > lambda-cyhalothrin > deltamethrin > etofenprox > permethrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M R Elia-Amira
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - C D Chen
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - V L Low
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - K W Lau
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - A Haziqah-Rashid
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Z H Amelia-Yap
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - H L Lee
- Medical Entomology Unit, Institute for Medical Research, Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - M Sofian-Azirun
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Pichler V, Malandruccolo C, Serini P, Bellini R, Severini F, Toma L, Di Luca M, Montarsi F, Ballardini M, Manica M, Petrarca V, Vontas J, Kasai S, Della Torre A, Caputo B. Phenotypic and genotypic pyrethroid resistance of Aedes albopictus, with focus on the 2017 chikungunya outbreak in Italy. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:2642-2651. [PMID: 30729706 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The highly invasive mosquito species Aedes albopictus has become a major health concern in temperate areas due to its role as vector of exotic arboviruses. Pyrethroid insecticides represent the main tools for limiting the circulation of such mosquito-borne viruses. The present work aim to extend previous reports on phenotypic pyrethroid-resistance in European Ae. albopictus, to identify its genetic basis and to monitor the geographical distribution of resistant genotypes, with a particular focus on sites experiencing the 2017 chikungunya outbreak in Italy. RESULTS Bioassays, performed according to World Health Organization protocols, showed full susceptibility to deltamethrin (concentration = 0.05%) and varying levels of resistance to permethrin (0.75%) and/or α-cypermethrin (0.05%) across Italy, with highest levels in the core of the 2017 chikungunya outbreak. Partial genotyping of the VSSC gene revealed widespread distribution of V1016G mutation and confirmed its association with pyrethroid resistance. CONCLUSION The results obtained show that the condition for the spread of pyrethroid resistance in Ae. albopictus in Europe exists under strong selective pressure due to intensive insecticide spraying to control exotic arbovirus outbreak or high levels of nuisance. The results draw attention to the need for an evidence-based implementation of mosquito nuisance control, taking insecticide resistance management into consideration. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Pichler
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Università Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Malandruccolo
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Università Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Serini
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Università Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Romeo Bellini
- Centro Agricoltura Ambiente "G.Nicoli", Crevalcore, Italy
| | - Francesco Severini
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Luciano Toma
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Di Luca
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Marco Ballardini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - Mattia Manica
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Petrarca
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Università Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - John Vontas
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation for Research & Technology Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
- Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Shinji Kasai
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Beniamino Caputo
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Università Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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Rault LC, O'Neal ST, Johnson EJ, Anderson TD. Association of age, sex, and pyrethroid resistance status on survival and cytochrome P450 gene expression in Aedes aegypti (L.). PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 156:96-104. [PMID: 31027587 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is a vector of viruses that negatively impact human health. Insecticide resistance complicates mosquito control efforts, but understanding the mechanisms of resistance can help to improve management practices. This study examined different factors that could influence the interpretation of toxicity bioassays and gene expression studies in A. aegypti, including sex and age, in the context of resistance to pyrethroids. Bioassays using a pyrethroid-resistant strain, Puerto Rico (PR), and a pyrethroid-susceptible strain, Rockefeller (Rock), of A. aegypti were conducted with females and males of three age groups to determine differences in mortality induced by deltamethrin. Overall, strain was the only factor with a significant effect on the LD50. Enzyme assays showed that cytochrome P450 monooxygenase activity in PR was constitutively higher than in Rock, and that pretreatment with the cytochrome P450 inhibitor piperonyl butoxide (PBO) followed by a topical application of deltamethrin (LD25) significantly increased mortality in both strains. Evaluation of the expression levels of seven CYP9J genes previously reported to be involved in pyrethroid resistance revealed that CYP9J10, CYP9J19, and CYP9J28 were more highly expressed in PR than in Rock at all ages of females and males, indicating that they may be essential for resistance. The expression of CYP9J24, CYP9J26, CYP9J27, and CYP9J32 was higher in PR males compared to other groups, including PR females. Significant differences in expression between sexes and strains were also observed as a result of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie C Rault
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, 103 Entomology Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
| | - Scott T O'Neal
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, 103 Entomology Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Ellis J Johnson
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, 103 Entomology Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Troy D Anderson
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, 103 Entomology Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
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Bharati M, Rai P, Saha D. Insecticide resistance in Aedes albopictus Skuse from sub-Himalayan districts of West Bengal, India. Acta Trop 2019; 192:104-111. [PMID: 30763564 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Dengue is one of the most rapidly spreading infectious diseases prevalent throughout the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. In absence of specific medications and vaccines, the sole method of disease prevention relies on vector control mainly using insecticides. But with the advent of Insecticide resistance, worldwide vector control programs are facing failure. In this study, eleven different Ae. albopictus population from sub-Himalayan districts of West Bengal, India were investigated as per WHO protocols to find out the current status of insecticide susceptibility against DDT, permethrin and propoxur. Also the role of three insecticide detoxifying enzymes underlying observed resistance was investigated through quantitative and synergistic assays to unveil the mechanism of insecticide resistance. It was found that majority of studied populations were resistant to 4% DDT. Two populations, namely Alipurduar (APD) and Jalpaiguri (JPG) were severely resistant to 0.75% permethrin, whereas only JPG population was found to exhibit severe resistance against 0.1% propoxur. Moreover, the involvement of detoxifying enzymes was also noted in conferring resistance against DDT and Permethrin. This study indicates the inefficacy of DDT in controlling Ae. albopictus populations in the study region. This study may help in implementation of an efficient vector control and insecticide resistance management strategies.
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Bharati M, Saha D. Assessment of insecticide resistance in primary dengue vector, Aedes aegypti (Linn.) from Northern Districts of West Bengal, India. Acta Trop 2018; 187:78-86. [PMID: 30026024 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Aedes mosquitoes are the major vectors transmitting several arboviral diseases such as dengue, zika and chikungunya worldwide. Northern districts of West Bengal is home to several epidemics vectored by mosquito including dengue infections, proper control of which depends on efficient vector control. However the onset of insecticide resistance has resulted in failure of vector control approaches. This study was carried out to unveil the level of insecticide resistance prevailing among the primary dengue vector in this dengue endemic region of India. It was observed that, field caught populations of Ae. aegypti were moderately to severely resistant to majority of the insecticide classes tested, i.e. Organochlorine (DDT), Organophosphates (temephos, malathion), Synthetic Pyrethroids (deltamethrin, lambdacyhalothrin and permethrin) and carbamate (propoxur). In majority of the populations, metabolic detoxification seemed to play the underlying role behind the development of insecticide resistance. This study seems to be the first report revealing the pattern of insecticide resistance in Ae. aegypti from Northern West Bengal. Efficient disease management in this region can only be achieved through proper insecticide resistance management. This study may help the concerned authorities in the formulation of an effective vector control strategy throughout this region incorporating the knowledge gained through this study.
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Bharati M, Saha D. Multiple insecticide resistance mechanisms in primary dengue vector, Aedes aegypti (Linn.) from dengue endemic districts of sub-Himalayan West Bengal, India. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203207. [PMID: 30199543 PMCID: PMC6130861 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mosquitoes belonging to genus Aedes are the prime vectors of several arboviral diseases such as Dengue, Zika and Chikungunya worldwide. Every year numerous cases of dengue infections occur throughout the world, proper control of which depends on efficient vector control. However the onset of insecticide resistance has resulted in failure of vector control approaches. Principal findings This study was carried out to unveil the degree of prevailing insecticide resistance along with its underlying mechanisms among the primary dengue vector in dengue endemic districts of West Bengal, India through standard WHO protocol. It was observed that, the majority of the tested populations were found to possess resistance to more than one insecticide. In adult bioassay, the toxicity levels of the six tested insecticides was found to decrease in the following order: deltamethrin > lambdacyhalothrin > malathion > propoxur > permethrin > DDT. In larval bioassay, one of the tested populations was found to possess moderate resistance against temephos, mortality percentage 92.5% and 79.8% for WHO (0.0200 ppm) and National Vector Borne disease Programme, India recommended dose (0.0125 ppm) respectively. Carboxylesterases were found to be involved in conferring resistance as revealed in synergistic and quantitative assay against temephos in North Dinajpur (NDP) population and malathion in Alipurduar (APD) and Darjeeling (DAR) populations. Similar correlations were also observed in the majority of the tested populations between reduced susceptibilities against pyrethroid insecticides and Cytochrome P450s activity. Conclusion Efficient disease management in this region can only be achieved through proper integrated vector management along with tools to minimize insecticide resistance. This study may help the concerned authorities in the formulation of an effective vector control strategy throughout this region incorporating the knowledge gained through this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minu Bharati
- Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Raja Ramohunpur, P.O. North Bengal University, Siliguri, District – Darjeeling, West Bengal, India
| | - Dhiraj Saha
- Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Raja Ramohunpur, P.O. North Bengal University, Siliguri, District – Darjeeling, West Bengal, India
- * E-mail: ,
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Auteri M, La Russa F, Blanda V, Torina A. Insecticide Resistance Associated with kdr Mutations in Aedes albopictus: An Update on Worldwide Evidences. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:3098575. [PMID: 30175124 PMCID: PMC6098900 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3098575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Insecticide resistance is an increasing problem worldwide that limits the efficacy of control methods against several pests of health interest. Among them, Aedes albopictus mosquitoes are efficient vectors of relevant pathogens causing animal and human diseases worldwide, including yellow fever, chikungunya, dengue, and Zika. Different mechanisms are associated in conferring resistance to chemical insecticides. One of the most widespread and analysed mechanisms is the knockdown resistance (kdr) causing resistance to DDT and pyrethroids. The mechanism is associated with mutations in the voltage sensitive sodium channel, which is involved in beginning and propagation of action potentials in nervous cells. The mechanism was originally discovered in the housefly and then it was found in a large number of arthropods. In 2011, a kdr associated mutation was evidenced for the first time in A. albopictus and afterward several evidences were reported in the different areas of the world, including China, USA, Brazil, India, and Mediterranean Countries. This review aims to update and summarize current evidences on kdr in A. albopictus, in order to stimulate further researches to analyse in depth A. albopictus resistance status across the world, especially in countries where the presence of this vector is still an emerging issue. Such information is currently needed given the well-known vector role of A. albopictus in the transmission of severe infectious diseases. Furthermore, the widespread use of chemical insecticides for control strategies against A. albopictus progressively lead to pressure selection inducing the rise of insecticide resistance-related mutations in the species. Such event is especially evident in some countries as China, often related to a history of uncontrolled use of chemical insecticides. Thus, a careful picture on the diffusion of kdr mutations worldwide represents a milestone for the implementation of control plans and the triggering of novel research on alternative strategies for mosquito-borne infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelangelo Auteri
- Laboratory of Entomology and Control of Environmental Vectors, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco La Russa
- Laboratory of Entomology and Control of Environmental Vectors, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Valeria Blanda
- Laboratory of Entomology and Control of Environmental Vectors, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandra Torina
- Laboratory of Entomology and Control of Environmental Vectors, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy
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Pichler V, Bellini R, Veronesi R, Arnoldi D, Rizzoli A, Lia RP, Otranto D, Montarsi F, Carlin S, Ballardini M, Antognini E, Salvemini M, Brianti E, Gaglio G, Manica M, Cobre P, Serini P, Velo E, Vontas J, Kioulos I, Pinto J, Della Torre A, Caputo B. First evidence of resistance to pyrethroid insecticides in Italian Aedes albopictus populations 26 years after invasion. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:1319-1327. [PMID: 29278457 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aedes albopictus has spread during the last few decades all over the world. This has increased significantly the risk of exotic arbovirus transmission (e.g. chikungunya, dengue, and Zika) also in temperate areas, as demonstrated by the Chikungunya 2007 and 2017 outbreaks in northeastern and central Italy. Insecticides are an important tool for limiting the circulation of these mosquito-borne viruses. The aim of the present study was to address the gap in current knowledge of pyrethroid insecticide resistance of European Ae. albopictus populations, focusing on populations from Italy, Albania and Greece. RESULTS Bioassays for resistance to permethrin (0.75%), α-cypermethrin (0.05%) or deltamethrin (0.05%) were performed according to World Health Organization (WHO) protocols and showed reduced susceptibility (<90% mortality) of some Italian populations to permethrin and α-cypermethrin, but not to deltamethrin. CONCLUSION This study reports the first evidence of resistance to pyrethroids in adult Italian Ae. albopictus populations. Results refer to the season preceding the Chikungunya 2017 outbreak in central Italy and highlight the need to increase efforts to monitor the spread of insecticide resistance and the need to develop strategies to limit the spread of insecticide resistance, particularly in areas where extensive treatments have been carried out to contain disease outbreaks. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Pichler
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Romeo Bellini
- Department of Medical and Veterinary Entomology, Centro Agricoltura Ambiente "G. Nicoli", Crevalcore, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Veronesi
- Department of Medical and Veterinary Entomology, Centro Agricoltura Ambiente "G. Nicoli", Crevalcore, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Domenico Otranto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | | | - Sara Carlin
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Marco Ballardini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - Elisa Antognini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria e Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marco Salvemini
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Emanuele Brianti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, Messina, Italy
| | - Gabriella Gaglio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, Messina, Italy
| | - Mattia Manica
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Pietro Cobre
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Serini
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - John Vontas
- Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - Joao Pinto
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Alessandra Della Torre
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Beniamino Caputo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Lien NTK, Ngoc NTH, Hien NT, Hoang NH, Binh NTH. Two novel mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel associated with knockdown resistance (kdr) in the dengue vector Aedes aegypti in Vietnam. JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR VECTOR ECOLOGY 2018; 43:184-189. [PMID: 29757514 DOI: 10.1111/jvec.12298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thi Kim Lien
- Institute of Genome Research, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Rd, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Hong Ngoc
- National Institute of Malariology Parasitology and Entomology, 35 Trung Van Rd, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thu Hien
- Institute of Genome Research, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Rd, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Huy Hoang
- Institute of Genome Research, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Rd, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Huong Binh
- National Institute of Malariology Parasitology and Entomology, 35 Trung Van Rd, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Granada Y, Mejía-Jaramillo AM, Strode C, Triana-Chavez O. A Point Mutation V419L in the Sodium Channel Gene from Natural Populations of Aedes aegypti Is Involved in Resistance to λ-Cyhalothrin in Colombia. INSECTS 2018; 9:insects9010023. [PMID: 29443870 PMCID: PMC5872288 DOI: 10.3390/insects9010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to pyrethroids in mosquitoes is mainly caused by target site insensitivity known as knockdown resistance (kdr). In this work, we examined the point mutations present in portions of domains I, II, III, and IV of the sodium channel gene in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes from three Colombian municipalities. A partial region coding for the sodium channel gene from resistant mosquitoes was sequenced, and a simple allele-specific PCR-based assay (AS-PCR) was used to analyze mutations at the population level. The previously reported mutations, V1016I and F1534C, were found with frequencies ranging from 0.04 to 0.41, and 0.56 to 0.71, respectively, in the three cities. Moreover, a novel mutation, at 419 codon (V419L), was found in Ae. aegypti populations from Bello, Riohacha and Villavicencio cities with allelic frequencies of 0.06, 0.36, and 0.46, respectively. Interestingly, the insecticide susceptibility assays showed that mosquitoes from Bello were susceptible to λ-cyhalothrin pyrethroid whilst those from Riohacha and Villavicencio were resistant. A positive association between V419L and V1016I mutations with λ-cyhalothrin resistance was established in Riohacha and Villavicencio. The frequency of the F1534C was high in the three populations, suggesting that this mutation could be conferring resistance to insecticides other than λ-cyhalothrin, particularly type I pyrethroids. Further studies are required to confirm this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurany Granada
- Grupo Biologia y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas-BCEI, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín 050010, Colombia.
| | - Ana María Mejía-Jaramillo
- Grupo Biologia y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas-BCEI, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín 050010, Colombia.
| | - Clare Strode
- Biology Department, Edge Hill University, St. Helens Road, Ormskirk, Lancashire L39 4QP, UK.
| | - Omar Triana-Chavez
- Grupo Biologia y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas-BCEI, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín 050010, Colombia.
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Weetman D, Kamgang B, Badolo A, Moyes CL, Shearer FM, Coulibaly M, Pinto J, Lambrechts L, McCall PJ. Aedes Mosquitoes and Aedes-Borne Arboviruses in Africa: Current and Future Threats. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15020220. [PMID: 29382107 PMCID: PMC5858289 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15020220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Zika crisis drew attention to the long-overlooked problem of arboviruses transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes in Africa. Yellow fever, dengue, chikungunya and Zika are poorly controlled in Africa and often go unrecognized. However, to combat these diseases, both in Africa and worldwide, it is crucial that this situation changes. Here, we review available data on the distribution of each disease in Africa, their Aedes vectors, transmission potential, and challenges and opportunities for Aedes control. Data on disease and vector ranges are sparse, and consequently maps of risk are uncertain. Issues such as genetic and ecological diversity, and opportunities for integration with malaria control, are primarily African; others such as ever-increasing urbanization, insecticide resistance and lack of evidence for most control-interventions reflect problems throughout the tropics. We identify key knowledge gaps and future research areas, and in particular, highlight the need to improve knowledge of the distributions of disease and major vectors, insecticide resistance, and to develop specific plans and capacity for arboviral disease surveillance, prevention and outbreak responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Weetman
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK.
| | - Basile Kamgang
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Yaoundé PO Box 13501, Cameroon.
| | - Athanase Badolo
- Laboratoire d'Entomologie Fondamentale et Appliquée (LEFA), Université Ouaga 1 Pr Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouagadougou 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso.
| | - Catherine L Moyes
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK.
| | - Freya M Shearer
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK.
| | - Mamadou Coulibaly
- University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako BP 1805, Mali.
| | - João Pinto
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Louis Lambrechts
- Insect-Virus Interactions, Department of Genomes and Genetics, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France.
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 2000, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Philip J McCall
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK.
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Kamgang B, Yougang AP, Tchoupo M, Riveron JM, Wondji C. Temporal distribution and insecticide resistance profile of two major arbovirus vectors Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Yaoundé, the capital city of Cameroon. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:469. [PMID: 29017606 PMCID: PMC5635539 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2408-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus are the major epidemic vectors of several arbovirus diseases such as yellow fever, dengue, Zika and chikungunya worldwide. Both Aedes vectors are presents in Cameroon; however, knowledge on the dynamic of the distribution of these species across cities and their resistance profile to insecticide are limited. Here, we assessed the current distribution of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus in Yaoundé, the Capital City, established the resistance profile to insecticides and explored the resistance mechanisms involved. METHODS Immature stages of Aedes were sampled in several breeding sites in December 2015 (dry season) and June 2016 (rainy season) in three central neighborhoods and four peripheral neighborhoods and reared to adult stage. The G0 adults were used for molecular identification and genotyping of F1534C mutation in Ae. aegypti. Bioassays and piperonyl butoxide (PBO) assays were carried out according to WHO guidelines. RESULTS Analysis revealed that both species Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus are present in all prospected sites in Yaounde. However, in the dry season Ae. aegypti is most abundant in neighborhoods located in downtown. In contrast, Ae. albopictus was found most prevalent in suburbs whatever the season and in downtown during the rainy season. Bioassay analysis showed that both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus, are resistant to 0.05% deltamethrin, 0.1% bendiocarb and 4% dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT). A decreased of susceptibility to 0.75% permethrin and a full susceptibility to malathion 5% was observed. The mortality rate was increased after pre-exposure to synergist PBO. None of Ae. aegypti assayed revealed the presence of F1534C mutation. CONCLUSION These findings are useful to planning vector control programme against arbovirus vectors in Cameroon and can be used as baseline in Africa where data on Aedes resistance is very scarce to plan further works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basile Kamgang
- Research Unit Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine/Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale, P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Aurelie P Yougang
- Research Unit Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine/Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale, P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Micareme Tchoupo
- Research Unit Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine/Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale, P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Jacob M Riveron
- Research Unit Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine/Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale, P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Charles Wondji
- Research Unit Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine/Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale, P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
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Suter T, Crespo MM, de Oliveira MF, de Oliveira TSA, de Melo-Santos MAV, de Oliveira CMF, Ayres CFJ, Barbosa RMR, Araújo AP, Regis LN, Flacio E, Engeler L, Müller P, Silva-Filha MHNL. Insecticide susceptibility of Aedes albopictus and Ae. aegypti from Brazil and the Swiss-Italian border region. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:431. [PMID: 28927441 PMCID: PMC5606125 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2364-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus are two highly invasive mosquito species, both vectors of several viruses, including dengue, chikungunya and Zika. While Ae. aegypti is the primary vector in the tropics and sub-tropics, Ae. albopictus is increasingly under the public health watch as it has been implicated in arbovirus-transmission in more temperate regions, including continental Europe. Vector control using insecticides is the pillar of most control programmes; hence development of insecticide resistance is of great concern. As part of a Brazilian-Swiss Joint Research Programme we set out to assess whether there are any signs of existing or incipient insecticide resistance primarily against the larvicide Bacillus thuringiensis svar. israelensis (Bti), but also against currently applied and potentially alternative insecticides in our areas, Recife (Brazil) and the Swiss-Italian border region. METHODS Following World Health Organization guidelines, dose-response curves for a range of insecticides were established for both colonized and field caught Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. The larvicides included Bti, two of its toxins, Cry11Aa and Cry4Ba, Lysinibacillus sphaericus, Vectomax CG®, a formulated combination of Bti and L. sphaericus, and diflubenzuron. In addition to the larvicides, the Swiss-Italian Ae. albopictus populations were also tested against five adulticides (bendiocarb, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, malathion, permethrin and λ-cyhalothrin). RESULTS Showing a similar dose-response, all mosquito populations were fully susceptible to the larvicides tested and, in particular, to Bti which is currently used both in Brazil and Switzerland. In addition, there were no signs of incipient resistance against Bti as larvae were equally susceptible to the individual toxins, Cry11Aa and Cry4Ba. The field-caught Swiss-Italian populations were susceptible to the adulticides tested but DDT mortality rates showed signs of reduced susceptibility. CONCLUSIONS The insecticides currently used for mosquito control in Switzerland and Brazil are still effective against the target populations. The present study provides an important reference as relatively few insecticide susceptibility surveys have been carried out with Ae. albopictus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Suter
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, PO Box, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
- Avia-GIS, Risschotlei 33, 2980 Zoersel, Belgium
| | - Mônica Maria Crespo
- Department of Entomology, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães-FIOCRUZ, Recife 50740-465, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ana Paula Araújo
- Department of Entomology, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães-FIOCRUZ, Recife 50740-465, Brazil
| | - Lêda Narcisa Regis
- Department of Entomology, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães-FIOCRUZ, Recife 50740-465, Brazil
| | - Eleonora Flacio
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Engeler
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Pie Müller
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, PO Box, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
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Corbel V, Fonseca DM, Weetman D, Pinto J, Achee NL, Chandre F, Coulibaly MB, Dusfour I, Grieco J, Juntarajumnong W, Lenhart A, Martins AJ, Moyes C, Ng LC, Raghavendra K, Vatandoost H, Vontas J, Muller P, Kasai S, Fouque F, Velayudhan R, Durot C, David JP. International workshop on insecticide resistance in vectors of arboviruses, December 2016, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:278. [PMID: 28577363 PMCID: PMC5457540 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2224-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases transmitted by insect vectors such as mosquitoes occur in over 100 countries and affect almost half of the world’s population. Dengue is currently the most prevalent arboviral disease but chikungunya, Zika and yellow fever show increasing prevalence and severity. Vector control, mainly by the use of insecticides, play a key role in disease prevention but the use of the same chemicals for more than 40 years, together with the dissemination of mosquitoes by trade and environmental changes, resulted in the global spread of insecticide resistance. In this context, innovative tools and strategies for vector control, including the management of resistance, are urgently needed. This report summarizes the main outputs of the first international workshop on Insecticide resistance in vectors of arboviruses held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 5–8 December 2016. The primary aims of this workshop were to identify strategies for the development and implementation of standardized insecticide resistance management, also to allow comparisons across nations and across time, and to define research priorities for control of vectors of arboviruses. The workshop brought together 163 participants from 28 nationalities and was accessible, live, through the web (> 70,000 web-accesses over 3 days).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Corbel
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC, UM1-CNRS 5290-IRD 224), B.P. 64501, 911 Avenue Agropolis, 34394, Cedex 5, Montpellier, France.
| | - Dina M Fonseca
- Rutgers University (RU), Center for Vector Biology, 180 Jones Avenue, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - David Weetman
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Department of Vector Biology, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L35QA, UK
| | - João Pinto
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nicole L Achee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame (UND), Eck Institute for Global Health, 239 Galvin Life Science Center, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556, USA
| | - Fabrice Chandre
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC, UM1-CNRS 5290-IRD 224), B.P. 64501, 911 Avenue Agropolis, 34394, Cedex 5, Montpellier, France
| | - Mamadou B Coulibaly
- Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), Point G, Bamako, B.P, 1805, Mali
| | - Isabelle Dusfour
- Institut Pasteur de la Guyane (IPG), 23 avenue Pasteur B.P. 6010, 97306, Cedex, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - John Grieco
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame (UND), Eck Institute for Global Health, 239 Galvin Life Science Center, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556, USA
| | - Waraporn Juntarajumnong
- Department of Entomology, Kasetsart University (KU), 50 Ngam Wong Wan Rd, Ladyaow, Bangkok, Chatuchak, 10900, Thailand
| | - Audrey Lenhart
- Center for Global Health/Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria/Entomology Branch, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, MS G-49; Bldg. 23, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Ademir J Martins
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Avenida Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro/RJ CEP, Manguinhos, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Catherine Moyes
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Lee Ching Ng
- Environmental Health Institute (EHI), National Environment Agency (NEA), 11 Biopolis Way, Helios Block, #04-03/04 & #06-05/08, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Kamaraju Raghavendra
- National Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR), Department of Health Research, GoI Sector 8, Dwarka, Delhi, 110 077, India
| | - Hassan Vatandoost
- Department of Medical Entomology & Vector Control, School of Public Health and Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Pour Sina Street, P.O. Box: 14155-6446, Tehran, Iran
| | - John Vontas
- Institute Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Foundation for Research and Technology (FORTH), Panepistimioupoli, Voutes, 70013, Heraklio, Crete, Greece.,Pesticide Science Laboratory, Agricultural University of Athens, Ieara Odoes 75, 118, Athens, Greece
| | - Pie Muller
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, PO Box 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Shinji Kasai
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjukuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Florence Fouque
- Vector Environment and Society Unit, The Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases World Health Organization, 20, avenue Appia, CH-1211, 27, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Raman Velayudhan
- Vector Ecology and Management, Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases (HTM/NTD), World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, CH-1211, 27, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Claire Durot
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC, UM1-CNRS 5290-IRD 224), B.P. 64501, 911 Avenue Agropolis, 34394, Cedex 5, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Philippe David
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), UMR 5553 CNRS Université Grenoble-Alpes, Domaine universitaire de Saint-Martin d'Hères, 2233 rue de la piscine, 38041, Cedex 9, Grenoble, France.
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