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Xu X, Catts VS, Harris K, Wang N, Numbers K, Trollor J, Brodaty H, Sachdev PS, Schutte AE. The contribution of cumulative blood pressure load to dementia, cognitive function and mortality in older adults. J Hypertens 2024:00004872-990000000-00505. [PMID: 38989713 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000003808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies evaluated the contribution of long-term elevated blood pressure (BP) towards dementia and deaths. We examined the association between cumulative BP (cBP) load and dementia, cognitive decline, all-cause and cardiovascular deaths in older Australians. We also explored whether seated versus standing BP were associated with these outcomes. METHODS The Sydney Memory and Aging Study included 1037 community-dwelling individuals aged 70-90 years, recruited from Sydney, Australia. Baseline data was collected in 2005-2007 and the cohort was followed for seven waves until 2021. cSBP load was calculated as the area under the curve (AUC) for SBP ≥140 mmHg divided by the AUC for all SBP values. Cumulative diastolic BP (cDBP) and pulse pressure (cPP) load were calculated using thresholds of 90 mmHg and 60 mmHg. Cox and mixed linear models were used to assess associations. RESULTS Of 527 participants with both seated and standing BP data (47.7% men, median age 77), 152 (28.8%) developed dementia over a mean follow-up of 10.5 years. Higher cPP load was associated with a higher risk of all-cause deaths, and cSBP load was associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular deaths in multivariate models (P for trend < 0.05). Associations between cPP load, dementia and cognitive decline lost statistical significance after adjustment for age. Differences between sitting and standing BP load were not associated with the outcomes. CONCLUSION Long-term cPP load was associated with a higher risk of all-cause deaths and cSBP load associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular deaths in older Australians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Xu
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health
- The George Institute for Global Health
| | - Vibeke S Catts
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine
| | | | | | - Katya Numbers
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine
| | - Julian Trollor
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry, Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Henry Brodaty
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine
| | - Perminder S Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine
| | - Aletta E Schutte
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health
- The George Institute for Global Health
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team; Medical Research Council Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
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2
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Gaire BP, Koronyo Y, Fuchs DT, Shi H, Rentsendorj A, Danziger R, Vit JP, Mirzaei N, Doustar J, Sheyn J, Hampel H, Vergallo A, Davis MR, Jallow O, Baldacci F, Verdooner SR, Barron E, Mirzaei M, Gupta VK, Graham SL, Tayebi M, Carare RO, Sadun AA, Miller CA, Dumitrascu OM, Lahiri S, Gao L, Black KL, Koronyo-Hamaoui M. Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology in the Retina. Prog Retin Eye Res 2024; 101:101273. [PMID: 38759947 PMCID: PMC11285518 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2024.101273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
The retina is an emerging CNS target for potential noninvasive diagnosis and tracking of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Studies have identified the pathological hallmarks of AD, including amyloid β-protein (Aβ) deposits and abnormal tau protein isoforms, in the retinas of AD patients and animal models. Moreover, structural and functional vascular abnormalities such as reduced blood flow, vascular Aβ deposition, and blood-retinal barrier damage, along with inflammation and neurodegeneration, have been described in retinas of patients with mild cognitive impairment and AD dementia. Histological, biochemical, and clinical studies have demonstrated that the nature and severity of AD pathologies in the retina and brain correspond. Proteomics analysis revealed a similar pattern of dysregulated proteins and biological pathways in the retina and brain of AD patients, with enhanced inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes, impaired oxidative-phosphorylation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Notably, investigational imaging technologies can now detect AD-specific amyloid deposits, as well as vasculopathy and neurodegeneration in the retina of living AD patients, suggesting alterations at different disease stages and links to brain pathology. Current and exploratory ophthalmic imaging modalities, such as optical coherence tomography (OCT), OCT-angiography, confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, and hyperspectral imaging, may offer promise in the clinical assessment of AD. However, further research is needed to deepen our understanding of AD's impact on the retina and its progression. To advance this field, future studies require replication in larger and diverse cohorts with confirmed AD biomarkers and standardized retinal imaging techniques. This will validate potential retinal biomarkers for AD, aiding in early screening and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhakta Prasad Gaire
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yosef Koronyo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dieu-Trang Fuchs
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Haoshen Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Altan Rentsendorj
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ron Danziger
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jean-Philippe Vit
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nazanin Mirzaei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jonah Doustar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Julia Sheyn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Harald Hampel
- Sorbonne University, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Andrea Vergallo
- Sorbonne University, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Miyah R Davis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ousman Jallow
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Filippo Baldacci
- Sorbonne University, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neurology Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Ernesto Barron
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mehdi Mirzaei
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Vivek K Gupta
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stuart L Graham
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mourad Tayebi
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Roxana O Carare
- Department of Clinical Neuroanatomy, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Alfredo A Sadun
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Carol A Miller
- Department of Pathology Program in Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Shouri Lahiri
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Liang Gao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Keith L Black
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Maya Koronyo-Hamaoui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Applied Cell Biology and Physiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Kim AY, Al Jerdi S, MacDonald R, Triggle CR. Alzheimer's disease and its treatment-yesterday, today, and tomorrow. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1399121. [PMID: 38868666 PMCID: PMC11167451 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1399121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Alois Alzheimer described the first patient with Alzheimer's disease (AD) in 1907 and today AD is the most frequently diagnosed of dementias. AD is a multi-factorial neurodegenerative disorder with familial, life style and comorbidity influences impacting a global population of more than 47 million with a projected escalation by 2050 to exceed 130 million. In the USA the AD demographic encompasses approximately six million individuals, expected to increase to surpass 13 million by 2050, and the antecedent phase of AD, recognized as mild cognitive impairment (MCI), involves nearly 12 million individuals. The economic outlay for the management of AD and AD-related cognitive decline is estimated at approximately 355 billion USD. In addition, the intensifying prevalence of AD cases in countries with modest to intermediate income countries further enhances the urgency for more therapeutically and cost-effective treatments and for improving the quality of life for patients and their families. This narrative review evaluates the pathophysiological basis of AD with an initial focus on the therapeutic efficacy and limitations of the existing drugs that provide symptomatic relief: acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEI) donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine, and the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA) receptor allosteric modulator, memantine. The hypothesis that amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau are appropriate targets for drugs and have the potential to halt the progress of AD is critically analyzed with a particular focus on clinical trial data with anti-Aβ monoclonal antibodies (MABs), namely, aducanumab, lecanemab and donanemab. This review challenges the dogma that targeting Aβ will benefit the majority of subjects with AD that the anti-Aβ MABs are unlikely to be the "magic bullet". A comparison of the benefits and disadvantages of the different classes of drugs forms the basis for determining new directions for research and alternative drug targets that are undergoing pre-clinical and clinical assessments. In addition, we discuss and stress the importance of the treatment of the co-morbidities, including hypertension, diabetes, obesity and depression that are known to increase the risk of developing AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Y. Kim
- Medical Education, Weill Cornell Medicine—Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - R. MacDonald
- Health Sciences Library, Weill Cornell Medicine—Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - C. R. Triggle
- Department of Pharmacology and Medical Education, Weill Cornell Medicine—Qatar, Doha, Qatar
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Cheng Y, Lin L, Huang P, Zhang J, Wang Y, Pan X. Hypotension with neurovascular changes and cognitive dysfunction: An epidemiological, pathobiological, and treatment review. Chin Med J (Engl) 2024:00029330-990000000-01080. [PMID: 38785189 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000003103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Hypotension is a leading cause of age-related cognitive impairment. The available literature evidences that vascular factors are associated with dementia and that hypotension alters cerebral perfusion flow and can aggravate the neurodegeneration of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Despite the discovery of biomarkers and the recent progress made in neurovascular biology, epidemiology, and brain imaging, some key issues remain largely unresolved: the potential mechanisms underlying the neural deterioration observed in AD, the effect of cerebrovascular alterations on cognitive deficits, and the positive effects of hypotension treatment on cognition. Therefore, further well-designed studies are needed to unravel the potential association between hypotension and cognitive dysfunction and reveal the potential benefits of hypotension treatment for AD patients. Here, we review the current epidemiological, pathobiological, and treatment-related literature on neurovascular changes and hypotension-related cognitive dysfunction and highlight the unsettled but imminent issues that warrant future research endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzhe Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Center for Cognitive Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
- Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
- Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Neurology, Center for Cognitive Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
- Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
- Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
| | - Peilin Huang
- Department of Neurology, Center for Cognitive Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
- Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
- Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
| | - Jiejun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Center for Cognitive Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
- Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
- Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
- Center for Geriatrics, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, Hainan 570311, China
| | - Yanping Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
| | - Xiaodong Pan
- Department of Neurology, Center for Cognitive Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
- Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
- Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
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5
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Kaur A, Angarita Fonseca A, Lissaman R, Behlouli H, Rajah MN, Pilote L. Sex Differences in the Association of Age at Hypertension Diagnosis With Brain Structure. Hypertension 2024; 81:291-301. [PMID: 38112100 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.123.22180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex differences exist in the likelihood of cognitive decline. The age at hypertension diagnosis is a unique contributor to brain structural changes associated with cerebral small vessel disease. However, whether this relationship differs between sexes remains unclear. Therefore, our objective was to evaluate sex differences in the association between the age at hypertension diagnosis and cerebral small vessel disease-related brain structural changes. METHODS We used data from the UK Biobank to select participants with a known age at hypertension diagnosis and brain magnetic resonance imaging (n=9430) and stratified them by sex and age at hypertension diagnosis. Control participants with magnetic resonance imaging scans but no hypertension were chosen at random matched by using propensity score matching. For morphological brain structural changes, generalized linear models were used while adjusting for other vascular risk factors. For the assessment of white matter microstructure, principal component analysis led to a reduction in the number of fractional anisotropy variables, followed by regression analysis with major principal components as outcomes. RESULTS Males but not females with a younger age at hypertension diagnosis exhibited lower brain gray and white matter volume compared with normotensive controls. The volume of white matter hyperintensities was greater in both males and females with hypertension than normotensive controls, significantly higher in older females with hypertension. Compared with normotensive controls, white matter microstructural integrity was lower in individuals with hypertension, which became more prominent with increasing age. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that the effect of hypertension on cerebral small vessel disease-related brain structure differs by sex and by age at hypertension diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanpreet Kaur
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada (A.K., L.P.)
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada (A.K., A.A.F., H.B., L.P.)
| | - Adriana Angarita Fonseca
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada (A.K., A.A.F., H.B., L.P.)
| | - Rikki Lissaman
- Douglas Institute Research Centre (R.L.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (R.L., M.N.R.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Hassan Behlouli
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada (A.K., A.A.F., H.B., L.P.)
| | - M Natasha Rajah
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (R.L., M.N.R.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Toronto Metropolitan University, Canada (M.N.R.)
| | - Louise Pilote
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada (A.K., L.P.)
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada (A.K., A.A.F., H.B., L.P.)
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Weaver DF. Thirty Risk Factors for Alzheimer's Disease Unified by a Common Neuroimmune-Neuroinflammation Mechanism. Brain Sci 2023; 14:41. [PMID: 38248256 PMCID: PMC10813027 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the major obstacles confronting the formulation of a mechanistic understanding for Alzheimer's disease (AD) is its immense complexity-a complexity that traverses the full structural and phenomenological spectrum, including molecular, macromolecular, cellular, neurological and behavioural processes. This complexity is reflected by the equally complex diversity of risk factors associated with AD. However, more than merely mirroring disease complexity, risk factors also provide fundamental insights into the aetiology and pathogenesis of AD as a neurodegenerative disorder since they are central to disease initiation and subsequent propagation. Based on a systematic literature assessment, this review identified 30 risk factors for AD and then extended the analysis to further identify neuroinflammation as a unifying mechanism present in all 30 risk factors. Although other mechanisms (e.g., vasculopathy, proteopathy) were present in multiple risk factors, dysfunction of the neuroimmune-neuroinflammation axis was uniquely central to all 30 identified risk factors. Though the nature of the neuroinflammatory involvement varied, the activation of microglia and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines were a common pathway shared by all risk factors. This observation provides further evidence for the importance of immunopathic mechanisms in the aetiopathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald F Weaver
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Departments of Medicine, Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
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Jabalameli M, Lin JR, Zhang Q, Wang Z, Mitra J, Nguyen N, Gao T, Khusidman M, Atzmon G, Milman S, Vijg J, Barzilai N, Zhang ZD. Polygenic prediction of human longevity on the supposition of pervasive pleiotropy. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.12.10.23299795. [PMID: 38168353 PMCID: PMC10760260 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.10.23299795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The highly polygenic nature of human longevity renders cross-trait pleiotropy an indispensable feature of its genetic architecture. Leveraging the genetic correlation between the aging-related traits (ARTs), we sought to model the additive variance in lifespan as a function of cumulative liability from pleiotropic segregating variants. We tracked allele frequency changes as a function of viability across different age bins and prioritized 34 variants with an immediate implication on lipid metabolism, body mass index (BMI), and cognitive performance, among other traits, revealed by PheWAS analysis in the UK Biobank. Given the highly complex and non-linear interactions between the genetic determinants of longevity, we reasoned that a composite polygenic score would approximate a substantial portion of the variance in lifespan and developed the integrated longevity genetic scores (iLGSs) for distinguishing exceptional survival. We showed that coefficients derived from our ensemble model could potentially reveal an interesting pattern of genomic pleiotropy specific to lifespan. We assessed the predictive performance of our model for distinguishing the enrichment of exceptional longevity among long-lived individuals in two replication cohorts and showed that the median lifespan in the highest decile of our composite prognostic index is up to 4.8 years longer. Finally, using the proteomic correlates of i L G S , we identified protein markers associated with exceptional longevity irrespective of chronological age and prioritized drugs with repurposing potentials for gerotherapeutics. Together, our approach demonstrates a promising framework for polygenic modeling of additive liability conferred by ARTs in defining exceptional longevity and assisting the identification of individuals at higher risk of mortality for targeted lifestyle modifications earlier in life. Furthermore, the proteomic signature associated with i L G S highlights the functional pathway upstream of the PI3K-Akt that can be effectively targeted to slow down aging and extend lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.Reza Jabalameli
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jhih-Rong Lin
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Quanwei Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joydeep Mitra
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nha Nguyen
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tina Gao
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mark Khusidman
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gil Atzmon
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sofiya Milman
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jan Vijg
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nir Barzilai
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zhengdong D. Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Saeed A, Lopez O, Cohen A, Reis SE. Cardiovascular Disease and Alzheimer's Disease: The Heart-Brain Axis. J Am Heart Assoc 2023; 12:e030780. [PMID: 37929715 PMCID: PMC10727398 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.030780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in aging adults across the United States. Prior studies indicate that the presence of atherosclerosis, the pathogenic basis of CVD, is linked with dementias. Alzheimer's disease (AD) and AD-related dementias are a major public health challenge in the United States. Recent studies indicate that ≈3.7 million Americans ≥65 years of age had clinical AD in 2017, with projected increases to 9.3 million by 2060. Treatment options for AD remain limited. Development of disease-modifying therapies are challenging due, in part, to the long preclinical window of AD. The preclinical incubation period of AD starts in midlife, providing a critical window for identification and optimization of AD risk factors. Studies link AD with CVD risk factors such as hypertension, inflammation, and dyslipidemia. Both AD and CVD are progressive diseases with decades-long development periods. CVD can clinically manifest several years earlier than AD, making CVD and its risk factors a potential predictor of future AD. The current review focuses on the state of literature on molecular and metabolic pathways modulating the heart-brain axis underlying the potential association of midlife CVD risk factors and their effect on AD and related dementias. Further, we explore potential CVD/dementia preventive strategies during the window of opportunity in midlife and the future of research in the field in the multiomics and novel biomarker use era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anum Saeed
- University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPAUSA
- Heart and Vascular InstituteUniversity of Pittsburgh Medical CenterPAPittsburghUSA
| | - Oscar Lopez
- University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPAUSA
- Cognitive and Behavioral and Neurology DivisionUniversity of Pittsburgh Medical CenterPAPittsburghUSA
| | - Ann Cohen
- University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPAUSA
- Division of PsychiatryUniversity of Pittsburgh Medical CenterPAPittsburghUSA
| | - Steven E. Reis
- University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPAUSA
- Heart and Vascular InstituteUniversity of Pittsburgh Medical CenterPAPittsburghUSA
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9
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Lerfald M, Lydersen S, Zotcheva E, Nilsen TIL, Eldholm RS, Martinez-Velilla N, Selbæk G, Ernstsen L. Change in physical activity and systolic blood pressure trajectories throughout mid-life and the development of dementia in older age: the HUNT study. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act 2023; 20:18. [PMID: 37784015 PMCID: PMC10544393 DOI: 10.1186/s11556-023-00328-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is lack of research on combinations of possible modifiable risk factors for dementia in a life-time perspective. Dementia has currently no cure, and therefore new knowledge of preventive factors is important. The purpose of this study is to investigate if changes in physical activity (PA) in combinations with systolic blood pressure (SBP) trajectories in mid to late life are related to development of dementia in older age. METHODS This prospective cohort study uses data from four consecutive surveys of the HUNT Study, Norway. Dementia was assessed in the HUNT4 70 + sub-study (2017-19). Group-based trajectory modelling identified three SBP trajectories from HUNT1 (1984-86) to HUNT3 (2006-2008): low, middle, and high. Change in PA was categorized into four groups based on high or low PA level at HUNT1 and HUNT3 and were combined with the SBP trajectories resulting in 12 distinct categories. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) of dementia. RESULTS A total of 8487 participants (55% women, mean age (SD) 44.8 (6.5) years at HUNT1) were included. At HUNT4 70 + , 15.2% had dementia. We observed an overall decrease in OR of dementia across the PA/SBP categories when ranked from low to high PA (OR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.93 to 1.00, P = 0.04). Within PA groups, a low SBP trajectory was associated with lower OR for dementia, apart from those with decreasing PA. The strongest association was observed for people with stable high PA and low SBP trajectory (OR, 0.38; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.13 to 1.10 and adjusted risk difference, -8.34 percentage points; 95% CI, -15.32 to -1.36). CONCLUSION Our findings illustrate the clinical importance of PA and SBP for dementia prevention and that favorable levels of both are associated with reduced occurrence of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Lerfald
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, PO box 8950, N-7491, Trondheim, Norway
- Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Stian Lydersen
- Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ekaterina Zotcheva
- Norwegian National Centre for Ageing and Health, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tom I L Nilsen
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, PO box 8950, N-7491, Trondheim, Norway
- Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Rannveig S Eldholm
- Department of Geriatrics, Clinic of Medicine, St.Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Geir Selbæk
- Norwegian National Centre for Ageing and Health, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Linda Ernstsen
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, PO box 8950, N-7491, Trondheim, Norway.
- Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
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10
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Lennon MJ, Lam BCP, Lipnicki DM, Crawford JD, Peters R, Schutte AE, Brodaty H, Thalamuthu A, Rydberg-Sterner T, Najar J, Skoog I, Riedel-Heller SG, Röhr S, Pabst A, Lobo A, De-la-Cámara C, Lobo E, Bello T, Gureje O, Ojagbemi A, Lipton RB, Katz MJ, Derby CA, Kim KW, Han JW, Oh DJ, Rolandi E, Davin A, Rossi M, Scarmeas N, Yannakoulia M, Dardiotis T, Hendrie HC, Gao S, Carrière I, Ritchie K, Anstey KJ, Cherbuin N, Xiao S, Yue L, Li W, Guerchet MM, Preux PM, Aboyans V, Haan MN, Aiello AE, Ng TP, Nyunt MSZ, Gao Q, Scazufca M, Sachdev PSS. Use of Antihypertensives, Blood Pressure, and Estimated Risk of Dementia in Late Life: An Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e2333353. [PMID: 37698858 PMCID: PMC10498335 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.33353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance The utility of antihypertensives and ideal blood pressure (BP) for dementia prevention in late life remains unclear and highly contested. Objectives To assess the associations of hypertension history, antihypertensive use, and baseline measured BP in late life (age >60 years) with dementia and the moderating factors of age, sex, and racial group. Data Source and Study Selection Longitudinal, population-based studies of aging participating in the Cohort Studies of Memory in an International Consortium (COSMIC) group were included. Participants were individuals without dementia at baseline aged 60 to 110 years and were based in 15 different countries (US, Brazil, Australia, China, Korea, Singapore, Central African Republic, Republic of Congo, Nigeria, Germany, Spain, Italy, France, Sweden, and Greece). Data Extraction and Synthesis Participants were grouped in 3 categories based on previous diagnosis of hypertension and baseline antihypertensive use: healthy controls, treated hypertension, and untreated hypertension. Baseline systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) were treated as continuous variables. Reporting followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of Individual Participant Data reporting guidelines. Main Outcomes and Measures The key outcome was all-cause dementia. Mixed-effects Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the associations between the exposures and the key outcome variable. The association between dementia and baseline BP was modeled using nonlinear natural splines. The main analysis was a partially adjusted Cox proportional hazards model controlling for age, age squared, sex, education, racial group, and a random effect for study. Sensitivity analyses included a fully adjusted analysis, a restricted analysis of those individuals with more than 5 years of follow-up data, and models examining the moderating factors of age, sex, and racial group. Results The analysis included 17 studies with 34 519 community dwelling older adults (20 160 [58.4%] female) with a mean (SD) age of 72.5 (7.5) years and a mean (SD) follow-up of 4.3 (4.3) years. In the main, partially adjusted analysis including 14 studies, individuals with untreated hypertension had a 42% increased risk of dementia compared with healthy controls (hazard ratio [HR], 1.42; 95% CI 1.15-1.76; P = .001) and 26% increased risk compared with individuals with treated hypertension (HR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.03-1.53; P = .02). Individuals with treated hypertension had no significant increased dementia risk compared with healthy controls (HR, 1.13; 95% CI, 0.99-1.28; P = .07). The association of antihypertensive use or hypertension status with dementia did not vary with baseline BP. There was no significant association of baseline SBP or DBP with dementia risk in any of the analyses. There were no significant interactions with age, sex, or racial group for any of the analyses. Conclusions and Relevance This individual patient data meta-analysis of longitudinal cohort studies found that antihypertensive use was associated with decreased dementia risk compared with individuals with untreated hypertension through all ages in late life. Individuals with treated hypertension had no increased risk of dementia compared with healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Lennon
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Healthy Brain Aging, Discipline of Psychiatry & Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ben Chun Pan Lam
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Healthy Brain Aging, Discipline of Psychiatry & Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Darren M. Lipnicki
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Healthy Brain Aging, Discipline of Psychiatry & Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - John D. Crawford
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Healthy Brain Aging, Discipline of Psychiatry & Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ruth Peters
- The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aletta E. Schutte
- The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, Australia
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Henry Brodaty
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Healthy Brain Aging, Discipline of Psychiatry & Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Eastern Suburbs Older Persons’ Mental Health Service, Sydney, Australia
| | - Anbupalam Thalamuthu
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Healthy Brain Aging, Discipline of Psychiatry & Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Therese Rydberg-Sterner
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jenna Najar
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Psychiatry, Cognition and Old Age Psychiatry Clinic, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ingmar Skoog
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Psychiatry, Cognition and Old Age Psychiatry Clinic, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Steffi G. Riedel-Heller
- Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susanne Röhr
- Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- School of Psychology, Manawatu Campus, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alexander Pabst
- Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Antonio Lobo
- Department of Medicine and Psychiatry, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Madrid, Spain
| | - Concepción De-la-Cámara
- Department of Medicine and Psychiatry, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Lobo
- Department of Medicine and Psychiatry, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Madrid, Spain
| | - Toyin Bello
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Mental Health, Neuroscience, and Substance Abuse, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Oye Gureje
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Mental Health, Neuroscience, and Substance Abuse, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Akin Ojagbemi
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Mental Health, Neuroscience, and Substance Abuse, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Richard B. Lipton
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Mindy J. Katz
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Carol A. Derby
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Ki Woong Kim
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Won Han
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae Jong Oh
- Workplace Mental Health Institute, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Elena Rolandi
- Golgi Cenci Foundation, Abbiategrasso, Italy
- Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | - Nikolaos Scarmeas
- First Department of Neurology, Aiginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Mary Yannakoulia
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Themis Dardiotis
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Hugh C. Hendrie
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
- Indiana Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Indiana Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Indianapolis
| | - Sujuan Gao
- Indiana Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Indiana Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Indianapolis
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Data Science, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
| | - Isabelle Carrière
- Institut for Neurosciences of Montpellier, University Montpellier, National Institute for Health and Medical Research, Montpellier, France
| | - Karen Ritchie
- Institut for Neurosciences of Montpellier, University Montpellier, National Institute for Health and Medical Research, Montpellier, France
- Institut du Cerveau Trocadéro, Paris, France
| | - Kaarin J. Anstey
- University of New South Wales, School of Psychology, Sydney, Australia
- Ageing Futures Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nicolas Cherbuin
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Shifu Xiao
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Yue
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Maëlenn M. Guerchet
- National Institute for Health and Medical Research U1094, Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement UMR270, Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases in Tropical Zone, Institute of Epidemiology and Tropical Neurology, OmegaHealth, University Limoges, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Pierre-Marie Preux
- National Institute for Health and Medical Research U1094, Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement UMR270, Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases in Tropical Zone, Institute of Epidemiology and Tropical Neurology, OmegaHealth, University Limoges, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Victor Aboyans
- National Institute for Health and Medical Research U1094, Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement UMR270, Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases in Tropical Zone, Institute of Epidemiology and Tropical Neurology, OmegaHealth, University Limoges, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire Limoges, Limoges, France
- Department of Cardiology, Dupuytren 2 University Hospital, Limoges, France
| | - Mary N. Haan
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Allison E. Aiello
- Robert N. Butler Columbia Aging Center, Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Tze Pin Ng
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Geriatric Education and Research Institute, Ministry of Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ma Shwe Zin Nyunt
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qi Gao
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marcia Scazufca
- Departamento de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Perminder S. S. Sachdev
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Healthy Brain Aging, Discipline of Psychiatry & Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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Smith JR, Sharrett AR, Pike JR, Gottesman RF, Knopman DS, Lee M, Lutsey PL, Palta P, Windham BG, Coresh J, Deal JA. Dementia occurring over a 32-year follow-up attributable to hypertension observed at different ages: Implications for dementia prevention. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:3435-3447. [PMID: 36808817 PMCID: PMC10435664 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The fraction of dementia attributable to hypertension might vary depending on the age of the population considered and the age through which dementia occurs. METHODS In the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study, we quantified population attributable fractions (PAF) of dementia by age 80 and 90 from hypertension assessed at ages of 45-54 (n = 7572), 55-64 (n = 12,033), 65-74 (n = 6561), and 75-84 (n = 2086). RESULTS The PAF for dementia by age 80 from all non-normal blood pressure at ages 45-54 was 15.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 6.9%-22.3%), 19.1% (95% CI = 9.9%-26.9%) at ages 55-64, and 19.9% (95% CI = -4.4%-38.5%) at ages 65-74. The strongest PAFs were from stage 2 hypertension (11.9%-21.3%). For dementia by age 90, PAFs from non-normal blood pressure up through age 75 were smaller (10.9%-13.8%), and non-significant by age 75-84. DISCUSSION Interventions targeting hypertension even in early late life might reduce a sizeable proportion of dementia. HIGHLIGHTS We estimated prospective population attributable risks of dementia for hypertension. 15%-20% of dementia cases by age 80 are from non-normal blood pressure (BP). Associations between hypertension and dementia persisted through age 75. Midlife to early late-life BP control might reduce a large proportion of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R. Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Cochlear Center for Hearing and Public Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A. Richey Sharrett
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James Russel Pike
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rebecca F. Gottesman
- Stroke Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Mark Lee
- Minnesota Population Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Pamela L. Lutsey
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Priya Palta
- Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - B. Gwen Windham
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Josef Coresh
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Deal
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Cochlear Center for Hearing and Public Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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12
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Liu X, Zhang X, Qian X, Shi L, Liu Q. Correlation between coefficient of variation of blood pressure and cognitive dysfunction in patients with hypertension complicated by cerebral small vessel disease. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2023:1-10. [PMID: 37130259 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2023.2204605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the correlation between the coefficient of variation of blood pressure and cognitive dysfunction in patients with hypertension complicated by cerebral small vessel disease. 415 patients with hypertension complicated by cerebral small vessel disease who received treatment in our hospital from January 2019 to June 2022 were retrospectively included in this study. These patients were divided into a cognitive dysfunction group (n = 74) and a non-cognitive dysfunction group (n = 341) according to whether they had cognitive dysfunction. Blood pressure and general data were recorded for each patient. The logistic regression coefficient was used to analyze the correlation between coefficient of variation of blood pressure and cognitive dysfunction in patients with hypertension complicated by cerebral small vessel disease. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age, the weighted standard deviation of 24-hour systolic blood pressure (24hSBP-wSD), cholesterol level, and triglyceride level were risk factors for cognitive dysfunction in patients with hypertension complicated by cerebral small vessel disease (P < 0.05). The risk for cognitive dysfunction was increased by 3.532-fold in patients aged>65 years, increased by 1.203-fold in patients with a 24hSBP-wSD of 14.9-15.9%, and increased by 3.033-fold in patients with a 24hSBP-wSD>16.0% (P < 0.05). The coefficient of variation of blood pressure is markedly correlated with the risk for cognitive dysfunction; and a higher coefficient of variation of blood pressure leads to a higher risk for cognitive dysfunction in patients with hypertension complicated by cerebral small vessel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Geriatrics, Xuzhou medical university affiliated the hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Geriatrics, The first affiliated the hospital of Kangda college of Nanjing medical university, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuelian Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Geriatrics, Xuzhou medical university affiliated the hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Geriatrics, The first affiliated the hospital of Kangda college of Nanjing medical university, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuefen Qian
- Department of Geriatrics, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Geriatrics, Xuzhou medical university affiliated the hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Geriatrics, The first affiliated the hospital of Kangda college of Nanjing medical university, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - LuHang Shi
- Department of Geriatrics, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Geriatrics, Xuzhou medical university affiliated the hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Geriatrics, The first affiliated the hospital of Kangda college of Nanjing medical university, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiaoling Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Geriatrics, Xuzhou medical university affiliated the hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Geriatrics, The first affiliated the hospital of Kangda college of Nanjing medical university, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
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13
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Galinha IC, Pinal D, Lima ML. Factors Predicting Adherence to Artistic-Singing Groups for Older Adults and their Role as Moderators of the Intervention Outcomes. Clin Gerontol 2022; 46:376-388. [PMID: 36469686 DOI: 10.1080/07317115.2022.2151390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Group singing (GS), as an art-based intervention, has demonstrated a wide range of biopsychosocial benefits in older adult participants. However, the factors that predict the adherence of older adults to these programs and that moderate the intervention outcomes were not yet studied, which is the aim of this study. METHODS A randomized controlled trial was developed to test the efficacy of a GS intervention, from which pre-post intervention data was collected and analyzed. Participants: 149 retired older adults (M = 76.66, SD = 8,79 years old) users of a social care institution. RESULTS Principal component analysis of responses to a pre-intervention assessment yielded 10 factors. General well-being (GWB), negative mood and loneliness, blood pressure, and the participants' years of formal education predicted the number of sessions attended by the participants. GWB moderated the intervention's outcomes on life satisfaction, social identification, and systemic inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Years of education, well-being, negative mood and loneliness, and blood pressure at baseline predicted participants' adherence to a singing group artistic intervention. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS For future artistic interventions with older adults, screening for participants' characteristics such as formal education, health and well-being before the intervention is important as it allows predicting adherence and tailoring more adjusted and cost-effective interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iolanda Costa Galinha
- Centro de Investigação em Psicologia (CIP-UAL/UALG), Universidade Autónoma de Lisboa/Universidade do Algarve; CIS-ISTE-IUL; APPSYCI, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Diego Pinal
- Centro de Investigação em Psicologia (CIPsi), Escola de Psicologia, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Maria Luísa Lima
- Psychology Department, Autónoma University of Lisbon, ISCTE CIS IUL, Lisbon, Portugal
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14
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Mielke MM, Aggarwal NT, Vila‐Castelar C, Agarwal P, Arenaza‐Urquijo EM, Brett B, Brugulat‐Serrat A, DuBose LE, Eikelboom WS, Flatt J, Foldi NS, Franzen S, Gilsanz P, Li W, McManus AJ, van Lent DM, Milani SA, Shaaban CE, Stites SD, Sundermann E, Suryadevara V, Trani J, Turner AD, Vonk JMJ, Quiroz YT, Babulal GM. Consideration of sex and gender in Alzheimer's disease and related disorders from a global perspective. Alzheimers Dement 2022; 18:2707-2724. [PMID: 35394117 PMCID: PMC9547039 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Sex or gender differences in the risk of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) differ by world region, suggesting that there are potentially modifiable risk factors for intervention. However, few epidemiological or clinical ADRD studies examine sex differences; even fewer evaluate gender in the context of ADRD risk. The goals of this perspective are to: (1) provide definitions of gender, biologic sex, and sexual orientation. and the limitations of examining these as binary variables; (2) provide an overview of what is known with regard to sex and gender differences in the risk, prevention, and diagnosis of ADRD; and (3) discuss these sex and gender differences from a global, worldwide perspective. Identifying drivers of sex and gender differences in ADRD throughout the world is a first step in developing interventions unique to each geographical and sociocultural area to reduce these inequities and to ultimately reduce global ADRD risk. HIGHLIGHTS: The burden of dementia is unevenly distributed geographically and by sex and gender. Scientific advances in genetics and biomarkers challenge beliefs that sex is binary. Discrimination against women and sex and gender minority (SGM) populations contributes to cognitive decline. Sociocultural factors lead to gender inequities in Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M. Mielke
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Quantitative Health SciencesMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
- Department of NeurologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Neelum T. Aggarwal
- Department of Neurological SciencesRush University Medical CenterChicagoIllinoisUSA
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease CenterRush University Medical CenterChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Clara Vila‐Castelar
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical SchoolMassachusetts General HospitalMassachusettsBostonUSA
| | - Puja Agarwal
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease CenterRush University Medical CenterChicagoIllinoisUSA
- Department of Internal MedicineRush University Medical CenterChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Eider M. Arenaza‐Urquijo
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC)Pasqual Maragall FoundationBarcelonaSpain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute)BarcelonaSpain
- CIBER Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES)MadridSpain
| | - Benjamin Brett
- Department of NeurosurgeryMedical College of WisconsinWisconsinMilwaukeeUSA
| | - Anna Brugulat‐Serrat
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC)Pasqual Maragall FoundationBarcelonaSpain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute)BarcelonaSpain
- CIBER Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES)MadridSpain
- Atlantic Fellow for Equity in Brain HealthThe University of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Lyndsey E. DuBose
- Department of Medicine, Division of GeriatricsUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Willem S. Eikelboom
- Department of NeurologyErasmus MC University Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Jason Flatt
- Social and Behavioral Health Program, School of Public HealthUniversity of Nevada, Las VegasLas VegasNevadaUSA
| | - Nancy S. Foldi
- Department of Psychology, Queens College and The Graduate CenterCity University of New YorkNew YorkUSA
- Department of PsychiatryNew York University Long Island School of MedicineNew YorkUSA
| | - Sanne Franzen
- Department of NeurologyErasmus MC University Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Paola Gilsanz
- Kaiser Permanente Division of ResearchOaklandCaliforniaUSA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Clinical and Diagnostic SciencesUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | - Alison J. McManus
- Department of NeurologyMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Debora Melo van Lent
- UT Health San AntonioGlenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative diseasesSan AntonioTexasUSA
- Framingham Heart StudyFraminghamMassachusettsUSA
- Department of NeurologyBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Sadaf Arefi Milani
- Division of Geriatrics & Palliative Medicine, Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexasUSA
| | - C. Elizabeth Shaaban
- Department of EpidemiologyGraduate School of Public HealthUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Shana D. Stites
- Department of PsychiatryPerlman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Erin Sundermann
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Vidyani Suryadevara
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryRush University Medical CenterChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Jean‐Francoise Trani
- Department of Public HealthWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Arlener D. Turner
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral SciencesUniversity of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFloridaUSA
| | - Jet M. J. Vonk
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and SurgeonsColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary CareDepartment of EpidemiologyUniversity Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Yakeel T. Quiroz
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical SchoolMassachusetts General HospitalMassachusettsBostonUSA
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia of Universidad de AntioquiaMedellinColumbiaUSA
| | - Ganesh M. Babulal
- Department of NeurologyWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMississippiUSA
- Department of Clinical Research and LeadershipThe George Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashingtonDCUSA
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of HumanitiesUniversity of JohannesburgJohannesburgSouth Africa
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15
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Hajjar I, Okafor M, Wan L, Yang Z, Nye JA, Bohsali A, Shaw LM, Levey AI, Lah JJ, Calhoun VD, Moore RH, Goldstein FC. Safety and biomarker effects of candesartan in non-hypertensive adults with prodromal Alzheimer's disease. Brain Commun 2022; 4:fcac270. [PMID: 36440097 PMCID: PMC9683395 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Observational studies suggest that angiotensin receptor blockers in hypertensive adults are associated with lower post-mortem indicators of Alzheimer's disease pathology. Candesartan, an angiotensin receptor blocker, has a positive cognitive effect in mild cognitive impairment with hypertension. However, its safety and effects in non-hypertensive individuals with Alzheimer's disease are unclear. This is the first double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial aimed to assess safety and effects of 1-year therapy of candesartan on biomarkers and clinical indicators of Alzheimer's disease in non-hypertensive individuals with biomarker-confirmed prodromal Alzheimer's disease. Seventy-seven non-hypertensive participants 50 years or older (mean age: 68.1 years; 62% women; 20% African American) with mild cognitive impairment and biomarker confirmed Alzheimer's disease were randomized to escalating doses of once daily oral candesartan (up to 32 mg) or matched placebo. Main outcomes included safety and tolerability of candesartan, cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers (amyloid-β42, amyloid-β40, total tau and phospho-tau). Additional exploratory outcomes included PET imaging (Pittsburgh Compound-B (11C-PiB) and 18F-flortaucipir), brain MRI (structural and connectivity measures) and cognitive functioning. Analyses used intention-to-treat approach with group comparisons of safety measures using Chi-square test, and repeated measures mixed effects models were used to assess candesartan effects on main and exploratory outcomes (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02646982). Candesartan was found to be safe with no significant difference in safety measures: symptoms of hypotension, renal failure or hyperkalemia. Candesartan was also found to be associated with increases in cerebrospinal fluid Aβ40 (between-group mean difference: 1211.95 pg/ml, 95% confidence interval: 313.27, 2110.63) and Aβ42 (49.51 pg/ml, 95% confidence interval: -98.05, -0.98) reflecting lower brain amyloid accumulation. Candesartan was associated with decreased 11C-PiB in the parahippocampal region (-0.1104, 95% confidence interval: -0.19, -0.029) which remained significant after false discovery rate correction, and with an increase in functional network connectivity in the subcortical networks. Candesartan was further associated with improved executive function (Trail Making Test Part B) performance (-11.41 s, 95% confidence interval: -11.94, -10.89) and trended for an improved global cognitive functioning reflected by a composite cognitive score (0.002, 95% confidence interval: -0.0002, 0.005). We did not observe significant effects on tau levels, hippocampal volume or other cognitive measures (memory or clinical dementia rating scale-sum of boxes). In conclusion, among non-hypertensive prodromal Alzheimer's disease, candesartan is safe and likely decreases brain amyloid biomarkers, enhances subcortical brain connectivity and has favourable cognitive effects. These findings suggest that candesartan may have an important therapeutic role in Alzheimer's disease, and warrant further investigation given the lack of clear treatment options for this devastating illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihab Hajjar
- Correspondence to: Ihab Hajjar, MD Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology Goizueta Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center 6 Executive Park Dr NE, 2nd Floor, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA E-mail:
| | - Maureen Okafor
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Limeng Wan
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Zhiyi Yang
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Jonathon A Nye
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Systems Imaging, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Anastasia Bohsali
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science, Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Leslie M Shaw
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA
| | - Allan I Levey
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - James J Lah
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Vince D Calhoun
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science, Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Reneé H Moore
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Felicia C Goldstein
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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16
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Kumar V, Agarwal S, Saboo B, Makkar B. RSSDI Guidelines for the management of hypertension in patients with diabetes mellitus. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2022; 42:576-605. [PMID: 36536953 PMCID: PMC9750845 DOI: 10.1007/s13410-022-01143-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension and diabetes mellitus (DM) are two of the leading lifestyle diseases in the Indian and South Asian populations that often co-exist due to overlapping pathophysiological factors. Obesity, insulin resistance, inflammation, and oxidative stress are thought to be some common pathways. Up to 50% of hypertensive cases in India are diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which defines the need for a comprehensive guideline for managing hypertension in diabetic patients. These RSSDI guidelines have been formulated based on consultation with expert endocrinologists in India and Southeast Asia, acknowledging the needs of the Indian population. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and office and home-based blood pressure (BP) monitoring are recommended for the early analysis of risks. Cardiovascular risks, end-organ damage, and renal disorders are the primary complications associated with diabetic hypertension that needs to be managed with the help of non-pharmacological and pharmacological interventions. The non-pharmacological interventions include the nutrition education of the patient to reduce the intake of salt, sodium, and trans fats and increase the consumption of nuts, fresh fruits, vegetables, and potassium-rich foods. It is also recommended to initiate 50 to 60 min of exercise three to four times a week since physical activity has shown to be more beneficial for hypertension control in Indian patients than dietary modulation. For the pharmacological management of hypertension in patients with T2DM, angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) are recommended as the first line of therapy, demonstrating their superiority over other antihypertensive agents such as ACEi. However, most of the global hypertension guidelines recommend initiation with combination therapy to achieve better BP control in most patients and to reduce the risk of adverse events. For combination therapy, calcium channel blockers (CCBs) are recommended to be administered along with ARBs instead of beta-blockers or diuretics to avoid the risk of cardiovascular events and hyperglycaemia. Among the CCBs, novel molecules (e.g. cilnidipine) are recommended in combination with ARBs for better cardiovascular and reno-protection in diabetic hypertensive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasanth Kumar
- Apollo Hospitals, Hyderabad, India
- President. RSSDI, Prune, India
| | - Sanjay Agarwal
- Aegle Clinic-Diabetes Care, Pune, India
- Department of Medicine and Diabetes, Ruby Hall Clinic, Pune, India
- Secretary-General, RSSDI, Pune, India
| | - Banshi Saboo
- Immediate Past-President, RSSDI, Pune, India
- Dia-Care Hormone Clinic, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Brij Makkar
- President-Elect, RSSDI, Prune, India
- Dr Makkar’s Diabetes & Obesity Centre, A-5B/122, Paschim Vihar, New Delhi, 110063 India
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17
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Selbaek G, Stuebs J, Engedal K, Hachinski V, Hestad K, Trevino CS, Skjellegrind H, Wedatilake Y, Strand BH. Blood pressure trajectories over 35 years and dementia risk: A retrospective study: The HUNT study. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:931715. [PMID: 36185489 PMCID: PMC9522576 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.931715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High blood pressure is a well-established risk factor of dementia. However, the timing of the risk remains controversial. The aim of the present study was to compare trajectories of systolic blood pressure (SBP) over a 35-year follow-up period in the Health Survey in Trøndelag (HUNT) from study wave 1 to 4 in people with and without a dementia diagnosis at wave 4 (HUNT4). This is a retrospective cohort study of participants aged ≥ 70 years in HUNT4, where 9,720 participants were assessed for dementia. In the HUNT study all residents aged ≥ 20 years have been invited to four surveys: HUNT1 1984–86, HUNT2 1995–97, HUNT3 2006–08 and HUNT4 2017–19. The study sample was aged 70–102 years (mean 77.6, SD 6.0) at HUNT4, 54% were women and 15.5% had dementia, 8.8% had Alzheimer’s disease (AD), 1.6% had vascular dementia (VaD) and 5.1% had other types of dementia. Compared to those without dementia at HUNT4, those with dementia at HUNT4 had higher SBP at HUNT1 and HUNT2, but lower SBP at HUNT4. These differences at HUNT1 and 2 were especially pronounced among women. Results did not differ across birth cohorts. For dementia subtypes at HUNT4, the VaD group had a higher SBP than the AD group at HUNT2 and 3. Age trajectories in SBP showed that the dementia group experienced a steady increase in SBP until 65 years of age and a decrease from 70 to 90 years. SBP in the no- dementia group increased until 80 years before it leveled off from 80 to 90 years. The present study confirms findings of higher midlife SBP and lower late-life SBP in people with dementia. This pattern may have several explanations and it highlights the need for close monitoring of BP treatment in older adults, with frequent reappraisal of treatment needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geir Selbaek
- Norwegian National Centre for Aging and Health, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- *Correspondence: Geir Selbaek,
| | - Josephine Stuebs
- Norwegian National Centre for Aging and Health, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Engedal
- Norwegian National Centre for Aging and Health, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vladimir Hachinski
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Knut Hestad
- Department of Research, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Brumunddal, Norway
- Department of Health and Nursing Science, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Elverum, Norway
| | - Cathrine Selnes Trevino
- Norwegian National Centre for Aging and Health, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Håvard Skjellegrind
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, HUNT Research Centre, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Levanger, Norway
| | - Yehani Wedatilake
- Norwegian National Centre for Aging and Health, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
- The Research Centre for Age-Related Functional Decline and Disease, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Ottestad, Norway
| | - Bjørn Heine Strand
- Norwegian National Centre for Aging and Health, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Physical Health and Ageing, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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18
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De Anda-Duran I, Woltz SG, Bell CN, Bazzano LA. Hypertension and cognitive function: a review of life-course factors and disparities. Curr Opin Cardiol 2022; 37:326-333. [PMID: 35731677 PMCID: PMC9354652 DOI: 10.1097/hco.0000000000000975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Dementia is a life-course condition with modifiable risk factors many from cardiovascular (CV) origin, and disproportionally affects some race/ethnic groups and underserved communities in the USA. Hypertension (HTN) is the most common preventable and treatable condition that increases the risk for dementia and exacerbates dementia pathology. Epidemiological studies beginning in midlife provide strong evidence for this association. This study provides an overview of the differences in the associations across the lifespan, and the role of social determinants of health (SDoH). RECENT FINDINGS Clinical trials support HTN management in midlife as an avenue to lower the risk for late-life cognitive decline. However, the association between HTN and cognition differs over the life course. SDoH including higher education modify the association between HTN and cognition which may differ by race and ethnicity. The role of blood pressure (BP) variability, interactions among CV risk factors, and cognitive assessment modalities may provide information to better understand the relationship between HTN and cognition. SUMMARY Adopting a life-course approach that considers SDoH, may help develop tailored interventions to manage HTN and prevent dementia syndromes. Where clinical trials to assess BP management from childhood to late-life are not feasible, observational studies remain the best available evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana De Anda-Duran
- Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA
| | - Sara G. Woltz
- Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA
| | - Caryn N. Bell
- Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA
| | - Lydia A. Bazzano
- Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
- Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA
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19
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Ning S, Jorfi M, Patel SR, Kim DY, Tanzi RE. Neurotechnological Approaches to the Diagnosis and Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:854992. [PMID: 35401082 PMCID: PMC8989850 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.854992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly, clinically defined by progressive cognitive decline and pathologically, by brain atrophy, neuroinflammation, and accumulation of extracellular amyloid plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. Neurotechnological approaches, including optogenetics and deep brain stimulation, have exploded as new tools for not only the study of the brain but also for application in the treatment of neurological diseases. Here, we review the current state of AD therapeutics and recent advancements in both invasive and non-invasive neurotechnologies that can be used to ameliorate AD pathology, including neurostimulation via optogenetics, photobiomodulation, electrical stimulation, ultrasound stimulation, and magnetic neurostimulation, as well as nanotechnologies employing nanovectors, magnetic nanoparticles, and quantum dots. We also discuss the current challenges in developing these neurotechnological tools and the prospects for implementing them in the treatment of AD and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Ning
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Graduate Program for Neuroscience, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mehdi Jorfi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Mehdi Jorfi,
| | - Shaun R. Patel
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Doo Yeon Kim
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Rudolph E. Tanzi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Rudolph E. Tanzi,
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20
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Kim CK, Lee YR, Ong L, Gold M, Kalali A, Sarkar J. Alzheimer's Disease: Key Insights from Two Decades of Clinical Trial Failures. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 87:83-100. [PMID: 35342092 PMCID: PMC9198803 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Given the acknowledged lack of success in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) drug development over the past two decades, the objective of this review was to derive key insights from the myriad failures to inform future drug development. A systematic and exhaustive review was performed on all failed AD compounds for dementia (interventional phase II and III clinical trials from ClinicalTrials.gov) from 2004 to the present. Starting with the initial ∼2,700 AD clinical trials, ∼550 trials met our initial criteria, from which 98 unique phase II and III compounds with various mechanisms of action met our criteria of a failed compound. The two recent reported phase III successes of aducanumab and oligomannate are very encouraging; however, we are awaiting real-world validation of their effectiveness. These two successes against the 98 failures gives a 2.0% phase II and III success rate since 2003, when the previous novel compound was approved. Potential contributing methodological factors for the clinical trial failures were categorized into 1) insufficient evidence to initiate the pivotal trials, and 2) pivotal trial design shortcomings. Our evaluation found that rational drug development principles were not always followed for AD therapeutics development, and the question remains whether some of the failed compounds may have shown efficacy if the principles were better adhered to. Several recommendations are made for future AD therapeutic development. The whole database of the 98 failed compounds is presented in the Supplementary Material.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michael Gold
- Neuroscience Development, AbbVie, North Chicago, IL, USA
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21
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Hendrickx JO, Calus E, De Deyn PP, Van Dam D, De Meyer GRY. Short-Term Pharmacological Induction of Arterial Stiffness and Hypertension with Angiotensin II Does Not Affect Learning and Memory and Cerebral Amyloid Load in Two Murine Models of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:2738. [PMID: 35269879 PMCID: PMC8910756 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the unprecedented rise in the world's population, the prevalence of prominent age-related disorders, like cardiovascular disease and dementia, will further increase. Recent experimental and epidemiological evidence suggests a mechanistic overlap between cardiovascular disease and dementia with a specific focus on the linkage between arterial stiffness, a strong independent predictor of cardiovascular disease, and/or hypertension with Alzheimer's disease. In the present study, we investigated whether pharmacological induction of arterial stiffness and hypertension with angiotensin II (1 µg·kg-1·min-1 for 28 days via an osmotic minipump) impairs the progression of Alzheimer's disease in two mouse models (hAPP23+/- and hAPPswe/PSEN1dE9 mice). Our results show increased arterial stiffness in vivo and hypertension in addition to cardiac hypertrophy after angiotensin II treatment. However, visuospatial learning and memory and pathological cerebral amyloid load in both Alzheimer's disease mouse models were not further impaired. It is likely that the 28-day treatment period with angiotensin II was too short to observe additional effects on cognition and cerebral pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhana O. Hendrickx
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium;
| | - Elke Calus
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behaviour, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (E.C.); (P.P.D.D.); (D.V.D.)
| | - Peter Paul De Deyn
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behaviour, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (E.C.); (P.P.D.D.); (D.V.D.)
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
- University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Debby Van Dam
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behaviour, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (E.C.); (P.P.D.D.); (D.V.D.)
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
- University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
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22
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Peters R, Xu Y, Eramudugolla R, Sachdev PS, Cherbuin N, Tully PJ, Mortby ME, Anstey KJ. Diastolic Blood Pressure Variability in Later Life May Be a Key Risk Marker for Cognitive Decline. Hypertension 2022; 79:1037-1044. [PMID: 35176867 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.121.18799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is an increasing awareness of the need to understand the interaction between long-term blood pressure patterns and their impact on the brain and cognition. METHODS Our aim was to investigate the relationship between repeated blood pressure measures and change in cognitive performance over 12 years and imaging data at 12 years using a longitudinal population study. The data consisted of 2 cohorts, one midlife and one later life. Using linear regression, we examined the relationship between blood pressure (systolic, diastolic, change in blood pressure between visits, and visit-to-visit variability), change in cognitive performance and imaging at 12 years. RESULTS Data on cognitive change were available in 1054 at midlife, baseline age 42.7 (SD 1.5) and 1233 in later life, 62.5 (1.5) years. Imaging data were available in 168 and 233, respectively. After adjustment for multiple comparisons greater diastolic blood pressure variability in later life was associated with a -1.95 point decline (95% CI, -2.89 to -1.01) on an attention-based task and a -0.42 point (95% CI, -0.68 to -0.15) decline in performance on a psychomotor task. A higher SD in diastolic pressure across follow-up was associated with greater white matter hyperintensity volume (%increase per 10 mm Hg increase in the SD [1.50 (95% CI, 1.16-1.94]). CONCLUSIONS In a largely normotensive/mildly hypertensive population, our analyses reported no relationships between blood pressure and cognition in midlife but a potential role for diastolic blood pressure variability in later life as a risk marker for cognitive decline. This may indicate an at-risk period or a means to identify an at-risk population at the age where diastolic pressure is starting to decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Peters
- Neuroscience Research Australia, NSW (R.P., Y.X., R.E., M.E.M., K.J.A.).,School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Australia. (R.P., Y.X., R.E., M.E.M., K.J.A.)
| | - Ying Xu
- Neuroscience Research Australia, NSW (R.P., Y.X., R.E., M.E.M., K.J.A.).,School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Australia. (R.P., Y.X., R.E., M.E.M., K.J.A.)
| | - Ranmalee Eramudugolla
- Neuroscience Research Australia, NSW (R.P., Y.X., R.E., M.E.M., K.J.A.).,School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Australia. (R.P., Y.X., R.E., M.E.M., K.J.A.)
| | - Perminder S Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Australia. (P.S.S.).,Neuropsychiatric Institute, the Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia (P.S.S.)
| | | | | | - Moyra E Mortby
- Neuroscience Research Australia, NSW (R.P., Y.X., R.E., M.E.M., K.J.A.).,School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Australia. (R.P., Y.X., R.E., M.E.M., K.J.A.)
| | - Kaarin J Anstey
- Neuroscience Research Australia, NSW (R.P., Y.X., R.E., M.E.M., K.J.A.).,School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Australia. (R.P., Y.X., R.E., M.E.M., K.J.A.)
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23
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Fang J, Zhang P, Zhou Y, Chiang CW, Tan J, Hou Y, Stauffer S, Li L, Pieper AA, Cummings J, Cheng F. Endophenotype-based in silico network medicine discovery combined with insurance record data mining identifies sildenafil as a candidate drug for Alzheimer's disease. NATURE AGING 2021; 1:1175-1188. [PMID: 35572351 PMCID: PMC9097949 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-021-00138-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We developed an endophenotype disease module-based methodology for Alzheimer's disease (AD) drug repurposing and identified sildenafil as a potential disease risk modifier. Based on retrospective case-control pharmacoepidemiologic analyses of insurance claims data for 7.23 million individuals, we found that sildenafil usage was significantly associated with a 69% reduced risk of AD (hazard ratio = 0.31, 95% confidence interval 0.25-0.39, P<1.0×10-8). Propensity score stratified analyses confirmed that sildenafil is significantly associated with a decreased risk of AD across all four drug cohorts we tested (diltiazem, glimepiride, losartan and metformin) after adjusting age, sex, race, and disease comorbidities. We also found that sildenafil increases neurite growth and decreases phospho-tau expression in AD patient-induced pluripotent stem cells-derived neuron models, supporting mechanistically its potential beneficial effect in Alzheimer's disease. The association between sildenafil use and decreased incidence of AD does not establish causality or its direction, which requires a randomized clinical trial approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansong Fang
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Pengyue Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Indiana University
| | - Yadi Zhou
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Chien-Wei Chiang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Juan Tan
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Yuan Hou
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Shaun Stauffer
- Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Lang Li
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Andrew A. Pieper
- Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospital Case Medical Center; Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centers, Louis Stokes Cleveland VAMC, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jeffrey Cummings
- Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience, Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - Feixiong Cheng
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA,Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.,Correspondence to: Feixiong Cheng, Ph.D., Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, , Tel: +1-216-4447654; Fax: +1-216-6361609
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Gao F, Liu T, Tuo M, Chi S. The role of orexin in Alzheimer disease: From sleep-wake disturbance to therapeutic target. Neurosci Lett 2021; 765:136247. [PMID: 34530113 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has shown that sleep disturbance is a common symptom in Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is regarded as a modifiable risk factor for AD. Orexin is a key modulator of the sleep-wake cycle and has been found to be dysregulated in AD patients. The increased orexin in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is associated with decreased sleep efficiency and REM sleep, as well as cognitive impairment in AD patients. The orexin system has profuse projections to brain regions that are implicated in arousal and cognition and has been found to participate in the progression of AD pathology. Conversely the orexin receptor antagonists are able to consolidate sleep and reduce AD pathology. Therefore, improved understanding of the mechanisms linking orexin system, sleep disturbance and AD could make orexin receptor antagonists a promising target for the prevention or treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Gao
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Miao Tuo
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Song Chi
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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25
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Lee CJ, Lee JY, Han K, Kim DH, Cho H, Kim KJ, Kang ES, Cha BS, Lee YH, Park S. Blood Pressure Levels and Risks of Dementia: a Nationwide Study of 4.5 Million People. Hypertension 2021; 79:218-229. [PMID: 34775786 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.121.17283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There are inconsistent results on the impacts of controlling blood pressure (BP) on the risk of dementia. We investigated the association between BP and risk of dementia subtypes by antihypertensive treatment and comorbidities. Using the Korean National Health Insurance Service-Health Screening Database from 2009 to 2012, a total of 4 522 447 adults aged 60+ years without a history of dementia were analyzed and followed up for a mean of 5.4 years. Individuals were classified according to their baseline systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP; SBP 130 to <140 mm Hg and diastolic BP 80 to <90 mm Hg were used as reference groups. The risk of overall dementia and probable Alzheimer disease was significantly higher in the SBP≥160 and lower SBP groups. These U-shaped associations were consistent regardless of antihypertensive use or comorbidities. The risk of probable vascular dementia (VaD) was not higher among lower SBP groups and increased gradually as SBP increased. Although there was a linear association between SBP and the risk of probable VaD in individuals not taking antihypertensives or without comorbidities, there was a U-shaped association in individuals taking antihypertensives or with comorbidities. Patterns of association between diastolic BP and risk of probable Alzheimer disease or probable VaD were similar to those with SBP, except for the risk of probable VaD in individuals taking antihypertensives. In conclusion, risks of probable Alzheimer disease and probable VaD were different among lower BP groups. Although the risk of dementia appears higher in people with lower BP receiving antihypertensives, this finding may be affected by comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Joo Lee
- Cardiology Division, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital and Cardiovascular Research Institute (C.J.L., S.P.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yeon Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (J.-Y.L., E.S.K., B.-S.C., Y.-h.L.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungdo Han
- Cardiology Division, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital and Cardiovascular Research Institute (C.J.L., S.P.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Soongsil University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (K.H.)
| | - Da Hye Kim
- Cardiology Division, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital and Cardiovascular Research Institute (C.J.L., S.P.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medical Statistics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea (D.H.K.)
| | - Hanna Cho
- Department of Neurology, Gangnam Severance Hospital (H.C.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Joon Kim
- Division of Geriatrics (K.J.K.), Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Seok Kang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (J.-Y.L., E.S.K., B.-S.C., Y.-h.L.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Endocrine Research (E.S.K., B.-S.C., Y.-h.L.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Soo Cha
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (J.-Y.L., E.S.K., B.-S.C., Y.-h.L.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Endocrine Research (E.S.K., B.-S.C., Y.-h.L.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Ho Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (J.-Y.L., E.S.K., B.-S.C., Y.-h.L.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Endocrine Research (E.S.K., B.-S.C., Y.-h.L.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungha Park
- Cardiology Division, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital and Cardiovascular Research Institute (C.J.L., S.P.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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26
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Shi H, Koronyo Y, Rentsendorj A, Fuchs DT, Sheyn J, Black KL, Mirzaei N, Koronyo-Hamaoui M. Retinal Vasculopathy in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:731614. [PMID: 34630020 PMCID: PMC8493243 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.731614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The retina has been increasingly investigated as a site of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) manifestation for over a decade. Early reports documented degeneration of retinal ganglion cells and their axonal projections. Our group provided the first evidence of the key pathological hallmarks of AD, amyloid β-protein (Aβ) plaques including vascular Aβ deposits, in the retina of AD and mild cognitively impaired (MCI) patients. Subsequent studies validated these findings and further identified electroretinography and vision deficits, retinal (p)tau and inflammation, intracellular Aβ accumulation, and retinal ganglion cell-subtype degeneration surrounding Aβ plaques in these patients. Our data suggest that the brain and retina follow a similar trajectory during AD progression, probably due to their common embryonic origin and anatomical proximity. However, the retina is the only CNS organ feasible for direct, repeated, and non-invasive ophthalmic examination with ultra-high spatial resolution and sensitivity. Neurovascular unit integrity is key to maintaining normal CNS function and cerebral vascular abnormalities are increasingly recognized as early and pivotal factors driving cognitive impairment in AD. Likewise, retinal vascular abnormalities such as changes in vessel density and fractal dimensions, blood flow, foveal avascular zone, curvature tortuosity, and arteriole-to-venule ratio were described in AD patients including early-stage cases. A rapidly growing number of reports have suggested that cerebral and retinal vasculopathy are tightly associated with cognitive deficits in AD patients and animal models. Importantly, we recently identified early and progressive deficiency in retinal vascular platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β (PDGFRβ) expression and pericyte loss that were associated with retinal vascular amyloidosis and cerebral amyloid angiopathy in MCI and AD patients. Other studies utilizing optical coherence tomography (OCT), retinal amyloid-fluorescence imaging and retinal hyperspectral imaging have made significant progress in visualizing and quantifying AD pathology through the retina. With new advances in OCT angiography, OCT leakage, scanning laser microscopy, fluorescein angiography and adaptive optics imaging, future studies focusing on retinal vascular AD pathologies could transform non-invasive pre-clinical AD diagnosis and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoshen Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yosef Koronyo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Altan Rentsendorj
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Dieu-Trang Fuchs
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Julia Sheyn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Keith L Black
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Nazanin Mirzaei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Maya Koronyo-Hamaoui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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27
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Palta P, Albert MS, Gottesman RF. Heart health meets cognitive health: evidence on the role of blood pressure. Lancet Neurol 2021; 20:854-867. [PMID: 34536406 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(21)00248-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The enormous societal and financial burden of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias requires the identification of risk factors and pathways to reduce dementia risk. Blood pressure (BP) management and control is one promising area, in which data have been inconclusive. Accumulating evidence over the past 5 years shows the effectiveness of BP management interventions among older individuals at risk, most notably from the SPRINT-MIND trial. These findings have been coupled with longitudinal observational data. However, to date, the results do not concur on the optimal timing and target of BP lowering, and further study in diverse populations is needed. Given the long preclinical phase of dementia and data supporting the importance of BP control earlier in the lifecourse, long-term interventional and observational studies in ethnically and racially diverse populations, with novel imaging and blood-based biomarkers of neurodegeneration and vascular cognitive impairment to understand the pathophysiology, are needed to advance the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Palta
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Marilyn S Albert
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rebecca F Gottesman
- Stroke Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Intramural Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Yu GX, Zhang T, Hou XH, Ou YN, Hu H, Wang ZT, Guo Y, Xu W, Tan L, Yu JT, Tan L. Associations of Vascular Risk with Cognition, Brain Glucose Metabolism, and Clinical Progression in Cognitively Intact Elders. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 80:321-330. [PMID: 33523005 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence supports an important role of vascular risk in cognitive decline and dementia. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine whether vascular risk was associated with cognitive decline, cerebral hypometabolism, and clinical progression in cognitively intact elders. METHODS Vascular risk was assessed by the Framingham Heart Study general Cardiovascular disease (FHS-CVD) risk score. The cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of FHS-CVD risk score with cognition and brain glucose metabolism were explored using multivariate linear regression and linear mixed effects models, respectively. The risk of clinical progression conversion was assessed using Kaplan-Meier survival curves and multivariate Cox proportional hazard models. RESULTS A total of 491 cognitively intact elders were included from Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database. Participants with high FHS-CVD risk scores had lower baseline Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) (p = 0.009), executive function (EF) (p < 0.001), memory function (MEM) (p < 0.001) scores, and F18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) uptake (p < 0.001) than those with low FHS-CVD risk scores. In longitudinal analyses, individuals with higher FHS-CVD risk scores had greater longitudinal declines in MMSE (p = 0.043), EF (p = 0.029) scores, and FDG-PET uptake (p = 0.035). Besides, individuals with a higher vascular risk had an increased risk of clinical progression (p = 0.004). CONCLUSION These findings indicated effects of vascular risk on cognitive decline, cerebral hypometabolism, and clinical progression. Early detection and management of vascular risk factors might be useful in the prevention of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Xiang Yu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-He Hou
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ya-Nan Ou
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hao Hu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zuo-Teng Wang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yu Guo
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lin Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jin-Tai Yu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Tan
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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29
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Liu YJ, Cui ZY, Yang AL, Jallow AW, Huang HL, Shan CL, Lee SD. Anti-apoptotic and pro-survival effect of exercise training on early aged hypertensive rat cerebral cortex. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:20495-20510. [PMID: 34432648 PMCID: PMC8436911 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The anti-apoptotic and pro-survival effects of exercise training were evaluated on the early aged hypertensive rat cerebral cortex. The brain tissues were analysed from ten sedentary male Wistar Kyoto normotensive rats (WKY), ten sedentary spontaneously 12 month early aged hypertensive rats (SHR), and ten hypertensive rats undergoing treadmill exercise training (60 min/day, 5 days/week) for 12 weeks (SHR-EX). TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells, the expression levels of endonuclease G (EndoG) and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) (caspase-independent apoptotic pathway), Fas ligand, Fas death receptor, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, TNF receptor 1, Fas-associated death domain, active caspase-8 and active caspase-3 (Fas-mediated apoptotic pathways) as well as t-Bid, Bax, Bak, Bad, cytochrome c, active caspase 9 and active caspase-3 (mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathways) were reduced in SHR-EX compared with SHR. Pro-survival Bcl2, Bcl-xL, p-Bad, 14-3-3, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, pPI3K/PI3K, and pAKT/AKT were significantly increased in SHR-EX compared to those in SHR. Exercise training suppressed neural EndoG/AIF-related caspase-independent, Fas/FasL-mediated caspase-dependent, mitochondria-mediated caspase-dependent apoptotic pathways as well as enhanced Bcl-2 family-related and IGF-1-related pro-survival pathways in the early aged hypertensive cerebral cortex. These findings indicated new therapeutic effects of exercise training on preventing early aged hypertension-induced neural apoptosis in cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jie Liu
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen-Yang Cui
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Shandong, China
| | - Ai-Lun Yang
- Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Amadou W Jallow
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hai-Liang Huang
- College of Rehabilitation, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong, China
| | - Chun-Lei Shan
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shin-Da Lee
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Shandong, China.,Department of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Physical Therapy, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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30
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Al‐Hamed FS, Kouniaris S, Tamimi I, Lordkipanidzé M, Madathil SA, Kezouh A, Karp I, Nicolau B, Tamimi F. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and risk of bleeding and acute ischemic events in non-hypertensive Alzheimer's patients. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (NEW YORK, N. Y.) 2021; 7:e12184. [PMID: 34458554 PMCID: PMC8377777 DOI: 10.1002/trc2.12184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) are commonly used to treat mild to moderate cases of Alzheimer disease (AD). To the best of our knowledge, there has been no study estimating the risk of bleeding and cardiovascular events in patients with non-hypertensive AD. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the association between AChEIs and the risk of bleeding and cardiovascular ischemic events in patients with non-hypertensive AD. METHODS A nested case-control study was conducted to estimate the risk of bleeding and ischemic events (angina, myocardial infarction [MI], and stroke) in patients with AD. This study was conducted using the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink and Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) databases. The study cohort consisted of AD patients ≥65 years of age. The case groups included all AD subjects in the database who had a bleeding or ischemic event during the cohort follow-up. Four controls were selected for each case. Patients were classified as current users or past users based on a 60-day threshold of consuming the drug. Simple and multivariable conditional logistic regression analyses were used to calculate the adjusted odds ratio for bleeding events and cardiovascular events. RESULTS We identified 507 cases and selected 2028 controls for the bleeding event cohort and 555 cases and 2220 controls for the ischemic event cohort. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval [CI]) for the association of AChEI use was 0.93 (0.75 to 1.16) for bleeding events, 2.58 (1.01 to 6.59) for angina, and 1.89 (1.07 to 3.33) for MI. Past users of AChEIs were also at increased risk of stroke (1.51 [1.00 to 2.27]). DISCUSSION This is the first study assessing the risk of bleeding and cardiovascular events in patients with non-hypertensive AD. Our findings could be of great interest for clinicians and researchers working on AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faez Saleh Al‐Hamed
- Faculty of DentistryMcGill University2001 McGill College AvenueMontrealQuebecH3A 1G1Canada
| | - Stamatis Kouniaris
- Faculty of DentistryMcGill University2001 McGill College AvenueMontrealQuebecH3A 1G1Canada
| | - Iskandar Tamimi
- Orthopedic Surgery DepartmentHospital Regional Universitario de MalagaMalagaSpain
| | - Marie Lordkipanidzé
- Faculté de pharmacieUniversité de MontréalMontréalQuebecCanada
- Research CenterMontreal Heart InstituteMontrealQuebecCanada
| | | | - Abbas Kezouh
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsDavis InstituteMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Igor Karp
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsSchulich School of Medicine and DentistryWestern UniversityLondonOntarioCanada
- Département de Médecine Sociale et PréventiveUniversité de MontréalMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Belinda Nicolau
- Faculty of DentistryMcGill University2001 McGill College AvenueMontrealQuebecH3A 1G1Canada
| | - Faleh Tamimi
- Faculty of DentistryMcGill University2001 McGill College AvenueMontrealQuebecH3A 1G1Canada
- College of Dental MedicineQatar UniversityDohaQatar
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31
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Duggan MR, Joshi S, Strupp J, Parikh V. Chemogenetic inhibition of prefrontal projection neurons constrains top-down control of attention in young but not aged rats. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 226:2357-2373. [PMID: 34247267 PMCID: PMC8355172 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02336-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) governs top-down control of attention and is known to be vulnerable in aging. Cortical reorganization with increased PFC recruitment is suggested to account for functional compensation. Here, we hypothesized that reduced PFC output would exert differential effects on attentional capacities in young and aged rats, with the latter exhibiting a more robust decline in performance. A chemogenetic approach involving designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs was utilized to determine the impact of silencing PFC projection neurons in rats performing an operant attention task. Visual distractors were presented in all behavioral testing sessions to tax attentional resources. Under control conditions, aged rats exhibited impairments in discriminating signals with the shortest duration from non-signal events. Surprisingly, chemogenetic inhibition of PFC output neurons did not worsen performance amongst aged animals. Conversely, significant impairments in attentional capacities were observed in young subjects following such manipulation. Given the involvement of PFC-projecting basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in top-down regulation of attention, amperometric recordings were conducted to measure alterations in prefrontal cholinergic transmission in a separate cohort of young and aged rats. While PFC silencing resulted in a robust attenuation of tonic cholinergic signaling across age groups, the capacity to generate phasic cholinergic transients was impaired only amongst young animals. Collectively, our findings suggest a reduced efficiency of PFC-mediated top-down control of attention and cholinergic system in aging, and that activity of PFC output neurons does not reflect compensation in aged rats, at least in the attention domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Duggan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Surbhi Joshi
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Jacob Strupp
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Vinay Parikh
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA.
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32
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Hestad KA, Engedal K, Selbæk G, Strand BH. Blood pressure in dementia, mild cognitive impairment, and subjective cognitive decline related to time of death. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e02166. [PMID: 33969636 PMCID: PMC8323049 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is unknown whether systolic blood pressure (SBP) drop is part of the normal aging process or due to the onset of dementia for some people. SBP drop is referring to the decrease in blood pressure often seen before death. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine whether SBP at time of diagnosis of dementia, mild cognitive impairment, or subjective cognitive decline was associated with years prior to death, and whether these associations were modified by diagnoses, age, and sex. METHODS Participants were 2,236 patients from the Norwegian Registry of Persons Assessed for Cognitive Symptoms (NorCog), who died during follow-up (2009-2017) for whom we had valid blood pressure measurements. Mean age at diagnosis was 77.5 years (SD 8.3), and patients were followed for an average of 3.9 years (SD 2.2, maximum 10.5 years). The patients had subjective cognitive decline (95), mild cognitive impairment (573), dementia (1,401), or no diagnoses related to cognitive deficits (167). SBP as dependent variable was regressed against years prior to death. RESULTS In men, SBP was 1.8 mmHg lower per year closer to death (p < .01), and this trend was linear without any acceleration. This association between years prior to death and SBP in men was not modified by age, year of diagnosis, or diagnosis. There was no such association in women. CONCLUSION SBP was significantly lower for those diagnosed close to death in men, but not in women. This association was not modified by either age or onset of diagnosis. Thus, the lowering of SBP is more related to closeness to death and sex than to dementia or age. The downward trend was linear all 10 years prior to death, with no acceleration closer to death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Knut Asbjørn Hestad
- Department of Health‐ and Nursing ScienceFaculty of Health and Social SciencesInland Norway University of Applied SciencesElverumNorway
- Department of ResearchInnlandet Hospital TrustOttestadNorway
| | - Knut Engedal
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Ageing and HealthVestfold County Hospital TrustTønsbergNorway
- Department of Geriatric MedicineOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
| | - Geir Selbæk
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Ageing and HealthVestfold County Hospital TrustTønsbergNorway
- Department of Geriatric MedicineOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Bjørn Heine Strand
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Ageing and HealthVestfold County Hospital TrustTønsbergNorway
- Department of Geriatric MedicineOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
- Norwegian Institute of Public HealthOsloNorway
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Maciejewska K, Czarnecka K, Szymański P. A review of the mechanisms underlying selected comorbidities in Alzheimer's disease. Pharmacol Rep 2021; 73:1565-1581. [PMID: 34121170 PMCID: PMC8599320 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-021-00293-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) leading to mental deterioration and devastation, and eventually a fatal outcome. AD affects mostly the elderly. AD is frequently accompanied by hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and diabetes mellitus, and these are significant risk factors of AD. Other conditions triggered by the progression of AD include psychosis, sleep disorders, epilepsy, and depression. One important comorbidity is Down’s syndrome, which directly contributes to the severity and rapid progression of AD. The development of new therapeutic strategies for AD includes the repurposing of drugs currently used for the treatment of comorbidities. A better understanding of the influence of comorbidities on the pathogenesis of AD, and the medications used in its treatment, might allow better control of disease progression, and more effective pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Maciejewska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analyses and Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland
| | - Kamila Czarnecka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analyses and Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland
- Department of Radiobiology and Radiation Protection, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 4 Kozielska St, 01-163, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Szymański
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analyses and Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland.
- Department of Radiobiology and Radiation Protection, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 4 Kozielska St, 01-163, Warsaw, Poland.
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Hanas JS, Hocker JRS, Vannarath CA, Lerner MR, Blair SG, Lightfoot SA, Hanas RJ, Couch JR, Hershey LA. Distinguishing Alzheimer's Disease Patients and Biochemical Phenotype Analysis Using a Novel Serum Profiling Platform: Potential Involvement of the VWF/ADAMTS13 Axis. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11050583. [PMID: 33946285 PMCID: PMC8145311 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11050583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is important to develop minimally invasive biomarker platforms to help in the identification and monitoring of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Assisting in the understanding of biochemical mechanisms as well as identifying potential novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets would be an added benefit of such platforms. This study utilizes a simplified and novel serum profiling platform, using mass spectrometry (MS), to help distinguish AD patient groups (mild and moderate) and controls, as well as to aid in understanding of biochemical phenotypes and possible disease development. A comparison of discriminating sera mass peaks between AD patients and control individuals was performed using leave one [serum sample] out cross validation (LOOCV) combined with a novel peak classification valuation (PCV) procedure. LOOCV/PCV was able to distinguish significant sera mass peak differences between a group of mild AD patients and control individuals with a p value of 10-13. This value became non-significant (p = 0.09) when the same sera samples were randomly allocated between the two groups and reanalyzed by LOOCV/PCV. This is indicative of physiological group differences in the original true-pathology binary group comparison. Similarities and differences between AD patients and traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients were also discernable using this novel LOOCV/PCV platform. MS/MS peptide analysis was performed on serum mass peaks comparing mild AD patients with control individuals. Bioinformatics analysis suggested that cell pathways/biochemical phenotypes affected in AD include those involving neuronal cell death, vasculature, neurogenesis, and AD/dementia/amyloidosis. Inflammation, autoimmunity, autophagy, and blood-brain barrier pathways also appear to be relevant to AD. An impaired VWF/ADAMTS13 vasculature axis with connections to F8 (factor VIII) and LRP1 and NOTCH1 was indicated and is proposed to be important in AD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay S. Hanas
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.R.S.H.); (C.A.V.); (R.J.H.)
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (M.R.L.); (S.G.B.)
- Veterans Administration Hospital, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - James R. S. Hocker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.R.S.H.); (C.A.V.); (R.J.H.)
| | - Christian A. Vannarath
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.R.S.H.); (C.A.V.); (R.J.H.)
| | - Megan R. Lerner
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (M.R.L.); (S.G.B.)
| | - Scott G. Blair
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (M.R.L.); (S.G.B.)
| | | | - Rushie J. Hanas
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.R.S.H.); (C.A.V.); (R.J.H.)
| | - James R. Couch
- Department of Neurology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.R.C.); (L.A.H.)
| | - Linda A. Hershey
- Department of Neurology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.R.C.); (L.A.H.)
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Spears LD, Adak S, Dong G, Wei X, Spyropoulos G, Zhang Q, Yin L, Feng C, Hu D, Lodhi IJ, Hsu FF, Rajagopal R, Noguchi KK, Halabi CM, Brier L, Bice AR, Lananna BV, Musiek ES, Avraham O, Cavalli V, Holth JK, Holtzman DM, Wozniak DF, Culver JP, Semenkovich CF. Endothelial ether lipids link the vasculature to blood pressure, behavior, and neurodegeneration. J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100079. [PMID: 33894211 PMCID: PMC8144742 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular disease contributes to neurodegeneration, which is associated with decreased blood pressure in older humans. Plasmalogens, ether phospholipids produced by peroxisomes, are decreased in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and other neurodegenerative disorders. However, the mechanistic links between ether phospholipids, blood pressure, and neurodegeneration are not fully understood. Here, we show that endothelium-derived ether phospholipids affect blood pressure, behavior, and neurodegeneration in mice. In young adult mice, inducible endothelial-specific disruption of PexRAP, a peroxisomal enzyme required for ether lipid synthesis, unexpectedly decreased circulating plasmalogens. PexRAP endothelial knockout (PEKO) mice responded normally to hindlimb ischemia but had lower blood pressure and increased plasma renin activity. In PEKO as compared with control mice, tyrosine hydroxylase was decreased in the locus coeruleus, which maintains blood pressure and arousal. PEKO mice moved less, slept more, and had impaired attention to and recall of environmental events as well as mild spatial memory deficits. In PEKO hippocampus, gliosis was increased, and a plasmalogen associated with memory was decreased. Despite lower blood pressure, PEKO mice had generally normal homotopic functional connectivity by optical neuroimaging of the cerebral cortex. Decreased glycogen synthase kinase-3 phosphorylation, a marker of neurodegeneration, was detected in PEKO cerebral cortex. In a co-culture system, PexRAP knockdown in brain endothelial cells decreased glycogen synthase kinase-3 phosphorylation in co-cultured astrocytes that was rescued by incubation with the ether lipid alkylglycerol. Taken together, our findings suggest that endothelium-derived ether lipids mediate several biological processes and may also confer neuroprotection in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry D Spears
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sangeeta Adak
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Guifang Dong
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA; Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaochao Wei
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Qiang Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Li Yin
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chu Feng
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Donghua Hu
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Irfan J Lodhi
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Fong-Fu Hsu
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rithwick Rajagopal
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kevin K Noguchi
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Carmen M Halabi
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lindsey Brier
- Department of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Annie R Bice
- Department of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Brian V Lananna
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Erik S Musiek
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Oshri Avraham
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Valeria Cavalli
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jerrah K Holth
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David F Wozniak
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joseph P Culver
- Department of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Clay F Semenkovich
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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Ou YN, Yang YX, Shen XN, Ma YH, Chen SD, Dong Q, Tan L, Yu JT. Genetically determined blood pressure, antihypertensive medications, and risk of Alzheimer's disease: a Mendelian randomization study. Alzheimers Res Ther 2021; 13:41. [PMID: 33563324 PMCID: PMC7874453 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-021-00782-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Observational studies suggest that the use of antihypertensive medications (AHMs) is associated with a reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, these findings may be biased by confounding and reverse causality. We aimed to explore the effects of blood pressure (BP) and lowering systolic BP (SBP) via the protein targets of different AHMs on AD through a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) approach. METHODS Genetic proxies from genome-wide association studies of BP traits and BP-lowering variants in genes encoding AHM targets were extracted. Estimates were calculated by inverse-variance weighted method as the main model. MR Egger regression and leave-one-out analysis were performed to identify potential violations. RESULTS There was limited evidence that genetically predicted SBP/diastolic BP level affected AD risk based on 400/398 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), respectively (all P > 0.05). Suitable genetic variants for β-blockers (1 SNP), angiotensin receptor blockers (1 SNP), calcium channel blockers (CCBs, 45 SNPs), and thiazide diuretics (5 SNPs) were identified. Genetic proxies for CCB [odds ratio (OR) = 0.959, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.941-0.977, P = 3.92 × 10-6] and overall use of AHMs (OR = 0.961, 95% CI = 0.944-0.978, P = 5.74 × 10-6, SNPs = 52) were associated with a lower risk of AD. No notable heterogeneity and directional pleiotropy were identified (all P > 0.05). Additional analyses partly support these results. No single SNP was driving the observed effects. CONCLUSIONS This MR analysis found evidence that genetically determined lowering BP was associated with a lower risk of AD and CCB was identified as a promising strategy for AD prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Ou
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Yu-Xiang Yang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, WHO Collaborating Center for Research and Training in Neurosciences, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue-Ning Shen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, WHO Collaborating Center for Research and Training in Neurosciences, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Hui Ma
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Shi-Dong Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, WHO Collaborating Center for Research and Training in Neurosciences, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Dong
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, WHO Collaborating Center for Research and Training in Neurosciences, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Jin-Tai Yu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, WHO Collaborating Center for Research and Training in Neurosciences, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Fang J, Pieper AA, Nussinov R, Lee G, Bekris L, Leverenz JB, Cummings J, Cheng F. Harnessing endophenotypes and network medicine for Alzheimer's drug repurposing. Med Res Rev 2020; 40:2386-2426. [PMID: 32656864 PMCID: PMC7561446 DOI: 10.1002/med.21709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Following two decades of more than 400 clinical trials centered on the "one drug, one target, one disease" paradigm, there is still no effective disease-modifying therapy for Alzheimer's disease (AD). The inherent complexity of AD may challenge this reductionist strategy. Recent observations and advances in network medicine further indicate that AD likely shares common underlying mechanisms and intermediate pathophenotypes, or endophenotypes, with other diseases. In this review, we consider AD pathobiology, disease comorbidity, pleiotropy, and therapeutic development, and construct relevant endophenotype networks to guide future therapeutic development. Specifically, we discuss six main endophenotype hypotheses in AD: amyloidosis, tauopathy, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, vascular dysfunction, and lysosomal dysfunction. We further consider how this endophenotype network framework can provide advances in computational and experimental strategies for drug-repurposing and identification of new candidate therapeutic strategies for patients suffering from or at risk for AD. We highlight new opportunities for endophenotype-informed, drug discovery in AD, by exploiting multi-omics data. Integration of genomics, transcriptomics, radiomics, pharmacogenomics, and interactomics (protein-protein interactions) are essential for successful drug discovery. We describe experimental technologies for AD drug discovery including human induced pluripotent stem cells, transgenic mouse/rat models, and population-based retrospective case-control studies that may be integrated with multi-omics in a network medicine methodology. In summary, endophenotype-based network medicine methodologies will promote AD therapeutic development that will optimize the usefulness of available data and support deep phenotyping of the patient heterogeneity for personalized medicine in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansong Fang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Andrew A Pieper
- Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospital Case Medical Center; Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centers, Louis Stokes Cleveland VAMC, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Garam Lee
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA
| | - Lynn Bekris
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - James B. Leverenz
- Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Jeffrey Cummings
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA
- Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, UNLV, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - Feixiong Cheng
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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Lennon MJ, Makkar SR, Crawford JD, Sachdev PS. Midlife Hypertension and Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 71:307-316. [PMID: 31381518 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension is an established risk factor for stroke and vascular dementia but recent meta-analyses examining the association between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and hypertension have found no significant association. These meta-analyses included short term studies starting in late life which may have obscured the real effect of midlife hypertension. OBJECTIVE To examine the association of AD with midlife hypertension, by including only studies with a sufficiently long follow up duration. METHODS Relevant studies were found by searches of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PubMed. Study outcomes were grouped by measures of blood pressure and definition of hypertension (e.g., systolic hypertension > 140 mmHg or > 160 mmHg). We assessed pooled effect estimates using random effects models and heterogeneity of pooled estimates through the I2 statistic. RESULTS Literature search found 3,426 publications of which 7 were eligible studies. There was a significant association between systolic hypertension (>160 mm Hg) and AD (HR 1.25, 95CI 1.06 - 1.47, p = 0.0065). Similarly, for systolic hypertension > 140 mm Hg, there was a smaller but still significant association (HR 1.18, 95CI 1.02 - 1.35, p = 0.021). For diastolic hypertension, all four studies found no significant associations between diastolic hypertension and AD, and these data could not be pooled due to heterogeneity in reporting. CONCLUSIONS Our study found that midlife stage 1 and stage 2 systolic hypertension is associated with increased risk of AD by 18 and 25%, respectively, although no association was found for diastolic hypertension. It is likely that assertive control of systolic hypertension starting in midlife is important to preventing AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Lennon
- School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Healthy Brain Aging, University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia
| | - Steve R Makkar
- School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Healthy Brain Aging, University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia
| | - John D Crawford
- School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Healthy Brain Aging, University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia
| | - Perminder S Sachdev
- School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Healthy Brain Aging, University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Prince of Wales Hospital, NSW, Australia
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Lee H, Kim K, Lee YC, Kim S, Won HH, Yu TY, Lee EM, Kang JM, Lewis M, Kim DK, Myung W. Associations between vascular risk factors and subsequent Alzheimer's disease in older adults. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2020; 12:117. [PMID: 32979926 PMCID: PMC7520023 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-020-00690-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Background The clinical guidelines related to the primary prevention of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have focused on the management of vascular risk factors. However, the link between vascular risk factors and AD in older adults remains unclear. This study aimed to determine the association between vascular risk factors and subsequent AD in 178,586 older adults (age ≥ 65 years). Methods Participants were recruited from 2009 through 2010 and followed up for 6 years. We assessed various vascular risk factors (total cholesterol [TC], low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C], high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C], triglycerides [TG], fasting glucose [FG], systolic blood pressure [SBP], diastolic blood pressure [DBP], pulse pressure [PP], and body mass index [BMI]) and their association with AD incidence, categorizing each vascular factor using current clinical guidelines. Results AD was observed in 6.0% of participants at follow-up. All lipid profiles (TC, LDL-C, HDL-C and TG) were positively associated with the risk of AD. SBP and PP were in negative associations with AD, and DBP was positively associated with AD. BMI exhibited a negative association with AD incidence. We found no significant association between FG and AD risk. The sex difference was observed to have effects on vascular risk factors. Conclusions In this study, we comprehensively investigated the association between eight vascular risk factors and the risk of incident AD. Our findings suggest that multiple vascular risk factors are related to the development of AD in older adults. These results can help inform future guidelines for reducing AD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyewon Lee
- Department of Health Administration and Management, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, South Korea
| | - Kiwon Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Veteran Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yeong Chan Lee
- Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soyeon Kim
- Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hong-Hee Won
- Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae Yang Yu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Wonkwang Medical Center, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Eun-Mi Lee
- Department of Health Science, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae Myeong Kang
- Department of Psychiatry, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Matthew Lewis
- The Department of General Practice, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Doh Kwan Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Woojae Myung
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, South Korea.
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40
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Schultz JL, Harshman LA, Langbehn DR, Nopoulos PC. Hypertension Is Associated With an Earlier Age of Onset of Huntington's Disease. Mov Disord 2020; 35:1558-1564. [PMID: 32339315 PMCID: PMC9853516 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Hypertension (HTN) is associated with worsening clinical outcomes in neurodegenerative diseases. The relationship between HTN and the age of diagnosis (ADx) of Huntington's disease (HD) is not clear, however. This study sought to determine if the presence of HTN in adult patients with premanifest HD was associated with an earlier ADx compared with normotensive patients with HD. METHODS Premanifest participants from Enroll-HD were included if they had a cytosine-adenine-guanine greater than or equal to 36, baseline diagnostic confidence level less than 4, baseline total functional capacity score greater than 11, and baseline motor score less than 21. There were 3020 premanifest participants with HD, and 293 reported a diagnosis of HTN. HTN was transformed into a time-dependent variable, and a Cox proportional hazard survival model determine if the presence of HTN affected the time to motor conversion. Baseline cytosine-adenine-guanine-age product score, cytosine-adenine-guanine repeat length, baseline age, sex, baseline body mass index, smoking history, and region were included as covariates. RESULTS Participants with HTN had an increased annualized hazard of motor conversion compared to normotensive participants with HD (hazard ratio, 1.29; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-1.64; P = 0.034). CONCLUSIONS A previous study reported a protective effect of HTN in HD, but did not account for the fact that the prevalence of HTN increases with age. By controlling for this confounder, we more accurately outline the association between the ADx of HD to demonstrate that a diagnosis of HTN may be associated with an earlier ADx of HD. These results represent an association, however, and further investigation is warranted. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan L. Schultz
- Carver College of Medicine at the University of Iowa, Department of Psychiatry, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242,Carver College of Medicine at the University of Iowa, Department of Neurology, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242,University of Iowa College of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, 100 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Lyndsay A. Harshman
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics at the University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Douglas R. Langbehn
- Carver College of Medicine at the University of Iowa, Department of Psychiatry, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Peg C. Nopoulos
- Carver College of Medicine at the University of Iowa, Department of Psychiatry, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242,Carver College of Medicine at the University of Iowa, Department of Neurology, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242,Stead Family Department of Pediatrics at the University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242
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41
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Hestad K, Engedal K, Horndalsveen P, Strand BH. Blood Pressure in Different Dementia Disorders, Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Subjective Cognitive Decline. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:257. [PMID: 33110409 PMCID: PMC7488384 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate whether blood pressure (BP) differed among people with different dementia diagnoses, mild cognitive impairment, and subjective cognitive decline and whether BP differences were observed across age and sex. Our study population comprised clinical data from 6,236 patients (53.5% women) aged 45–97 years (Mean = 73.9, SD = 9.6) referred to dementia assessment in 42 outpatient clinics across Norway during 2009–2019. Patients with the following diagnoses were included: Subjective cognitive decline (SCD), Mild cognitive impairment (MCI), dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Vascular dementia (VaD), mixed AD and VaD, and dementia in Parkinson’s disease/Lewy body disease (PDD/LBD). For all diagnostic groups, SBP increased with age until about 80 years, after which it trended downward, whereas DBP declined after 60 years of age for all diagnostic groups. Patients aged 65 years and younger with SCD had lower SBP compared to AD patients at the same age, but SBP increased rapidly with increasing age, resulting in a substantially higher SBP at 80 + years compared with all other diagnostic groups. No other differences in SBP or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were found among patients with the different dementia diagnosis. Neither SBP nor DBP differed between MCI and AD groups. An interaction between age and gender was found for SBP at younger ages, as women started out with a lower pressure than men did but ended up with higher SBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Knut Hestad
- Department of Health- and Nursing Science, Faculty of Social and Health Sciences, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Elverum, Norway.,Department of Research, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Ottestad, Norway
| | - Knut Engedal
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Ageing and Health, Vestfold County Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway.,Department of Geriatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Peter Horndalsveen
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Ottestad, Norway
| | - Bjørn Heine Strand
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Ageing and Health, Vestfold County Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway.,Department of Chronic Diseases and Ageing, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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Van Dyke N, Yenugadhati N, Birkett NJ, Lindsay J, Turner MC, Willhite CC, Krewski D. Association between aluminum in drinking water and incident Alzheimer's disease in the Canadian Study of Health and Aging cohort. Neurotoxicology 2020; 83:157-165. [PMID: 32360354 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence linking aluminum in drinking water and Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been inconsistent, with previous studies often limited by small sample sizes. The present study addresses this issue using data from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging (CSHA), a prospective cohort of 10,263 subjects followed-up from 1991-1992 through 2001-2002. Participants' residential histories were linked to municipal drinking water sources in 35 Canadian municipalities to obtain ecologic pH, aluminum, fluoride, iron and silica concentrations in drinking water. Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine associations between aluminum and incident AD [Hazard Ratios (HRs), 95% confidence intervals (CIs)], adjusting for age, gender, history of stroke, education, and high blood pressure. A total of 240 incident AD cases were identified during follow-up of 3, 638 subjects derived from the CSHA cohort with complete data on all covariates. With categorical aluminum measurements, there was an increasing, but not statistically significant, exposure-response relationship (HR = 1.34, 95% CI 0.88-2.04, in the highest aluminum exposure category; p = 0.13 for linear trend). Similar results were observed using continuous aluminum measurements (HR=1.21, 95% CI 0.97-1.52, at the interquartile range of 333.8 μg/L; p = 0.09 for linear trend). In a subsample genotyped for ApoE-ε4, there was some evidence of an association between aluminum and AD (p = 0.03 for linear trend). Although a clear association between aluminum in drinking water and AD was not found, the linear trend observed in ApoE-ε4 subsample warrants further examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Van Dyke
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nagarajkumar Yenugadhati
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Nicholas J Birkett
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joan Lindsay
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michelle C Turner
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Daniel Krewski
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, Canada
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Hestad K, Engedal K, Schirmer H, Strand BH. The Effect of Blood Pressure on Cognitive Performance. An 8-Year Follow-Up of the Tromsø Study, Comprising People Aged 45-74 Years. Front Psychol 2020; 11:607. [PMID: 32373010 PMCID: PMC7186429 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The relationship between blood pressure (BP) and cognition is complex were age appears to be an intervening variable. High and low BP have been associated with cognitive deficits as part of the aging process, but more studies are needed, especially in more recent birth cohorts. Methods The study sample comprised 4,465 participants, with BP measured at baseline in the Tromsø Study, Wave 6 in 2007–2008 (T0), and cognition assessed at follow-up 8 years later, in 2015–2016 in Tromsø Study 7 (T1). Age at T0 was 45–74 years, and at T1 it was 53–82 years. Cognition was assessed with three tests: The Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Digit Symbol Test, and the Twelve-word Test. The associations between BP and cognition were examined specifically for age and sex using linear regression analysis adjusted for baseline BP medication use, education and body mass index (kg/m2). Results BP was associated with cognition at the 8-year follow-up, but the association differed according to age and sex. In men, higher systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) at a young age (45–55 years of age) was associated with poorer cognition; the association was reversed at older ages, especially for those above 65 years of age. In women, the associations were generally weaker than for men, and sometimes in the opposite direction: For women, a higher SBP was associated with better cognition at a younger age and higher SBP poorer cognition at older ages – perhaps due to an age delay in women compared to men. Digit Symbol Test results correlated best with BP in a three-way interaction: BP by age by sex was significant for both SBP (p = 0.005) and DBP (p = 0.005). Conclusion Increased SBP and DBP at the younger age was clearly associated with poorer cognitive function in men 8 years later; in women the associations were weaker and sometimes in the opposite direction. Our findings clearly indicate that interactions between age and sex related to BP can predict cognitive performance over time. Men and women have different age trajectories regarding the influence of BP on cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Knut Hestad
- Department of Health Studies, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Elverum, Norway.,Department of Research, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Ottestad, Norway
| | - Knut Engedal
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Ageing and Health, Vestfold County Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
| | - Henrik Schirmer
- Department of Cardiology, Akerhus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Bjørn Heine Strand
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Ageing and Health, Vestfold County Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway.,Department of Chronic Diseases and Ageing, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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Effect of Combined Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Therapies on Cognitive Function: A New Treatment Strategy? Cardiol Res Pract 2020; 2020:1484357. [PMID: 32351732 PMCID: PMC7178519 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1484357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Risk factors for cardiovascular disease such as hypertension and hyperlipidemia are associated with cognitive decline. However, there is still no clear evidence that the use of antihypertensive or lipid-lowering therapy can prevent or delay cognitive decline or development of dementia. To provide a reference for clinical treatment, we analyzed the potential mechanisms of cognitive dysfunction induced by hypertension and hyperlipidemia, the clinical research and controversy of antihypertensive and lipid-lowering therapies on cognitive function, and the clinical value of combined antihypertensive and lipid-lowering therapy. It is currently believed that hypertension and elevated blood cholesterol levels in middle-aged people may be related to cognitive impairment or dementia in the elderly. Some studies suggest that intensive antihypertensive or lipid-lowering therapies are better than standard antihypertensive or lipid-lowering therapy, yet further tests are needed to confirm their effects on cognitive function. Actively controlling potential risk factors from middle age may be important for Alzheimer's disease (AD) prevention.
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Ooi L, Dottori M, Cook AL, Engel M, Gautam V, Grubman A, Hernández D, King AE, Maksour S, Targa Dias Anastacio H, Balez R, Pébay A, Pouton C, Valenzuela M, White A, Williamson R. If Human Brain Organoids Are the Answer to Understanding Dementia, What Are the Questions? Neuroscientist 2020; 26:438-454. [PMID: 32281909 PMCID: PMC7539594 DOI: 10.1177/1073858420912404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Because our beliefs regarding our individuality, autonomy, and personhood are intimately bound up with our brains, there is a public fascination with cerebral organoids, the "mini-brain," the "brain in a dish". At the same time, the ethical issues around organoids are only now being explored. What are the prospects of using human cerebral organoids to better understand, treat, or prevent dementia? Will human organoids represent an improvement on the current, less-than-satisfactory, animal models? When considering these questions, two major issues arise. One is the general challenge associated with using any stem cell-generated preparation for in vitro modelling (challenges amplified when using organoids compared with simpler cell culture systems). The other relates to complexities associated with defining and understanding what we mean by the term "dementia." We discuss 10 puzzles, issues, and stumbling blocks to watch for in the quest to model "dementia in a dish."
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Affiliation(s)
- Lezanne Ooi
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mirella Dottori
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anthony L Cook
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Martin Engel
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vini Gautam
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Alexandra Grubman
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Damián Hernández
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anna E King
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Simon Maksour
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Helena Targa Dias Anastacio
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rachelle Balez
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alice Pébay
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Colin Pouton
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Valenzuela
- Regenerative Neuroscience Group, Brain and Mind Centre and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anthony White
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research Berghofer, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Robert Williamson
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Sanchis-Soler G, Tortosa-Martínez J, Manchado-Lopez C, Cortell-Tormo JM. The effects of stress on cardiovascular disease and Alzheimer's disease: Physical exercise as a counteract measure. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2020; 152:157-193. [PMID: 32450995 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AD is a complicated multi-systemic neurological disorder that involves different biological pathways. Several risk factors have been identified, including chronic stress. Chronic stress produces an alteration in the activity of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) system, and the autonomic nervous system (ANS), which over time increase the risk of AD and also the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and risk factors, such as hypertension, obesity and type 2 diabetes, associated with cognitive impairment and AD. Considering the multi-factorial etiology of AD, understanding the complex interrelationships between different risk factors is of potential interest for designing adequate strategies for preventing, delaying the onset or slowing down the progression of this devastating disease. Thus, in this review we will explore the general mechanisms and evidence linking stress, cardiovascular disease and AD, and discuss the potential benefits of physical activity for AD by counteracting the negative effects of chronic stress, CVD and risk factors.
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Blanken AE, Nation DA. Does Gender Influence the Relationship Between High Blood Pressure and Dementia? Highlighting Areas for Further Investigation. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 78:23-48. [PMID: 32955459 PMCID: PMC8011824 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gender differences have been noted in studies linking blood pressure to all-cause dementia, and the two most common forms of dementia: Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD). However, how gender modifies the relationship between blood pressure and dementia remains unclear. OBJECTIVE To review evidence for a gender modifying effect on the link between blood pressure and all-cause dementia. METHODS A systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. Sixteen out of 256 reviewed articles met inclusion criteria. RESULTS For women, higher midlife systolic blood pressure (SBP) and hypertension were both associated with greater risk of all-cause dementia, AD, and VaD, in six out of seven studies. Two of these studies reported higher midlife SBP/hypertension were associated with greater risk for all-cause dementia in women, but not men. One study reported higher midlife SBP associated with greater AD risk in women, but not men. However, another study reported that midlife hypertension associated with AD risk in men, but not women. No clear gender differences were reported in the relationship between late-life high blood pressure/hypertension with all-cause dementia or AD. CONCLUSION Studies rarely, and inconsistently, analyzed or reported gender effects. Therefore, interpretation of available evidence regarding the role of gender in blood pressure associated dementia was difficult. Several studies indicated higher midlife SBP was associated with greater risk of all-cause dementia for women, compared to men. Future studies should evaluate women-specific aging processes that occur in midlife when considering the association between blood pressure and dementia risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E. Blanken
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel A. Nation
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Institute for Memory Disorders and Neurological Impairments, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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Berkowitz CL, Mosconi L, Rahman A, Scheyer O, Hristov H, Isaacson RS. Clinical Application of APOE in Alzheimer's Prevention: A Precision Medicine Approach. JPAD-JOURNAL OF PREVENTION OF ALZHEIMERS DISEASE 2019; 5:245-252. [PMID: 30298183 DOI: 10.14283/jpad.2018.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Population-attributable risk models estimate that up to one-third of Alzheimer's disease (AD) cases may be preventable through risk factor modification. The field of AD prevention has largely focused on addressing these factors through universal risk reduction strategies for the general population. However, targeting these strategies in a clinical precision medicine fashion, including the use of genetic risk factors, allows for potentially greater impact on AD risk reduction. Apolipoprotein E (APOE), and specifically the APOE ε4 variant, is one of the most well-established genetic influencers on late-onset AD risk. In this review, we evaluate the impact of APOE ε4 carrier status on AD prevention interventions, including lifestyle, nutrigenomic, pharmacogenomic, AD comorbidities, and other biological and behavioral considerations. Using a clinical precision medicine strategy that incorporates APOE ε4 carrier status may provide a highly targeted and distinct approach to AD prevention with greater potential for success.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Berkowitz
- Richard S. Isaacson, MD, Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine and NewYork-Presbyterian, 428 East 72nd St, Suite 500, Room 407, New York, NY, 10021; Tel: (212) 746-3645,
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Wanleenuwat P, Iwanowski P, Kozubski W. Alzheimer's dementia: pathogenesis and impact of cardiovascular risk factors on cognitive decline. Postgrad Med 2019; 131:415-422. [PMID: 31424301 DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2019.1657776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia manifesting as alterations in cognitive abilities, behavior, and deterioration in memory which is progressive, leading to gradual worsening of symptoms. Major pathological features of AD are accumulations of neuronal amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, with early lesions appearing primarily in the hippocampus, the area of the brain involved in memory and learning. Cardiovascular-related risk factors are believed to play a crucial role in disease development and the acceleration of cognitive deterioration by worsening cerebral perfusion, promoting disturbances in amyloid clearance. Current evidence supports hypertension, hypotension, heart failure, stroke and coronary artery diseases as potential factors playing a role in cognitive decline in patients with Alzheimer's dementia. Although dementia due to cardiovascular deficits is more strongly linked to the development of vascular dementia, a stepwise decline in cognition, recent researches have also discovered its deleterious influence on AD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pitchaya Wanleenuwat
- Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences , Poznan , Poland
| | - Piotr Iwanowski
- Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences , Poznan , Poland
| | - Wojciech Kozubski
- Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences , Poznan , Poland
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Chen YC, Liu YL, Tsai SJ, Kuo PH, Huang SS, Lee YS. LRRTM4 and PCSK5 Genetic Polymorphisms as Markers for Cognitive Impairment in A Hypotensive Aging Population: A Genome-Wide Association Study in Taiwan. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8081124. [PMID: 31362389 PMCID: PMC6723657 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8081124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypotension can affect cerebral perfusion and worsen cognitive outcomes. The prevalence of low blood pressure (BP) rises with increasing age. To our knowledge, no study has examined the genetic biomarkers for hypotension-related cognitive impairment (CI) yet. Utilizing the population-based genome-wide study of the Taiwan Biobank containing the data of 2533 healthy aging subjects, we found after adjustments for age, sex, education years, and principal components at a suggestive level of 1 × 10−5 that minor alleles of leucine rich repeat transmembrane neuronal 4 (LRRTM4) (rs13388459, rs1075716, rs62171995, rs17406146, rs2077823, and rs62170897), proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 5 (PCSK5) (rs10521467), and the intergenic variation rs117129097 (the nearby gene: TMEM132C) are risk factors for CI in hypotensive subjects. Except for rs117129097, these single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were not markers per se for CI or for BP regulation. However, we found a suggestive interaction effect between each of the eight SNPs and hypotension on CI risk. In the hypotensive participants, those carrying minor alleles were associated with a higher incidence of CI in an additive manner than were those carrying major alleles (2 × 10−4 to 9 × 10−7). Intensive BP lowering in elderly patients carrying a minor allele of the eight identified SNPs should raise cautions to prevent a potential treatment-induced neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Medical Center and College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, No.5, Fuxing St., Guishan Township, Taoyuan County 333, Taiwan
- Dementia Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan County 333, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Li Liu
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jen Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Shih-Pai Road, Sec. 2, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Division of Psychiatry, National Yang-Ming University, No.155, Sec.2, Linong Street, Taipei, 112 Taiwan
| | - Po-Hsiu Kuo
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, No.17, Xuzhou Rd, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Sin Huang
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Shien Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Ming Chuan University, 5 De Ming Rd., Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan.
- Genomic Medicine Research Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No.5, Fuxing St., Guishan Township, Taoyuan County 333, Taiwan.
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