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Kojom Foko LP, Hawadak J, Eboumbou Moukoko CE, Das A, Singh V. Genetic analysis of the circumsporozoite gene in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Cameroon: Implications for efficacy and deployment of RTS,S/AS01 vaccine. Gene 2024; 927:148744. [PMID: 38964492 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Current understanding of genetic polymorphisms and natural selection in Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite (PfCSP), the leading malaria vaccine, is crucial for the development of next-generation vaccines, and such data is lacking in Africa. Blood samples were collected among Plasmodium-infected individuals living in four Cameroonian areas (Douala, Maroua, Mayo-Oulo, Pette). DNA samples were amplified using nested PCR protocols, sequenced, and BLASTed. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were analysed in each PfCSP region, and their impact on PfCSP function/structure was predicted in silico. The N-terminal region showed a limited polymorphism with four haplotypes, and three novel SNPs (N68Y, R87W, K93E) were found. Thirty-five haplotypes were identified in the central region, with several variants (e.g., NVNP and KANP). The C-terminal region was also highly diverse, with 25 haplotypes and eight novel SNPs (N290D, N308I, S312G, K317A, V344I, D356E, E357L, D359Y). Most polymorphic codon sites were mainly observed in the Th2R subregion in isolates from Douala and Pette. The codon site 321 was under episodic positive selection. One novel (E357L) and three known (K322I, G349D, D359Y) SNPs show an impact on function/structure. This study showed extensive genetic diversity with geographical patterns and evidence of the selection of Cameroonian PfCSP central and C-terminal regions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph Hawadak
- Parasite & Host Biology Group, National Institute of Malaria Research, New-Delhi, India
| | - Carole Else Eboumbou Moukoko
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Douala, Cameroon; Malaria Research Unit, Centre Pasteur Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Laboratory of Parasitology, Mycology and Virology, Postgraduate Training Unit for Health Sciences, Postgraduate School for Pure and Applied Sciences, The University of Douala, Cameroon
| | - Aparup Das
- Division of Vector Borne Diseases, National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Vineeta Singh
- Parasite & Host Biology Group, National Institute of Malaria Research, New-Delhi, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India.
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Ajonina MU, Ajonina-Ekoti IU, Ngulefac J, Ade N, Awambeng DN, Nfor CK, Ayim M, Apinjoh TO. Long-lasting insecticidal nets use and the prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum infection among pregnant women attending antenatal care at the Bonassama District Hospital, Littoral Region of Cameroon: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2024; 24:560. [PMID: 39198797 PMCID: PMC11351648 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-024-06769-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria during pregnancy continues to be a significant cause of morbidity and mortality for both infants and mothers, particularly in sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries, despite increased efforts to control it. The utilization of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) during pregnancy is a well-established strategy to reduce the prevalence of malaria. Nonetheless, inadequate adherence remains a persistent challenge in certain regions with high malaria endemicity. This research aimed to assess the effectiveness of long-lasting insecticidal nets in preventing asymptomatic malaria infections among pregnant women attending antenatal care at the Bonassama District Hospital in the Littoral Region of Cameroon. METHODS A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from March to June 2022. Data on sociodemographic characteristics and LLIN usage were collected through a structured questionnaire, while asymptomatic malaria infections were identified using a PfHRP2/pLDH malaria qualitative rapid diagnostic kit. The relationship between categorical variables was analyzed using the chi-square test and logistic regression at a significance level of 5%. RESULTS Out of the 411 pregnant women included in the study, 35.4% were diagnosed with malaria. The LLIN utilization rate was 65.1%. The risk of malaria infection was 2.7 times higher (AOR = 2.75, 95% CI = 1.83-4.14, p < 0.001) among women who did not consistently use LLINs compared to those who did. Pregnant women in their first trimester (AOR = 3.40, 95% CI = 1.24-4.64, p = 0.010) and second trimester (AOR = 1.90, 95%CI = 0.99-3.62, p = 0.055) were more likely to sleep under net when compared to those in the third trimester. Younger women 20-29 years (71.4%), those in the first trimester (69.6%) and those who had the nets before pregnancy (68.9%) were amongst those who frequently used use the nets. Among the reasons reported for not frequently using LLINs were heat (55.2%), suffocation (13.6%) and the smell of nets (8.4%). CONCLUSION The use of LLIN was moderately high among the participants in this study, though still below national target. Age group, religion and gestation period were the major factors determining the use of LLINs. Considering the proven effectiveness of LLINs in reducing malaria morbidity and mortality, it is imperative for the National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP) to remain focused in promoting both LLIN ownership and utilization to achieve the national target of 100% and 80%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelus U Ajonina
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, St Louis University Institute, Douala, Cameroon.
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.
- Department of Public Health, The University of Bamenda, Bambili, Bamenda, Cameroon.
- School of Health Sciences, Charisma University, 1321 Discovery Drive, Billings, MT, USA.
| | - Irene U Ajonina-Ekoti
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, The University of Bamenda, Bambili, Bamenda, Cameroon
| | - John Ngulefac
- United States Health Resources and Services Administration, 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas Ade
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, St Louis University Institute, Douala, Cameroon
- Department of Physics, The University of Bamenda, Bambili, Cameroon
| | - Derick N Awambeng
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, St Louis University Institute, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Carine K Nfor
- McGadi Education and Research Initiative, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Martin Ayim
- School of Health Sciences, Charisma University, 1321 Discovery Drive, Billings, MT, USA
| | - Tobias O Apinjoh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
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Mayi MPA, Antonio-Nkondjio C, Bamou R, Damiani C, Cappelli A, Djiappi-Tchamen B, Djamouko-Djonkam L, Ilbeigi Khamseh Nejad M, Pichler V, Ricci I, Favia G. First detection of kdr L1014F allele in Anopheles ziemanni and Anopheles pharoensis in Cameroon and distribution of the allele in members of the Anopheles gambiae complex. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:363. [PMID: 39192348 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06420-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knockdown resistance (kdr) is one of the primary resistance mechanisms present in anopheline species. Although this mutation is largely spread across the Anopheles gambiae s.l. members, its prevalence in other species is still not well documented. METHODS The present study investigated the distribution and allelic frequencies of kdr in An. gambiae s.l., An. pharoensis, and An. ziemanni samples collected in 2022 and 2023 in nine sites spread across five ecogeographical settings in Cameroon. Members of the An. gambiae complex were identified molecularly by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). kdr L1014F and L1014S alleles were screened by PCR and confirmed by sequencing. RESULTS An. gambiae (49.9%), An. coluzzii (36.5%), and An. arabiensis (13%) were identified, and the frequency of the kdr L1014F was high in both An. gambiae and An. coluzzii in all sites. The kdr L1014F allele was detected for the first time in 8 out of 14 An. ziemanni samples examined and in 5 out of 22 An. pharoensis samples examined. The kdr L1014S allele was scarce and found only in the heterozygote "RS" state in An. arabiensis and An. gambiae in Yangah and Santchou. CONCLUSIONS The present study sheds light on the rapid expansion of the kdr L1014F allele in malaria vectors in Cameroon and stresses the need for surveillance activities also targeting secondary malaria vectors to improve the control of malaria transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Paul Audrey Mayi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Christophe Antonio-Nkondjio
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Roland Bamou
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Research Unit for Biology and Applied Ecology (VBID-RUBAE), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research-LMVR, Rockville National Institute of Health /NIAID, Rockville, USA
| | - Claudia Damiani
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, CIRM Italian Malaria Network, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Alessia Cappelli
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, CIRM Italian Malaria Network, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Borel Djiappi-Tchamen
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Research Unit for Biology and Applied Ecology (VBID-RUBAE), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Landre Djamouko-Djonkam
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Research Unit for Biology and Applied Ecology (VBID-RUBAE), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Mahdokht Ilbeigi Khamseh Nejad
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Verena Pichler
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Irene Ricci
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, CIRM Italian Malaria Network, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Guido Favia
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, CIRM Italian Malaria Network, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032, Camerino, Italy.
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Djuidje Chatue IA, Nyegue MA, Kamdem SD, Maloba F, Taliy Junaid I, Malhotra P, Masumbe Netongo P. Association between Epstein-Barr virus reactivation and severe malaria in pregnant women living in a malaria-endemic region of Cameroon. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 4:e0003556. [PMID: 39133703 PMCID: PMC11318859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0003556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Malaria kills nearly 619,000 people each year. Despite the natural immunity acquired to malaria, pregnant women and children under five die from severe forms of the disease in sub-Saharan Africa. Co-infection with acute Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infection has been shown to suppress the anti-malarial humoral responses, but little is known about the impact of EBV reactivation on malaria-associated morbidity. This study investigated the association between EBV reactivation and malaria severity in pregnant women living in a malaria-endemic region in Cameroon. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 220 pregnant women attending antenatal consultations in three health facilities in the West region of Cameroon. Malaria was diagnosed by microscopy, and Plasmodium species were identified by Nested PCR. Plasma samples were analyzed by ELISA for the presence of EBV nuclear antigen, EBV viral capsid antigen, and EBV early antigen to determine EBV reactivation. All statistics were performed using GraphPad Prism and SPSS software. The prevalence of malaria among pregnant women was 23.2%, of which 18.6% were P. falciparum mono-infections and 4.5% mixed infections (3.6% P. falciparum and P. malariae; 0.9% P. falciparum and P. ovale). 99.5% of the women were EBV seropositive, and 13.2% had EBV reactivation. Pregnant women with reactivated EBV were more likely to develop severe malaria than pregnant women with latent EBV (OR 4.33, 95% CI 1.08-17.25, p = 0.03). The median parasitemia in pregnant women with latent EBV was lower than in those with EBV reactivation (2816 vs. 19002 parasites/μL, p = 0.02). Our study revealed that lytic reactivation of EBV may be associated with the severity of malaria in pregnant women. Suggesting that, like acute infection, EBV reactivation should be considered a risk factor for severe malaria in pregnant women in malaria-endemic regions or could serve as a hallmark of malaria severity during pregnancy. Further detailed studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ide Armelle Djuidje Chatue
- Department of Microbiology, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Centre, Cameroon
- Molecular Diagnostics Research Group, Biotechnology Centre-University of Yaounde I (BTC-UYI), Yaounde, Centre, Cameroon
- Malaria Biology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | | | - Severin Donald Kamdem
- Molecular Diagnostics Research Group, Biotechnology Centre-University of Yaounde I (BTC-UYI), Yaounde, Centre, Cameroon
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Franklin Maloba
- Molecular Diagnostics Research Group, Biotechnology Centre-University of Yaounde I (BTC-UYI), Yaounde, Centre, Cameroon
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Southwest Cameroon
- Biology Program, School of Science, Navajo Technical University, Crownpoint, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Iqbal Taliy Junaid
- Malaria Biology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Pawan Malhotra
- Malaria Biology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Palmer Masumbe Netongo
- Molecular Diagnostics Research Group, Biotechnology Centre-University of Yaounde I (BTC-UYI), Yaounde, Centre, Cameroon
- Biology Program, School of Science, Navajo Technical University, Crownpoint, New Mexico, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Centre, Cameroon
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5
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Nkahe DL, Kopya E, Ngangue Siewe NI, Ndjeunia Mbiakop P, Kala Chouakeu NA, Mimpfoundi R, Kekeunou S, Awono-Ambene P, Antonio-Nkondjio C. Durability of PBO nets (Olyset Plus®), 12 months after their distribution in Bertoua, Cameroon. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2024; 26:e00373. [PMID: 39228793 PMCID: PMC11369369 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The rapid spread of pyrethroid resistance has led to a change in strategy, going from pyrethroid-based nets to PBO + pyrethroid-treated nets. Although these new nets may significantly improve the control of pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes, their durability in the field remain not yet well documented. This study investigates the durability and washing resistance of Olyset-Plus nets in the city centre and rural areas of Bertoua, Cameroon. In each site, a semi-structured questionnaire was administered to at least 190 households with an Olyset-Plus net. Factors such as net use, physical integrity and bioefficacy were recorded. Bioassays were conducted on the collected nets to assess their bioefficacy and resistance to washing. They were tested against wild Anopheles gambiae sensus lato (s.l.). Unused nets and the Kisumu strain were used as controls. Washing and cone testing of the nets was carried out according to standard WHO protocols. Results A high rate of net use by children was recorded in the urban area (89.1% (106/119)) compared to the rural area (39.7% (118/297)). The majority of Olyset-Plus nets inspected 82.2% (162/197) in the rural area and 88% (206/234) in the urban centre were in good condition (Hole Index<64). Only 5.6% and 6.8% of nets were badly torn in rural and urban sites respectively. Nets were washed more regularly in the urban centre. 88.1% of urban dwellers reported having washed their nets at least once compared to only 62% of rural dwellers. Bioefficacy tests with nets indicated a mortality rate ranging from 66% for unwashed nets to 86.7% for nets washed at least once. Bioefficacy varied significantly in the city of Bertoua according to net washing frequency, soaking time, soap type and drying location, whereas in the rural village, only washing(washed or unwashed) and soaking status (soaked or unsoaked) significantly influenced the bioefficacy of Olyset-Plus nets. Conclusions This study revealed different handling practices of bed nets in rural and urban settings which could significantly affect Olyset-Plus nets bio-efficacy and durability. Routine monitoring and sensitization of communities to best practices concerning bed nets usage and handling during mass distribution might enhance the net durability in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Leslie Nkahe
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Edmond Kopya
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Nasser Idriss Ngangue Siewe
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, B.P. 24157, Cameroon
| | - Paulette Ndjeunia Mbiakop
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Nelly Armanda Kala Chouakeu
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Vector-Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Research Unit of Biology and Applied Ecology (VBID-RUBAE), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Rémy Mimpfoundi
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Sévilor Kekeunou
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Parfait Awono-Ambene
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Christophe Antonio-Nkondjio
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Vector Biology Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
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Kojom Foko LP, Eboumbou Moukoko CE, Jakhan J, Narang G, Hawadak J, Kouemo Motse FD, Pande V, Singh V. Deletions of Histidine-Rich Protein 2/3 Genes in Natural Plasmodium falciparum Populations from Cameroon and India: Role of Asymptomatic and Submicroscopic Infections. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2024; 110:1100-1109. [PMID: 38688260 PMCID: PMC11154061 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.23-0896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The bulk of malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) target histidine-rich protein 2 of Plasmodium falciparum, the deadliest malaria species. The WHO considers pfhrp2/3 deletions as one of the main threats to successful malaria control and/or elimination; as such, parasites that lack part or all of the pfhrp2 gene are missed by pfHRP2-targeting RDTs. Such deletions have been reported in several African and Asian countries, but little is known in Cameroon and India. Blood samples were collected from individuals living in four areas of Cameroon (Douala, Maroua, Mayo-Oulo, Pette) and India (Mewat, Raipur, Ranchi, Rourkela). Deletions in pfhrp2/3 genes were confirmed if samples 1) had ≥100 parasites/µL by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 2) PCR negative for pfhrp2/3, and 3) PCR positive for at least two single-copy genes. The overall proportion of pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 deletions in Cameroon was 13.5% and 3.1%. In India, the overall proportion was 8% for pfhrp2 and 4% for pfhrp3. The overall proportions of samples with both gene deletions (pfhrp2-/3-) were 3.1% in Cameroon and 1.3% in India. In Cameroon, pfhrp2-/3+ and pfhrp2-/3- deletions were common in Maroua (P = 0.02), in asymptomatic parasitemia (P = 0.006) and submicroscopic parasitemia (P <0.0001). In both countries, pfhrp2/3 deletions, including pfhrp2-/3- deletions, were mainly seen in monoclonal infections. This study outlines that double deletions that result in false negative RDTs are uncommon in our settings, and highlights the importance of active molecular surveillance for pfhrp2/3 deletions in Cameroon and India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loick Pradel Kojom Foko
- National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Bhimtal, India
| | - Carole Else Eboumbou Moukoko
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
- Malaria Research Unit, Centre Pasteur Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Mycology and Virology, Postgraduate Training Unit for Health Sciences, Postgraduate School for Pure and Applied Sciences, The University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Jahnvi Jakhan
- National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Geetika Narang
- National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Joseph Hawadak
- National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Bhimtal, India
| | | | - Veena Pande
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Bhimtal, India
| | - Vineeta Singh
- National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
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7
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Ebob Besem E O M, Chestnutt EG, Donovan L, Stratil AS, Counihan H, Nkfusai CN, Hawkings H, Homolova B, Maxwell K, Baker K, Zoungrana Y, Tanue EA, Ayuk G, Modjenpa NB, Metuge A, Nganmou I, Achu D, Wanji S, Berryman E, Omam LA. Exploring existing malaria services and the feasibility of implementing community engagement approaches amongst conflict-affected communities in Cameroon: a qualitative study. Malar J 2024; 23:155. [PMID: 38769514 PMCID: PMC11107007 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-024-04934-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cameroon is one of the countries with the highest burden of malaria. Since 2018, there has been an ongoing conflict in the country, which has reduced access to healthcare for populations in affected regions, and little is known about the impact on access to malaria services. The objective of this study was to understand the current situation regarding access to malaria services in Cameroon to inform the design of interventions to remove barriers and encourage the use of available services. METHODS A qualitative research study was carried out to understand the barriers preventing communities accessing care, the uptake of community health worker (CHW) services, and to gather perceptions on community engagement approaches, to assess whether these could be an appropriate mechanism to encourage uptake of community health worker (CHW) services. Twenty-nine focus group discussions and 11 in-depth interviews were carried out between May and July 2021 in two regions of Cameroon, Southwest and Littoral. Focus group discussions were held with CHWs and community members and semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted with key stakeholders including regional government staff, council staff, community leaders and community-based organisations. The data were analysed thematically; open, descriptive coding was combined with exploration of pre-determined investigative areas. RESULTS The study confirmed that access to healthcare has become increasingly challenging in conflict-affected areas. Although the Ministry of Health are providing CHWs to improve access, several barriers remain that limit uptake of these services including awareness, availability, cost, trust in competency, and supply of testing and treatment. This study found that communities were supportive of community engagement approaches, particularly the community dialogue approach. CONCLUSION Communities in conflict-affected regions of Cameroon continue to have limited access to healthcare services, in part due to poor use of CHW services provided. Community engagement approaches can be an effective way to improve the awareness and use of CHWs. However, these approaches alone will not be sufficient to resolve all the challenges faced by conflict-affected communities when accessing health and malaria services. Additional interventions are needed to increase the availability of CHWs, improve the supply of diagnostic tests and treatments and to reduce the cost of treatment for all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Ebob Besem E O
- Malaria Consortium, The Green House, 244-254 Cambridge Heath Rd, London, E2 9DA, UK
- Department of Public Health and Hygiene, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, P.O Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
| | | | - Laura Donovan
- Malaria Consortium, The Green House, 244-254 Cambridge Heath Rd, London, E2 9DA, UK
| | - Ann-Sophie Stratil
- Malaria Consortium, The Green House, 244-254 Cambridge Heath Rd, London, E2 9DA, UK
| | - Helen Counihan
- Malaria Consortium, The Green House, 244-254 Cambridge Heath Rd, London, E2 9DA, UK
| | - Claude Ngwayu Nkfusai
- Malaria Consortium, The Green House, 244-254 Cambridge Heath Rd, London, E2 9DA, UK
- Department of Public Health, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Helen Hawkings
- Malaria Consortium, The Green House, 244-254 Cambridge Heath Rd, London, E2 9DA, UK
| | - Blanka Homolova
- Malaria Consortium, The Green House, 244-254 Cambridge Heath Rd, London, E2 9DA, UK
| | - Kolawole Maxwell
- Malaria Consortium Nigeria, No 33 Pope John Paul Street, Off Gana Street, Maitama, Abuja, FCT, Nigeria
| | - Kevin Baker
- Malaria Consortium, The Green House, 244-254 Cambridge Heath Rd, London, E2 9DA, UK
- Karolinksa Institute, Nobels Väg 15 A, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yakouba Zoungrana
- Malaria Consortium Nigeria, No 33 Pope John Paul Street, Off Gana Street, Maitama, Abuja, FCT, Nigeria
| | - Elvis Asangbeng Tanue
- Department of Public Health and Hygiene, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, P.O Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
- Reach Out Cameroon (REO), P.O Box 88, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Glennise Ayuk
- Reach Out Cameroon (REO), P.O Box 88, Buea, Cameroon
| | | | - Alain Metuge
- Reach Out Cameroon (REO), P.O Box 88, Buea, Cameroon
| | | | - Dorothy Achu
- National Malaria Control Programme, Ministry of Public Health, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Samuel Wanji
- Department for Microbiology and Parasitology at the University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Research Foundation in Tropical Diseases and Environment, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Elizabeth Berryman
- Malaria Consortium, The Green House, 244-254 Cambridge Heath Rd, London, E2 9DA, UK.
| | - Lundi-Anne Omam
- Reach Out Cameroon (REO), P.O Box 88, Buea, Cameroon
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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8
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Akinsolu FT, Abodunrin OR, Olagunju MT, Adewole IE, Ola OM, Abel C, Sanni-Adeniyi R, Rahman NO, Akanni OO, Njuguna DW, Soneye IY, Salako AO, Ezechi OC, Varga OE, Akinwale OP. Health workers' perspectives on school-based mass drug administration control programs for soil-transmitted helminthiasis and schistosomiasis in Ogun State, Nigeria. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302509. [PMID: 38718082 PMCID: PMC11078364 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH) and schistosomiasis (SCH) are among the most prevalent neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), affecting 1.5 billion globally, with a significant burden in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly Nigeria. These diseases impair health and contribute to socio-economic challenges, especially in children, undermining educational and future economic prospects. The 2030 NTD Roadmap highlights Mass Drug Administration (MDA) as a critical strategy for controlling these NTDs, targeting vulnerable populations like school-age children. Despite some successes, challenges persist, indicating the need for deeper insights into program implementation. This study focuses on the perspectives of health workers implementing MDA in selected local government areas (LGAs) of Ogun State, Nigeria, aiming to identify challenges and enablers that align with the broader NTD 2030 goals. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The study used a qualitative research approach involving focus group discussions and in-depth interviews with health workers engaged in neglected tropical disease control programs in Ogun State, Nigeria, between July and September 2022. A semi-structured questionnaire guided the exploration of ideas, and the data were analyzed using the QRS Nvivo 12 software package. The study found that the school-based MDA control program's efficacy largely relies on strong collaborations and partnerships, particularly with educators, community heads, and other stakeholders. These alliances and strategic communication methods, like town announcements and media campaigns, have been pivotal in reaching communities. However, the program does grapple with hurdles such as parental misconceptions, limited funds, insufficient staffing, and misalignment with the Ministry of Education. It is recommended to boost funding, foster early stakeholder involvement, enhance mobilization techniques, and consider introducing a monitoring card system similar to immunization. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The MDA Integrated Control Programs for STH and SCH in Ogun State schools demonstrate a holistic approach, integrating knowledge, collaboration, communication, and feedback. Health workers have shown commitment and adeptness in their roles. However, achieving maximum efficacy requires addressing critical barriers, such as parental misconceptions and funding challenges. Adopting the recommended strategies, including proactive communication, increased remuneration, and introducing a tracking system, can significantly enhance the program's reach and impact. The involvement of all stakeholders, from health workers to community leaders and parents, is essential for the program's sustainability and success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Folahanmi T. Akinsolu
- Department of Public Health, Lead City University, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
- Clinical Sciences Department, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria
| | - Olunike R. Abodunrin
- Department of Public Health, Lead City University, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
- Department of Planning and Research, Lagos State Health Management Agency, Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria
| | - Mobolaji T. Olagunju
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ifeoluwa E. Adewole
- Department of Public Health, Lead City University, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Oluwabukola M. Ola
- Department of Public Health, Lead City University, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Chukwuemeka Abel
- Department of Public Health, Lead City University, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | | | - Nurudeen O. Rahman
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Olukunmi O. Akanni
- Department of Public Health, Lead City University, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Diana W. Njuguna
- School of Nursing, Dedan Kimathi University of Technology, Nyeri, Kenya
| | - Islamiat Y. Soneye
- Department of Public Health, Ogun State Ministry of Health, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Abideen O. Salako
- Department of Public Health, Lead City University, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
- Clinical Sciences Department, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria
| | - Oliver C. Ezechi
- Department of Public Health, Lead City University, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
- Clinical Sciences Department, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria
| | - Orsolya E. Varga
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Olaoluwa P. Akinwale
- Department of Public Health, Lead City University, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
- Clinical Sciences Department, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria
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9
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Eboumbou Moukoko CE, Etang J, Kojom Foko LP, Tafock CD, Epee Eboumbou P, Essangui Same EG, Penda IC, Same Ekobo A. Rationalizing artemisinin-based combination therapies use for treatment of uncomplicated malaria: A situation analysis in health facilities and private pharmacies of Douala 5e-Cameroon. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299517. [PMID: 38713730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) represent one of the mainstays of malaria control. Despite evidence of the risk of ACTs resistant infections in resource-limited countries, studies on the rational use of ACTs to inform interventions and prevent their emergence and/or spread are limited. The aim of this study was designed to analyze practices toward ACTs use for treating the treatment of uncomplicated malaria (UM) in an urban community. Between November 2015 and April 2016, a cross-sectional and prospective study was conducted in the 6 health facilities and all pharmacies in the Douala 5e subdivision, Cameroon. Anonymous interviews including both open- and closed-ended questions were conducted with selected participants among drug prescribers, patients attending the health facilities, and customers visiting the pharmacies. Data analysis was performed using StataSE11 software (version 11 SE). A total of 41 prescribers were included in the study. All were aware of national treatment guidelines, but 37.7% reported not waiting for test results before prescribing an antimalarial drug, and the main reason being stock-outs at health facilities. Likewise, artemether+lumefantrine/AL (81%) and dihydroartemisinin+piperaquine (63.5%) were the most commonly used first- and second-line drugs respectively. Biological tests were requested in 99.2% (128/129) of patients in health facilities, 60.0% (74) were performed and 6.2% were rationally managed. Overall 266 (35%) of 760 customers purchased antimalarial drugs, of these, 261 (98.1%) agreed to participate and of these, 69.4% purchased antimalarial drugs without a prescription. ACTs accounted for 90.0% of antimalarials purchased from pharmacies, of which AL was the most commonly prescribed antimalarial drug (67.1%), and only 19.5% of patients were appropriately dispensed. The current data suggest a gap between the knowledge and practices of prescribers as well as patients and customers misconceptions regarding the use of ACTs in Douala 5e subdivision. Despite government efforts to increase public awareness regarding the use of ACTs as first-line treatment for UM, our findings point out a critical need for the development, implementation and scaling-up of control strategies and continuing health education for better use of ACTs (prescription and dispensing) in Cameroon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Else Eboumbou Moukoko
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
- Malaria Research Unit, Centre Pasteur Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Mycology and Virology, Postgraduate Training Unit for Health Sciences, Postgraduate School for Pure and Applied Sciences, The University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Josiane Etang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
- Yaoundé Research Institut, Organisation de Coordination pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Loick Pradel Kojom Foko
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, The University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Christian Donald Tafock
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Patricia Epee Eboumbou
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Mycology and Virology, Postgraduate Training Unit for Health Sciences, Postgraduate School for Pure and Applied Sciences, The University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
- Clinical Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
- Pediatric wards, Bonassama Hospital, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Estelle Géraldine Essangui Same
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Mycology and Virology, Postgraduate Training Unit for Health Sciences, Postgraduate School for Pure and Applied Sciences, The University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Ida Calixte Penda
- Clinical Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Albert Same Ekobo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
- National Roll Back Malaria Committee, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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10
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Sofeu-Feugaing DD, Ajonglefac FN, Moyeh MN, Essende ME, Jugha VT, Taiwe GS. Community engagement and antimalarial drugs medication as the first line of defense in the fight against antimalarial drug resistance in some endemic localities in Cameroon. IJID REGIONS 2024; 10:207-213. [PMID: 38434236 PMCID: PMC10904894 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijregi.2024.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Objectives Malaria burden is primarily owing to resistance of parasites and vectors to frontline drugs and insecticides, respectively. Increasing awareness of factors contributing to parasite resistance to antimalarials within communities is crucial. This study assessed how community knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) influence factors contributing to antimalarial resistance across four malaria ecological zones in Cameroon. Methods To accomplish this, structured questionnaires were administered to 980 volunteers from four geographical locations in English or French (the official languages of Cameroon). The data were organized and tested for normality. Spearman rank correlation was used to examine the connection between KAP and malaria. Results The mean KAP scores were 5.69 ± 1.47, 5.91 ± 1.25, and 5.66 ± 1.84, respectively, on a nine-point scale. Antimalarials commonly used were artemisinin-based combination therapies (37.96%), chloroquine (4.29%), quinine (22.24%), paracetamol (12.96%), and native drugs (19.80%). Up to 49.49% of the participants practiced self-medication, whereas 76.43% bought medications from licensed pharmacies, 10.61% bought from roadside vendors, and 23.57% relied on traditional/herbal medicines. We observed significant and medium positive linear correlations at P <0.01 between knowledge-attitude (r = 0.528), knowledge-practice (r = 0.400), and attitude-practice (r = 0.496). Conclusions Despite the general fair level of awareness of proper management and use of antimalarial drugs in the communities, the high level of self-medication and gross neglect of certain risk factors that may promote the emergence and spread of drug-resistant parasites is concerning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marcel Nyuylam Moyeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | | | - Vanessa Tita Jugha
- Department of Animal Biology and Conservation, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
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11
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Njewa B, Eyong EEJ, Ebai CB. Malaria parasitaemia and its impact on biological parameters among children <16 years old attending the Nkwen District Hospital, Cameroon. MALARIAWORLD JOURNAL 2024; 15:3. [PMID: 38476708 PMCID: PMC10929319 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10731943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Malaria remains a major public health problem in children in endemic areas. This study aimed to determine its prevalence, intensity, and assess how biological parameters like RBC count, haemoglobin, haematocrit, glycaemia, platelet count and WBC count vary with respect to parasitaemia in children <16 years attending the Nkwen District Hospital, northwest Cameroon. Materials and Methods The study was a hospital-based cross-sectional study conducted between March-May 2023. Structured, closed-ended questionnaires were administered to obtain information. Patients' temperature was measured using an infrared forehead digital thermometer. Malaria was diagnosed by RDT and positive samples Giemsa-stained for parasitaemia. Full blood count was performed using a haemolyser and glycaemia measured using a glucometer. Results In total, 321 children were examined. Overall prevalence of malaria (all P. falciparum) was 22.7% (73/321), with 24.7% (18/73), 34.2% (25/73) and 41.1% (30/73) having low, moderate and high parasitaemias, respectively. Overall GMPD was 2.670.8±179.9/μL; children aged 6-10 years were hit hardest (5.377.7 ± 3.2/μL). Malaria-positive children had significantly lower RBC count, Hb concentration, Hct, blood sugar, WBC and platelet counts (p<0.05) compared to those that were negative. Among positive children, RBC count, Hct, Hb, lymphocyte and platelet count each showed a significant (p<0.05) decrease while total WBC and granulocyte count each showed a significant (p<0.05) increase with increasing levels of parasitaemia. Conclusions Changes in biological parameters during malaria are sensitive but poor specific indicators of malaria because they may overlap with symptoms of other infections. More attention should be given to children aged 6-10 years during strategic planning and design of malaria control programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Njewa
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, The University of Bamenda, P.O. Box 39, Bambili, North West Region, Cameroon
| | - Ebanga Echi Joan Eyong
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, The University of Bamenda, P.O. Box 39, Bambili, North West Region, Cameroon
| | - Calvin Bissong Ebai
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, The University of Bamenda, P.O. Box 39, Bambili, North West Region, Cameroon
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12
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Hawadak J, Kojom Foko LP, Dongang Nana RR, Yadav K, Pande V, Das A, Singh V. Genetic diversity and natural selection of apical membrane antigen-1 (ama-1) in Cameroonian Plasmodium falciparum isolates. Gene 2024; 894:147956. [PMID: 37925116 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Antigenic variation associated with genetic diversity in global Plasmodium falciparum apical membrane antigen-1 (PfAMA-1) is a major impediment to designing an effective malaria vaccine. Here, we report the first study on genetic diversity and natural selection of the Pfama-1 gene in P. falciparum isolates from Cameroon. A total of 328 P. falciparum positive samples collected during 2016 and 2019 from five localities of Cameroon were analysed. The ectodomain coding fragment of Pfama-1 gene was amplified for polymorphism profiling and natural selection analysis. A total of 108 distinct haplotypes were found in 203 P. falciparum isolates with considerable nucleotide diversity (π = 0.016) and haplotype diversity (Hd = 0.976). Most amino acid substitutions detected were scattered in ectodomain-I and few specific mutations viz P145L, K148Q, K462I, L463F, N471K, S482L, E537G, K546R and I547F were seen only in Cameroonian isolates. A tendency of natural selection towards positive diversifying selection was observed (Taj-D = 2.058). Five positively selected codon sites (P145L, S283L, Q308E/K, P330S and I547F) were identified, which overlapped with predicted B-cell epitopes and red blood cell (RBC) binding sites, suggesting their potential implication in host immune pressure and parasite-RBC binding complex modulation. The Cameroonian P. falciparum populations indicated a moderate level of genetic differentiation when compared with global sequences, with few exceptions from Vietnam and Venezuela. Our findings provide baseline data on existing Pfama-1 gene polymorphisms in Cameroonian field isolates, which will be useful information for malaria vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Hawadak
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR), Delhi, India; Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Bhimtal, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Loick Pradel Kojom Foko
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR), Delhi, India; Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Bhimtal, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Rodrigue Roman Dongang Nana
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR), Delhi, India; Institut de Recherches Médicales et D'Etudes des Plantes Médicinales (IMPM), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Karmveer Yadav
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR), Delhi, India
| | - Veena Pande
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Bhimtal, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Aparup Das
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tribal Health (NIRTH), Jabalpur, India.
| | - Vineeta Singh
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR), Delhi, India.
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Fadel AN, Ibrahim SS, Sandeu MM, Tatsinkou CGM, Menze BD, Irving H, Hearn J, Nagi SC, Weedall GD, Terence E, Tchapga W, Wanji S, Wondji CS. Exploring the molecular mechanisms of increased intensity of pyrethroid resistance in Central African population of a major malaria vector Anopheles coluzzii. Evol Appl 2024; 17:e13641. [PMID: 38410533 PMCID: PMC10895554 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms driving the escalation of pyrethroid resistance in the major malaria mosquitoes of Central Africa remain largely uncharacterized, hindering effective management strategies. Here, resistance intensity and the molecular mechanisms driving it were investigated in a population of Anopheles coluzzii from northern Cameroon. High levels of pyrethroid and organochloride resistance were observed in An. coluzzii population, with no mortality for 1× permethrin; only 11% and 33% mortalities for 5× and 10× permethrin diagnostic concentrations, and <2% mortalities for deltamethrin and DDT, respectively. Moderate bendiocarb resistance (88% mortality) and full susceptibility to malathion were observed. Synergist bioassays with piperonyl butoxide recovered permethrin susceptibility, with mortalities increasing to 53.39%, and 87.30% for 5× and 10× permethrin, respectively, implicating P450 monooxygenases. Synergist bioassays with diethyl maleate (DEM) recovered permethrin and DDT susceptibilities (mortalities increasing to 34.75% and 14.88%, respectively), implicating glutathione S-transferases. RNA-seq-based genome-wide transcriptional analyses supported by quantitative PCR identified glutathione S-transferase, GSTe2 (RNA-seqFC = 2.93 and qRT-PCRFC = 8.4, p < 0.0043) and CYP450, CYP6Z2 (RNA-seqFC = 2.39 and qRT-PCRFC = 11.7, p < 0.0177) as the most overexpressed detoxification genes in the pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes, compared to mosquitoes of the susceptible Ngousso colony. Other overexpressed genes include P450s, CYP6M2 (FC = 1.68, p < 0.0114), CYP4G16 (FC = 2.02, p < 0.0005), and CYP4G17 (FC = 1.86, p < 0.0276). While high frequency of the 1014F kdr mutation (50%) and low frequencies of 1014S (6.61%) and 1575Y (10.29%) were observed, no ace-1 mutation was detected in bendiocarb-resistant populations, suggesting the preeminent role of metabolic mechanism. Overexpression of metabolic resistance genes (including GSTe2 and CYP6Z2 known to confer resistance to multiple insecticides) in An. coluzzii from the Sudan Savannah of Cameroon highlights the need for alternative management strategies to reduce malaria burden in northern Cameroon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amen N. Fadel
- Center for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID)YaoundéCameroon
- Department of Microbiology and ParasitologyUniversity of BueaBueaCameroon
| | - Sulaiman S. Ibrahim
- Center for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID)YaoundéCameroon
- Department of BiochemistryBayero UniversityKanoNigeria
- Vector Biology DepartmentLiverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM)LiverpoolUK
| | - Maurice M. Sandeu
- Center for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID)YaoundéCameroon
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious DiseasesSchool of Veterinary Medicine and SciencesUniversity of NgaoundéréNgaoundéréCameroon
| | | | | | - Helen Irving
- Vector Biology DepartmentLiverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM)LiverpoolUK
| | - Jack Hearn
- Centre of Epidemiology and Planetary HealthNorth FacultyVeterinary & Animal ScienceScotland's Rural CollegeInvernessUK
| | - Sanjay C. Nagi
- Vector Biology DepartmentLiverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM)LiverpoolUK
| | - Gareth D. Weedall
- School of Biological and Environmental SciencesLiverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUK
| | - Ebai Terence
- Center for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID)YaoundéCameroon
| | - Williams Tchapga
- Center for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID)YaoundéCameroon
| | - Samuel Wanji
- Department of Microbiology and ParasitologyUniversity of BueaBueaCameroon
| | - Charles S. Wondji
- Center for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID)YaoundéCameroon
- Vector Biology DepartmentLiverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM)LiverpoolUK
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Aninagyei E, Puopelle DM, Tukwarlba I, Ghartey-Kwansah G, Attoh J, Adzakpah G, Acheampong DO. Molecular speciation of Plasmodium and multiplicity of P. falciparum infection in the Central region of Ghana. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 4:e0002718. [PMID: 38236793 PMCID: PMC10796036 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0002718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Malaria is endemic in the Central region of Ghana, however, the ecological and the seasonal variations of Plasmodium population structure and the intensity of malaria transmission in multiple sites in the region have not been explored. In this cross-sectional study, five districts in the region were involved. The districts were Agona Swedru, Assin Central and Gomoa East (representing the forest zone) and Abura-Asebu-Kwamankese and Cape Coast representing the coastal zone. Systematically, blood samples were collected from patients with malaria. The malaria status was screened with a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) kit (CareStart manufactured by Access Bio in Somerset, USA) and the positive ones confirmed microscopically. Approximately, 200 μL of blood was used to prepare four dried blood spots of 50μL from each microscopy positive sample. The Plasmodium genome was sequenced at the Malaria Genome Laboratory (MGL) of Wellcome Sanger Institute (WSI), Hinxton, UK. The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the parasite mitochondria (PfMIT:270) core genome aided the species identification of Plasmodium. Subsequently, the complexity of infection (COI) was determined using the complexity of infection likelihood (COIL) computational analysis. In all, 566 microscopy positive samples were sequenced. Of this number, Plasmodium genome was detected in 522 (92.2%). However, whole genome sequencing was successful in 409/522 (72.3%) samples. In total, 516/522 (98.8%) of the samples contained P. falciparum mono-infection while the rest (1.2%) were either P. falciparum/P. ovale (Pf/Po) (n = 4, 0.8%) or P. falciparum/P. malariae/P. vivax (Pf/Pm/Pv) mixed-infection (n = 2, 0.4%). All the four Pf/Po infections were identified in samples from the Assin Central municipality whilst the two Pf/Pm/Pv triple infections were identified in Abura-Asebu-Kwamankese district and Cape Coast metropolis. Analysis of the 409 successfully sequenced genome yielded between 1-6 P. falciparum clones per individual infection. The overall mean COI was 1.78±0.92 (95% CI: 1.55-2.00). Among the study districts, the differences in the mean COI between ecological zones (p = 0.0681) and seasons (p = 0.8034) were not significant. However, regression analysis indicated that the transmission of malaria was more than twice among study participants aged 15-19 years (OR = 2.16, p = 0.017) and almost twice among participants aged over 60 years (OR = 1.91, p = 0.021) compared to participants between 20-59 years. Between genders, mean COI was similar except in Gomoa East where females recorded higher values. In conclusion, the study reported, for the first time, P. vivax in Ghana. Additionally, intense malaria transmission was found to be higher in the 15-19 and > 60 years, compared to other age groups. Therefore, active surveillance for P. vivax in Ghana and enhanced malaria control measures in the 15-19 year group years and those over 60 years are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enoch Aninagyei
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Dakorah Mavis Puopelle
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Science, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Isaac Tukwarlba
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Science, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - George Ghartey-Kwansah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Science, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Juliana Attoh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Science, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Godwin Adzakpah
- Department of Health Information Management, School of Allied Health Science, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Desmond Omane Acheampong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Science, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
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15
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Ndeme EA, Tietcheu BRG, Demanou SA, Djamen DPC, Yanou NN. Seroprevalence study of dengue-malaria coinfection in an East-Cameroonian public hospital: A comparison between malarial and non-malarial groups. J Vector Borne Dis 2024; 61:72-80. [PMID: 38648408 DOI: 10.4103/0972-9062.392260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS OBJECTIVES Recent research in Cameroon reported several occurrences of dengue in urban settings, but concurrent dengue-malaria infection has received less attention, particularly in the East region. METHODS A two-month cross-sectional and comparative research was performed at Bertoua Regional Hospital which included 50 malaria-positive participants and 90 non-malaria subjects. Participants were selected and provided with a questionnaire to collect sociodemographic data. Blood samples were collected and tested for dengue infection and hematological parameters were assessed. RESULTS Dengue fever was found in 14% of malarial patients vs 66.66% of controls. Secondary dengue infection was more prevalent in malarial patients than in non-malarial patients. Gender, age, and place of residence were positively correlated to dengue seropositivity. Platelets were substantially lower (P<0.001) in the malarial group than in the non-malarial group. INTERPRETATION CONCLUSION In the study, coinfected patients were found to be more vulnerable to dengue, emphasizing the importance of epidemiological surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Ayangma Ndeme
- Department of Life Science, Higher Teacher's Training College-Bertoua, University of Bertoua, Cameroon
| | - Borris Rosnay Galani Tietcheu
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
| | | | - Dieudonne Pascal Chuisseu Djamen
- Department of Medicine, Medical and Biomedical Sciences, Higher Institute of Health Sciences, Université Des Montagnes, Bangangte, Cameroon
| | - Nicolas Njintang Yanou
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
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Kojom Foko LP, Jakhan J, Tamang S, Hawadak J, Kouemo Motse FD, Singh V. First Insight into Drug Resistance Genetic Markers, Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase and Phylogenetic Patterns of Misdiagnosed Plasmodium vivax Malaria in Far North Region, Cameroon. Curr Microbiol 2023; 81:9. [PMID: 37968386 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03522-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) is the predominant malaria species in Africa, but growing rates of non-falciparum species such as P. vivax (Pv) have been reported recently. This study aimed at characterizing drug resistance genes, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase gene (G6PD), and phylogenetic patterns of a Pv + Pf co-infection misdiagnosed as a Pf mono-infection in the Far North region of Cameroon. Only one non-synonymous mutation in the pvdhps gene A383G was found. Pv drug resistance gene sequences were phylogenetically closer to the reference SAL-I strain and isolates from Southeast Asia and Western Pacific countries. Analyzing co-infecting Pf revealed no resistance mutations in Pfmdr1 and Pfk13 genes, but mutations in Pfcrt (C72V73I74E75T76) and Pfdhfr-Pfdhps genes (A16C50I51R59N108L164 - A436A437K540G581S613) were observed. No G6PD deficiency-related mutations were found. This is first study from Cameroon reporting presence of putative drug resistance mutations in Pv infections, especially in the pvdhps gene, and also outlined the absence of a G6PD-deficiency trait in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jahnvi Jakhan
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, Sector 8, New-Delhi, 110077, India
| | - Suman Tamang
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, Sector 8, New-Delhi, 110077, India
| | - Joseph Hawadak
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, Sector 8, New-Delhi, 110077, India
| | | | - Vineeta Singh
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, Sector 8, New-Delhi, 110077, India.
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Natchema S Fonkou B, Tchouakui M, Menze BD, Mugenzi LMJ, Fofie D, Nguiffo-Nguete D, Nkengazong L, Tombi J, Wondji CS. Entomological longitudinal surveys in two contrasted eco-climatic settings in Cameroon reveal a high malaria transmission from Anopheles funestus associated with GSTe2 metabolic resistance. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:738. [PMID: 37891470 PMCID: PMC10612181 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08698-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of metabolic resistance to insecticides on malaria transmission remains poorly characterised notably through application of entomological parameters. The lack of resistance markers has been one of the limiting factors preventing a robust assessment of such impact. To this end, the present study sought to investigate how the L119F-Gste2 metabolic gene influences entomological parameters underpinning mosquitos' propensity to transmit Plasmodium spp. METHODS Longitudinal studies were carried out in Mibellon and Elende, two different eco-climatic settings in Cameroon and mosquitoes were collected using Human Landing Catch (HLC), Centre for Disease Control Light Trap (CDC-LT) and Pyrethrum Spray Catch (PSC) technics. Plasmodium sporozoite parasites were detected by TaqMan and Nested PCR, and blood meal origin by ELISA. The allele-specific PCR (AS-PCR) method was used to genotype the L119F-GSTe2 marker and association with malaria transmission was established by comparing key transmission parameters such as the Entomological Inoculation Rate (EIR) between individuals with different L119F-GSTe2 genotypes. RESULTS An. funestus s.l was the predominant malaria vector collected during the entomological survey in both sites (86.6% and 96.4% in Elende and Mibellon, respectively) followed by An. gambiae s.l (7.5% and 2.4%, respectively). Sporozoite infection rates were very high in both collection sites (8.7% and 11% in Elende and Mibellon, respectively). An. funestus s.s exhibited a very high entomological inoculation rate (EIR) (66 ib/h/month and 792 ib/h/year) and was responsible for 98.6% of all malaria transmission events occurring in both sites. The Human Blood Index was also high in both locations (HBI = 94%). An. funestus s.s. mosquitoes with both 119 F/F (RR) and L119F (RS) genotypes had a significantly higher transmission intensity than their susceptible L/L119 (SS) counterparts (IRR = 2.2, 95%CI (1.1-5.2), p = 0.03; IRR = 2.5, 95% CI (1.2-5.8), p = 0.01 respectively). CONCLUSION This study highlights the major role that An. funestus s.s plays in malaria transmission in Cameroon with an aggravation from GSTe2-based metabolic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Natchema S Fonkou
- Medical Entomology Department, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé, Cameroon.
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Magellan Tchouakui
- Medical Entomology Department, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Benjamin D Menze
- Medical Entomology Department, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Leon M J Mugenzi
- Medical Entomology Department, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Derrick Fofie
- Medical Entomology Department, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Daniel Nguiffo-Nguete
- Medical Entomology Department, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Lucia Nkengazong
- Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, (IMPM, P.O.Box 13033), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Jeannette Tombi
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Charles S Wondji
- Medical Entomology Department, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé, Cameroon.
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.
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Sohanang Nodem FS, Ymele D, Fadimatou M, Fodouop SPC. Malaria and Typhoid Fever Coinfection among Febrile Patients in Ngaoundéré (Adamawa, Cameroon): A Cross-Sectional Study. J Parasitol Res 2023; 2023:5334813. [PMID: 37790287 PMCID: PMC10545472 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5334813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria and typhoid fever remain the major cause of morbidity and mortality in tropical and subtropical countries. It is common today to see patients being concurrently infected or treated for the two diseases. Objective The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of malaria, typhoid fever, and their coinfection among febrile patients at Ngaoundéré Regional Hospital, Adamawa, Cameroon. Methodology. A cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted on 208 febrile patients coming for medical consultation at Ngaoundéré Regional Hospital and suspected for malaria and/or typhoid fever from September to November 2019. After receiving the consent of each patient, clinical and sociodemographic information were collected using a pretested semistructured questionnaire. Thereafter, blood samples were collected and subjected to (i) blood film examination for malaria detection and (ii) qualitative and semiquantitative Widal assay for typhoid fever detection. Results Plasmodium falciparum was the only species identified, and the prevalence of malaria was 50.0% (n = 104). The seroprevalence of typhoid fever was 64.3% (n = 133). The malaria and typhoid fever coinfection was 30.3% (n = 63). The coinfection between S. paratyphi (A, B, and C) and malaria was also observed with the prevalence ranging from 32.2 to 63.9%. Female group and children from 2 to 10 years old were the most affected groups by the two infectious agents. Conclusion Typhoid fever and malaria were more prevalent in Ngaoundéré City, particularly in children and women. Further studies should be done on the risk factors of malaria and typhoid fever coinfection in different study areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francky Steve Sohanang Nodem
- Department of Food Engineering and Quality Control, University Institute of Technology, University of Ngaoudéré, P.O. Box 455, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | - Didiane Ymele
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Ngaoundéré, P.O. Box 455, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | - Mouni Fadimatou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Ngaoundéré, P.O. Box 455, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
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Hessou-Djossou D, Djègbè I, Loko YLE, Boukari MKYG, Nonfodji OM, Tchigossou G, Djouaka R, Akogbeto M. Attitudes and prevention towards malaria in the context of COVID-19 pandemic in urban community in Benin, West Africa. Malar J 2023; 22:228. [PMID: 37542257 PMCID: PMC10401850 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04663-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic and its damages have severely impacted the global healthcare system even in countries with the best systems. In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), it could worsen the malaria situation in endemic countries such as Benin. This study was conducted to describe the potential effects of the pandemic on urban dwellers attitudes, prevention and treatment against malaria in four major cities of Benin. METHODS A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted in Cotonou, Bohicon, Parakou and Natitingou, four urban cities of Benin. A total of 800 randomly selected households were interviewed. The questionnaire consisted of four parts: sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge, attitude, and practice. Descriptive statistics and binomial logistic regression analysis were used in the statistical analysis. RESULTS More than 90% of the participants interviewed had a good level of knowledge about the transmission and prevention of malaria in the cities surveyed. In contrast, low proportions of participants reported visiting health-care facilities when they suspected malaria. Compared to the proportions observed at Parakou and Natitingou, the low proportion of participants was statistically significant at Cotonou (Parakou: X2 = 31.345, df = 1, P < 0.0001; Natitingou: X2 = 17.471, df = 1, P < 0.0001). Among the reasons for not seeking care, these related to COVID-19 were the most mentioned. Moreover, the good education level of the participants was one of the factors associated with the non-use of healthcare facilities due to over-knowledgeable about Covid-19, which might have increased the fear to go to the health facilities. Finally, high proportions of self-medication practice were mentioned with high use of malaria drugs to treat both malaria and to protect against COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS The data show a negative impact of COVID-19 on visits to healthcare facilities for malarial treatment and malaria drugs usage by the population. It is, therefore, necessary to rebuild malaria programmes by integrating measures adapted to health crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Hessou-Djossou
- Département des Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Natitingou, UNSTIM, Natitingou, Bénin.
| | - Innocent Djègbè
- Département des Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Natitingou, UNSTIM, Natitingou, Bénin
- Plateforme Agriculture Environnement Santé, Institut International d'Agriculture Tropicale (IITA-Bénin), Cotonou, Bénin
| | | | | | - Odilon M Nonfodji
- Département des Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Natitingou, UNSTIM, Natitingou, Bénin
- Laboratoire de Chimie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement (LCEE), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Natitingou, UNSTIM, Natitingou, Bénin
| | - Geneviève Tchigossou
- Plateforme Agriculture Environnement Santé, Institut International d'Agriculture Tropicale (IITA-Bénin), Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Rousseau Djouaka
- Plateforme Agriculture Environnement Santé, Institut International d'Agriculture Tropicale (IITA-Bénin), Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Martin Akogbeto
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Ministère de la Santé, Cotonou, Bénin
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Biabi MFAB, Fogang B, Essangui E, Maloba F, Donkeu C, Keumoe R, Cheteug G, Magoudjou N, Slam C, Kemleu S, Efange N, Perraut R, Nsango SE, Eboumbou Moukoko CE, Assam JPA, Etoa FX, Lamb T, Ayong L. High Prevalence of Polyclonal Plasmodium falciparum Infections and Association with Poor IgG Antibody Responses in a Hyper-Endemic Area in Cameroon. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:390. [PMID: 37624328 PMCID: PMC10459087 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8080390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains a major public health problem worldwide, with eradication efforts thwarted by drug and insecticide resistance and the lack of a broadly effective malaria vaccine. In continuously exposed communities, polyclonal infections are thought to reduce the risk of severe disease and promote the establishment of asymptomatic infections. We sought to investigate the relationship between the complexity of P. falciparum infection and underlying host adaptive immune responses in an area with a high prevalence of asymptomatic parasitaemia in Cameroon. A cross-sectional study of 353 individuals aged 2 to 86 years (median age = 16 years) was conducted in five villages in the Centre Region of Cameroon. Plasmodium falciparum infection was detected by multiplex nested PCR in 316 samples, of which 278 were successfully genotyped. Of these, 60.1% (167/278) were polyclonal infections, the majority (80.2%) of which were from asymptomatic carriers. Host-parasite factors associated with polyclonal infection in the study population included peripheral blood parasite density, participant age and village of residence. The number of parasite clones per infected sample increased significantly with parasite density (r = 0.3912, p < 0.0001) but decreased with participant age (r = -0.4860, p < 0.0001). Parasitaemia and the number of clones per sample correlated negatively with total plasma levels of IgG antibodies to three highly reactive P. falciparum antigens (MSP-1p19, MSP-3 and EBA175) and two soluble antigen extracts (merozoite and mixed stage antigens). Surprisingly, we observed no association between the frequency of polyclonal infection and susceptibility to clinical disease as assessed by the recent occurrence of malarial symptoms or duration since the previous fever episode. Overall, the data indicate that in areas with the high perennial transmission of P. falciparum, parasite polyclonality is dependent on underlying host antibody responses, with the majority of polyclonal infections occurring in persons with low levels of protective anti-plasmodial antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Florence A Bite Biabi
- Malaria Research Unit, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaounde BP 1274, Cameroon; (M.F.A.B.B.); (B.F.); (E.E.); (F.M.); (C.D.); (R.K.); (G.C.); (N.M.); (S.K.); (N.E.); (S.E.N.); (C.E.E.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, Douala BP 2701, Cameroon
| | - Balotin Fogang
- Malaria Research Unit, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaounde BP 1274, Cameroon; (M.F.A.B.B.); (B.F.); (E.E.); (F.M.); (C.D.); (R.K.); (G.C.); (N.M.); (S.K.); (N.E.); (S.E.N.); (C.E.E.M.)
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde BP 812, Cameroon
| | - Estelle Essangui
- Malaria Research Unit, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaounde BP 1274, Cameroon; (M.F.A.B.B.); (B.F.); (E.E.); (F.M.); (C.D.); (R.K.); (G.C.); (N.M.); (S.K.); (N.E.); (S.E.N.); (C.E.E.M.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, Douala BP 2701, Cameroon
| | - Franklin Maloba
- Malaria Research Unit, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaounde BP 1274, Cameroon; (M.F.A.B.B.); (B.F.); (E.E.); (F.M.); (C.D.); (R.K.); (G.C.); (N.M.); (S.K.); (N.E.); (S.E.N.); (C.E.E.M.)
| | - Christiane Donkeu
- Malaria Research Unit, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaounde BP 1274, Cameroon; (M.F.A.B.B.); (B.F.); (E.E.); (F.M.); (C.D.); (R.K.); (G.C.); (N.M.); (S.K.); (N.E.); (S.E.N.); (C.E.E.M.)
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde BP 812, Cameroon
| | - Rodrigue Keumoe
- Malaria Research Unit, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaounde BP 1274, Cameroon; (M.F.A.B.B.); (B.F.); (E.E.); (F.M.); (C.D.); (R.K.); (G.C.); (N.M.); (S.K.); (N.E.); (S.E.N.); (C.E.E.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde BP 812, Cameroon
| | - Glwadys Cheteug
- Malaria Research Unit, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaounde BP 1274, Cameroon; (M.F.A.B.B.); (B.F.); (E.E.); (F.M.); (C.D.); (R.K.); (G.C.); (N.M.); (S.K.); (N.E.); (S.E.N.); (C.E.E.M.)
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea BP 63, Cameroon
| | - Nina Magoudjou
- Malaria Research Unit, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaounde BP 1274, Cameroon; (M.F.A.B.B.); (B.F.); (E.E.); (F.M.); (C.D.); (R.K.); (G.C.); (N.M.); (S.K.); (N.E.); (S.E.N.); (C.E.E.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde BP 812, Cameroon
| | - Celine Slam
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Utah, 15 N Medical Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA;
| | - Sylvie Kemleu
- Malaria Research Unit, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaounde BP 1274, Cameroon; (M.F.A.B.B.); (B.F.); (E.E.); (F.M.); (C.D.); (R.K.); (G.C.); (N.M.); (S.K.); (N.E.); (S.E.N.); (C.E.E.M.)
| | - Noella Efange
- Malaria Research Unit, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaounde BP 1274, Cameroon; (M.F.A.B.B.); (B.F.); (E.E.); (F.M.); (C.D.); (R.K.); (G.C.); (N.M.); (S.K.); (N.E.); (S.E.N.); (C.E.E.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea BP 63, Cameroon
| | - Ronald Perraut
- Centre Pasteur du Cameroun Annex, Garoua BP 921, Cameroon;
| | - Sandrine Eveline Nsango
- Malaria Research Unit, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaounde BP 1274, Cameroon; (M.F.A.B.B.); (B.F.); (E.E.); (F.M.); (C.D.); (R.K.); (G.C.); (N.M.); (S.K.); (N.E.); (S.E.N.); (C.E.E.M.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, Douala BP 2701, Cameroon
| | - Carole Else Eboumbou Moukoko
- Malaria Research Unit, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaounde BP 1274, Cameroon; (M.F.A.B.B.); (B.F.); (E.E.); (F.M.); (C.D.); (R.K.); (G.C.); (N.M.); (S.K.); (N.E.); (S.E.N.); (C.E.E.M.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, Douala BP 2701, Cameroon
| | - Jean Paul Assam Assam
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde BP 812, Cameroon; (J.P.A.A.); (F.-X.E.)
| | - François-Xavier Etoa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde BP 812, Cameroon; (J.P.A.A.); (F.-X.E.)
| | - Tracey Lamb
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Utah, 15 N Medical Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA;
| | - Lawrence Ayong
- Malaria Research Unit, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaounde BP 1274, Cameroon; (M.F.A.B.B.); (B.F.); (E.E.); (F.M.); (C.D.); (R.K.); (G.C.); (N.M.); (S.K.); (N.E.); (S.E.N.); (C.E.E.M.)
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Talipouo A, Doumbe-Belisse P, Ngadjeu CS, Djamouko-Djonkam L, Nchoutpouen E, Bamou R, Sonhafouo-Chiana N, Mayi APM, Dadji Foko GA, Awono-Ambene P, Kekeunou S, Wondji CS, Antonio-Nkondjio C. Larviciding intervention targeting malaria vectors also affects Culex mosquito distribution in the city of Yaoundé, Cameroon. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PARASITOLOGY & VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2023; 4:100136. [PMID: 37693015 PMCID: PMC10491826 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2023.100136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Although Culex species are considered to be equally affected by control measures targeting malaria vectors, there is still not enough evidence of the impact of interventions such as larviciding on the distribution of these mosquito species. The present study assessed the impact of a larviciding trial targeting malaria vectors on Culex mosquito species in the city of Yaoundé, Cameroon. A cluster randomized trial comparing 13 treated clusters and 13 untreated clusters was implemented. Data were collected at baseline and during the larviciding intervention, from March 2017 to November 2020. The microbial larvicide VectoMax G was applied once every 2 weeks in the intervention areas. Adult mosquitoes were collected using CDC light traps in both intervention and non-intervention areas and compared between arms. Globally, larviciding intervention was associated with 69% reduction in aquatic habitats with Culex larvae and 36.65% reduction of adult Culex densities in houses. Adult Culex densities were reduced both indoors (35.26%) and outdoors (42.37%). No change in the composition of Culex species was recorded. The study suggests a high impact of larviciding on Culex mosquito species distribution. The impact of the intervention can be improved if typical Culex breeding habitats including pit latrines are targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdou Talipouo
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Patricia Doumbe-Belisse
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Carmène S. Ngadjeu
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Landre Djamouko-Djonkam
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Dschang, Box 337, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Elysée Nchoutpouen
- Centre for Research in Infectious Disease (CRID), Yaoundé, P.O. Box 13591, Cameroon
| | - Roland Bamou
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Dschang, Box 337, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Nadège Sonhafouo-Chiana
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Audrey Paul Marie Mayi
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Dschang, Box 337, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Gisèle Aurélie Dadji Foko
- Laboratory of Zoology, Higher Teacher Training College, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 47, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Parfait Awono-Ambene
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Sévilor Kekeunou
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Charles S. Wondji
- Centre for Research in Infectious Disease (CRID), Yaoundé, P.O. Box 13591, Cameroon
- Vector Biology Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Christophe Antonio-Nkondjio
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Vector Biology Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
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22
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Sofeu-Feugaing DD, Nkengeh Ajonglefac F, Nyuylam Moyeh M, Obejum Apinjoh T, Essende ME, Talla Kouam GD, Mbigha Ghogomu S. Status of the Multidrug Resistance-1 Gene of Plasmodium falciparum in Four Malaria Epidemiological Strata, Two Decades after the Abolition of Chloroquine as First-Line Treatment for Uncomplicated Malaria in Cameroon. J Trop Med 2023; 2023:6688380. [PMID: 37426306 PMCID: PMC10329556 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6688380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-resistant malaria parasites pose a threat to global malaria control efforts, and it is important to know the extent of these drug-resistant mutations in each region to determine appropriate control measures. Chloroquine (CQ) was widely used in Cameroon for decades, but its declining clinical efficacy due to resistance prompted health authorities in 2004 to resort to artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) as the first-line treatment for uncomplicated malaria. Despite numerous efforts to control malaria, it persists, and the emergence and spread of resistance to ACTs make the development of new drugs or the possible reintroduction of discontinued drugs increasingly urgent. Malaria-positive blood samples were collected from 798 patients on Whatman filter paper to determine the status of resistance to CQ. DNA was extracted by boiling in Chelex and analysis of Plasmodium species. Four hundred P. falciparum monoinfected samples, 100 per study area, were amplified by nested PCR, and allele-specific restriction analysis of Pfmdr1 gene molecular markers was performed. Fragments were analyzed using a 3% ethidium bromide-stained agarose gel. P. falciparum was the most abundant Plasmodium species, accounting for 87.21% of P. falciparum monoinfections only. No infection with P. vivax was detected. The majority of samples contained the wild type for all 3 SNPs evaluated on the Pfmdr1 gene with N86, Y184, and D1246 accounting for 45.50%, 40.00%, and 70.00%, respectively. The most abundant haplotype observed was the Y184D1246 double wild type at 43.70%. The results suggest that P. falciparum is the major infecting species and that P. falciparum species with the susceptible genotype are gradually recapturing the parasite population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marcel Nyuylam Moyeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Tobias Obejum Apinjoh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Bamenda, Bamenda, Cameroon
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23
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Eboumbou Moukoko CE, Kojom Foko LP, Ayina A, Tornyigah B, Epote AR, Penda IC, Epee Eboumbou P, Ebong SB, Texier G, Nsango SE, Ayong L, Tuikue Ndam N, Same Ekobo A. Effectiveness of Intermittent Preventive Treatment with Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine in Pregnancy: Low Coverage and High Prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum dhfr-dhps Quintuple Mutants as Major Challenges in Douala, an Urban Setting in Cameroon. Pathogens 2023; 12:844. [PMID: 37375534 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12060844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy with sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine (IPTp-SP) is a key component in the malaria control strategy implemented in Africa. The aim of this study was to determine IPTp-SP adherence and coverage, and the impact on maternal infection and birth outcomes in the context of widespread SP resistance in the city of Douala, Cameroon. Clinical and demographic information were documented among 888 pregnant women attending 3 health facilities, from the antenatal care visit to delivery. Positive samples were genotyped for P. falciparum gene (dhfr, dhps, and k13) mutations. The overall IPTp-SP coverage (≥three doses) was 17.5%, and 5.1% received no dose. P. falciparum prevalence was 16%, with a predominance of submicroscopic infections (89.3%). Malaria infection was significantly associated with locality and history of malaria, and it was reduced among women using indoor residual spraying. Optimal doses of IPTp-SP were significantly associated with reduced infection among newborns and women (secundiparous and multiparous), but there was no impact of IPTp-SP on the newborn bodyweight. Pfdhfr-Pfdhps quintuple mutants were over-represented (IRNI-FGKAA, IRNI-AGKAA), and sextuple mutants (IRNI-AGKAS, IRNI-FGEAA, IRNI-AGKGS) were also reported. The Pfk13 gene mutations associated with artemisinin resistance were not detected. This study highlights the role of ANC in achieving optimal SP coverage in pregnant women, the mitigated impact of IPTp-SP on malaria outcomes, and the high prevalence of multiple SP-resistant P. falciparum parasites in the city of Douala that could compromise the efficacy of IPTp-SP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Else Eboumbou Moukoko
- Malaria Research Unit, Centre Pasteur Cameroon, Yaoundé P.O. Box 1274, Cameroon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Douala, Douala P.O. Box 24157, Cameroon
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Mycology and Virology, Postgraduate Training Unit for Health Sciences, Postgraduate School for Pure and Applied Sciences, The University of Douala, Douala P.O. Box 24157, Cameroon
| | | | - Angèle Ayina
- Malaria Research Unit, Centre Pasteur Cameroon, Yaoundé P.O. Box 1274, Cameroon
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Douala, Douala P.O. Box 24157, Cameroon
| | - Bernard Tornyigah
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra P.O. Box 1181, Ghana
- UMR 261 MERIT, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Annie Rachel Epote
- Haematology Laboratory, Centre Pasteur Cameroon, Yaoundé P.O. Box 1274, Cameroon
| | - Ida Calixte Penda
- Clinical Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Douala, Douala P.O. Box 24157, Cameroon
| | - Patricia Epee Eboumbou
- Clinical Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Douala, Douala P.O. Box 24157, Cameroon
- Pediatric Wards, Bonassama Hospital, Douala P.O. Box 9023, Cameroon
| | - Serge Bruno Ebong
- Animal Organisms Biology and Physiology Department, Faculty of Sciences, The University of Douala, Douala P.O. Box 24157, Cameroon
| | - Gaetan Texier
- UMR 257-Vecteurs, Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes-VITROME-IRD/SSA/AP-HM, Aix-Marseille University, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Sandrine Eveline Nsango
- Malaria Research Unit, Centre Pasteur Cameroon, Yaoundé P.O. Box 1274, Cameroon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Douala, Douala P.O. Box 24157, Cameroon
| | - Lawrence Ayong
- Malaria Research Unit, Centre Pasteur Cameroon, Yaoundé P.O. Box 1274, Cameroon
| | - Nicaise Tuikue Ndam
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra P.O. Box 1181, Ghana
- UMR 261 MERIT, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Albert Same Ekobo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Douala, Douala P.O. Box 24157, Cameroon
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24
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Alenou LD, Nwane P, Mbakop LR, Piameu M, Ekoko W, Mandeng S, Bikoy EN, Toto JC, Onguina H, Etang J. Burden of mosquito-borne diseases across rural versus urban areas in Cameroon between 2002 and 2021: prospective for community-oriented vector management approaches. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:136. [PMID: 37076896 PMCID: PMC10114431 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05737-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the past two decades, Cameroon has recorded one of the highest rates of urban population growth in sub-Saharan Africa. It is estimated that more than 67% of Cameroon's urban population lives in slums, and the situation is far from improving as these neighbourhoods are growing at an annual rate of 5.5%. However, it is not known how this rapid and uncontrolled urbanization affects vector populations and disease transmission in urban versus rural areas. In this study, we analyse data from studies conducted on mosquito-borne diseases in Cameroon between 2002 and 2021 to determine the distribution of mosquito species and the prevalence of diseases they transmit with regards to urban areas versus rural areas. METHODS A search of various online databases, such as PubMed, Hinari, Google and Google Scholar, was conducted for relevant articles. A total of 85 publications/reports were identified and reviewed for entomological and epidemiological data from the ten regions of Cameroon. RESULTS Analysis of the findings from the reviewed articles revealed 10 diseases transmitted by mosquitoes to humans across the study regions. Most of these diseases were recorded in the Northwest Region, followed by the North, Far North and Eastern Regions. Data were collected from 37 urban and 28 rural sites. In the urban areas, dengue prevalence increased from 14.55% (95% confidence interval [CI] 5.2-23.9%) in 2002-2011 to 29.84% (95% CI 21-38.7%) in 2012-2021. In rural areas, diseases such as Lymphatic filariasis and Rift valley fever, which were not present in 2002-2011, appeared in 2012-2021, with a prevalence of 0.4% (95% CI 0.0- 2.4%) and 10% (95% CI 0.6-19.4%), respectively. Malaria prevalence remained the same in urban areas (67%; 95% CI 55.6-78.4%) between the two periods, while it significantly decreased in rural areas from 45.87% (95% CI 31.1-60.6%) in 2002-2011 to 39% (95% CI 23.7-54.3%) in the 2012-2021 period (*P = 0.04). Seventeen species of mosquitoes were identified as involved in the transmission of these diseases, of which 11 were involved in the transmission of malaria, five in the transmission of arboviruses and one in the transmission of malaria and lymphatic filariasis. The diversity of mosquito species was greater in rural areas than in urban areas during both periods. Of the articles reviewed for the 2012-2021 period, 56% reported the presence of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato in urban areas compared to 42% reported in 2002-2011. The presence of Aedes aegypti increased in urban areas in 2012-2021 but this species was absent in rural areas. Ownership of long-lasting insecticidal nets varied greatly from one setting to another. CONCLUSIONS The current findings suggest that, in addition to malaria control strategies, vector-borne disease control approaches in Cameroon should include strategies against lymphatic filariasis and Rift Valley fever in rural areas, and against dengue and Zika viruses in urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Dilane Alenou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, P.O. Box 2701, Douala, Cameroon.
- Malaria Research Laboratory, Yaoundé Research Institute (IRY), Organization for the Coordination of Endemic Diseases' Control in Central Africa (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Philippe Nwane
- Malaria Research Laboratory, Yaoundé Research Institute (IRY), Organization for the Coordination of Endemic Diseases' Control in Central Africa (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Lili Ranaise Mbakop
- Malaria Research Laboratory, Yaoundé Research Institute (IRY), Organization for the Coordination of Endemic Diseases' Control in Central Africa (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Michael Piameu
- Malaria Research Laboratory, Yaoundé Research Institute (IRY), Organization for the Coordination of Endemic Diseases' Control in Central Africa (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- School of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Central Africa, P.O. Box 1110, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Wolfgang Ekoko
- Malaria Research Laboratory, Yaoundé Research Institute (IRY), Organization for the Coordination of Endemic Diseases' Control in Central Africa (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, University of Bamenda, Bambili, P.O. Box 39, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Stanislas Mandeng
- Malaria Research Laboratory, Yaoundé Research Institute (IRY), Organization for the Coordination of Endemic Diseases' Control in Central Africa (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Elisabeth Ngo Bikoy
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Jean Claude Toto
- Malaria Research Laboratory, Yaoundé Research Institute (IRY), Organization for the Coordination of Endemic Diseases' Control in Central Africa (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Hugues Onguina
- Malaria Research Laboratory, Yaoundé Research Institute (IRY), Organization for the Coordination of Endemic Diseases' Control in Central Africa (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Josiane Etang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, P.O. Box 2701, Douala, Cameroon.
- Malaria Research Laboratory, Yaoundé Research Institute (IRY), Organization for the Coordination of Endemic Diseases' Control in Central Africa (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
- Department of Insect Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Faculty 09-Agricultural Sciences, Nutritional Sciences and Environmental Management, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Winchester Str. 2, 35394, Giessen, Germany.
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25
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Fondjo E, Toto JC, Tchouakui M, Eyisap WE, Patchoke S, Menze B, Njeambosay B, Zeukeug F, Ngomdjum RT, Mandeng E, Elanga-Ndille E, Kopya E, Binyang JA, Ndo C, Tene-Fossog B, Tedjou A, Nchoutpouen E, Tchouine F, Achu D, Ambrose K, Hedje J, Kouambeng C, Carlson J, Zohdy S, Chabi J. High vector diversity and malaria transmission dynamics in five sentinel sites in Cameroon. Malar J 2023; 22:123. [PMID: 37055836 PMCID: PMC10100606 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04552-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria remains one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in Cameroon. To inform vector control intervention decision making, malaria vector surveillance was conducted monthly from October 2018 to September 2020 in five selected sentinel sites (Gounougou and Simatou in the North, and Bonabéri, Mangoum and Nyabessang in the South). METHODS Human landing catches (HLCs), U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) light traps, and pyrethrum spray catches (PSCs) were used to assess vector density, species composition, human biting rate (HBR), endophagic index, indoor resting density (IRD), parity, sporozoite infection rates, entomological inoculation rate (EIR), and Anopheles vectorial capacity. RESULTS A total of 139,322 Anopheles mosquitoes from 18 species (or 21 including identified sub-species) were collected across all sites. Out of the 18 species, 12 were malaria vectors including Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.), Anopheles funestus s.l.., Anopheles nili, Anopheles moucheti, Anopheles paludis, Anopheles demeilloni, Anopheles. pharoensis, Anopheles ziemanni, Anopheles multicinctus, Anopheles tenebrosus, Anopheles rufipes, and Anopheles marshallii. Anopheles gambiae s.l. remains the major malaria vector (71% of the total Anopheles) collected, though An. moucheti and An. paludis had the highest sporozoite rates in Nyabessang. The mean indoor HBR of Anopheles ranged from 11.0 bites/human/night (b/h/n) in Bonabéri to 104.0 b/h/n in Simatou, while outdoors, it varied from 24.2 b/h/n in Mangoum to 98.7 b/h/n in Simatou. Anopheles gambiae s.l. and An. moucheti were actively biting until at least 8:00 a.m. The mean Anopheles IRD was 17.1 females/room, and the parity rate was 68.9%. The mean EIRs for each site were 55.4 infective bites/human/month (ib/h/m) in Gounougou, 99.0 ib/h/m in Simatou, 51.2 ib/h/m in Mangoum, 24.4 ib/h/m in Nyabessang, and 18.1 ib/h/m in Bonabéri. Anopheles gambiae s.l. was confirmed as the main malaria vector with the highest vectorial capacity in all sites based on sporozoite rate, except in Nyabessang. CONCLUSION These findings highlight the high malaria transmission occurring in Cameroon and will support the National Malaria Control Program to design evidence-based malaria vector control strategies, and deployment of effective and integrated vector control interventions to reduce malaria transmission and burden in Cameroon, where several Anopheles species could potentially maintain year-round transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Fondjo
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative (PMI) VectorLink Project, Abt Associates, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Jean-Claude Toto
- Central African Organization for Endemic Disease Control (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Wolfgang Ekoko Eyisap
- Central African Organization for Endemic Disease Control (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
- University of Bamenda, Bamenda, Cameroon
| | - Salomon Patchoke
- The Biotechnology Center (BTC), University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Benjamin Menze
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Boris Njeambosay
- The Biotechnology Center (BTC), University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Francis Zeukeug
- The Biotechnology Center (BTC), University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Elysée Mandeng
- Central African Organization for Endemic Disease Control (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Edmond Kopya
- Central African Organization for Endemic Disease Control (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Cyrille Ndo
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Billy Tene-Fossog
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Armel Tedjou
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Elysée Nchoutpouen
- Central African Organization for Endemic Disease Control (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Frederic Tchouine
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative (PMI) VectorLink Project, Abt Associates, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Dorothy Achu
- National Malaria Control Programme, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Kelley Ambrose
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative VectorLink Project, Abt Associates, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Judith Hedje
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Celestin Kouambeng
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Jenny Carlson
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, USAID, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Sarah Zohdy
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joseph Chabi
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative VectorLink Project, Abt Associates, Rockville, MD, USA.
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Chouakeu NAK, Tchuinkam T, Bamou R, Bindamu MM, Talipouo A, Kopya E, Awono-Ambene P, Antonio-Nkondjio C. Malaria transmission pattern across the Sahelian, humid savanna, highland and forest eco-epidemiological settings in Cameroon. Malar J 2023; 22:116. [PMID: 37029411 PMCID: PMC10080520 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04544-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria remains a major public health concern in Cameroon. Understanding vector distribution and malaria transmission dynamics is of paramount importance for evaluating the performance of control strategies. This study assesses patterns of malaria transmission in four eco-epidemiological settings in Cameroon. METHODS Adult mosquitoes were collected using Human Landing Catches (HLC) once every 4 months from August 2019 to November 2021 in Kaélé, Tibati, Santchou and Bertoua. Mosquitoes were sorted by genus and Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) species complex were identified using PCR. The presence of Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (CSP) was measured by ELISA; the entomological inoculation rates (EIR) was estimated in each locality. RESULTS A total of 23,536 mosquitoes were collected. Anopheles gambiae and/or Anopheles coluzzii were the main malaria vectors in all sites. Anopheles arabiensis was recorded in low frequency in Kaélé and Tibati. Other species collected included Anopheles funestus, Anopheles pharoensis and Anopheles ziemmani. High anopheline biting rates were recorded outdoor in all sites except in Kaélé. Important differences in species biting dynamics were observed between sites. The sporozoite infection rate varied from 0.36 to 4%. The daily EIR was found to vary from 0.07 in Santchou to 0.26 infected bites/man/night (ib/m/n) in Kaélé). CONCLUSION The study suggests heterogeneous patterns of malaria transmission in different ecoepidemiological settings across the country. The findings stress the need to improve malaria vector control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelly Armanda Kala Chouakeu
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Research Unit of Biology and Applied Ecology (VBID-RUBAE), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
- Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Timoléon Tchuinkam
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Research Unit of Biology and Applied Ecology (VBID-RUBAE), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Roland Bamou
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Research Unit of Biology and Applied Ecology (VBID-RUBAE), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
- Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Mabu Maxim Bindamu
- Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
- University of Bamenda, Bamenda, Cameroon
| | - Abdou Talipouo
- Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Edmond Kopya
- Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Parfait Awono-Ambene
- Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Christophe Antonio-Nkondjio
- Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon.
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27
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Nguiffo-Nguete D, Nongley Nkemngo F, Ndo C, Agbor JP, Boussougou-Sambe ST, Salako Djogbénou L, Ntoumi F, Adegnika AA, Borrmann S, Wondji CS. Plasmodium malariae contributes to high levels of malaria transmission in a forest-savannah transition area in Cameroon. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:31. [PMID: 36698132 PMCID: PMC9875470 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05635-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria control efforts are highly skewed towards Plasmodium falciparum while overlooking other Plasmodium species such as P. malariae. A better understanding of the role of Plasmodium species other than P. falciparum is needed to strengthen malaria elimination initiatives. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the contribution of P. malariae to malaria transmission in Cameroon. METHODS The study was conducted in the Ngatti Health District, a forest-savannah transition area in the Adamawa Region, Cameroon. A total of 497 individuals aged from 1 to 85 years were diagnosed with malaria in November 2020 using a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) and microscopy. Adult mosquitoes were collected between September 2019 and March 2020 by indoor aspiration and identified morphologically and molecularly. The infection status of Plasmodium spp. was also determined by quantitative PCR, and dried blood spots were collected from 156 participants with the aim to detect different Plasmodium species by nested PCR. RESULTS The overall Plasmodium prevalence was 50.3%, 51.8% and 64.7%, as detected by microscopy, the RDT and PCR, respectively. Based on the PCR results, P. falciparum was the most prevalent species (43%); followed by co-infections P. falciparum/P. malariae (17%), P. falciparum/P. ovale (1.3%), P. falciparum/P. ovale/P. malariae (1.3%); and then by P. malariae mono-infection (2.5%). The same trend was observed using microscopy, with 35% of participants infected with P. falciparum, 11% co-infected with P. falciparum/P. malariae and 4% infected with P. malariae. The prevalence and parasite density of malaria infection varied significantly with age group (P < 0.05), with the highest prevalence rate observed in children aged 6-10 years (P = 0.0001) while the density of Plasmodium infection increased significantly in children aged < 5 years compared to the other age groups (P = 10-3). Among the 757 Anopheles mosquitoes collected, 737 (97.35%) were An. funestus sensu stricto, 15 (1.9%) were An. gambiae and 5 (0.6%) were An. hancocki. The Plasmodium species recorded at the head/thorax level were P. falciparum and P. malariae, with a sporozoite infection rate of 8.4%; the highest sporozoite infection rate was recorded at Mibellon village (13.6%). CONCLUSION The results of this study reveal the significant contribution of P. malariae, in addition to P. falciparum, to the high malaria transmission rate in this region. These findings highlight the need to deploy initiatives to also tackle this Plasmodium species to eliminate malaria in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francis Nongley Nkemngo
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Cyrille Ndo
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, P.O. Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Jean-Pierre Agbor
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Stravensky T. Boussougou-Sambe
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
- Institut Für Tropenmedizin, Eberhard Karls Universität, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Luc Salako Djogbénou
- Institut Régional de Santé Publique, Ouidah, Bénin
- University of Abomey-Calavi, Ouidah, Bénin
| | - Francine Ntoumi
- Fondation Congolaise Pour La Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
| | - Ayôla A. Adegnika
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
- Institut Für Tropenmedizin, Eberhard Karls Universität, Tübingen, Germany
- Fondation Pour La Recherche Scientifique (FORS), Cotonou, Benin
- German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Steffen Borrmann
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
- Institut Für Tropenmedizin, Eberhard Karls Universität, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Charles S. Wondji
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé, Cameroon
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
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Leung T, Francis Z, Forgu EL, Honore A, Bigoga JD, Nsagha DS. The Effects of HIV Infection on the Immune Response to Malaria Among Pregnant Women in Kumba, Southwest Cameroon: Protocol for a Cross-sectional Study. JMIR Res Protoc 2023; 12:e38213. [PMID: 36692923 PMCID: PMC9906321 DOI: 10.2196/38213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria and HIV, 2 of the world's deadliest diseases, share a lot of territory in sub-Saharan Africa. OBJECTIVE This study seeks to investigate the effect of HIV on the immune response to malaria infection among pregnant women in Kumba in the southwest region (SWR) of Cameroon. The study aims to determine the prevalence of malaria infection, assess the occurrence of Plasmodium falciparum genetic diversity, and evaluate the antibody (immunoglobulin [Ig]G and IgM: apical membrane antigen-1 [AMA1], merozoite surface protein [MSP]1, MSP2, MSP3, and erythrocyte-binding antigen [EBA]175) and cytokine (interleukin [IL]-10, tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α], and interferon gamma [IFNγ]) response to malaria infection among pregnant women with and without HIV in Kumba. METHODS The study will be a hospital-based cross-sectional design that will run from March 2022 to February 2023. It will recruit pregnant women with and without HIV who are in their third trimester of pregnancy. The study will be carried out in 5 health institutions in Kumba: General Hospital Kumba, Presbyterian Hospital Kumba, District Hospital Kumba-town, Kossala Integrated Health Center Kumba, and Catholic Hospital Kumba. About 3 mL of the mother's venous blood, placental blood, and baby cord blood will be collected from each pregnant women at the point of delivery. Microscopy, rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), and nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) will be performed to identify the malaria parasite in all the samples, and nested PCR targeting the different genetic diversity markers for P. falciparum will also be performed. Furthermore, sequencing will be performed to study the nucleotide sequence of different alleles, and the genetic diversity of the alleles responsible for malaria infection among pregnant women will be assessed. A multiplex assay will be conducted to analyze the peripheral blood plasma and cord blood plasma for the cytokine and total antibody response to malaria infection among pregnant women with and without HIV. The questionnaire for data collection will be pretested at the Kumba District Hospital, and ethical clearance will be obtained from the University of Buea and the Regional Delegation of Public Health for the SWR. Data will be analyzed using SPSS Statistics and STATA. All P values <.05 will be considered statistically significant. BioEdit 7.0.0 software will be used to align the nucleotide sequences of different genes after sequencing. Phylogenetic tree searching will be conducted using the maximum-likelihood (ML) method in MEGA V6.0. RESULTS The project started in March 2022 and will end in February 2023. Presently, three-fourth of the project funding has been disbursed to date. A total of 218 participants have been enrolled: 193 (88.5%) women without HIV and 25 (11.5%) women with HIV. Between February 2023 and March 2024, the following results will be ready for publication: maternal-neonatal malaria prevalence among pregnant women and babies in Kumba, the effect of HIV on (1) P. falciparum genetic diversity among pregnant women in Kumba, (2) the maternal and neonatal immune response to MSP1, MSP2, and EBA175 IgG antibody response to P. falciparum-caused malaria infection among pregnant women, and (3) the maternal and neonatal pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine response to malaria infection. CONCLUSIONS HIV infection increases the prevalence of malaria infection among pregnant women and also influences the genetic diversity of P. falciparum, with MSP1 alleles being the most prevalent. HIV infection also reduces the antibody response to malaria infection, as well as altering the level of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses to malaria infection. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/38213.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zeukeng Francis
- The Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Esemu Livo Forgu
- The Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Centre for Research on Emerging and Reemerging Diseases, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Awanakam Honore
- The Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Centre for Research on Emerging and Reemerging Diseases, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Jude Daiga Bigoga
- The Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Dickson S Nsagha
- Department of Public Health and Hygiene, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
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Ngum NH, Fakeh NB, Lem AE, Mahamat O. Prevalence of malaria and associated clinical manifestations and myeloperoxidase amongst populations living in different altitudes of Mezam division, North West Region, Cameroon. Malar J 2023; 22:20. [PMID: 36658587 PMCID: PMC9850770 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04438-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is a growing problem in Africa, with prevalence varies from areas to areas due to several factors including the altitude. This study aimed to investigate the malaria distribution and its relationship with level of some blood parameters and plasma myeloperoxidase (MPO) in population of three localities with different altitudes. METHODS A total of 150 participants were recruited in each locality and facial body temperature of each was measured using a forehead digital thermometer. Blood samples were collected and used diagnose malaria parasite using the rapid test followed by Giemsa stain microscopy and have the full blood count and MPO level using a colorimetric method. RESULTS The overall prevalence of falciparum malaria was 34.7%, with no difference between the three communities, but Bambili of high altitude had the highest prevalence (70.7%). A majority of the infected persons had mild malaria, with most cases being asymptomatic (temperature < 37.5 ºC). Patients had significant increase of geometric mean malaria parasite density (GMPD) in Bambili (1755 ± 216 parasites/µL) and Bamenda (1060 ± 2515 parasites/µL of blood) than patients in Santa (737 ± 799 parasites/µL). There was a significant risk to have malaria infection in Bambili (OR = 33.367, p = 0.021) than in Santa (OR = 2.309, p = 0.362). Bambili' participants of 6-10 years showed a high prevalence of malaria (85.7%). GMPD was significantly different between males (p = 0.010) as well as females (p = 0.000). Participants from Santa (11.2 ± 3.2 g/dL) and Bambili (12.6 ± 2.4 g/dL) had a high haemoglobin concentration than those from Bamenda (10.6 ± 2.1 g/dL). There was a significant difference in the WBC counts and platelet counts among infected participants in the study areas. MPO level had an increasing trend among infected participants in Santa (2.378 ± 0.250), Bambili (2.582 ± 0.482) and Bamenda (2.635 ± 0.466). CONCLUSION The results of the present study demonstrated that altitudinal variations significant impact the risk of population to have malaria with high parasitaemia and may contribute to the malaria prevalence and severity by affecting the haemoglobin concentration, WBC and platelet level and plasma MPO in population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ntonifor Helen Ngum
- grid.449799.e0000 0004 4684 0857Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Bamenda, BP 39, Bambili, N. W. Region Cameroon ,grid.442553.10000 0004 0622 6369African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State Nigeria
| | - Ngahbort Belthine Fakeh
- grid.449799.e0000 0004 4684 0857Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Bamenda, BP 39, Bambili, N. W. Region Cameroon
| | - Abongwa Edith Lem
- grid.449799.e0000 0004 4684 0857Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Bamenda, BP 39, Bambili, N. W. Region Cameroon ,grid.442553.10000 0004 0622 6369African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State Nigeria
| | - Oumar Mahamat
- grid.449799.e0000 0004 4684 0857Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Bamenda, BP 39, Bambili, N. W. Region Cameroon
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Tangi LN, Ajonina MU, Moyeh MN, Chi HF, Ntui VN, Kwi PN, Toussi ECT, Fung MPS, Fah F, Mayaba JM, Formilack FT, Ntasin VN, Nji TM, Yenshu EV, Achidi EA, Amambua-Ngwa A, Apinjoh TO. Knowledge, attitude, and adherence to malaria control guidelines and the prevalence of Plasmodium species infection in localities across transmission and ecological zones in Cameroon. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1060479. [PMID: 37181692 PMCID: PMC10173414 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1060479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite a scale up of control interventions over the years, malaria remains a major public health and economic concern in Cameroon, contributing considerably to hospitalization and deaths. The effectiveness of control strategies depends on the extent of adherence by the population to national guidelines. This study assessed the influence of human knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to malaria and its control on the prevalence of malaria parasite infection, with implications for the elimination of the disease. Methodology This is a cross-sectional community and hospital-based study, covering the five ecological and three malaria transmission zones in Cameroon. A pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire was used to document socio-demographic and clinical parameters as well as knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward malaria control and management. Consenting participants were screened for malaria parasite with rapid diagnostic test (mRDT) of the peripheral blood. Association between qualitative variables was determined using the chi-square test and logistic regression analysis. Results A total of 3,360 participants were enrolled, 45.0% (1,513) of whom were mRDT positive, with 14.0% (451/3,216) and 29.6% (951/3,216) having asymptomatic parasitaemia and malaria, respectively. Although most participants knew the cause, symptoms, and control strategies, with 53.6% (1,000/1,867) expertly knowledgeable about malaria overall, only 0.1% (2/1,763) individuals were fully adherent to malaria control measures. Conclusion The risk of malaria in Cameroon remains high, with the population considerably knowledgeable about the disease but poorly adherent to national malaria control guidelines. Concerted and more effective strategies aimed at improving knowledge about malaria and adherences to control interventions are necessary to ultimately eliminate the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livinus N. Tangi
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Marcelus U. Ajonina
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Marcel N. Moyeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Bamenda, Bambili, Cameroon
| | - Hanesh F. Chi
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Vincent N. Ntui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Pilate N. Kwi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Eric C. T. Toussi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | | | - FohTella Fah
- Department of Accounting, The University of Bamenda, Bambili, Cameroon
| | - Joel M. Mayaba
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Franklin T. Formilack
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Veronica N. Ntasin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Theobald M. Nji
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Emmanuel V. Yenshu
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Eric A. Achidi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Alfred Amambua-Ngwa
- Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Gambia
| | - Tobias O. Apinjoh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Bamenda, Bambili, Cameroon
- *Correspondence: Tobias O. Apinjoh
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Kevin TDA, Cedric Y, Nadia NAC, Sidiki NNA, Azizi MA, Guy-Armand GN, Sandra TNJ, Christian MN, Géraldine ESE, Roméo TT, Payne VK, Gustave LL. Antiplasmodial, Antioxidant, and Cytotoxic Activity of Bridelia micrantha a Cameroonian Medicinal Plant Used for the Treatment of Malaria. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 2023:1219432. [PMID: 37082191 PMCID: PMC10113053 DOI: 10.1155/2023/1219432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Resistance to common antimalarial drugs and persistence of the endemicity of malaria constitute a major public health problem in Cameroon. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antiplasmodial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Bridelia micrantha used by Cameroonian traditional healers for the treatment of malaria. Methods Aqueous and ethanolic stem bark extracts were prepared according to standard procedures. The SYBR Green method was used for antiplasmodial activity on strains of Plasmodium falciparum sensitive to chloroquine (3D7) and resistant (Dd2). In vitro antioxidant activities of B. micrantha were determined using the scavenging activity of 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, nitric oxide, ferric reducing power, and hydrogen peroxide as well as their cytotoxicity on RAW 264.7 macrophage cells and red blood cells (RBC). Results The aqueous and ethanol extracts of Bridelia micrantha showed antiplasmodial activity on the 3D7 strain with IC50 of 31.65 ± 0.79 μg/ml and 19.41 ± 2.93 μg/ml, respectively, as well as 37.64 ± 0.77 μg/ml and 36.22 ± 1.04 μg/ml for the Dd2 strain, respectively. The aqueous and ethanol extracts showed free radical scavenging properties. The IC50 aqueous and ethanol extract was approximately 0.0001737 μg/ml, 42.92 μg/ml, 1197 μg/ml, 63.78 μg/ml and 4.617 μg/ml, 429.9 μg/ml, 511 μg/ml, and 69.32 μg/ml for DPPH, NO, H2O2, and FRAP, respectively, which were compared to ascorbic acid (8.610e - 005 μg/ml, 2901 μg/ml, 3237 μg/ml, and 18.57 μg/ml). The aqueous and ethanol extracts of B. micrantha were found to be nontoxic with CC50 values of 950 ± 6.6 μg/ml and 308.3 ± 45.4 μg/ml, respectively. Haemolysis test showed that the two extracts were not toxic. Conclusion These results suggest that B. micrantha can serve as an antimalarial agent. However, further studies are needed to validate the use of B. micrantha as an antimalarial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tako Djimefo Alex Kevin
- Department of Animal Organisms, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, P.O. Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Yamssi Cedric
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bamenda, P.O. Box 39 Bambili, Cameroon
| | - Noumedem Anangmo Christelle Nadia
- Department of Microbiology, Hematology and Immunology Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 96, Dschang, Cameroon
| | | | - Mounvera Abdel Azizi
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 067, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Gamago Nkadeu Guy-Armand
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 067, Dschang, Cameroon
| | | | - Mbohou Nchetnkou Christian
- Department of Animal Organisms, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, P.O. Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Essangui Same Estelle Géraldine
- Department of Biological Sciences Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, P.O. Box 02701, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Tankoua-Tchounda Roméo
- Department of Animal Organisms, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, P.O. Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Vincent Khan Payne
- Department of Biological Sciences Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, P.O. Box 02701, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Lehmann Léopold Gustave
- Department of Animal Organisms, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, P.O. Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon
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Kojom Foko LP, Hawadak J, Verma V, Belle Ebanda Kedi P, Eboumbou Moukoko CE, Kamaraju R, Pande V, Singh V. Phytofabrication and characterization of Alchornea cordifolia silver nanoparticles and evaluation of antiplasmodial, hemocompatibility and larvicidal potential. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1109841. [PMID: 36926684 PMCID: PMC10011455 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1109841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The recent emergence of Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) parasites resistant to current artemisinin-based combination therapies in Africa justifies the need to develop new strategies for successful malaria control. We synthesized, characterized and evaluated medical applications of optimized silver nanoparticles using Alchornea cordifolia (AC-AgNPs), a plant largely used in African and Asian traditional medicine. Methods: Fresh leaves of A. cordifolia were used to prepare aqueous crude extract, which was mixed with silver nitrate for AC-AgNPs synthesis and optimization. The optimized AC-AgNPs were characterized using several techniques including ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis), scanning/transmission electron microscopy (SEM/TEM), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and Zeta potential. Thereafter, AC-AgNPs were evaluated for their hemocompatibility and antiplasmodial activity against Pf malaria strains 3D7 and RKL9. Finally, lethal activity of AC-AgNPs was assessed against mosquito larvae of Anopheles stephensi, Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti which are vectors of neglected diseases such as dengue, filariasis and chikungunya. Results: The AC-AgNPs were mostly spheroidal, polycrystalline (84.13%), stable and polydispersed with size of 11.77 ± 5.57 nm. FTIR revealed the presence of several peaks corresponding to functional chemical groups characteristics of alkanoids, terpenoids, flavonoids, phenols, steroids, anthraquonones and saponins. The AC-AgNPs had a high antiplasmodial activity, with IC50 of 8.05 μg/mL and 10.31 μg/mL against 3D7 and RKL9 Plasmodium falciparum strains. Likewise, high larvicidal activity of AC-AgNPs was found after 24 h- and 48 h-exposure: LC50 = 18.41 μg/mL and 8.97 μg/mL (Culex quinquefasciatus), LC50 = 16.71 μg/mL and 7.52 μg/mL (Aedes aegypti) and LC50 = 10.67 μg/mL and 5.85 μg/mL (Anopheles stephensi). The AC-AgNPs were highly hemocompatible (HC50 > 500 μg/mL). Conclusion: In worrying context of resistance of parasite and mosquitoes, green nanotechnologies using plants could be a cutting-edge alternative for drug/insecticide discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loick Pradel Kojom Foko
- Parasite and Host Biology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Joseph Hawadak
- Parasite and Host Biology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Vaishali Verma
- Vector Biology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Philippe Belle Ebanda Kedi
- Department of Animal Organisms, Faculty of Sciences, The University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon.,Nanosciences African Network, iThemba LABS-National Research Foundation, Cape Town, South Africa.,Laboratory of Innovative Nanostructured Material (NANO: C), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Carole Else Eboumbou Moukoko
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon.,Malaria Research Unit, Centre Pasteur Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Laboratory of Parasitology, Mycology and Virology, Postgraduate Training Unit for Health Sciences, Postgraduate School for Pure and Applied Sciences, The University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Raghavendra Kamaraju
- Vector Biology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Veena Pande
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Vineeta Singh
- Parasite and Host Biology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
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Efa S, Elanga-Ndille E, Poumachu Y, Tene B, Mikande JZ, Zakariaou N, Wondji CS, Ndo C. Insecticide Resistance Profile and Mechanisms in An. gambiae s.l. from Ebolowa, South Cameroon. INSECTS 2022; 13:1133. [PMID: 36555042 PMCID: PMC9785700 DOI: 10.3390/insects13121133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring the trend of insecticide resistance and understanding associated genetic mechanisms is important for designing efficient malaria vector control strategies. This study was conducted to provide temporal data on insecticide resistance status and mechanisms in the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae s.l. from Ebolowa, Southern Cameroon. Methods: Larvae of An. gambiae s.l. were collected from typical breeding sites throughout the city and reared to adulthood. Emerging adults were morphologically identified and WHO tube assays were performed to determine their susceptibility to carbamate, organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides at diagnostic doses. When resistance was observed, its intensity was determined by performing WHO tube tests using 5 and 10 times the concentration of the diagnostic dose. Metabolic resistance mechanisms were investigated using insecticide-synergist assays. Sibling species of the An. gambiae complex were identified using SINE-PCR protocol. TaqMan assay was used to genotype the L1014F and L1014S kdr mutations, and the N1575Y mutation, an amplifier of the resistance conferred by the L1014F mutation. Results: Anopheles coluzzii was by far the dominant (99%) member of the An. gambiae s.l. complex in Ebolowa. The species was fully susceptible to carbamates and organophosphates, but resistant to all pyrethroid insecticides tested. Resistance was of moderate intensity for deltamethrin (mortality: 37%, 70% and 99% for 1×, 5× and 10× insecticide concentration, respectively) but rather of high intensity for permethrin (5% for 1×; 62% for 5× and 75% for 10×) and for alphacypermethrin (4.4% for 1×; 57% for 5× and 80% for 10×). Pre-exposure to the synergist PBO resulted in a full recovery of the susceptibility to delthametrin, but this was not observed for the other two pyrethroids tested. L1014S (kdr-East) and the N1575Y mutations were absent, whereas the L1014F (kdr-West) mutation was present at a high frequency (75%), showing a significant association with resistance to permethrin (OR = 3.8; 95%; CI [1.9−7.4]; p < 0.0001) and alphacypermethrin (OR = 3; 95%; CI [1.6−5.4]; p = 0.0002). Conclusion: The increased resistance of An. gambiae s.l. to pyrethroid insecticides as observed in Ebolowa poses a threat to the efficacy of LLINs used to protect populations from the bites of Anopheles mosquitoes that transmit malaria parasites. The present study further highlights the urgent need to implement resistance management strategies in order to maintain the effectiveness of insecticide-based vector control interventions and prevent a rebound in malaria-related mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salomon Efa
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé P.O. Box 13591, Cameroon
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé P.O. Box 337, Cameroon
| | - Emmanuel Elanga-Ndille
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé P.O. Box 13591, Cameroon
- Vector Borne Parasitic and Infectious Diseases Unit of the Laboratory of Applied Biology and Ecology (VBID-LABEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Dschang, Dschang P.O. Box 067, Cameroon
| | - Yacouba Poumachu
- Vector Borne Parasitic and Infectious Diseases Unit of the Laboratory of Applied Biology and Ecology (VBID-LABEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Dschang, Dschang P.O. Box 067, Cameroon
| | - Billy Tene
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé P.O. Box 13591, Cameroon
| | - Jacqueline Ze Mikande
- Department of Anesthesia and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé P.O Box 1364, Cameroon
| | - Njoumémi Zakariaou
- Department of Anesthesia and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé P.O Box 1364, Cameroon
| | - Charles S. Wondji
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé P.O. Box 13591, Cameroon
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Cyrille Ndo
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé P.O. Box 13591, Cameroon
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, Douala P.O. Box 2701, Cameroon
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Kojom Foko LP, Hawadak J, Kouemo Motse FD, Eboumbou Moukoko CE, Kamgain Mawabo L, Pande V, Singh V. Non-falciparum species and submicroscopic infections in three epidemiological malaria facets in Cameroon. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:900. [PMID: 36460990 PMCID: PMC9718470 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07901-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are growing reports on the prevalence of non-falciparum species and submicroscopic infections in sub-Saharan African countries but little information is available from Cameroon. METHODS A hospital-based cross-sectional study was carried out in four towns (Douala, Maroua, Mayo-Oulo, and Pette) from three malaria epidemiological strata (Forest, Sahelian, and Soudanian) of Cameroon. Malaria parasites were detected by Giemsa light microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Non-falciparum isolates were characterized and their 18S gene sequences were BLASTed for confirmatory diagnosis. RESULTS PCR assay detected malaria parasites in 82.4% (98/119) patients, among them 12.2% (12/98) were asymptomatic cases. Three Plasmodium species viz. P. falciparum, P. ovale curtisi and P. vivax, and two co-infection types (P. falciparum + P. vivax and P. falciparum + P. ovale curtisi) were found. The remaining infections were mono-infections with either P. falciparum or P. ovale curtisi. All non-falciparum infections were symptomatic and microscopic. The overall proportion of submicroscopic infections was 11.8% (14/119). Most asymptomatic and submicroscopic infection cases were self-medicated with antimalarial drugs and/or medicinal plants. On analysis, P. ovale curtisi sequences were found to be phylogenetically closer to sequences from India while P. vivax isolates appeared closer to those from Nigeria, India, and Cameroon. No G6PD-d case was found among non-falciparum infections. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms our previous work on circulation of P. vivax and P. ovale curtisi and the absence of P. knowlesi in Cameroon. More studies are needed to address non-falciparum malaria along with submicroscopic infections for effective malaria management and control in Cameroon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loick Pradel Kojom Foko
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New-Delhi, 110077, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Bhimtal, Uttarakhand, 263001, India
| | - Joseph Hawadak
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New-Delhi, 110077, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Bhimtal, Uttarakhand, 263001, India
| | | | - Carole Else Eboumbou Moukoko
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Douala, 24157, Douala, Cameroon
- Malaria Research Unit, Centre Pasteur Cameroon, 1274, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Mycology and Virology, Postgraduate Training Unit for Health Sciences, Postgraduate School for Pure and Applied Sciences, The University of Douala, 24157, Douala, Cameroon
| | | | - Veena Pande
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Bhimtal, Uttarakhand, 263001, India
| | - Vineeta Singh
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New-Delhi, 110077, India.
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Bamou R, Tchuinkam T, Kopya E, Awono-Ambene P, Njiokou F, Mwangangi J, Antonio-Nkondjio C. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding malaria control among communities living in the south Cameroon forest region. IJID REGIONS 2022; 5:169-176. [PMID: 36467507 PMCID: PMC9713328 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijregi.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study assessed knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding malaria among communities living in the equatorial forest region of south Cameroon. METHODS The study was conducted in Olama and Nyabessan. Interviews were undertaken using a semi-structured questionnaire for data collection on KAP, while malaria rapid diagnostic testing, using SD BIOLINE kits, was employed for malaria parasite detection. RESULTS In total, 186 heads of households (HoH), comprising 105 (56.45%) males and 81 (43.45%) females, were interviewed. The majority of HoH demonstrated good knowledge of malaria (86.56%; n = 161) and control measures, with a high proportion of long-lasting insecticidal net (LLIN) ownership (96.8%; n = 180). More than two-thirds (81.1%; n = 151) of households owned at least one LLIN for two people. The majority of HoH (85.40%) declared visiting hospitals or clinics in cases of suspected malaria. Malaria parasite prevalence was high in the two study sites (63.9% in Nyabessan and 48.65% in Olama), and varied according to age, house type, and sleeping time. CONCLUSION The study indicated that despite good knowledge of malaria, high possession and utilization of control measures by population, transmission of malaria still persist in the area. The study stress the need for implementing additional control measures to improve the fight against malaria in the area.
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Key Words
- Cameroon
- HoH, head of household
- IRS, indoor residual spraying
- KAP
- KAP, knowledge, attitude, and practice
- LLIN, long-lasting insecticidal net
- MoH, Ministry of Health. PBO, piperonyl butoxide
- NMCP, National Malaria Control Program
- WHO, World Health Organization
- forested area
- mRDT, malaria rapid diagnostic test
- malaria determinants
- malaria prevalence
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Bamou
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Applied Biology and Ecology Research Unit (VBID-URBEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang
- Organisation de Coordination pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Timoléon Tchuinkam
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Applied Biology and Ecology Research Unit (VBID-URBEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang
| | - Edmond Kopya
- Organisation de Coordination pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaounde, Cameroon
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Parfait Awono-Ambene
- Organisation de Coordination pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Flobert Njiokou
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Joseph Mwangangi
- Center for Geographic Medicine Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kilifi, Kenya
- Centre for Vector Disease Control, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kwale, Kenya
| | - Christophe Antonio-Nkondjio
- Organisation de Coordination pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaounde, Cameroon
- Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
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Djoufounna J, Mayi MPA, Bamou R, Foyet JV, Tabue R, Lontsi-Demano M, Achu-Fosah D, Antonio-Nkondjio C, Tchuinkam T. High prevalence of asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Makenene, a locality in the forest-savannah transition zone, Centre Region of Cameroon. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PARASITOLOGY & VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2022; 2:100104. [PMID: 36504597 PMCID: PMC9731883 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2022.100104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Malaria transmission and prevalence is still not well documented across Cameroon particularly in medium-sized cities or localities representing high transit zone. Different risk factors could be associated with persistence malaria transmission such as population movement from high to low transmission settings. A cross-sectional community-based study was carried out to determine malaria prevalence and risk factors in Makenene, a small city in a forest-savannah which is a crossroads between different parts of the country where travellers usually stop-over day and night to rest. Using malaria diagnostic test (mRDTs from SD-BIOLINE) and microscopy (thin and thick blood smears), 406 participants from 237 households were tested for malaria infection. The prevalence of malaria was high irrespective of the detection method: mRDT (41.87%) or microscopy (38.42%). At household level, 46.41% of households had at least one case of malaria with an average of 1.41 infected individuals per household. Parasite density was also high with the majority of infected individuals (64.74%) bearing more than 500 parasites/μl. Only Plasmodium falciparum was found. The chances of being infected with malaria parasites was almost the same for all participants irrespective of the sleeping behavior, bednet usage, house type and environmental factors. The study supports high malaria transmission in the locality and the need for additional studies on vectors bionomics and transmission patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Djoufounna
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Research Unit for Biology and Applied Ecology (VBID-RUBAE), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Marie Paul Audrey Mayi
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Research Unit for Biology and Applied Ecology (VBID-RUBAE), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Roland Bamou
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Research Unit for Biology and Applied Ecology (VBID-RUBAE), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, Cameroon,Corresponding author.
| | - Juluis Visnel Foyet
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Research Unit for Biology and Applied Ecology (VBID-RUBAE), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Raymond Tabue
- National Malaria Control Programme, Ministry of Public Health, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Michel Lontsi-Demano
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Research Unit for Biology and Applied Ecology (VBID-RUBAE), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Dorothy Achu-Fosah
- National Malaria Control Programme, Ministry of Public Health, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Christophe Antonio-Nkondjio
- Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Timoléon Tchuinkam
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Research Unit for Biology and Applied Ecology (VBID-RUBAE), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, Cameroon,Corresponding author.
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IgG antibody responses to Anopheles gambiae gSG6-P1 salivary peptide are induced in human populations exposed to secondary malaria vectors in forest areas in Cameroon. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276991. [PMID: 36355922 PMCID: PMC9648791 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human IgG antibody response to Anopheles gambiae gSG6-P1 salivary peptide was reported to be a pertinent indicator for assessing human exposure to mosquito bites and evaluating the risk of malaria transmission as well as the effectiveness of vector control strategies. However, the applicability of this marker to measure malaria transmission risk where human populations are mostly bitten by secondary vectors in Africa has not yet been evaluated. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether anti-gSG6-P1 antibodies response could be induced in humans living in forest areas in Cameroon where An. gambiae s.l is not predominant. In October 2019 at the pick of the rainy season, blood samples were collected from people living in the Nyabessang in the forest area in the South region of Cameroon. Malaria infection was determined using thick blood smear microscopy and Rapid Diagnostic Test. The level of IgG Anti-gSG6-P1 response as a biomarker of human exposure to Anopheles bite, was assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Mosquitoes were collected using the human landing catches to assess Anopheles density and for the identification of Anopheles species present in that area. IgG antibody response to the gSG6-P1 salivary peptide was detected in inhabitants of Nyabessang with high inter-individual heterogeneity. No significant variation in the level of this immune response was observed according to age and gender. The concentration of gSG6-P1 antibodies was significantly correlated with the malaria infection status and, Plasmodium falciparum-infected individuals presented a significantly higher level of IgG response than uninfected individuals (p = 0.0087). No significant difference was observed according to the use of insecticide treated nets. Out of the 1,442 Anopheles mosquitoes species collected, 849 (58.9%) were identified as An. paludis, 489 (33.91%) as An. moucheti, 28 (4.44%) as An. nili, 22 (2.08%) as An. gambiae s.l and 10 (0.69%) as An. marshallii. Our findings show that IgG response to An. gambiae gSG6-P1 peptide could be detected in humans exposed predominantly to An. moucheti and An. paludis bites. Taken together, the data revealed the potential of the Anti-gSG6-P1 IgG antibody response to serve as a universal marker to assess human exposure to any Anopheles species.
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Knowledge, practices and perceptions of communities during a malaria larviciding randomized trial in the city of Yaoundé, Cameroon. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276500. [PMID: 36327271 PMCID: PMC9632894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Urban malaria is becoming a major public health concern in major cities in Cameroon. To improve malaria vector control, a pilot larviciding trial was conducted to assess its impact on mosquito density and malaria transmission intensity in Yaoundé. The present study investigated perceptions and practices of communities on malaria control during the larviciding trial implemented in Yaoundé. Methods Quantitative and qualitative data were collected in non-intervention and intervention areas. Quantitative data were collected during three cross-sectional surveys using a structured pre-tested questionnaire while qualitative data were obtained through interviews. A total of 26 in-depth interviews and eight focus group discussions with community members were performed. A binary logistic regression model was used to assess the perception of the community on larviciding impact on some malaria or bed nets use indicators. Results People living in intervention areas were 2.64 times more likely to know the mode of malaria transmission (95% CI: 1.82–3.84; p<0.001) and 1.3 time more likely to know mosquito breeding habitats (95% CI: 1.06–1.56; p = 0.009) compared to those living in non-intervention areas. In intervention areas, interviewee opinions on larviciding were generally good i.e. most interviewees reported having noticed a reduction in mosquito nuisance and malaria cases following larviciding implementation; whereas in non-intervention areas no report of reduction of mosquito nuisance was recorded. LLINs were regularly used by the population despite the implementation of larviciding treatments. There was high interest in larviciding program and demand for continuation, even if this needs the community involvement. Conclusion The larviciding program in the city of Yaoundé did not negatively affected community members’ behaviour and practices concerning the use of treated nets. The study indicated the acceptance of larviciding program by the population. This positive environment could favour the implementation of future antilarval control activities in the city of Yaoundé.
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Muacevic A, Adler JR, Tonga C, Kangam L, Wepnje GB, Tchanga FC, Tomedi ME. Effects of Malaria and HIV Infection on Anemia and T-cells Levels in Children in Douala City, Cameroon. Cureus 2022; 14:e32074. [PMID: 36600836 PMCID: PMC9803394 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.32074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and malaria are priority health issues for sub-Saharan Africa. Both diseases worsen each other through their effect on the immune and hematological systems. This study aimed to determine the effects of HIV infection and asymptomatic malaria on anemia and T-cells counts in children in the city of Douala in the republic of Cameroon. Method From May to November 2016, 197 HIV infected and 98 HIV-free non-febrile children up to 19 years old (128 male and 167 female) participated in the study. All HIV-infected children were receiving antiretroviral treatment and co-trimoxazole. Malaria diagnosis was performed using Giemsa-stained thick blood film; immunological and hematological parameters were assessed through a flow cytometer and an automated analyzer respectively. Chi-squared or Fischer's exact tests was used to compare the proportions, Mann-Whitney and ANOVA tests were used for the means. Statistical significance was set at p˂0.05. Results The prevalence of malaria was 8.8%, and that of anemia was 40.7%. CD4+-T cells were higher in malaria-infected children, both in HIV positive and negative (p=0.049). No significant association was found between malaria parasitemia and CD8+-T cell levels, both in HIV-positive and negative children (p=0.41). Anemia was higher in HIV-positive children (p=0.019), especially in those with severe immunosuppression (p=0.001) and in younger children (p=0.0083). Children on HIV treatment presented lower malaria prevalence (8.6% versus 10.10%), though the difference was not significant (p=0.7068). Malaria infection was associated with lower hemoglobin levels (10.5±1.7 versus 11.2±1.4; p=0.016). Conclusion Malaria infection may enhance CD4+-T cells. Both malaria and HIV infection lead to a drop in hemoglobin levels. The HIV treatment protocol may reduce malaria prevalence.
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Ali IM, Kom Tchuenkam PV, Tagomo SS, Hornela M, Moyeh MN, Nfor EN, Nji AM, Fomboh CT, Nana WD, Chedjou Kengne JP, Ngwa Niba PT, Ekoyol GE, Achu DF, Bigoga JD, Mbacham WF. Allelic Frequencies of Mutants of the Plasmodium falciparum, Quinoline and Folate Metabolizing genes in the West Region of Cameroon. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11861. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Debash H, Bisetegn H, Ebrahim H, Feleke DG, Gedefie A, Tilahun M, Shibabaw A, Ebrahim E, Fiseha M, Abeje G. Prevalence and associated risk factors of malaria among febrile under-five children visiting health facilities in Ziquala district, Northeast Ethiopia: A multicenter cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276899. [PMID: 36301956 PMCID: PMC9612493 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is among the leading causes of mortality and morbidity among under five children in developing countries. Ethiopia has set targets for controlling and eliminating malaria through at-risk group interventions. However, the disease remains a serious public health concern in endemic areas like in Wollo, Northeast Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to determine malaria prevalence, risk factors and parasite density among under five children in Ziquala district. METHOD A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Ziquala hospital, and Tsitsika, Mishra and Hamusit health centers in Ziquala district, Northeast Ethiopia, from January 2022 to April 2022. The study enrolled a total of 633 under five children using a systematic sampling technique. A capillary blood sample was collected from each child to prepared thin and thick blood smears. Smears were then stained with 10% Giemsa and examined under light microscope. A pretested structured questionnaire was used to collect on socio-demographic data, parental/caregiver knowledge, and malaria determining factors. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis was done to identify factors associated with malaria. RESULT The overall prevalence of malaria among children visiting Ziquala district health institutions was 24.6% (156/633). Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, and mixed infection (both species) accounted for 57.1%, 38.5%, and 4.5% of the cases, respectively. Regarding to parasite load, moderate parasitemia was the most common, followed by low and high parasitemia with the proportion of 53.8%, 31.4% and 14.7% parasite density, respectively. Malaria infection was linked to irregular utilization of insecticide-treated bed nets (AOR = 5.042; 95% CI: 2.321-10.949), staying outside at night (AOR = 2.109; 95% CI: 1.066-4.173), and parents not receiving malaria health education in the past six months (AOR = 4.858; 95% CI: 2.371-9.956). CONCLUSION Malaria was prevalent among children under the age of five enrolled in the study. The local government should focus on regular insecticide treated net utilization, reducing the risk of mosquito bites while sleeping outdoors at night and increasing public understanding of malaria prevention and control through health education would also help to minimize the burden of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habtu Debash
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Habtye Bisetegn
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Hussen Ebrahim
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Daniel Getacher Feleke
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Alemu Gedefie
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Mihret Tilahun
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Agumas Shibabaw
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Endris Ebrahim
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Mesfin Fiseha
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Getu Abeje
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia
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Teh RN, Sumbele IUN, Nkeudem GA, Sandie SM, Sama SO, Metuge S, Kimbi HK. Malnutrition, anaemia and anisocytosis as public health problems among children ≤ 5 years living in malaria perennial transmission areas of Mount Cameroon: a cross sectional study. Trop Med Health 2022; 50:79. [PMID: 36280882 PMCID: PMC9590140 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-022-00469-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anaemia, anisocytosis, malnutrition (especially stunting) are common health problems in developing countries with children being the most vulnerable. These conditions have negative impacts on human performance, growth and development, and can further be complicated if comorbidity exists within a holoendemic stratum with strong and perennial malaria parasite transmission such as the Mount Cameroon area. The study aimed at determining the prevalence and severity malnutrition, anaemia and anisocytosis in children ≤ 5 years, living in the conflict hit malaria perennial transmission zone of the Mount Cameroon area. METHOD A cross-sectional community-based survey involving 628 children ≤ 5 years was conducted. Malaria parasitaemia was confirmed by Giemsa-stained microscopy and the density was log transformed. Haemoglobin (Hb), mean cell volume and red blood cell distribution width were estimated using an auto-haematology analyser and defined according to WHO standards. Anthropometric indices were analysed and compared with WHO growth reference standards using WHO Anthro software. RESULTS Plasmodium infection, anaemia, microcytic anaemia, anisocytosis and stunting were prevalent in 36.0, 72.8, 30.1, 54.1 and 29.0% of the children, respectively. The ≤ 24 months children were more moderately stunted (14.7%), with higher prevalence of microcytic anaemia (38.8%) and anisocytosis (68.8%) (P < 0.002 and P < 0.001, respectively) when compared with the older children. The mean Hb level in the study population was 10.04 g/dL with children ≤ 24 months having the least mean haemoglobin level (9.69 g/dL) when compared with their older counterparts at P < 0.001. The odds of having anisocytosis were highest among children who were malnourished (OR = 4.66, P = 0.005), those infected with malaria parasites (OR = 1.85, P = 0.007), and whose parents had a primary (OR = 3.51, P = 0.002) and secondary levels of education (OR = 2.69, P = 0.017). CONCLUSION Malaria, anaemia, anisocytosis and undernutrition still remain severe public health concerns among children ≤ 60 months in the Mount Cameroon area. This therefore emphasizes the need for the implementation of consistent policies, programmes and activities to avoid malaria, anaemia, anisocytosis and stunting in the paediatric age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene Ning Teh
- grid.29273.3d0000 0001 2288 3199Department of Zoology and Animal Physiology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Irene Ule Ngole Sumbele
- grid.29273.3d0000 0001 2288 3199Department of Zoology and Animal Physiology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Gillian Asoba Nkeudem
- grid.29273.3d0000 0001 2288 3199Department of Social Economy and Family Management, Higher Technical Teachers’ Training College, University of Buea, Kumba, Cameroon
| | | | - Sharon Odmia Sama
- grid.29273.3d0000 0001 2288 3199Department of Zoology and Animal Physiology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Samuel Metuge
- 3Deprtment of Health Sciences, Biaka University Institute, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Helen Kuokuo Kimbi
- grid.29273.3d0000 0001 2288 3199Department of Zoology and Animal Physiology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon ,grid.449799.e0000 0004 4684 0857Department of Medical Biomedical Sciences, The University of Bamenda, Bamenda, Cameroon ,grid.166341.70000 0001 2181 3113Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
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Hodson DZ, Mbarga Etoundi Y, Mbatou Nghokeng N, Mohamadou Poulibe R, Magne Djoko S, Goodwin J, Cheteug Nguesta G, Nganso T, Armstrong JN, Andrews JJ, Zhang E, Wade M, Eboumbou Moukoko CE, Boum Y, Parikh S. Clinical characteristics of Plasmodium falciparum infection among symptomatic patients presenting to a major urban military hospital in Cameroon. Malar J 2022; 21:298. [PMID: 36273147 PMCID: PMC9588226 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04315-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urban malaria has received insufficient attention in the literature. The prevalence and clinical characteristics of Plasmodium falciparum infection amongst patients presenting with suspected malaria were investigated at a major urban hospital in Douala, Cameroon with a particular focus on anaemia. METHODS A cross-sectional, 18-week demographic and clinical survey was conducted of patients presenting to the Emergency Department of Douala Military Hospital with suspected malaria, largely defined by the presence or recent history of fever. Venous samples were tested for P. falciparum using rapid diagnostic tests and PCR, and anaemia was defined by haemoglobin level according to WHO definitions. Likelihood ratios (LR), odds ratios (OR), and population attributable risk percent (PARP) were calculated. RESULTS Participants were ages 8 months to 86 years, 51% were women (257/503), and all districts of Douala were represented. Overall, 38.0% (n = 189/497) were anaemic, including 5.2% (n = 26/497) with severe anaemia. Anaemia prevalence was significantly higher (OR: 2.20, 95% CI 1.41-3.45) among children < 15 years (53.1%, n = 52/98) compared to adults (34%, n = 133/392). Plasmodium falciparum was detected in 37.2% by nested PCR. Among all participants, several factors were associated with clinically significant LR for P. falciparum infection, including age 10-14 years (positive LR: 3.73), living in the island district of Douala VI (positive LR: 3.41), travel to any of three northern regions (positive LR: 5.11), and high fever > 40 °C at presentation (positive LR: 4.83). Among all participants, 8.7% of anaemia was associated with P. falciparum infection, while the PARP was 33.2% among those < 15 years of age and 81.0% among 10-14-year-olds. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of P. falciparum infection in the urban hospital was high. Mirroring trends in many rural African settings, older children had the highest positivity rate for P. falciparum infection. Anaemia was also common in all age groups, and for those 10-14 years of age, 80% of the risk for anaemia was associated with P. falciparum infection. Malaria rates in major urban population centres can be high, and more research into the multifactorial causes of anaemia across the age spectrum are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yannick Mbarga Etoundi
- Douala Military Hospital, Douala, Cameroon
- Douala Military Hospital School of Nursing, Douala, Cameroon
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
| | | | | | | | - Justin Goodwin
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
- Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, USA
| | - Glwadys Cheteug Nguesta
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Malaria Research Service, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Tatiana Nganso
- Malaria Research Service, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | | | | | | | - Carole Else Eboumbou Moukoko
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
- Malaria Research Service, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Yap Boum
- Epicentre, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Sunil Parikh
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, USA.
- Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, USA.
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Doumbia S, Toure M, Sogoba N, Alifrangis M, Diakite M, Diarra A, Keita M, Konaté D, Diawara SI, Thiam SM, Keita S, Tounkara M, Cissé I, Sanogo V, Magassa MH, Barry AE, Winch PJ, Marker HC, Shaffer JG, Traoré SF, Müller GC, Cui L, Beier JC, Mihigo J. The West Africa ICEMR Partnerships for Guiding Policy to Improve the Malaria Prevention and Control. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2022; 107:84-89. [PMID: 36228908 PMCID: PMC9662222 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-1330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mali National Malaria Control Program (NMCP) recently established a phased set of goals for eliminating malaria in Mali by 2030. Over the past decade, the scale-up of NMCP-led malaria control interventions has led to considerable progress, as evidenced by multiple malariometric indicators. The West Africa International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research (WA-ICEMR) is a multidisciplinary research program that works closely with the NMCP and its partners to address critical research needs for malaria control. This coordinated effort includes assessing the effectiveness of control interventions based on key malaria research topics, including immune status, parasite genetic diversity, insecticide and drug resistance, diagnostic accuracy, malaria vector populations and biting behaviors, and vectorial capacity. Several signature accomplishments of the WA-ICEMR include identifying changing malaria age demographic profiles, testing innovative approaches to improve control strategies, and providing regular reporting on drug and insecticide resistance status. The NMCP and WA-ICEMR partnership between the WA-ICEMR and the NMCP offers a comprehensive research platform that informs the design and implementation of malaria prevention and control research programs. These efforts build local expertise and capacity for the next generation of malaria researchers and guide local policy, which is crucial in sustaining efforts toward eliminating malaria in West Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seydou Doumbia
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
- University Clinical Research Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Mahamoudou Toure
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
- University Clinical Research Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Nafomon Sogoba
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Michael Alifrangis
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mahamadou Diakite
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
- University Clinical Research Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Ayouba Diarra
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
- University Clinical Research Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Moussa Keita
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Drissa Konaté
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Sory I. Diawara
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Sidibé M’Baye Thiam
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Soumba Keita
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Moctar Tounkara
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Odontostomatology, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Idrissa Cissé
- National Malaria Control Program, Ministry of Health, Bamako, Mali
| | - Vincent Sanogo
- National Malaria Control Program, Ministry of Health, Bamako, Mali
| | | | | | - Peter J. Winch
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hannah C. Marker
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jeffrey G. Shaffer
- School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Sékou F. Traoré
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Günter C. Müller
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
- University Clinical Research Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Liwang Cui
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - John C. Beier
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Jules Mihigo
- U.S. President’s Malaria Initiative, United States Agency for International Development Office, Bamako, Mali
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Atuh NI, Anong DN, Jerome FC, Oriero E, Mohammed NI, D’Alessandro U, Amambua-Ngwa A. High genetic complexity but low relatedness in Plasmodium falciparum infections from Western Savannah Highlands and coastal equatorial Lowlands of Cameroon. Pathog Glob Health 2022; 116:428-437. [PMID: 34308788 PMCID: PMC9518281 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2021.1953686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the diversity and connectivity of infections in Northwestern and Southwestern Cameroon, 232 Plasmodium falciparum infections, collected in 2018 from the Ndop Health District (NHD) in the western savannah highlands in the Northwest and the Limbe Health District (LHD) in the coastal lowland forests in the Southwest of Cameroon were genotyped for nine neutral microsatellite markers. Overall infection complexity and genetic diversity was significantly (p < 0.05) lower in NHD than LHD, (Mean MOI = 2.45 vs. 2.97; Fws = 0.42 vs. 0.47; Mean He = 0.84 vs. 0.89, respectively). Multi-locus linkage disequilibrium was generally low but significantly higher in the NHD than LHD population (mean ISA= 0.376 vs 0.093). Consequently, highly related pairs of isolates were observed in NHD (mean IBS = 0.086) compared to those from the LHD (mean IBS = 0.059). Infections from the two regions were mostly unrelated (mean IBS = 0.059), though the overall genetic differentiation across the geographical range was low. Indices of differentiation between the populations were however significant (overall pairwise Fst = 0.048, Jost's D = 0.133, p < 0.01). Despite the high human migration across the 270km separating the study sites, these results suggest significant restrictions to gene flow against contiguous geospatial transmission of malaria in west Cameroon. Clonal infections in the highland sites could be driven by lower levels of malaria prevalence and seasonal transmission. How these differences in genetic diversity and complexity affect responses to interventions such as drugs will require further investigations from broader community sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoh Ines Atuh
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Disease Control and Elimination, Medical Research Council Unit the Gambia at LSHTM. Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Damian Nota Anong
- Department of Microbiology & Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Molyko Buea, Cameroon
| | - Fru-Cho Jerome
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Eniyou Oriero
- Disease Control and Elimination, Medical Research Council Unit the Gambia at LSHTM. Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Nuredin Ibrahim Mohammed
- Disease Control and Elimination, Medical Research Council Unit the Gambia at LSHTM. Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Umberto D’Alessandro
- Department of Microbiology & Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Molyko Buea, Cameroon
| | - Alfred Amambua-Ngwa
- Disease Control and Elimination, Medical Research Council Unit the Gambia at LSHTM. Banjul, The Gambia
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46
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Kwi PN, Ewane EE, Moyeh MN, Tangi LN, Ntui VN, Zeukeng F, Sofeu-Feugaing DD, Achidi EA, Cho-Ngwa F, Amambua-Ngwa A, Bigoga JD, Apinjoh TO. Diversity and behavioral activity of Anopheles mosquitoes on the slopes of Mount Cameroon. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:344. [PMID: 36171589 PMCID: PMC9520907 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05472-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria remains endemic in Cameroon, with heterogeneous transmission related to eco-climatic variations, vector diversity and spatial distribution. The intensification of malaria prevention and control through the free distribution of insecticide-treated nets in recent years may have altered the composition, geographic distribution and natural infection rate of Anopheles species, with implications for malaria transmission dynamics. The present study seeks to assess the vectorial diversity, dynamics and infectivity across different seasons and altitudes in relationship to parasite prevalence around the slopes of Mount Cameroon, southwestern region. METHOD Mosquitoes were sampled (indoors and outdoors) in 11 eco-epidemiological settings at low (18-197 m), intermediate (371-584 m) and high (740-1067 m) altitude by nightly human landing catches. The mosquitoes were identified morphologically and Anopheles gambiae sibling species identified by PCR. Parity status was ascertained by examining the ovaries and the entomological inoculation rates (EIR) determined by Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite antigen ELISA of the head-thorax. The prevalence of Plasmodium infection across target communities was assessed using rapid diagnostic tests. RESULTS A total of 7327 (18.0 mosquitoes/trap/night) mosquitoes were trapped, mainly during the rainy season (5678, 77.5%) and at low altitude (3669, 50.1%). Anopheles spp. (5079, 69.3%) was the most abundant genera and An. gambiae complex (2691, 36.7%) the major vector, varying with altitude (χ2 = 183.87, df = 8, P < 0.001) and season (χ2 = 28.14, df = 4, P < 0.001). Only An. gambiae (s.s.) was identified following molecular analysis of An. gambiae complex siblings. The overall biting peak for An. gambiae complex was 2-3 a.m. Anopheles cinctus was the most abundant secondary vector in the area. The average EIR in the area was 2.08 infective bites per person per night (ib/p/n), higher at low (2.45 ib/p/n) than at intermediate altitude (1.39 ib/p/n) and during the rainy (1.76 ib/p/n) compared to the dry season (0.34 ib/p/n). Anopheles funestus was most infectious overall (28.1%, 16/57) while An. gambiae had the highest inoculation rates averaging 1.33 ib/p/n. Most Anopheles species across all altitudes and seasons were parous, highest in communities with the highest proportion of malaria parasite infections. CONCLUSION Anopheles gambiae (s.s.) remains the major malaria vector in the area and An. cinctus possibly a secondary vector of the disease in the slopes of Mt. Cameroon. The seasonal and altitudinal effects on the distribution of these mosquitoes may have implications for the transmission of malaria and its control strategies in the area. Regular monitoring of the bionomics of local Anopheles vector species and targeted control interventions in the 'hotspots' is necessary to curb the prevalence of the infection and incidence of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilate N Kwi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Elvis E Ewane
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Marcel N Moyeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Bamenda, Bamenda, Cameroon
| | - Livinus N Tangi
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Vincent N Ntui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Francis Zeukeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.,Laboratory for Vector Biology and Control, The Biotechnology Centre, University of Yaounde 1, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | - Eric A Achidi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Fidelis Cho-Ngwa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Bamenda, Bamenda, Cameroon
| | - Alfred Amambua-Ngwa
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London, School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Jude D Bigoga
- Laboratory for Vector Biology and Control, The Biotechnology Centre, University of Yaounde 1, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Tobias O Apinjoh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon. .,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Bamenda, Bamenda, Cameroon.
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47
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DDT Resistance in Anopheles pharoensis from Northern Cameroon Associated with High Cuticular Hydrocarbon Production. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13101723. [PMID: 36292608 PMCID: PMC9601446 DOI: 10.3390/genes13101723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the contribution of secondary vectors to malaria transmission, there is still not enough information on their susceptibility status to insecticides. The present study assesses the resistance profile of Anopheles pharoensis to DDT. WHO tube tests were used to screen mosquito populations collected from the far-north region of Cameroon for susceptibility to 4% DDT. High DDT resistance in An. pharoensis populations from Maga, Simatou and Yangah with mortality rates ranging from 62.79% to 80% was recorded. Direct sequencing (Sanger) of the VGSC gene was undertaken to search for kdr L1014F/S mutations. However, no kdr allele was detected in the resistant samples. We then looked for cuticle alterations and CHC identification and quantitation were undertaken using GC-MS and GC-FID. High production of cuticular hydrocarbon was recorded in the populations of Yangah and Simatou, with 2420.9 ± 265 and 2372.5 ± 225 ng CHCs/mg dry weight, respectively. The present findings are the first ever describing the development of cuticle resistance in An. pharoensis. The data suggest the need to expand surveillance activities on other vector species.
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48
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Sandeu MM, Maffo CGT, Dada N, Njiokou F, Hughes GL, Wondji CS. Seasonal variation of microbiota composition in Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii in two different eco-geographical localities in Cameroon. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 36:269-282. [PMID: 35579271 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the environmental factors affecting the microbiota in malaria vectors may help in the development of novel vector control interventions, similar to paratransgenesis. This study evaluated seasonal and geographical variations in the microbial community of the two major malaria vectors. Adult Anopheles mosquitoes were collected across two different eco-geographical settings in Cameroon, during the dry and wet seasons. DNA was extracted from the whole individual mosquitoes from each group and processed for microbial analysis using Illumina Miseq sequencing of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Data analysis was performed using QIIME2 and R software programs. A total of 1985 mosquitoes were collected and among them, 120 were selected randomly corresponding to 30 mosquitoes per season and locality. Overall, 97 bacterial taxa were detected across all mosquito samples, with 86 of these shared between dry and wet seasons in both localities and species. There were significant differences in bacterial composition between both seasons, with a clear separation observed between the dry and wet seasons (PERMANOVA comparisons of beta diversity, Pseudo-F = 10.45; q-value = 0.01). This study highlights the influence of seasonal variation on microbial communities and this variation's impact on mosquito biology and vectorial capacity should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice Marcel Sandeu
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), LSTM Research Unit, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaoundéré, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | - Claudine Grâce Tatsinkou Maffo
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), LSTM Research Unit, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Nsa Dada
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Science, Aas, Norway
- Tropical Infectious Disease Research Center, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Flobert Njiokou
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), LSTM Research Unit, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Grant L Hughes
- Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Charles S Wondji
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), LSTM Research Unit, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK
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49
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Tene‐Fossog B, Fotso‐Toguem YG, Amvongo‐Adjia N, Ranson H, Wondji CS. Temporal variation of high-level pyrethroid resistance in the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae s.l. in Yaoundé, Cameroon, is mediated by target-site and metabolic resistance. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 36:247-259. [PMID: 35521949 PMCID: PMC9545389 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Constant assessment of insecticide resistance levels is mandatory to implement adequate malaria control tools, but little information is available on the annual dynamics of resistance. We, therefore, monitored variations in resistance in Anopheles gambiae s.l. over four seasons during 2 years in two localities of Yaoundé: urban Etoa-Meki and peri-urban Nkolondom. Mosquitoes were collected seasonally at larval stage and reared to adults for insecticide susceptibility tests and molecular analysis of resistance mechanisms. Anopheles coluzzii was found in Etoa-Meki and An. gambiae in Nkolondom. Low mortalities to pyrethroids were observed (permethrin <10%, deltamethrin <21%), and resistance extended to 5× and 10× diagnostic doses, revealing a marked increase compared to previous studies. A seasonal variation in resistance was observed with the highest levels within dry seasons in Etoa-Meki and rainy seasons in Nkolondom. The 1014F kdr allele shows a high frequency (0.9), associated with overexpression of metabolic genes (Cyp6M2, Cyp6P4, Cyp9K1, Cyp6Z1, and Cyp6Z2) varying significantly seasonally. This study reveals an escalation in resistance to pyrethroids in Yaoundé's malaria vectors with seasonal variations. An adequate choice of the implementation period of punctual vector control actions according to the resistance profile will help to potentiate the desired effect and thus improve its efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billy Tene‐Fossog
- Department of Medical EntomologyCentre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID)YaoundéCameroon
| | - Yvan Gaetan Fotso‐Toguem
- Department of Medical EntomologyCentre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID)YaoundéCameroon
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Yaoundé 1YaoundéCameroon
| | - Nathalie Amvongo‐Adjia
- Department of Medical EntomologyCentre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID)YaoundéCameroon
- Medical Research CentreInstitute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM)YaoundéCameroon
| | - Hilary Ranson
- Department of Vector BiologyLiverpool School of Tropical MedicineLiverpoolUK
| | - Charles S. Wondji
- Department of Medical EntomologyCentre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID)YaoundéCameroon
- Department of Vector BiologyLiverpool School of Tropical MedicineLiverpoolUK
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50
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Djoufounna J, Bamou R, Mayi MPA, Kala-Chouakeu NA, Tabue R, Awono-Ambene P, Achu-Fosah D, Antonio-Nkondjio C, Tchuinkam T. Population knowledge, attitudes and practices towards malaria prevention in the locality of Makenene, Centre-Cameroon. Malar J 2022; 21:234. [PMID: 35932025 PMCID: PMC9356395 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04253-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To contribute to the mission of the National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP) and guide future interventions in Cameroon in general, and in Makenene in particular, this study assessed the knowledge, attitudes and practices of the population of Makenene towards the fight against malaria. Methods Using a semi-structured questionnaire, a descriptive cross-sectional household community survey was carried out in randomly selected households in Makenene, a locality situated between forest and savannah ecotypes. Results Out of the 413 households surveyed, all (100%) claimed to have heard of malaria with over 94% (n = 391) associating disease transmission with mosquito bites. The main mosquito control tools used in the area were mosquito nets (92.25%). The majority of participants had good knowledge (55.93%; n = 231), good practices (71.67%, n = 296) but moderate attitudes (47.94%; n = 198) towards malaria control and fight. Good knowledge and practices were recorded mostly in educated persons including public servants and students. Good attitudes were adopted mostly by public servants and students of secondary and higher levels of education. Conclusion In Makenene, the population exhibits good knowledge and practices towards malaria and its control. However, despite high LLINs ownership and use, people still complain about malaria in the area. Control tools should be monitored, repaired or replaced when necessary to support the achievement of the NMCP mission. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-022-04253-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Djoufounna
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Research Unit of Biology and Applied Ecology (VBID-RUBAE), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Roland Bamou
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Research Unit of Biology and Applied Ecology (VBID-RUBAE), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon. .,Organisation de Coordination Pour La Lutte Contre Les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon. .,Aix Marseille Université, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, UMR Vecteurs-Infections Tropicales Et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Marseille, France.
| | - Marie Paul Audrey Mayi
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Research Unit of Biology and Applied Ecology (VBID-RUBAE), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Nelly Armanda Kala-Chouakeu
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Research Unit of Biology and Applied Ecology (VBID-RUBAE), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon.,Organisation de Coordination Pour La Lutte Contre Les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Raymond Tabue
- Ministry of Public Health, National Malaria Control Programme, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Parfait Awono-Ambene
- Organisation de Coordination Pour La Lutte Contre Les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Dorothy Achu-Fosah
- Ministry of Public Health, National Malaria Control Programme, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Christophe Antonio-Nkondjio
- Organisation de Coordination Pour La Lutte Contre Les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Timoléon Tchuinkam
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Research Unit of Biology and Applied Ecology (VBID-RUBAE), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon.
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