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Qi J, Yan Y, Yin H. Screen time among school-aged children of aged 6-14: a systematic review. Glob Health Res Policy 2023; 8:12. [PMID: 37076910 PMCID: PMC10113131 DOI: 10.1186/s41256-023-00297-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Screen time refers to the time an individual spends using electronic or digital media devices such as televisions, smart phones, tablets or computers. The purpose of this study was to conduct systematic review to analyze the relevant studies on the length and use of screen time of school-aged children, in order to provide scientific basis for designing screen time interventions and perfecting the screen use guidelines for school-aged children. METHODS Screen time related studies were searched on PubMed, EMBASE, Clinical Trials, Controlled Trials, The WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, CNKI, and Whipple Journal databases from January 1, 2016 to October 31, 2021. Two researchers independently screened the literature and extracted the data, and adopted a qualitative analysis method to evaluate the research status of the length and usage of screen time of school-aged students. RESULTS Fifty-three articles were included. Sixteen articles studied screen time length in the form of continuous variables. Thirty-seven articles studied screen time in the form of grouped variables. The average screen time of schoolchildren aged 6 to 14 was 2.77 h per day, and 46.4% of them had an average screen time ≥ 2 h per day. A growth trend could be roughly seen by comparing studies in the same countries and regions before and after the COVID-19 outbreak. The average rates of school-aged children who had screen time within the range of ≥ 2 h per day, were 41.3% and 59.4% respectively before and after January 2020. The main types of screen time before January 2020 were watching TV (20 literatures), using computers (16 literature), using mobile phones/tablets (4 literatures). The mainly uses of screens before January 2020 were entertainment (15 literatures), learning (5 literatures) and socializing (3 literatures). The types and mainly uses of screen time after January 2020 remained the same as the results before January 2020. CONCLUSIONS Excessive screen time has become a common behavior among children and adolescents around the world. Intervention measures to control children's screen use should be explored in combination with different uses to reduce the proportion of non-essential uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingbo Qi
- School of Public Health, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujie Yan
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, 2 East Yinghuayuan Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Yin
- School of Public Health, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China.
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Tanaka C, Shikano A, Imai N, Chong KH, Howard SJ, Tanabe K, Okely AD, Taylor EK, Noi S. Accelerometer-Measured Physical Activity and Sedentary Time among Children in Japan before and during COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1130. [PMID: 36673886 PMCID: PMC9858909 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study examined changes in physical activity (PA), sedentary behavior (SB), screen time, sleep, and executive function among Japanese preschoolers between COVID-19 pre-pandemic and pandemic periods, using cross-sectional and longitudinal data. Accelerometer data from 63 children aged 5-6 years were collected from three kindergartens in Tokyo, Japan, in late 2019 (pre-COVID-19). This was compared to the data of 49 children aged 5-6 years from the same kindergartens, collected in late 2020 (during COVID-19). Sixteen children in the pre-COVID-19 cohort also participated in the 2020 survey and provided data for the longitudinal analysis. The mean minutes of PA, SB, screen time, and sleep duration, as well as executive function, were compared between the pre- and during COVID-19 cohorts. After adjusting for school, sex, and accelerometer wear time, there were no significant differences in any of the measured outcomes between the two cohorts. However, the analysis of longitudinal data revealed significant increases in time spent in SB and on screens, and a decrease in light-intensity PA and sleep duration during the pandemic compared to the pre-pandemic period. Results suggest that, despite the COVID-19 pandemic, young children's activity levels and SB did not significantly differ from pre-pandemic levels. However, school-aged children's SB, light PA, and sleep time were affected, although this cannot be disentangled from the effects of the transition to school.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Tanaka
- Department of Human Nutrition, Tokyo Kasei Gakuin University, 22 Sanbancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8341, Japan
| | - Akiko Shikano
- Faculty of Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, 7-1-1 Fukasawa, Setagata-ku, Tokyo 185-8508, Japan
| | - Natsuko Imai
- Faculty of Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, 7-1-1 Fukasawa, Setagata-ku, Tokyo 185-8508, Japan
| | - Kar Hau Chong
- School of Health and Society and Early Start, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Steven J. Howard
- School of Education and Early Start, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Kosuke Tanabe
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Teikyo Heisei University, 4-21-2, Nakano, Nakano-ku, Tokyo 164-8530, Japan
| | - Anthony D. Okely
- School of Health and Society and Early Start, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Ellie K. Taylor
- School of Health and Society and Early Start, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Shingo Noi
- Faculty of Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, 7-1-1 Fukasawa, Setagata-ku, Tokyo 185-8508, Japan
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Chang RY, Chen TL, Yeh CC, Chen CH, Wang QW, Toung T, Liao CC. Risk of Obesity Among Children Aged 2-6 Years Who Had Prolonged Screen Time in Taiwan: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study. Clin Epidemiol 2023; 15:165-176. [PMID: 36817560 PMCID: PMC9936874 DOI: 10.2147/clep.s382956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the risk of obesity in preschool children with prolonged screen time in Taiwan. Methods Using a nationwide survey with random sampling, we collected information on 8378 preschool children aged 2-6 years among 206 preschools in Taiwan from 2016 to 2019. Socioeconomic data, body mass index, and lifestyle of the preschool children and their caregivers were compared among the groups of preschool children who had moderate and prolonged daily screen time. We used multiple log-binomial regression models to calculate the adjusted prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of obesity associated with prolonged screen time. Results The prevalence of obesity in the preschool children was 13.1%, and the average screen time was 104.6 minutes. Children's age, sleep hours, outdoor play time, sugar intake, snack eating before dinner, sleep disturbance, and obesity, as well as caregiver's sex, age, education, screen time, exercise time and parent obesity were factors related to high screen time for preschool children. Compared with children with moderate screen time, children with prolonged screen time had a higher risk of obesity (PR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.18-1.79). With a 60-minute increase in screen time, the risk of obesity increased, with an PR of 1.10 (95% CI, 1.03-1.17). Conclusion Preschool children with prolonged screen time had an increased risk of obesity in Taiwan. Interventions may be needed for this very susceptible population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Yu Chang
- Department of Sport Promotion, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Liang Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Anesthesiology and Health Policy Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chieh Yeh
- Department of Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ching-Hsiang Chen
- Physical Education Office, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Qiao-Wen Wang
- Doctoral Program of Educational Leadership and Technology Management, Tamkang University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Thomas Toung
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chien-Chang Liao
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Anesthesiology and Health Policy Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Research Center of Big Data and Meta-Analysis, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Health Care Administration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Chen Z, Chi G, Wang L, Chen S, Yan J, Li S. The Combinations of Physical Activity, Screen Time, and Sleep, and Their Associations with Self-Reported Physical Fitness in Children and Adolescents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19105783. [PMID: 35627320 PMCID: PMC9141237 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19105783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Much evidence has indicated that adherence to the 24 h movement guidelines (physical activity, screen time and sleep) is associated with physical health, while little is known about the adherence to the 24 h movement guidelines and self-reported physical fitness in adolescents. This study, therefore, aims to explore the association between the 24 h movement guidelines (in isolation or combination) and self-reported physical fitness in a sample of Chinese adolescents in an age range of 10-17. METHODS A convenient sample of 3807 children and adolescents from 12 schools was adopted in the present study. A questionnaire based on the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children was used to assess physical activity and screen time, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Scale was utilized to measure sleep duration. The International Fitness Scale was used to assess physical fitness in study participants. Ordinal logistic regression was performed to estimate the association between adherence to the 24 h movement guidelines and self-reported physical fitness. RESULTS Of all study participants, 0.9% of them met the 24 h movement guidelines, and meeting the guidelines was significantly associated with higher levels of self-reported physical fitness. The analysis for the association between specific combinations of 24 h movement guidelines and self-reported physical fitness underscored the importance of meeting the physical activity recommendations. CONCLUSION Adherence to more recommendations contained in the 24 h movement guidelines was associated with higher self-reported physical fitness, especially cardiorespiratory fitness and muscular strength. Our study also stressed the importance of promoting moderate to vigorous physical activity in children and adolescents. Further works should focus on the association of a recommendation of adherence with other health indicators and replicate this study on larger samples among Chinese children and adolescents. Additionally, longitudinal or interventional studies that include more socio-demographic factors are needed to explore the association between 24 h movement guidelines and self-reported physical fitness, and the 24 h movement guidelines also should be promoted on a large scale in Chinese children and adolescents. Moreover, it is also needed to gain better insights into the directionality of the relationship between compliance with 24 h movement guidelines and self-reported physical fitness, as well as the mechanisms underlying the associations in Chinese children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhuai Chen
- Faculty of Physical Education, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637001, China;
| | - Guijun Chi
- China Volleyball College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China;
- Department of Physical Education, Tangshan Normal University, Tangshan 063000, China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai 200438, China;
| | - Sitong Chen
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia;
| | - Jin Yan
- Centre for Active Living and Learning, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (S.L.)
| | - Shihao Li
- Department of Physical Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (S.L.)
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Swelam BA, Verswijveren SJJM, Salmon J, Arundell L, Ridgers ND. Exploring activity compensation amongst youth and adults: a systematic review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2022; 19:25. [PMID: 35279187 PMCID: PMC8917655 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-022-01264-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globally, significant efforts have focused on increasing physical activity and reducing sedentary behaviour in youth and adults across a range of settings (e.g., schools, workplaces, community, and home). Despite this, interventions have had varied efficacy and typically have failed to sustain changes in behaviours over time. One explanation that has been put forth to explain the mixed success of interventions is activity compensation. However, little is known about activity compensation, including whether compensation occurs, and perceptions and potential mechanisms of activity compensation. Understanding activity compensation would assist in tailoring and targeting of potential intervention strategies. The primary aim of this review was to synthesise research that has investigated activity compensation in youth and adults. The secondary aim was to identify potential reasons for and/or awareness of compensatory changes that may have occurred. METHODS An electronic search of the EBSCOhost (via Academic Search Complete, CINAHL Complete, Education Source, Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition, PsycINFO, SPORTdiscus with Full Text), MEDLINE Complete, Global Health, EMBASE, Scopus and Web of Science databases up to May 2021 was conducted. Quality assessment of included quantitative studies used a modified compensation-specific McMaster Quality Assessment Tool. RESULTS A total of 44 studies met the inclusion criteria (22 = adult populations; 22 = youth populations) and were classified as (1) quantitative (n = 31); (2) combination of quantitative and behavioural (n = 11); (3) behavioural only (n = 1); and (4) qualitative (n = 1). Of the 42 studies that included a quantitative component, 11 (26%) reported compensation occurred. Within the 13 studies examining specific behaviours, 35 behaviours were assessed, and evidence of compensation was inconsistent. Compensation mechanisms included fatigue, time constraints, lack of motivation, drive to be inactive, fear of overexertion, and autonomous motivation. CONCLUSION Little evidence of compensation was reported in the included quantitative studies; however, inconsistencies between studies makes comparisons difficult. There was considerable variability in the types of behaviours assessed in quantitative studies, and few studies examined potential compensatory mechanisms. Future research, using compensation specific study designs, methods, and analytic techniques, within different population sub-groups, should address these evidence gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A Swelam
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Geelong, VIC, 3125, Australia.
| | - Simone J J M Verswijveren
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Geelong, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Jo Salmon
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Geelong, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Lauren Arundell
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Geelong, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Nicola D Ridgers
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Geelong, VIC, 3125, Australia
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6
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Hou X, Liu JM, Tang ZY, Ruan B, Cao XY. The Gender Difference in Association between Home-Based Environment and Different Physical Behaviors of Chinese Adolescents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17218120. [PMID: 33153172 PMCID: PMC7663369 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17218120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the home-based physical activity (PA) environmental characteristics, and different types of physical behavior level of adolescents in different genders, and explore the impact of different domains of home-based PA environmental factors on different physical behaviors of adolescents in different genders. Methods: Five hundred forty-four adolescents aged from 12 to 18 years old (males: n = 358, females: n = 186) and their parents were analyzed in this cross-sectional survey. The volume of various physical behaviors of all adolescent subjects were measured by the ActiGraph wGT3X-BT accelerometer, and the level in different domains of home-based environmental characteristics were assessed by the Gattshall’s home-based PA environment questionnaire, which was answered by adolescents’ parents. The difference in the volume of different physical behaviors was examined using Kruskal–Wallis analysis. The difference in home physical environment and home social environment for adolescents was examined using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Multiple linear regression analysis in the adjusted model was used to evaluate the influence of different home-based PA environmental domains (PA availability, PA accessibility, Parental role-modeling of PA, and Parental policies around PA) on different physical behaviors (sedentary behavior, SB; light-intensity physical activity, LPA; and moderate-vigorous physical activity, MVPA) of adolescents (boys and girls). Results: The volume of LPA and MVPA, the score of PA accessibility in the home physical environment, and the score of home social environment of boys are significantly higher than those of girls, while the SB volume of boys is significantly lower than that of girls. The PA availability, the parents’ role-modeling of PA in same-sex parent–child dyads, and the parents’ policies around PA in opposite-sex parent–child dyads are significantly associated with adolescents’ decreased SB and increased LPA and MVPA. Conclusion: There is significant gender difference in adolescents’ physical behaviors and home-based environmental characteristics, as well as in the association between adolescents’ physical behaviors and their home-based environment. The PA availability, the parents’ role-modeling of PA in same-sex parent–child dyads, and the parents’ policies around PA in opposite-sex parent–child dyads can significantly promote adolescents’ healthy physical behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Hou
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (X.H.); (Z.-Y.T.); (X.-Y.C.)
| | - Jing-Min Liu
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (X.H.); (Z.-Y.T.); (X.-Y.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Zheng-Yan Tang
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (X.H.); (Z.-Y.T.); (X.-Y.C.)
| | - Bing Ruan
- School of Sports Medicine and Physical Therapy, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - Xu-Yao Cao
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (X.H.); (Z.-Y.T.); (X.-Y.C.)
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Comeras-Chueca C, Villalba-Heredia L, Pérez-Llera M, Lozano-Berges G, Marín-Puyalto J, Vicente-Rodríguez G, Matute-Llorente Á, Casajús JA, González-Agüero A. Assessment of Active Video Games' Energy Expenditure in Children with Overweight and Obesity and Differences by Gender. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E6714. [PMID: 32942663 PMCID: PMC7560235 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: Childhood obesity has become a main global health problem and active video games (AVG) could be used to increase energy expenditure. The aim of this study was to investigate the energy expenditure during an AVG intervention combined with exercise, differentiating by gender. (2) Methods: A total of 45 children with overweight or obesity (19 girls) performed an AVG intervention combined with exercise. The AVG used were the Xbox Kinect, Nintendo Wii, dance mats, BKOOL cycling simulator, and Nintendo Switch. The energy expenditure was estimated from the heart rate recorded during the sessions and the data from the individual maximal tests. (3) Results: The mean energy expenditure was 315.1 kilocalories in a one-hour session. Participants spent the most energy on BKOOL, followed by Ring Fit Adventures, Dance Mats, Xbox Kinect, and the Nintendo Wii, with significant differences between BKOOL and the Nintendo Wii. Significant differences between boys and girls were found, but were partially due to the difference in weight, VO2max, and fat-free mass. (4) Conclusions: The energy expenditure with AVG combined with multi-component exercise was 5.68 kcal/min in boys and 4.66 kcal/min in girls with overweight and obesity. AVG could be an effective strategy to increase energy expenditure in children and adolescents with overweight and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Comeras-Chueca
- Faculty of Health and Sport Science (FCSD), Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (C.C.-C.); (G.L.-B.); (G.V.-R.); (Á.M.-L.)
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (L.V.-H.); (M.P.-L.); (J.M.-P.); (J.A.C.)
- EXERNET Red de Investigación en Ejercicio Físico y Salud para Poblaciones Especiales, Spain
| | - Lorena Villalba-Heredia
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (L.V.-H.); (M.P.-L.); (J.M.-P.); (J.A.C.)
- EXERNET Red de Investigación en Ejercicio Físico y Salud para Poblaciones Especiales, Spain
- Faculty of Health Science, Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Marcos Pérez-Llera
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (L.V.-H.); (M.P.-L.); (J.M.-P.); (J.A.C.)
- EXERNET Red de Investigación en Ejercicio Físico y Salud para Poblaciones Especiales, Spain
| | - Gabriel Lozano-Berges
- Faculty of Health and Sport Science (FCSD), Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (C.C.-C.); (G.L.-B.); (G.V.-R.); (Á.M.-L.)
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (L.V.-H.); (M.P.-L.); (J.M.-P.); (J.A.C.)
- EXERNET Red de Investigación en Ejercicio Físico y Salud para Poblaciones Especiales, Spain
| | - Jorge Marín-Puyalto
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (L.V.-H.); (M.P.-L.); (J.M.-P.); (J.A.C.)
- EXERNET Red de Investigación en Ejercicio Físico y Salud para Poblaciones Especiales, Spain
| | - Germán Vicente-Rodríguez
- Faculty of Health and Sport Science (FCSD), Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (C.C.-C.); (G.L.-B.); (G.V.-R.); (Á.M.-L.)
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (L.V.-H.); (M.P.-L.); (J.M.-P.); (J.A.C.)
- EXERNET Red de Investigación en Ejercicio Físico y Salud para Poblaciones Especiales, Spain
| | - Ángel Matute-Llorente
- Faculty of Health and Sport Science (FCSD), Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (C.C.-C.); (G.L.-B.); (G.V.-R.); (Á.M.-L.)
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (L.V.-H.); (M.P.-L.); (J.M.-P.); (J.A.C.)
- EXERNET Red de Investigación en Ejercicio Físico y Salud para Poblaciones Especiales, Spain
| | - José A. Casajús
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (L.V.-H.); (M.P.-L.); (J.M.-P.); (J.A.C.)
- EXERNET Red de Investigación en Ejercicio Físico y Salud para Poblaciones Especiales, Spain
- Faculty of Health Science, Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alejandro González-Agüero
- Faculty of Health and Sport Science (FCSD), Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (C.C.-C.); (G.L.-B.); (G.V.-R.); (Á.M.-L.)
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (L.V.-H.); (M.P.-L.); (J.M.-P.); (J.A.C.)
- EXERNET Red de Investigación en Ejercicio Físico y Salud para Poblaciones Especiales, Spain
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Wang WY, Hsieh YL, Hsueh MC, Liu Y, Liao Y. Accelerometer-Measured Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Patterns in Taiwanese Adolescents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16224392. [PMID: 31717677 PMCID: PMC6888554 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16224392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Levels of physical activity and sedentary behavior among adolescents seem to vary within different settings, but few Asian studies have compared physical activity and sedentary activity patterns in adolescents across weekdays/weekends and during-school time/after-school time. This study aimed to provide objectively measured data describing intensity-specific physical activity and sedentary behavior patterns in Taiwanese adolescents. The results were sorted by gender and divided between weekdays/weekends and during-school time/after-school time. A total of 470 Taiwanese students (49.6% boys, ages 12–15 y) were recruited and fitted with GT3X+ accelerometers for seven days. Intensity-specific physical activity, total sedentary time, and sedentary bouts (number and duration ≥30 min) were measured. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to examine the significant differences in physical activity and sedentary behavior patterns between the genders on weekdays/weekends and during school/after-school time. The results show that the adolescents’ overall activity levels were below recommended thresholds, with girls engaging in significantly less moderate to vigorous physical activity, having longer sedentary time, longer time spent in sedentary bouts, and more frequent sedentary bouts than boys. Similar results were observed in physical activities of each intensity as well as sedentary behavior variables, both on weekdays/weekends and during-school/after-school periods. These findings emphasize the importance of developing and implementing approaches to increase moderate to vigorous physical activity, as well as decrease prolonged sedentary time and long sedentary bouts, especially for Taiwanese girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yi Wang
- Graduate Institute of Sports Pedagogy, University of Taipei, Taipei 11153, Taiwan; (W.-Y.W.); (Y.-L.H.)
| | - Yu-Ling Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Sports Pedagogy, University of Taipei, Taipei 11153, Taiwan; (W.-Y.W.); (Y.-L.H.)
| | - Ming-Chun Hsueh
- Graduate Institute of Sports Pedagogy, University of Taipei, Taipei 11153, Taiwan; (W.-Y.W.); (Y.-L.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-2871-8288 (ext. 5902)
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China;
- Shanghai Research Center for Physical Fitness and Health of Children and Adolescents, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yung Liao
- Department of Health Promotion and Health Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106, Taiwan;
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Hoffmann B, Kobel S, Wartha O, Kettner S, Dreyhaupt J, Steinacker JM. High sedentary time in children is not only due to screen media use: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatr 2019; 19:154. [PMID: 31096946 PMCID: PMC6521402 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-019-1521-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sedentary behaviour has become a growing public health concern. Currently, it is a common belief that screen time (SCT) is a key factor in high overall sedentary time (ST) and is often used as a primary outcome. However, the evidence is lacking. Therefore, this study investigated the association of objectively assessed total ST with SCT among children. Further, SCT was investigated separately for sedentary level, weight status, gender, and migration background. Methods For 198 primary school children (7.1 ± 0.7 years, boys: 43.9%) ST was assessed objectively using a multi-sensor device (Actiheart®; CamNtech, Cambridge, UK). The sample was split into three groups (tertiles) to investigate SCT of children with low, medium and high ST. SCT and socio-demographic parameters, such as migration background, were assessed using a parental questionnaire; anthropometric data was collected at schools. Results Absolut SCT did not differ significantly among the three sedentary groups: Daily average of SCT was 83.8 ± 55.0 min (27.4% of ST) for children with high ST, 82.8 ± 50.5 min (39.8% of ST) for children with medium ST, and 77.2 ± 59.4 min (71.3% of ST) for those with low ST. However, relatively the SCT percentage of total ST was significantly higher among children with low ST (p < 0.01). Significantly higher SCT was found in children with migration background (p < 0.01), while underweight children had significantly less SCT (p < 0.05). An association of total SCT and overall ST was found for the whole sample (B = 17.11, [2.75; 31.48], p = 0.02), but did not remain when analysis were separated for the groups, except for normal weight children (B = 15.97, [0.13; 31.81], p = 0.05). Conclusions The amount of SCT is the same among high, low and medium sedentary children, and high ST is largely independent of SCT. Therefore, SCT cannot be the key contributor to high ST and should not solely be used for predicting or changing children’s sedentary behaviour. Moreover, children’s weight status to classify activity levels and the role of possible compensation mechanisms should be considered in future research and when trying to intervene on ST. Trial registration German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS), DRKS-ID: DRKS00000494 DATE: 25/08/2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Hoffmann
- Division of Sports- and Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Medicine, Ulm University Hospital, Leimgrubenweg 14, 89075, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Susanne Kobel
- Division of Sports- and Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Medicine, Ulm University Hospital, Leimgrubenweg 14, 89075, Ulm, Germany
| | - Olivia Wartha
- Division of Sports- and Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Medicine, Ulm University Hospital, Leimgrubenweg 14, 89075, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sarah Kettner
- Division of Sports- and Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Medicine, Ulm University Hospital, Leimgrubenweg 14, 89075, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jens Dreyhaupt
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Schwabstraße 13, 89075, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jürgen M Steinacker
- Division of Sports- and Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Medicine, Ulm University Hospital, Leimgrubenweg 14, 89075, Ulm, Germany
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Report Card Grades on the Physical Activity of Children and Youth Comparing 30 Very High Human Development Index Countries. J Phys Act Health 2019; 15:S298-S314. [PMID: 30475144 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2018-0431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To better understand the childhood physical inactivity crisis, Report Cards on physical activity of children and youth were prepared concurrently in 30 very high Human Development Index countries. The aim of this article was to present, describe, and compare the findings from these Report Cards. METHODS The Report Cards were developed using a harmonized process for data gathering, assessing, and assigning grades to 10 common physical activity indicators. Descriptive statistics were calculated after converting letter grades to interval variables, and correlational analyses between the 10 common indicators were performed using Spearman's rank correlation coefficients. RESULTS A matrix of 300 grades was obtained with substantial variations within and between countries. Low grades were observed for behavioral indicators, and higher grades were observed for sources of influence indicators, indicating a disconnect between supports and desired behaviors. CONCLUSION This analysis summarizes the level and context of the physical activity of children and youth among very high Human Development Index countries, and provides additional evidence that the situation regarding physical activity in children and youth is very concerning. Unless a major shift to a more active lifestyle happens soon, a high rate of noncommunicable diseases can be anticipated when this generation of children reaches adulthood.
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Prediction of Physical Activity Intensity with Accelerometry in Young Children. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16060931. [PMID: 30875871 PMCID: PMC6466383 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16060931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: An algorithm for the classification of ambulatory and non-ambulatory activities using the ratio of unfiltered to filtered synthetic acceleration measured with a triaxial accelerometer and predictive models for physical activity intensity (METs) in adults and in elementary school children has been developed. The purpose of the present study was to derive predictive equations for METs with a similar algorithm in young children. Methods: Thirty-seven healthy Japanese children (four- to six-years old) participated in this study. The five non-ambulatory activities including low-intensity activities, and five ambulatory activities were selected. The raw accelerations using a triaxial accelerometer and energy expenditure by indirect calorimetry using the Douglas bag method during each activity were collected. Results: For non-ambulatory activities, especially light-intensity non-ambulatory activities, linear regression equations with a predetermined intercept (0.9) or quadratic equations were a better fit than the linear regression. The equations were different from those for adults and elementary school children. On the other hand, the ratios of unfiltered to filtered synthetic acceleration in non-ambulatory activities were different from those in ambulatory activities, as in adults and elementary school children. Conclusions: Our calibration model for young children could accurately predict intensity of physical activity including low-intensity non-ambulatory activities.
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Trends in sleeping difficulties among European adolescents: Are these associated with physical inactivity and excessive screen time? Int J Public Health 2018; 64:487-498. [PMID: 30535677 DOI: 10.1007/s00038-018-1188-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined changes in sleep-onset difficulties over time and associations with physical activity and screen time behavior among adolescents. METHODS We used data from last four survey waves of the Health Behavior in School-Aged Children (HBSC) study (2002-2006-2010-2014). Multilevel logistic regression analyses were conducted to explore associations between regular sleeping difficulties, excessive screen time exposure and being insufficiently physically active (i.e., < 60 min daily) among 33 European and non-European countries. RESULTS Findings indicate an increase in the prevalence of sleep-onset difficulties and in excessive screen time exposure and a small but significant increase in physical activity levels. Additionally, adolescents exceeding 2-h daily screen time had 20% higher odds of reporting sleep-onset difficulties, while no association was found for physical activity. The strength of the association between screen time and sleep-onset difficulties increased over time, which may reflect a change in type of screen time use (e.g., the increased use of easy accessible screens such as smartphones and tablets). CONCLUSIONS Effective strategies to reduce screen time are key to reverse the detrimental trend in sleep-onset difficulties among adolescents.
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Results from the Chinese Taipei (Taiwan) 2018 Report Card on physical activity for children and youth. J Exerc Sci Fit 2018; 17:8-13. [PMID: 30662508 PMCID: PMC6323190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Objective Taiwan is facing a high prevalence of physical inactivity in children and adolescents, which has led to rising obesity and morbidity levels in young people. Chinese Taipei (Taiwan) joined the Global Matrix 3.0 to share the local information on childhood physical activity and related factors with the international community. This study reports the grades for 10 indicators endorsed by the Global Matrix 3.0. Methods The local data for school-aged children and youth (∼5–17 year-olds) from 2010 to 2018 were used to determine the grades. The highest priority was given to the national survey data released by the government or academic institutions, followed by academic publications using nationally representative samples. Government or academic publications relying on only regional samples were excluded. Results The data showed very poor Overall Physical Activity and Organized Sport Participation (F and D−, respectively). The grades for Active Transportation and Sedentary Behavior were C−. Low physical activity levels and high screen time may have led to sub-optimal Physical Fitness levels (B−). The central and local governments have recognized the importance of physical activity by creating related policy and improving facilities. Therefore, School, Community and the Built Environment, and Government Strategies and Investments all received the grade of B+. Active Play and Family and Peers received INC for a lack of sufficient data. Conclusions Despite great effort by the governments and schools, physical activity and fitness levels are low while sedentary behavior is prevalent in Taiwanese children and youth.
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Aoyama T, Tanaka S, Tanaka M, Okuda M, Inoue S, Tanaka C. Association between age at onset of independent walking and objectively measured sedentary behavior is mediated by moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in primary school children. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204030. [PMID: 30226888 PMCID: PMC6143251 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Age at onset of walking has been shown as an early predictor of physical activity in infants and children. However, little is known about whether age at onset of walking may predict sedentary behavior (SB). The aim of the present study was to examine the association between the timing of onset of walking and objectively measured SB, and whether this association is mediated by moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in children. Methods The subjects were 388 elementary school children aged 6–12 years. Current weight and height data were collected. Birth weight and the age in months the child first walked independently were reported based on the parents’ recall. Children’s SB and physical activity were objectively measured using a triaxial accelerometer (Active style Pro HJA-350IT, OMRON). The following summary outcome variables were derived from accelerometer data: Time (min/day) spent in SB (≤1.5 metabolic equivalents [METs]) and MVPA (≥3.0 METs). Results The mean ± SD time (min/day) spent in sedentary was 376 ± 62 and MVPA was 67.6 ± 20.8. Multiple linear regression analyses revealed that a later age at independent walking was associated with increased time spent in SB (β = 0.15, P < 0.001) and decreased time spent in MVPA (β = -0. 18, P < 0.001) after adjusting for gender, birth weight, current age, body weight, schools, and time spent wearing the accelerometer. When MVPA was introduced as a covariate in the model predicting SB, the association between the age at independent walking and time spent in SB was completely attenuated (β = 0.04, P = 0.215), while MVPA was significantly associated with SB (β = -0.61, P < 0.001). Conclusions Our results indicate that infants who walked at a later age spent more time in SB in childhood, and this association is mediated by MVPA. Appropriate interventions which focus on increasing MVPA and thereby reducing SB may be beneficial in infants who demonstrate a later age at onset of independent walking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Aoyama
- Department of Nutritional Epidemiology and Shokuiku, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeho Tanaka
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maki Tanaka
- Department of Child Education, Kyoto Seibo College, Kyoto-shi, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masayuki Okuda
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamaguchi University, Ube-shi, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Shigeru Inoue
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chiaki Tanaka
- Division of Integrated Sciences, J. F. Oberlin University, Machida-shi, Tokyo, Japan
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Tanaka C, Tanaka M, Tanaka S. Objectively evaluated physical activity and sedentary time in primary school children by gender, grade and types of physical education lessons. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:948. [PMID: 30068319 PMCID: PMC6090761 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5910-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During the typical school day, physical education (PE) gives children an opportunity for physical activity (PA) and reduces their sedentary time, but little is known about objectively evaluated PA and sedentary time during PE lessons and the differences across genders and grades. There is also a lack of research comparing PA and sedentary time among the different types of PE lessons. The primary aim of this study was to examine primary school students’ moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) levels and sedentary time during PE and whether there are gender or grade differences in a cross-sectional study. The secondary aim was to determine which types of PE lessons are best for increasing PA and reducing sedentary time. Methods Objectively evaluated MVPA and sedentary time during PE lessons in Japan with a triaxial accelerometer (Active style Pro HJA-350IT, Omron Healthcare) in girls (n = 221) and boys (n = 181). Minutes of sedentary time were categorized into metabolic equivalents (METs): categories ranged from sedentary time (METs ≤1.5) to MVPA (METs ≥3.0). Time tables and PE lesson types were evaluated using logs maintained by the class teachers. Results Time spent in MVPA and sedentary time were 27.3 and 24.3%, respectively. After adjustments for grade, relative body weight and school, boys spent significantly more time in MVPA compared with girls, but with an estimated mean difference of approximately 1 min. After adjustment for gender, relative body weight and school, the younger grades (1st and 2nd) spent significantly more time in MVPA and significantly less time in sedentary time compared with other grades. Moreover, after adjustments for gender, grade, relative body weight and school, the time spent in MVPA during gymnastic and track and field lessons was significantly lower than that during ball game lessons. Sedentary time during gymnastic lessons was significantly longer than in track and field and ball game lessons. Conclusions Children did not engage in much MVPA and also spent time in sedentary time during PE, but there are no gender differences. The children were most active during ball game lessons. Therefore, it is important to increase MVPA and reduce sedentary time during PE in both genders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Tanaka
- Division of Integrated Sciences, J. F. Oberlin University, 3758 Tokiwamachi, Machida, Tokyo, 194-0294, Japan.
| | - Maki Tanaka
- Department of Child Education, Kyoto Seibo College, 1 Taya-cho, Fukakusa Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, 612-0878, Japan
| | - Shigeho Tanaka
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8636, Japan
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Komura K, Nakae S, Hirakawa K, Ebine N, Suzuki K, Ozawa H, Yamada Y, Kimura M, Ishii K. Total energy expenditure of 10- to 12-year-old Japanese children measured using the doubly labeled water method. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2017; 14:70. [PMID: 29167695 PMCID: PMC5688666 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-017-0226-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To establish Japanese children's estimated energy requirements, total energy expenditure (TEE) data measured using the doubly labeled water (DLW) method is needed. This study aimed to 1) obtain basic TEE data from Japanese children measured using DLW (TEEDLW), 2) compare TEEDLW with TEE estimated by various estimation formulas to calculate their accuracy, and 3) develop a new equation to estimate TEE using body composition and pedometers. Methods TEE was measured using DLW in 56 10- to 12-year-old Japanese children (33 boys, 23 girls). Physical activity level (PAL) was calculated by dividing TEEDLW by estimated resting energy expenditure. To assess their physical activity, participants wore pedometers during the 7-d DLW period. Total body water was calculated from 2H and 18O; fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) were then determined. Results In boys and girls of normal weight, TEEDLW was 2067 ± 230 kcal/d and 1830 ± 262 kcal/d, respectively. Average PAL was 1.58 ± 0.17. FFM was strongly related to TEE (r = 0.702, p < 0.01). After adjusting for FFM and FM, step count was significantly associated with TEE (r = 0.707, p < 0.01). The TEE estimation formula used in the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) for the United States and Canada estimated TEEDLW with high accuracy (bias: 2.0%) in both sexes. We developed new equations for TEE consisting of FFM and step count, which accounted for 68% and 65% of TEE variance in boys and girls, respectively: boys, 47.1 × FFM (kg) + 0.0568 × step count (steps/d) - 122, and girls, 55.5 × FFM (kg) + 0.0315 × step count (steps/d) - 117. Conclusions The TEE in 10- to 12-year-old Japanese children measured using DLW was approximately 7% lower for boys and 12% lower for girls compared to the current Japanese DRI. If PAL can be accurately determined, the equation in the DRI for the United States and Canada may be applicable to Japanese children. In addition, TEE could be predicted using FFM and step count.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Komura
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Early Childhood Education, Kyoto Bunkyo Junior College, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nakae
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Hirakawa
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Kyoto Gakuen University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Ebine
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Suzuki
- Faculty of Education, Art and Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Haruo Ozawa
- School of Management, Shizuoka Sangyo University, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yosuke Yamada
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Misaka Kimura
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Kyoto Gakuen University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kojiro Ishii
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
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