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Hill H, Reddick D, Caspe G, Ramage C, Frew D, Rocchi MS, Opriessnig T, McNeilly TN. Enhancing the understanding of coinfection outcomes: Impact of natural atypical porcine pestivirus infection on porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome in pigs. Virus Res 2024; 348:199443. [PMID: 39094475 PMCID: PMC11342287 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2024.199443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) is a novel member of the Pestivirus genus detected in association with congenital tremor (CT) type A-II outbreaks and from apparently healthy pigs, both as singular infection and as part of multi-pathogen infections. 'Classical' pestiviruses are known to cause immunosuppression of their host, which can increase susceptibility to secondary infections, severely impacting health, welfare, and production. To investigate APPV's effect on the host's immune system and characterise disease outcomes, 12 piglets from a natural APPV CT type A-II outbreak were experimentally infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), a significant porcine pathogen. Rectal temperatures indicating febrile responses, viremia and viral-specific humoral and cellular responses were assessed throughout the study. Pathological assessment of the lungs and APPV-PRRSV co-localisation within the lungs was performed at necropsy. Viral co-localisation and pathological assessment of the lungs (Immunohistochemistry, BaseScope in situ hybridisation) were performed post-mortem. APPV status did not impact virological or immunological differences in PRRSV-infected groups. However, significantly higher rectal temperatures were observed in the APPV+ve/PRRSV+ve group over four days, indicating APPV increased the febrile response. Significant differences in the lung consolidation of the apical and intermediate lobes were also present, suggesting that APPV co-infection may augment lung pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Hill
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
| | - David Reddick
- Moredun Scientific, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Gastón Caspe
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Estación Experimental Mercedes, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Mercedes CP 3470, Argentina
| | - Clifford Ramage
- Moredun Scientific, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David Frew
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mara S Rocchi
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Tanja Opriessnig
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Tom N McNeilly
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Fiers J, Cay AB, Maes D, Tignon M. A Comprehensive Review on Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus with Emphasis on Immunity. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:942. [PMID: 39204065 PMCID: PMC11359659 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12080942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most important pathogens in pig production worldwide and responsible for enormous production and economic losses. PRRSV infection in gestating gilts and sows induces important reproductive failure. Additionally, respiratory distress is observed in infected piglets and fattening pigs, resulting in growth retardation and increased mortality. Importantly, PRRSV infection interferes with immunity in the respiratory tract, making PRRSV-infected pigs more susceptible to opportunistic secondary pathogens. Despite the availability of commercial PRRSV vaccines for more than three decades, control of the disease remains a frustrating and challenging task. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of PRRSV, covering its history, economic and scientific importance, and description of the viral structure and genetic diversity. It explores the virus's pathogenesis, including cell tropism, viral entry, replication, stages of infection and epidemiology. It reviews the porcine innate and adaptative immune responses to comprehend the modulation mechanisms employed by PRRS for immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorian Fiers
- Unit Viral Re-Emerging, Enzootic and Bee Diseases, Department Infectious Diseases in Animals, Sciensano, Groeselenbergstraat 99, 1180 Ukkel, Belgium
- Unit of Porcine Health Management, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
| | - Ann Brigitte Cay
- Unit Viral Re-Emerging, Enzootic and Bee Diseases, Department Infectious Diseases in Animals, Sciensano, Groeselenbergstraat 99, 1180 Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Dominiek Maes
- Unit of Porcine Health Management, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
| | - Marylène Tignon
- Unit Viral Re-Emerging, Enzootic and Bee Diseases, Department Infectious Diseases in Animals, Sciensano, Groeselenbergstraat 99, 1180 Ukkel, Belgium
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3
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Chen X, Yu Z, Li W. Molecular mechanism of autophagy in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1434775. [PMID: 39224702 PMCID: PMC11366741 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1434775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), a significant pathogen affecting the swine industry globally, has been shown to manipulate host cell processes, including autophagy, to facilitate its replication and survival within the host. Autophagy, an intracellular degradation process crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis, can be hijacked by viruses for their own benefit. During PRRSV infection, autophagy plays a complex role, both as a defense mechanism of the host and as a tool exploited by the virus. This review explores the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying autophagy induction under PRRSV infection, its impact on virus replication, and the potential implications for viral pathogenesis and antiviral strategies. By synthesizing the latest research findings, this article aims to enhance our understanding of the intricate relationship between autophagy and PRRSV, paving the way for novel therapeutic approaches against this swine pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyong Chen
- Xingzhi College, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Ziding Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenfeng Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Wenzhou Vocational College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou, China
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4
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Wang X, Chen Y, Qi C, Li F, Zhang Y, Zhou J, Wu H, Zhang T, Qi A, Ouyang H, Xie Z, Pang D. Mechanism, structural and functional insights into nidovirus-induced double-membrane vesicles. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1340332. [PMID: 38919631 PMCID: PMC11196420 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1340332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
During infection, positive-stranded RNA causes a rearrangement of the host cell membrane, resulting in specialized membrane structure formation aiding viral genome replication. Double-membrane vesicles (DMVs), typical structures produced by virus-induced membrane rearrangements, are platforms for viral replication. Nidoviruses, one of the most complex positive-strand RNA viruses, have the ability to infect not only mammals and a few birds but also invertebrates. Nidoviruses possess a distinctive replication mechanism, wherein their nonstructural proteins (nsps) play a crucial role in DMV biogenesis. With the participation of host factors related to autophagy and lipid synthesis pathways, several viral nsps hijack the membrane rearrangement process of host endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, and other organelles to induce DMV formation. An understanding of the mechanisms of DMV formation and its structure and function in the infectious cycle of nidovirus may be essential for the development of new and effective antiviral strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yiwu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Chunyun Qi
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Feng Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yuanzhu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Heyong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Tianyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Aosi Qi
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Hongsheng Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing, China
- Center for Animal Science and Technology Research, Chongqing Jitang Biotechnology Research Institute Co., Ltd, Chongqing, China
| | - Zicong Xie
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing, China
| | - Daxin Pang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing, China
- Center for Animal Science and Technology Research, Chongqing Jitang Biotechnology Research Institute Co., Ltd, Chongqing, China
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Perez-Duran F, Calderon-Rico F, Franco-Correa LE, Zamora-Aviles AG, Ortega-Flores R, Durand-Herrera D, Bravo-Patiño A, Cortes-Vieyra R, Hernandez-Morales I, Nuñez-Anita RE. Synthetic Peptides Elicit Humoral Response against Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus in Swine. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:652. [PMID: 38932381 PMCID: PMC11209519 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12060652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the immunogenic response elicited in swine by two synthetic peptides derived from GP5 to understand the role of lineal B epitopes in the humoral and B-cell-mediated response against the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). For inoculation, twenty-one-day-old pigs were allocated into six groups: control, vehicle, vaccinated (Ingelvac-PRRSV, MLV®), non-vaccinated and naturally infected, GP5-B and GP5-B3. At 2 days post-immunization (dpi), the GP5-B3 peptide increased the serum concentrations of cytokines associated with activate adaptive cellular immunity, IL-1β (1.15 ± 1.15 to 10.17 ± 0.94 pg/mL) and IL-12 (323.8 ± 23.3 to 778.5 ± 58.11 pg/mL), compared to the control group. The concentration of IgGs anti-GP5-B increased in both cases at 21 and 42 dpi compared to that at 0 days (128.3 ± 8.34 ng/mL to 231.9 ± 17.82 and 331 ± 14.86 ng/mL), while IgGs anti-GP5-B3 increased at 21 dpi (105.1 ± 19.06 to 178 ± 15.09 ng/mL) and remained at the same level until 42 dpi. Also, antibody-forming/Plasma B cells (CD2+/CD21-) increased in both cases (9.85 ± 0.7% to 13.67 ± 0.44 for GP5-B and 15.72 ± 1.27% for GP5-B3). Furthermore, primed B cells (CD2-/CD21+) from immunized pigs showed an increase in both cases (9.62 ± 1.5% to 24.51 ± 1.3 for GP5-B and 34 ± 2.39% for GP5-B3) at 42 dpi. Conversely the naïve B cells from immunized pigs decreased compared with the control group (8.84 ± 0.63% to 6.25 ± 0.66 for GP5-B and 5.78 ± 0.48% for GP5-B3). Importantly, both GP5-B and GP5-B3 peptides exhibited immunoreactivity against serum antibodies from the vaccinated group, as well as the non-vaccinated and naturally infected group. In conclusion, GP5-B and GP5-B3 peptides elicited immunogenicity mediated by antigen-specific IgGs and B cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Perez-Duran
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Km. 9.5 S/N Carretera Morelia-Zinapecuaro, La Palma, Tarimbaro CP 58893, Mexico; (F.P.-D.); (F.C.-R.); (L.E.F.-C.); (A.G.Z.-A.); (R.O.-F.); (D.D.-H.); (A.B.-P.); (R.C.-V.)
| | - Fernando Calderon-Rico
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Km. 9.5 S/N Carretera Morelia-Zinapecuaro, La Palma, Tarimbaro CP 58893, Mexico; (F.P.-D.); (F.C.-R.); (L.E.F.-C.); (A.G.Z.-A.); (R.O.-F.); (D.D.-H.); (A.B.-P.); (R.C.-V.)
| | - Luis Enrique Franco-Correa
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Km. 9.5 S/N Carretera Morelia-Zinapecuaro, La Palma, Tarimbaro CP 58893, Mexico; (F.P.-D.); (F.C.-R.); (L.E.F.-C.); (A.G.Z.-A.); (R.O.-F.); (D.D.-H.); (A.B.-P.); (R.C.-V.)
| | - Alicia Gabriela Zamora-Aviles
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Km. 9.5 S/N Carretera Morelia-Zinapecuaro, La Palma, Tarimbaro CP 58893, Mexico; (F.P.-D.); (F.C.-R.); (L.E.F.-C.); (A.G.Z.-A.); (R.O.-F.); (D.D.-H.); (A.B.-P.); (R.C.-V.)
| | - Roberto Ortega-Flores
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Km. 9.5 S/N Carretera Morelia-Zinapecuaro, La Palma, Tarimbaro CP 58893, Mexico; (F.P.-D.); (F.C.-R.); (L.E.F.-C.); (A.G.Z.-A.); (R.O.-F.); (D.D.-H.); (A.B.-P.); (R.C.-V.)
| | - Daniel Durand-Herrera
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Km. 9.5 S/N Carretera Morelia-Zinapecuaro, La Palma, Tarimbaro CP 58893, Mexico; (F.P.-D.); (F.C.-R.); (L.E.F.-C.); (A.G.Z.-A.); (R.O.-F.); (D.D.-H.); (A.B.-P.); (R.C.-V.)
| | - Alejandro Bravo-Patiño
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Km. 9.5 S/N Carretera Morelia-Zinapecuaro, La Palma, Tarimbaro CP 58893, Mexico; (F.P.-D.); (F.C.-R.); (L.E.F.-C.); (A.G.Z.-A.); (R.O.-F.); (D.D.-H.); (A.B.-P.); (R.C.-V.)
| | - Ricarda Cortes-Vieyra
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Km. 9.5 S/N Carretera Morelia-Zinapecuaro, La Palma, Tarimbaro CP 58893, Mexico; (F.P.-D.); (F.C.-R.); (L.E.F.-C.); (A.G.Z.-A.); (R.O.-F.); (D.D.-H.); (A.B.-P.); (R.C.-V.)
| | - Ilane Hernandez-Morales
- Laboratorio de Investigacion Interdisciplinaria, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Leon, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Blv. UNAM No. 2011, Leon CP 37684, Mexico;
| | - Rosa Elvira Nuñez-Anita
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Km. 9.5 S/N Carretera Morelia-Zinapecuaro, La Palma, Tarimbaro CP 58893, Mexico; (F.P.-D.); (F.C.-R.); (L.E.F.-C.); (A.G.Z.-A.); (R.O.-F.); (D.D.-H.); (A.B.-P.); (R.C.-V.)
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Clilverd H, Li Y, Martín-Valls G, Aguirre L, Martín M, Cortey M, Mateu E. Selection of viral variants with enhanced transmission and reduced neutralization susceptibility alongside lateral introductions may explain the persistence of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in vaccinated breeding herds. Virus Evol 2024; 10:veae041. [PMID: 38817667 PMCID: PMC11137674 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veae041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the long-term evolutionary dynamics of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV-1) in an endemically infected and vaccinated pig herd. Over a one year and a half period, piglets from seven farrowing batches in a 300-sow PRRSV-vaccinated farm were monitored from birth to nine weeks of age by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Eighty-five PRRSV-positive samples were subjected to whole genome sequencing (Illumina Miseq), and 251 samples to open reading frame 5 (ORF5) sequencing. Farm-specific PRRSV variants' impact on anti-PRRSV antibodies was evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent and neutralizing antibody assays. The replication kinetics and cytokine inhibition capabilities (IFN-α and TNF-α) of these variants were assessed in porcine alveolar macrophages. The study revealed fluctuating PRRSV-1 incidences in farrowing units and nurseries, attributed to two key evolutionary events: an escape variant emergence and a lateral introduction of a new strain. Initially, strain 1 variant α was swiftly replaced within weeks by variant 1β (99.5 per cent genomic similarity), with twenty-five amino acid mutations, primarily in nsp1α, GP2, GP3, and GP5, including an additional glycosylation site and a deletion downstream the neutralization epitope of GP5. This shift to 1β correlated with increased incidence in nurseries and higher viral loads, with sera from 1α-exposed animals showing reduced neutralization against 1β. Consistently for in vitro assays, variant 1β demonstrated enhanced replication in porcine alveolar macrophages but no difference regarding IFN-α or TNF-α responses. Later, a new strain (strain 2, 83.3 per cent similarity to strain 1) emerged and led to incidence resurgence because of the low cross reactivity with the previous antibodies. The study highlights PRRSV's rapid adaptability and challenges in controlling its spread, underscoring the necessity for more effective vaccines and eradication approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hepzibar Clilverd
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
| | - Yanli Li
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
| | - Gerard Martín-Valls
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
| | - Laia Aguirre
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
| | - Marga Martín
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
| | - Martí Cortey
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
| | - Enric Mateu
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
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Arjin C, Hongsibsong S, Pringproa K, Ruksiriwanich W, Lumsangkul C, Arunorat J, Chuammitri P, Seel-Audom M, Sommano SR, Sringarm K. Immune response enhancement by dietary supplementation with Caesalpinia sappan extract in weaned pigs challenged with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:111. [PMID: 38515094 PMCID: PMC10958915 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-03911-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND At present, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) caused by the PRRS virus (PRRSV) is one of the most severe epidemics impacting pig farming globally. Despite the fact that a number of studies have been conducted on potential solutions to this problem, none have proven effective. The focus of problem solving is the use of natural ingredients such as plant extracts. Popular throughout Asia, Caesalpinia sappan (CS) is a therapeutic plant that inhibits PRRSV in vitro. Therefore, this study was performed to determine the efficacy of CS extract dietary supplementation on the productive performance, antibody levels, immunological indicators, and lung pathology of PRRSV-challenged weaned pigs. A total of 32 weaned piglets (28 days old) were randomized into 4 groups and kept separately for 14 days. The treatments were organized in a 2 × 2 factorial design involving two factors: PRRSV challenge and supplementation with 1 mg/kg CS extract. The pigs in the PRRSV-challenged groups were intranasally inoculated with 2 mL of PRRSV (VR2332) containing 104 TCID50/mL, while those in the groups not challenged with PRRSV were inoculated with 2 mL of normal saline. RESULTS In the PRRSV-challenged group (CS + PRRSV), supplementation with CS extract led to an increase in white blood cells (WBCs) on Day 7 post infection (p < 0.05) and particularly in lymphocytes on Days 7 and 14. The antibody titer was significantly greater in the CS + PRRSV group than in the PRRSV-challenged group not administered CS (PRRSV group) on Day 14 postinfection (S/P = 1.19 vs. 0.78). In addition, CS extract administration decreased the prevalence of pulmonary lesions, which were more prevalent in the PRRSV-challenged pigs that did not receive the CS extract. CONCLUSION The findings of this study suggest that supplementation with CS extract is beneficial for increasing WBC counts, especially lymphocytes, increasing the levels of antibodies and reducing the prevalence of lung lesions in PRRSV-infected pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaiwat Arjin
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Surat Hongsibsong
- School of Health Science Research, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Kidsadagon Pringproa
- Department of Veterinary Bioscience and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Warintorn Ruksiriwanich
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Chompunut Lumsangkul
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Jirapat Arunorat
- Department of Veterinary Bioscience and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Phongsakorn Chuammitri
- Department of Veterinary Bioscience and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Mintra Seel-Audom
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Sarana Rose Sommano
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Korawan Sringarm
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
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Li P, Silva APSP, Moraes DCDA, Yeske P, Osemeke OH, Magalhães ES, De Sousa E Silva G, Linhares DCL. Comparison of a novel rapid sampling method to serum and tonsil scraping to detect PRRSV in acutely infected sows. Prev Vet Med 2024; 223:106082. [PMID: 38176150 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.106082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Few practical methods are available to monitor the PRRSV status of the sows. Common sampling methods for sows like serum sampling, and tonsil scraping involve restraining individual sows and are labor-intensive, time-consuming, relatively invasive, and therefore, have limited use in large-scale production settings. Thus, a practical and rapid method of sampling large numbers of sows is needed. This study aimed to develop a new sampling method, named tonsil-oral scraping (TOSc) and compare TOSc to serum and tonsil scraping in terms of PRRSV qPCR detection rate and Ct values in thirty matched sows, thirty days after PRRSV outbreak. TOSc recovered a mixture of oral fluids and tonsil exudates from the sow oral cavity within seconds without restraining the animals. Results showed that, numerically, the TOSc samples had higher PRRSV qPCR detection rate (100 %) compared to serum (16.8 %) and tonsil scraping (73.1 %). Moreover, TOSc samples had lower average Ct values (29.7) than tonsil scraping (30.7) and serum (35.2). There was no significant difference in the detection rate between TOSc and tonsil scraping (Tukey test, p = 0.992), while there was a significant difference between serum and tonsil scraping (Tukey test, p < 0.001), as well as between serum and TOSc (Tukey test, p < 0.001). In terms of Ct values, there was no statistically significant difference between TOSc and tonsil scrapings (Dunn Test, p > 0.05), while there was a significant difference between tonsil scraping with serum (Dunn Test, p < 0.01), and TOSc with serum (Dunn Test, p < 0.01). Our results suggest great potential of the TOSc as a novel, practical, and rapid tool for PRRSV RNA detection in sows to assess sow herd status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Ames, IA 50010, United States
| | | | | | - Paul Yeske
- Swine Vet Center, Saint Peter, MN 56082, United States
| | | | - Edison Souza Magalhães
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Ames, IA 50010, United States
| | - Gustavo De Sousa E Silva
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Ames, IA 50010, United States
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Lambert MÈ, Arsenault J, Côté JC, D'Allaire S. A descriptive study on spatial and temporal distributions of genetic clusters of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infecting pig sites in Quebec, Canada, between 2010 and 2019. Porcine Health Manag 2024; 10:7. [PMID: 38273419 PMCID: PMC10809575 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-024-00357-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The wide diversity of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) strains combined with incomplete heterologous cross-protection complicates the management of the disease at both the herd and the regional levels. The objectives of this study were to describe the spatial and temporal distribution of various PRRSV genetic clusters infecting pig sites in Quebec, Canada, and to compare PRRSV regional diversity of wild-type sequences over the years. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective surveillance-based study was conducted on all pig sites which had PRRSV ORF5 sequences from field submissions transferred into the Laboratoire d'épidémiologie et de médecine porcine database from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2019. A maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree inferred from multiple sequence alignment was used to identify genetic clusters. For each wild-type cluster gathering ≥ 15 sequences, the number of pig sites in which the cluster was detected per administrative region and per year were displayed on bubble charts and the spatiotemporal distribution of pig sites was illustrated using pie chart maps. A molecular analysis of variance was performed to compare PRRSV wild-type sequence diversity according to the administrative region for each year. RESULTS A total of 32 wild-type clusters gathering 1653 PRRSV2 sequences from 693 pig sites were described. Each cluster was detected on up to 132 pig sites and 7 administrative regions over the 10-year period. Annually, the mean (min-max) number of wild-type clusters detected in at least one pig site reached 24 (17-29). Some clusters remained localized on a few sites over time whereas others were widespread over the territory during a few or many years. For each year, regional differences were also observed in PRRSV diversity of wild-type sequences. CONCLUSIONS The differences observed in both the spatiotemporal distributions of PRRSV clusters and in the regional diversity of wild-type sequences highlight the importance of ongoing provincial surveillance to improve collective PRRS management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Ève Lambert
- Laboratoire d'épidémiologie et de médecine porcine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St. Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.
- Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole - Fonds de recherche du Québec - Nature et technologies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St. Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.
- Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses en production animale, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St. Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.
| | - Julie Arsenault
- Laboratoire d'épidémiologie et de médecine porcine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St. Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole - Fonds de recherche du Québec - Nature et technologies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St. Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Charles Côté
- Laboratoire d'épidémiologie et de médecine porcine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St. Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole - Fonds de recherche du Québec - Nature et technologies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St. Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Sylvie D'Allaire
- Laboratoire d'épidémiologie et de médecine porcine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St. Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole - Fonds de recherche du Québec - Nature et technologies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St. Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
- Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses en production animale, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St. Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
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10
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Houston GE, Jones CK, Evans C, Otott HK, Stark CR, Bai J, Poulsen Porter EG, de Almeida MN, Zhang J, Gauger PC, Blomme AK, Woodworth JC, Paulk CB, Gebhardt JT. Evaluation of Truck Cab Decontamination Procedures following Inoculation with Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus and Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:280. [PMID: 38254449 PMCID: PMC10812598 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
This experiment aimed to evaluate commercially available disinfectants and their application methods against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) on truck cab surfaces. Plastic, fabric, and rubber surfaces inoculated with PEDV or PRRSV were placed in a full-scale truck cab and then treated with one of eight randomly assigned disinfectant treatments. After application, surfaces were environmentally sampled with cotton gauze and tested for PEDV and PRRSV using qPCR duplex analysis. There was a disinfectant × surface interaction (p < 0.0001), indicating a detectable amount of PEDV or PRRSV RNA was impacted by disinfectant treatment and surface material. For rubber surfaces, 10% bleach application had lower detectable amounts of RNA compared to all other treatments (p < 0.05) except Intervention via misting fumigation, which was intermediate. In both fabric and plastic surfaces, there was no evidence (p > 0.05) of a difference in detectable RNA between disinfectant treatments. For disinfectant treatments, fabric surfaces with no chemical treatment had less detectable viral RNA compared to the corresponding plastic and rubber (p < 0.05). Intervention applied via pump sprayer to fabric surfaces had less detectable viral RNA than plastic (p < 0.05). Furthermore, 10% bleach applied via pump sprayer to fabric and rubber surfaces had less detectable viral RNA than plastic (p < 0.05). Also, a 10 h downtime, with no chemical application or gaseous fumigation for 10 h, applied to fabric surfaces had less detectable viral RNA than other surfaces (p < 0.05). Sixteen treatments were evaluated via swine bioassay, but all samples failed to produce infectivity. In summary, commercially available disinfectants successfully reduced detectable viral RNA on surfaces but did not eliminate viral genetic material, highlighting the importance of bioexclusion of pathogens of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace E. Houston
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
| | - Cassandra K. Jones
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA; (C.K.J.); (J.C.W.)
| | - Caitlin Evans
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA; (C.E.); (H.K.O.); (A.K.B.); (C.B.P.)
| | - Haley K. Otott
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA; (C.E.); (H.K.O.); (A.K.B.); (C.B.P.)
| | - Charles R. Stark
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA; (C.E.); (H.K.O.); (A.K.B.); (C.B.P.)
| | - Jianfa Bai
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
| | - Elizabeth G. Poulsen Porter
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
| | - Marcelo N. de Almeida
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-1134, USA; (M.N.d.A.); (J.Z.); (P.C.G.)
| | - Jianqiang Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-1134, USA; (M.N.d.A.); (J.Z.); (P.C.G.)
| | - Phillip C. Gauger
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-1134, USA; (M.N.d.A.); (J.Z.); (P.C.G.)
| | - Allison K. Blomme
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA; (C.E.); (H.K.O.); (A.K.B.); (C.B.P.)
| | - Jason C. Woodworth
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA; (C.K.J.); (J.C.W.)
| | - Chad B. Paulk
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA; (C.E.); (H.K.O.); (A.K.B.); (C.B.P.)
| | - Jordan T. Gebhardt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
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11
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Hung SW, Chuang CK, Wong CH, Yen CH, Peng SH, Yang C, Chen MC, Yang TS, Tu CF. Activated macrophages of CD 163 gene edited pigs generated by direct cytoplasmic microinjection with CRISPR gRNA/Cas9 mRNA are resistant to PRRS virus assault. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:4196-4209. [PMID: 35507885 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2022.2062602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infects placental and lung macrophages, causing a global epidemic with economic loss. Attempts to develop an effective vaccine to control the disease have not been effective. Currently, developing PRRSV disease-resistant pigs via a gene editing (GE) strategy to mutate the PRRSV receptor or to delete the binding domain on the macrophage appears promising. In this study, we used the strategy of Edinburg University to construct two guide RNAs (gRNAs) located on the proximal front and post sites of exon 7. Directive microinjection of two gRNAs and Cas9 mRNA into the cytoplasm of pronuclear zygotes efficiently generated four piglets confirmed as CD163 knockout (KO) and/or CD163 exon 7 deleted (CD163ΔE7). In four GE piglets, three pigs carried two chromosome CD163 KO or ΔE7. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from three GE and wild-type (WT) pigs were activated into macrophages for in vitro transfection. The results showed that the activated macrophages from all GE pigs were significantly more viable than those from WT pig. Current results suggest that we have successfully generated PRRSV-resistant pigs, although in vivo challenge is needed to validate that the pigs are PRRSV resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Wen Hung
- Division of Animal Industry, Animal Technology Research Center, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chin-Kai Chuang
- Division of Animal Technology, Animal Technology Research Center, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chi-Hong Wong
- Division of Animal Technology, Animal Technology Research Center, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chon-Ho Yen
- Division of Animal Technology, Animal Technology Research Center, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shu-Hui Peng
- Division of Animal Technology, Animal Technology Research Center, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chieh Yang
- Fa Chang Enterprise Co. Ltd, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ming-Cheng Chen
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tien-Shuh Yang
- Division of Animal Technology, Animal Technology Research Center, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ching-Fu Tu
- Division of Animal Technology, Animal Technology Research Center, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Taiwan, Republic of China
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12
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Zhu H, Wei L, Liu X, Liu S, Chen H, Chen P, Li X, Qian P. Pathogenicity Studies of NADC34-like Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus LNSY-GY and NADC30-like Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus GXGG-8011 in Piglets. Viruses 2023; 15:2247. [PMID: 38005924 PMCID: PMC10674415 DOI: 10.3390/v15112247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has caused significant economic losses to the swine industry. The U.S., China, and Peru have reported NADC30-like or NADC34-like PRRSV-infected piglets, which have been identified as the cause of a significant number of abortions in clinics. Although the pathogenicity of NADC30-like PRRSV and NADC34-like PRRSV in piglets exhibits significant variability globally, studies on their pathogenicity in China are limited. In this study, the animal experiments showed that within 8-14 days post-infection, both piglets infected with NADC30-like PRRSV GXGG-8011 and those infected with NADC34-like PRRSV LNSY-GY exhibited significant weight loss compared to the control piglets. Additionally, the viremia of the LNSY-GY persisted for 28 days, while the viremia of piglets infected with the GXGG-8011 lasted for 17 days. Similarly, the duration of viral shedding through the fecal-oral route after the LNSY-GY infection was longer than that observed after the GXGG-8011 infection. Furthermore, post-infection, both the LNSY-GY and GXGG-8011 led to pronounced histopathological lesions in the lungs of piglets, including interstitial pneumonia and notable viral colonization. However, the antibody production in the LNSY-GY-infected group occurred earlier than that in the GXGG-8011-infected group. Our research findings indicate that LNSY-GY is a mildly pathogenic strain in piglets, whereas we speculate that the GXGG-8011 might be a highly pathogenic strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hechao Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.Z.); (L.W.); (X.L.); (S.L.); (H.C.); (X.L.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Liuqing Wei
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.Z.); (L.W.); (X.L.); (S.L.); (H.C.); (X.L.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiangzu Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.Z.); (L.W.); (X.L.); (S.L.); (H.C.); (X.L.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shudan Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.Z.); (L.W.); (X.L.); (S.L.); (H.C.); (X.L.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.Z.); (L.W.); (X.L.); (S.L.); (H.C.); (X.L.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Pin Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Xiangmin Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.Z.); (L.W.); (X.L.); (S.L.); (H.C.); (X.L.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ping Qian
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.Z.); (L.W.); (X.L.); (S.L.); (H.C.); (X.L.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
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13
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Martin-Valls GE, Li Y, Clilverd H, Soto J, Cortey M, Mateu E. Levels of neutralizing antibodies against resident farm strain or vaccine strain are not indicators of protection against PRRSV-1 vertical transmission under farm conditions. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:217. [PMID: 37858141 PMCID: PMC10588270 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03785-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vertical transmission is key for the maintenance of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection. In vaccinated farms, vertical transmission can still occur despite sows having some level of immunity because of repeated vaccination or contact with the wild-type virus. The present study aimed to correlate the age of sows and the amplitude of neutralizing antibodies (Nab) (heterologous neutralization) with PRRSV-1 vertical transmission (VT). For this purpose, umbilical cords of 1,554 newborns (corresponding to 250 litters) were tested for PRRSV by RT-PCR in two PRRSV-unstable vaccinated farms. In parallel, the sows were bled after farrowing and the levels of antibodies were determined by ELISA and by the viral neutralization test against the vaccine virus, the virus circulating in the farm, and other unrelated contemporary PRRSV-1 strains. The relationship between the parity and the probability of delivering infected piglets and the presence of broadly Nabs examined. RESULTS The proportion of VT events in the two examined farms ranged from 18.9% to 23.0%. Young sows (parity 1-2) were 1.7 times more likely to have VT than older sows (p < 0.05). Despite higher ELISA S/P antibody ratios in younger sows (p < 0.05), NAb against the resident farm strain were at a similar level between sows delivering infected and healthy piglets regardless of age, mostly with low titers (2-3 log2). The titers of NAb against the vaccine virus were also low, and no correlations with VT were observed. When a panel of another 4 strains (1 isolated in the 1990s, and 3 contemporary strains) were used for the neutralization test, most sow sera were not capable of neutralizing the contemporary strains. CONCLUSIONS Titers of NAb could not be correlated with the occurrence of PRRSV VT. The amplitude of NAb present in most vaccinated sows is limited with a considerable proportion unresponsive regarding NAb production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Eduard Martin-Valls
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Travessera dels Turons S/N, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Yanli Li
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Travessera dels Turons S/N, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Hepzibar Clilverd
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Travessera dels Turons S/N, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Jordi Soto
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Travessera dels Turons S/N, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Martí Cortey
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Travessera dels Turons S/N, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Enric Mateu
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Travessera dels Turons S/N, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
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14
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Pamornchainavakul N, Makau DN, Paploski IAD, Corzo CA, VanderWaal K. Unveiling invisible farm-to-farm PRRSV-2 transmission links and routes through transmission tree and network analysis. Evol Appl 2023; 16:1721-1734. [PMID: 38020873 PMCID: PMC10660809 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The United States (U.S.) swine industry has struggled to control porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) for decades, yet the causative virus, PRRSV-2, continues to circulate and rapidly diverges into new variants. In the swine industry, the farm is typically the epidemiological unit for monitoring, prevention, and control; breaking transmission among farms is a critical step in containing disease spread. Despite this, our understanding of farm transmission still is inadequate, precluding the development of tailored control strategies. Therefore, our objective was to infer farm-to-farm transmission links, estimate farm-level transmissibility as defined by reproduction numbers (R), and identify associated risk factors for transmission using PRRSV-2 open reading frame 5 (ORF5) gene sequences, animal movement records, and other data from farms in a swine-dense region of the U.S. from 2014 to 2017. Timed phylogenetic and transmission tree analyses were performed on three sets of sequences (n = 206) from 144 farms that represented the three largest genetic variants of the virus in the study area. The length of inferred pig-to-pig infection chains that corresponded to pairs of farms connected via direct animal movement was used as a threshold value for identifying other feasible transmission links between farms; these links were then transformed into farm-to-farm transmission networks and calculated farm-level R-values. The median farm-level R was one (IQR = 1-2), whereas the R value of 28% of farms was more than one. Exponential random graph models were then used to evaluate the influence of farm attributes and/or farm relationships on the occurrence of farm-to-farm transmission links. These models showed that, even though most transmission events cannot be directly explained by animal movement, movement was strongly associated with transmission. This study demonstrates how integrative techniques may improve disease traceability in a data-rich era by providing a clearer picture of regional disease transmission.
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15
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Yao Y, Li S, Zhu Y, Xu Y, Hao S, Guo S, Feng WH. miR-204 suppresses porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) replication via inhibiting LC3B-mediated autophagy. Virol Sin 2023; 38:690-698. [PMID: 37454810 PMCID: PMC10590697 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) caused by PRRS virus (PRRSV) has been regarded as a persistent challenge for the swine farms worldwide. microRNAs (miRNAs) play key roles in regulating almost every important biological process, including virus-host interaction. In this study, we found that miR-204 was highly expressed in cells that were not permissive to PRRSV infection compared with cells susceptible to PRRSV infection. Subsequently, we demonstrated that overexpression of miR-204 significantly inhibited PRRSV replication in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs). Through bioinformatic analysis, we found that there existed a potential binding site of miR-204 on the 3'UTR of microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3B (MAP1LC3B, LC3B), a hallmark of autophagy. Applying experiments including luciferase reporter assay and UV cross-linking and immunoprecipitation (CLIP) assay, we demonstrated that miR-204 directly targeted LC3B, thereby downregulating autophagy. Meanwhile, we investigated the interplay between autophagy and PRRSV replication in PAMs, confirming that PRRSV infection induces autophagy, which in turn facilitates viral replication. Overall, we verify that miR-204 suppresses PRRSV replication via inhibiting LC3B-mediated autophagy in PAMs. These findings will provide a novel potential approach for us to develop antiviral therapeutic agents and controlling measures for future PRRSV outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Sihan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yingqi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yangyang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Siyuan Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shuyuan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wen-Hai Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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16
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Díaz-Cao JM, Liu X, Kim J, Clavijo MJ, Martínez-López B. Evaluation of the application of sequence data to the identification of outbreaks of disease using anomaly detection methods. Vet Res 2023; 54:75. [PMID: 37684632 PMCID: PMC10492347 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01197-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Anomaly detection methods have a great potential to assist the detection of diseases in animal production systems. We used sequence data of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) to define the emergence of new strains at the farm level. We evaluated the performance of 24 anomaly detection methods based on machine learning, regression, time series techniques and control charts to identify outbreaks in time series of new strains and compared the best methods using different time series: PCR positives, PCR requests and laboratory requests. We introduced synthetic outbreaks of different size and calculated the probability of detection of outbreaks (POD), sensitivity (Se), probability of detection of outbreaks in the first week of appearance (POD1w) and background alarm rate (BAR). The use of time series of new strains from sequence data outperformed the other types of data but POD, Se, POD1w were only high when outbreaks were large. The methods based on Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Bayesian approaches presented the best performance. Using anomaly detection methods with sequence data may help to identify the emergency of cases in multiple farms, but more work is required to improve the detection with time series of high variability. Our results suggest a promising application of sequence data for early detection of diseases at a production system level. This may provide a simple way to extract additional value from routine laboratory analysis. Next steps should include validation of this approach in different settings and with different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Díaz-Cao
- Center for Animal Disease Modeling and Surveillance (CADMS), Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA.
- Departamento de Patoloxía Animal, Facultade de Veterinaria de Lugo, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain.
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Jeonghoon Kim
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Maria Jose Clavijo
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, USA
| | - Beatriz Martínez-López
- Center for Animal Disease Modeling and Surveillance (CADMS), Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
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17
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Lebret A, Normand V, Berton P, Nicolazo T, Teixeira Costa C, Chevance C, Brissonnier M, Boulbria G. Alternative Samples for Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Surveillance in an Endemic PRRSV-1-Infected Breeding Herd: A Descriptive Study. Vet Sci 2023; 10:558. [PMID: 37756080 PMCID: PMC10537479 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10090558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowing porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) status is essential for designing herd management protocols. For this, weaning-age pigs are a key subpopulation. Recently, different alternatives to blood sampling have been introduced because they are easier, welfare-friendly and cost-saving tools. Moreover, most of them allow the testing of more animals and seem to be more sensitive in low-prevalence scenarios. However, these studies were implemented mainly in PRRSV-2-infected herds. The first objective of our study was to compare the rate of detection of PRRSV-1 by RT-qPCR in individual serum samples, family oral fluid samples (FOF) and udder wipes (UW) collected the day before weaning. The second objective was to evaluate the suitability of pooling. The study was performed on a 210-sow farrow-to-finish farm which was PRRSV-1 infected and unstable. A total of 119 litters were sampled. The rate of detection of PRRSV-1 in blood samples, FOF and UW was 10.9%, 7.6% and 0.8%, respectively. The agreement between sera and FOF was almost perfect even if the detection capacity of sera was numerically superior to FOF. The Ct values of positive sera were statistically lower than those of FOF. Two modalities of pooling (1:3 and 1:5) were tested for sera and FOF. For sera, both modalities did not impact the PRRSV-1 status either at the litter level or at the batch one. On the other hand, whatever the modality (pooled by 3 or 5), most of the pools of FOF gave negative results, misclassifying many litters and batches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Lebret
- Porc.Spective Swine Vet Practice, ZA de Gohélève, 56920 Noyal-Pontivy, France
- Rezoolution Pig Consulting Services, ZA de Gohélève, 56920 Noyal-Pontivy, France
| | - Valérie Normand
- Porc.Spective Swine Vet Practice, ZA de Gohélève, 56920 Noyal-Pontivy, France
- Rezoolution Pig Consulting Services, ZA de Gohélève, 56920 Noyal-Pontivy, France
| | - Pauline Berton
- Porc.Spective Swine Vet Practice, ZA de Gohélève, 56920 Noyal-Pontivy, France
| | - Théo Nicolazo
- Rezoolution Pig Consulting Services, ZA de Gohélève, 56920 Noyal-Pontivy, France
| | | | - Céline Chevance
- Porc.Spective Swine Vet Practice, ZA de Gohélève, 56920 Noyal-Pontivy, France
- Rezoolution Pig Consulting Services, ZA de Gohélève, 56920 Noyal-Pontivy, France
| | - Mathieu Brissonnier
- Porc.Spective Swine Vet Practice, ZA de Gohélève, 56920 Noyal-Pontivy, France
| | - Gwenaël Boulbria
- Porc.Spective Swine Vet Practice, ZA de Gohélève, 56920 Noyal-Pontivy, France
- Rezoolution Pig Consulting Services, ZA de Gohélève, 56920 Noyal-Pontivy, France
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18
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Miranda J, Romero S, de Lucas L, Saito F, Fenech M, Díaz I. Protection provided by a commercial modified-live porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) 1 vaccine (PRRSV1-MLV) against a Japanese PRRSV2 field strain. J Vet Sci 2023; 24:e54. [PMID: 37638707 PMCID: PMC10556292 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.23025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) vaccines do not provide full cross-protection, mainly due to the virus genetic variability. Despite this, vaccines based on modified-live PRRSV (PRRSV-MLV) reduce the disease impact. OBJECTIVES To assess the efficacy of two commercial vaccines-one based on PRRSV1 (PRRSV1-MLV) and another on PRRSV2 (PRRSV2-MLV)-against a Japanese PRRSV2 field strain. METHODS Two groups of three-week-old piglets were vaccinated (G1: PRRSV1-MLV; G2: PRRSV2-MLV) and two were kept as non-vaccinated (INF and CTRL). One month later, G1, G2, and INF were challenged with a PRRSV2 field strain. RESULTS After the challenge, clinical signs were only observed in INF. Moreover, the highest rectal temperatures and values for the area under the curve (AUC) were observed in INF. Regarding viral detection, both AUC and the proportion of positive samples in blood were higher in INF. In G1, viremic animals never reached 100%. At necropsy (21 d after the challenge), differences for titers among groups were only found in tonsils (G1 < G2 and INF). One animal (belonging to G1) was negative in all tissues. Regarding humoral responses, G1 and G2 seroconverted after vaccination, as detected in the corresponding enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Specific neutralizing antibodies (NA) against PRRSV1-MLV were already detected at 14 d after vaccination in G1, showing a significant booster after the challenge, while PRRSV2-MLV NA were detected in G2 at the end of the experiment. CONCLUSIONS Despite genetic differences, PRRSV1-MLV has been demonstrated to confer partial protection against a Japanese PRRSV2 strain, at least as good as PRRSV2-MLV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Miranda
- Laboratorios Hipra S.A., 17170 Amer, Girona, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Mar Fenech
- R&D, Hipra Scientific, S.L.U., 17170 Amer, Girona, Spain
| | - Ivan Díaz
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA)-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA)-Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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19
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Romeo C, Parisio G, Scali F, Tonni M, Santucci G, Maisano AM, Barbieri I, Boniotti MB, Stadejek T, Alborali GL. Complex interplay between PRRSV-1 genetic diversity, coinfections and antimicrobial use influences performance parameters in post-weaning pigs. Vet Microbiol 2023; 284:109830. [PMID: 37481996 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is one of the main diseases of pigs, leading to large economic losses in swine production worldwide. PRRSV high mutation rate and low cross-protection between strains make PRRS control challenging. Through a semi-longitudinal approach, we analysed the relationships among performance parameters, PRRSV-1 genetic diversity, coinfections and antimicrobial use (AMU) in pig nurseries. We collected data over the course of five years in five PRRS-positive nurseries belonging to an Italian multisite operation, for a total of 86 batches and over 200,000 weaners involved. The farm experienced a severe PRRS outbreak in the farrowing unit at the onset of the study, but despite adopting vaccination of all sows, batch-level losses in nurseries in the following years remained constantly high (mean±SE: 11.3 ± 0.5 %). Consistently with previous studies, our phylogenetic analysis of ORF 7 sequences highlighted the peculiarity of strains circulating in Italy. Greater genetic distances between the strain circulating in a weaners' batch and strains from the farrowing unit and the previous batch were associated with increased mortality (p < 0.0001). All the respiratory and enteric coinfections contributed to an increase in losses (all p < 0.026), with secondary infections by Streptococcus suis and enteric bacteria also inducing an increase in AMU (both p < 0.041). Our findings highlight that relying solely on sows' vaccination is insufficient to contain PRRS losses, and the implementation of rigorous biosecurity measures is pivotal to limit PRRSV circulation among pig flows and consequently minimise the risk of exposure to genetically diverse strains that would increase production costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Romeo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna - IZSLER, via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Parisio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna - IZSLER, via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Federico Scali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna - IZSLER, via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Matteo Tonni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna - IZSLER, via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Santucci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna - IZSLER, via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Antonio M Maisano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna - IZSLER, via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Barbieri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna - IZSLER, via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - M Beatrice Boniotti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna - IZSLER, via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Tomasz Stadejek
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - G Loris Alborali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna - IZSLER, via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
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20
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Kikuti M, Vilalta C, Sanhueza J, Pamornchainavakul N, Kevill J, Yang M, Paploski IAD, Lenskaia T, Odogwu NM, Kiehne R, VanderWaal K, Schroeder D, Corzo CA. Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRSV2) Viral Diversity within a Farrow-to-Wean Farm Cohort Study. Viruses 2023; 15:1837. [PMID: 37766244 PMCID: PMC10535563 DOI: 10.3390/v15091837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Describing PRRSV whole-genome viral diversity data over time within the host and within-farm is crucial for a better understanding of viral evolution and its implications. A cohort study was conducted at one naïve farrow-to-wean farm reporting a PRRSV outbreak. All piglets 3-5 days of age (DOA) born to mass-exposed sows through live virus inoculation with the recently introduced wild-type virus two weeks prior were sampled and followed up at 17-19 DOA. Samples from 127 piglets were individually tested for PRRSV by RT-PCR and 100 sequences were generated using Oxford Nanopore Technologies chemistry. Female piglets had significantly higher median Ct values than males (15.5 vs. 13.7, Kruskal-Wallis p < 0.001) at 3-5 DOA. A 52.8% mortality between sampling points was found, and the odds of dying by 17-19 DOA decreased with every one unit increase in Ct values at 3-5 DOA (OR = 0.76, 95% CI 0.61-0.94, p = 0.01). Although the within-pig percent nucleotide identity was overall high (99.7%) between 3-5 DOA and 17-19 DOA samples, ORFs 4 and 5a showed much lower identities (97.26% and 98.53%, respectively). When looking solely at ORF5, 62% of the sequences were identical to the 3-5 DOA consensus. Ten and eight regions showed increased nucleotide and amino acid genetic diversity, respectively, all found throughout ORFs 2a/2b, 4, 5a/5, 6, and 7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Kikuti
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA; (M.K.); (C.V.); (J.S.); (N.P.); (J.K.); (I.A.D.P.); (T.L.); (N.M.O.); (K.V.); (D.S.)
| | - Carles Vilalta
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA; (M.K.); (C.V.); (J.S.); (N.P.); (J.K.); (I.A.D.P.); (T.L.); (N.M.O.); (K.V.); (D.S.)
- Unitat mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Juan Sanhueza
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA; (M.K.); (C.V.); (J.S.); (N.P.); (J.K.); (I.A.D.P.); (T.L.); (N.M.O.); (K.V.); (D.S.)
- Departamento de Ciencias Veterinarias y Salud Pública, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco 02950, Chile
| | - Nakarin Pamornchainavakul
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA; (M.K.); (C.V.); (J.S.); (N.P.); (J.K.); (I.A.D.P.); (T.L.); (N.M.O.); (K.V.); (D.S.)
| | - Jessica Kevill
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA; (M.K.); (C.V.); (J.S.); (N.P.); (J.K.); (I.A.D.P.); (T.L.); (N.M.O.); (K.V.); (D.S.)
- Centre for Environmental Biotechnology, School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK
| | - My Yang
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA; (M.K.); (C.V.); (J.S.); (N.P.); (J.K.); (I.A.D.P.); (T.L.); (N.M.O.); (K.V.); (D.S.)
| | - Igor A. D. Paploski
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA; (M.K.); (C.V.); (J.S.); (N.P.); (J.K.); (I.A.D.P.); (T.L.); (N.M.O.); (K.V.); (D.S.)
| | - Tatiana Lenskaia
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA; (M.K.); (C.V.); (J.S.); (N.P.); (J.K.); (I.A.D.P.); (T.L.); (N.M.O.); (K.V.); (D.S.)
| | - Nkechi M. Odogwu
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA; (M.K.); (C.V.); (J.S.); (N.P.); (J.K.); (I.A.D.P.); (T.L.); (N.M.O.); (K.V.); (D.S.)
| | - Ross Kiehne
- Swine Vet Center P.A., St. Peter, MN 56082, USA;
| | - Kimberly VanderWaal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA; (M.K.); (C.V.); (J.S.); (N.P.); (J.K.); (I.A.D.P.); (T.L.); (N.M.O.); (K.V.); (D.S.)
| | - Declan Schroeder
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA; (M.K.); (C.V.); (J.S.); (N.P.); (J.K.); (I.A.D.P.); (T.L.); (N.M.O.); (K.V.); (D.S.)
| | - Cesar A. Corzo
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA; (M.K.); (C.V.); (J.S.); (N.P.); (J.K.); (I.A.D.P.); (T.L.); (N.M.O.); (K.V.); (D.S.)
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21
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Chase-Topping M, Plastow G, Dekkers J, Li Y, Fang Y, Gerdts V, Van Kessel J, Harding J, Opriessnig T, Doeschl-Wilson A. The WUR0000125 PRRS resilience SNP had no apparent effect on pigs' infectivity and susceptibility in a novel transmission trial. Genet Sel Evol 2023; 55:51. [PMID: 37488481 PMCID: PMC10364427 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-023-00824-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) remains one of the most important infectious diseases for the pig industry. A novel small-scale transmission experiment was designed to assess whether the WUR0000125 (WUR for Wageningen University and Research) PRRS resilience single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) confers lower susceptibility and infectivity to pigs under natural porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV-2) transmission. METHODS Commercial full- and half-sib piglets (n = 164) were assigned as either Inoculation, Shedder, or Contact pigs. Pigs were grouped according to their relatedness structure and WUR genotype, with R- and R+ referring to pigs with zero and one copy of the dominant WUR resilience allele, respectively. Barcoding of the PRRSV-2 strain (SD09-200) was applied to track pig genotype-specific transmission. Blood and nasal swab samples were collected and concentrations of PRRSV-2 were determined by quantitative (q)-PCR and cell culture and expressed in units of median tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50). The Log10TCID50 at each sampling event, derived infection status, and area under the curve (AUC) were response variables in linear and generalized linear mixed models to infer WUR genotype differences in Contact pig susceptibility and Shedder pig infectivity. RESULTS All Shedder and Contact pigs, except one, became infected through natural transmission. There was no significant (p > 0.05) effect of Contact pig genotype on any virus measures that would indicate WUR genotype differences in susceptibility. Contact pigs tended to have higher serum AUC (p = 0.017) and log10TCID50 (p = 0.034) when infected by an R+ shedder, potentially due to more infectious R+ shedders at the early stages of the transmission trial. However, no significant Shedder genotype effect was found in serum (p = 0.274) or nasal secretion (p = 0.951) that would indicate genotype differences in infectivity. CONCLUSIONS The novel design demonstrated that it is possible to estimate genotype effects on Shedder pig infectivity and Contact pig susceptibility that are not confounded by family effects. The study, however, provided no supportive evidence that genetic selection on WUR genotype would affect PRRSV-2 transmission. The results of this study need to be independently validated in a larger trial using different PRRSV strains before dismissing the effects of the WUR marker or the previously detected GBP5 gene on PRRSV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margo Chase-Topping
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Graham Plastow
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jack Dekkers
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Yanhua Li
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Ying Fang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Volker Gerdts
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Jill Van Kessel
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - John Harding
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Tanja Opriessnig
- Vaccines and Diagnostics Department, Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, UK
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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22
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Papakonstantinou GI, Psalla D, Pourlis A, Stylianaki I, Athanasiou LV, Tzika E, Meletis E, Kostoulas P, Maragkakis G, Christodoulopoulos G, Papaioannou N, Papatsiros VG. Histopathological Pulmonary Lesions in 1st-Day Newborn Piglets Derived from PRRSV-1 MLV Vaccinated Sows at the Last Stage of Gestation. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1609. [PMID: 37511984 PMCID: PMC10381811 DOI: 10.3390/life13071609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Modified live virus (MLV) vaccines for the control of porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (PRRSV) have been associated with the vertical and horizontal transmission of vaccine viruses. The present study aimed to describe pathological lung lesions in piglets born by gilts vaccinated with PRRSV-1 MLV. In total, 25 gilts were vaccinated at late gestation (100th day) and were divided into five groups according to the different vaccines (Vac) used: no vaccine-control group, Vac-1-strain DV, Vac-2-strain VP-046 BIS, Vac-3-strain 94881, Vac-4-strain 96V198. Within the first 0-9 h of the farrowing, blood samples were collected from all newborn piglets and lung samples were exanimated grossly, histopathologically and with scanning electron microscopy. PRRSV (RT-PCR-positive) and antibodies were detected in the serum of piglets from gilts vaccinated with Vac-2. In these piglets, moderate to severe interstitial pneumonia with thickened alveolar septa was noticed. Type II pneumocyte hyperplasia was also observed. The rest of the trial piglets showed unremarkable lung lesions. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the 98.7% similarity of the PRRSV field strain (GR 2019-1) to the PRRS MLV vaccine strain VP-046 BIS. In conclusion, the Vac-2 PRRSV vaccine strain can act as an infectious strain when vaccination is administrated at late gestation, causing lung lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios I. Papakonstantinou
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (G.I.P.); (L.V.A.); (G.M.)
| | - Dimitra Psalla
- Laboratory of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (D.P.); (I.S.); (N.P.)
| | - Aris Pourlis
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Histology & Embryology, Veterinary School, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece;
| | - Ioanna Stylianaki
- Laboratory of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (D.P.); (I.S.); (N.P.)
| | - Labrini V. Athanasiou
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (G.I.P.); (L.V.A.); (G.M.)
| | - Eleni Tzika
- Farm Animals Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Eleftherios Meletis
- Laboratory of Epidemiology & Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Public Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (E.M.); (P.K.)
| | - Polychronis Kostoulas
- Laboratory of Epidemiology & Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Public Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (E.M.); (P.K.)
| | - George Maragkakis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (G.I.P.); (L.V.A.); (G.M.)
| | - Georgios Christodoulopoulos
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, Votanikos, 11855 Athens, Greece;
| | - Nikolaos Papaioannou
- Laboratory of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (D.P.); (I.S.); (N.P.)
| | - Vasileios G. Papatsiros
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (G.I.P.); (L.V.A.); (G.M.)
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23
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Sanchez F, Galvis JA, Cardenas NC, Corzo C, Jones C, Machado G. Spatiotemporal relative risk distribution of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in the United States. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1158306. [PMID: 37456959 PMCID: PMC10340085 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1158306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) remains widely distributed across the U.S. swine industry. Between-farm movements of animals and transportation vehicles, along with local transmission are the primary routes by which PRRSV is spread. Given the farm-to-farm proximity in high pig production areas, local transmission is an important pathway in the spread of PRRSV; however, there is limited understanding of the role local transmission plays in the dissemination of PRRSV, specifically, the distance at which there is increased risk for transmission from infected to susceptible farms. We used a spatial and spatiotemporal kernel density approach to estimate PRRSV relative risk and utilized a Bayesian spatiotemporal hierarchical model to assess the effects of environmental variables, between-farm movement data and on-farm biosecurity features on PRRSV outbreaks. The maximum spatial distance calculated through the kernel density approach was 15.3 km in 2018, 17.6 km in 2019, and 18 km in 2020. Spatiotemporal analysis revealed greater variability throughout the study period, with significant differences between the different farm types. We found that downstream farms (i.e., finisher and nursery farms) were located in areas of significant-high relative risk of PRRSV. Factors associated with PRRSV outbreaks were farms with higher number of access points to barns, higher numbers of outgoing movements of pigs, and higher number of days where temperatures were between 4°C and 10°C. Results obtained from this study may be used to guide the reinforcement of biosecurity and surveillance strategies to farms and areas within the distance threshold of PRRSV positive farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Sanchez
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Center for Geospatial Analytics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Jason A. Galvis
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Nicolas C. Cardenas
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Cesar Corzo
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Christopher Jones
- Center for Geospatial Analytics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Gustavo Machado
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Center for Geospatial Analytics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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Lambert MÈ, Arsenault J, Côté JC, D'Allaire S. Contacts posing risks of disease introduction in swine breeding herds in Quebec, Canada: Is the frequency of contacts associated with biosecurity measures? Prev Vet Med 2023; 217:105966. [PMID: 37423151 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of pathogens into swine breeding herds can occur through a variety of contacts involving people, animals, vehicle or various supplies. Appropriate biosecurity is critical to mitigate these risks. A retrospective study was conducted to describe contacts with swine breeding sites over a one-month period and to evaluate their association with biosecurity measures and site characteristics. As part of a larger project, sites which had a recent porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus introduction were selected. A questionnaire, logbooks and pig traceability system were used for collecting data relative to persons or supplies entering the breeding unit, live pig transportation, service vehicles, other animal species, neighboring pig sites and manure spreading around the site. The 84 sites investigated had a median sow inventory of 675. A median of 4 farm staff and 2 visitors entered the breeding unit at least once over the one-month period. A total of 73 sites (87%) received visitor(s), mostly from maintenance and technical services. All sites received at least 3 supply deliveries (median of 8) including semen (99% of sites), small material and/or drugs (98% of sites), bags (87% of sites), and/or equipment (61% of sites). Live pig movements were observed in all sites, with a median number of 5 truck entries on the site or exits from the site. For feed mill, rendering and propane trucks, at least one entry was noted in ≥ 61% of sites. For all service vehicle categories except feed mill and manure vacuum trucks, a single service provider was involved in each site. Dogs and cats were banned from all sites, but wild birds were observed in 8% of sites. Manure spreading within a 100 m radius of pig units was noted in 10% of the sites. With a few exceptions, biosecurity measures were not associated with the frequency of contacts. A 100-sow increase in sow inventory was associated with an increase of 0.34 in the cumulated number of staff entering the breeding unit, of 0.30 in the number of visitors and of 0.19 in the number of live pig movements. Live pig movements were also positively associated with vertically integrated farrow-to-wean (vs. independent farrow-to-wean) production and time interval of 4 weeks or more between farrowing (vs. less than 4). Considering the variety and frequency of contacts observed, biosecurity should be meticulously applied in all breeding herds to prevent endemic and exotic disease introduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-È Lambert
- Laboratoire d'épidémiologie et de médecine porcine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada; Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole - Fonds de recherche du Québec - Nature et technologies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada; Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses en production animale, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada.
| | - J Arsenault
- Laboratoire d'épidémiologie et de médecine porcine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada; Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole - Fonds de recherche du Québec - Nature et technologies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - J-C Côté
- Laboratoire d'épidémiologie et de médecine porcine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - S D'Allaire
- Laboratoire d'épidémiologie et de médecine porcine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada; Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole - Fonds de recherche du Québec - Nature et technologies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada; Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses en production animale, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
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25
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Tonni M, Romeo C, Formenti N, Boniotti MB, Guarneri F, Colosio L, Andreoni S, Scali F, Alborali GL. PRRS Monitoring by Processing Fluids on Italian Swine Breeding Farms. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1946. [PMID: 37370456 DOI: 10.3390/ani13121946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) control strategy within swine breeding farms is based on herd classification relative to PRRSV infection status. This study aims to assess the efficacy of a monitoring plan based on processing fluids (PFs) by comparing it with the classification of herds based on the analysis of blood serum. Twenty-five breeding herds were enrolled in the study, with at least five consecutive batches sampled from each herd. Each batch was tested for PRRSV by RT-PCR performed on (i) pre-weaning blood serum from 30 piglets and (ii) PFs from all the male piglets in the batch. PRRS categories following the Holtkamp classification were assigned based on the results of each testing protocol. The two protocols assigned the same category to 18 out of 25 herds: while they showed perfect agreement in identifying positive unstable and stable herds, we observed some discrepancy in discriminating between low- and high-prevalence classes within unstable herds. PFs are thus a reliable sample to assign PRRS categories in Italian breeding herds characterized by widespread PRRSV circulation. However, in case of an unstable epidemiological scenario, we recommend the adoption of an integrated monitoring strategy that combines blood sampling with PFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Tonni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna-IZSLER, Via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Claudia Romeo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna-IZSLER, Via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Formenti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna-IZSLER, Via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Maria Beatrice Boniotti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna-IZSLER, Via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Flavia Guarneri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna-IZSLER, Via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Livio Colosio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna-IZSLER, Via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Simone Andreoni
- Swine Technical Services, Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health Italia S.p.A., Via Vezza D'Oglio 3, 20139 Milano, Italy
| | - Federico Scali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna-IZSLER, Via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Loris Alborali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna-IZSLER, Via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
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Zhu J, He X, Bernard D, Shen J, Su Y, Wolek A, Issacs B, Mishra N, Tian X, Garmendia A, Tang Y. Identification of New Compounds against PRRSV Infection by Directly Targeting CD163. J Virol 2023; 97:e0005423. [PMID: 37133376 PMCID: PMC10231194 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00054-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses (PRRSV) led to a global panzootic and huge economical losses to the pork industry. PRRSV targets the scavenger receptor CD163 for productive infection. However, currently no effective treatment is available to control the spread of this disease. Using bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays, we screened a set of small molecules potentially targeting the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich domain 5 (SRCR5) of CD163. We found that the assay examining protein-protein interactions (PPI) between PRRSV glycoprotein 4 (GP4) and the CD163-SRCR5 domain mainly identifies compounds that potently inhibit PRRSV infection, while examining the PPI between PRRSV-GP2a and the SRCR5 domain maximized the identification of positive compounds, including additional ones with various antiviral capabilities. These positive compounds significantly inhibited both types 1 and 2 PRRSV infection of porcine alveolar macrophages. We confirmed that the highly active compounds physically bind to the CD163-SRCR5 protein, with dissociation constant (KD) values ranging from 28 to 39 μM. Structure-activity-relationship (SAR) analysis revealed that although both the 3-(morpholinosulfonyl)anilino and benzenesulfonamide moieties in these compounds are critical for the potency to inhibit PRRSV infection, the morpholinosulfonyl group can be replaced by chlorine substituents without significant loss of antiviral potency. Our study established a system for throughput screening of natural or synthetic compounds highly effective on blocking of PRRSV infection and shed light on further SAR modification of these compounds. IMPORTANCE Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes significant economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. Current vaccines cannot provide cross protection against different strains, and there are no effective treatments available to hamper the spread of this disease. In this study, we identified a group of new small molecules that can inhibit the PRRSV interaction with its specific receptor CD163 and dramatically block the infection of both types 1 and type 2 PRRSVs to host cells. We also demonstrated the physical association of these compounds with the SRCR5 domain of CD163. In addition, molecular docking and structure-activity relationship analyses provided new insights for the CD163/PRRSV glycoprotein interaction and further improvement of these compounds against PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Zhu
- Department of Animal Science, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Xin He
- Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Key Laboratory of Livestock Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | | | - Jianing Shen
- Department of Animal Science, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yue Su
- Department of Animal Science, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Andrew Wolek
- Department of Animal Science, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Brianna Issacs
- Department of Animal Science, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Neha Mishra
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Xiuchun Tian
- Department of Animal Science, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Antonio Garmendia
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Young Tang
- Department of Animal Science, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
- Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Key Laboratory of Livestock Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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Pamornchainavakul N, Paploski IAD, Makau DN, Kikuti M, Rovira A, Lycett S, Corzo CA, VanderWaal K. Mapping the Dynamics of Contemporary PRRSV-2 Evolution and Its Emergence and Spreading Hotspots in the U.S. Using Phylogeography. Pathogens 2023; 12:740. [PMID: 37242410 PMCID: PMC10222675 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The repeated emergence of new genetic variants of PRRSV-2, the virus that causes porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), reflects its rapid evolution and the failure of previous control efforts. Understanding spatiotemporal heterogeneity in variant emergence and spread is critical for future outbreak prevention. Here, we investigate how the pace of evolution varies across time and space, identify the origins of sub-lineage emergence, and map the patterns of the inter-regional spread of PRRSV-2 Lineage 1 (L1)-the current dominant lineage in the U.S. We performed comparative phylogeographic analyses on subsets of 19,395 viral ORF5 sequences collected across the U.S. and Canada between 1991 and 2021. The discrete trait analysis of multiple spatiotemporally stratified sampled sets (n = 500 each) was used to infer the ancestral geographic region and dispersion of each sub-lineage. The robustness of the results was compared to that of other modeling methods and subsampling strategies. Generally, the spatial spread and population dynamics varied across sub-lineages, time, and space. The Upper Midwest was a main spreading hotspot for multiple sub-lineages, e.g., L1C and L1F, though one of the most recent emergence events (L1A(2)) spread outwards from the east. An understanding of historical patterns of emergence and spread can be used to strategize disease control and the containment of emerging variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nakarin Pamornchainavakul
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (N.P.); (I.A.D.P.); (D.N.M.); (M.K.); (A.R.); (C.A.C.)
| | - Igor A. D. Paploski
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (N.P.); (I.A.D.P.); (D.N.M.); (M.K.); (A.R.); (C.A.C.)
| | - Dennis N. Makau
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (N.P.); (I.A.D.P.); (D.N.M.); (M.K.); (A.R.); (C.A.C.)
| | - Mariana Kikuti
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (N.P.); (I.A.D.P.); (D.N.M.); (M.K.); (A.R.); (C.A.C.)
| | - Albert Rovira
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (N.P.); (I.A.D.P.); (D.N.M.); (M.K.); (A.R.); (C.A.C.)
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Samantha Lycett
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK;
| | - Cesar A. Corzo
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (N.P.); (I.A.D.P.); (D.N.M.); (M.K.); (A.R.); (C.A.C.)
| | - Kimberly VanderWaal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (N.P.); (I.A.D.P.); (D.N.M.); (M.K.); (A.R.); (C.A.C.)
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Osemeke OH, de Freitas Costa E, Weide V, Jayaraman S, Silva GS, Linhares DCL. In-silico characterization of the relationship between the Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus prevalence at the piglet and litter levels in a farrowing room. Porcine Health Manag 2023; 9:14. [PMID: 37055812 PMCID: PMC10099699 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-023-00309-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Family oral fluids (FOF) sampling has been described as a sampling technique where a rope is exposed to sows and respective suckling litters and thereafter wrung to obtain fluids. PCR-based testing of FOF reveals presence of PRRS virus RNA only at the litter level, as opposed to conventional individual-animal-based sampling methods that demonstrate PRRSV RNA at the piglet level. The relationship between the PRRSV prevalence at the individual piglet level and at the litter level in a farrowing room has not been previously characterized. Using Monte Carlo simulations and data from a previous study, the relationship between the proportion of PRRSV-positive (viremic) pigs in the farrowing room, the proportion of litters in the farrowing room with at least one viremic pig, and the likely proportion of litters to be positive by a FOF RT-rtPCR test in a farrowing room was characterized, taking into account the spatial distribution (homogeneity) of viremic pigs within farrowing rooms. RESULTS There was a linear relationship between piglet-level- and litter-level prevalence, where the latter was always larger than the former. When the piglet-level prevalence was 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, and 50%, the true-litter level prevalence was 5.36%, 8.93%, 14.29%, 23.21%, and 53.57%, respectively. The corresponding apparent-litter prevalence by FOF was 2.06%, 6.48%, 11.25%, 21.60%, and 51.56%, respectively. CONCLUSION This study provides matching prevalence estimates to help guide sample size calculations. It also provides a framework to estimate the likely proportion of viremic pigs, given the PRRSV RT-rtPCR positivity rate of FOF samples submitted from a farrowing room.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onyekachukwu H Osemeke
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 2422 Lloyd, 1809 S Riverside Dr, Ames, IA, 50011-3619, USA.
| | - Eduardo de Freitas Costa
- Department of Epidemiology, Bioinformatics, and Animal Models, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Vinicius Weide
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul, Farroupilha, RS, Brazil
| | - Swaminathan Jayaraman
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 2422 Lloyd, 1809 S Riverside Dr, Ames, IA, 50011-3619, USA
| | - Gustavo S Silva
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 2422 Lloyd, 1809 S Riverside Dr, Ames, IA, 50011-3619, USA
| | - Daniel C L Linhares
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 2422 Lloyd, 1809 S Riverside Dr, Ames, IA, 50011-3619, USA
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Co-infections of respiratory pathogens and gastrointestinal parasites in smallholder pig production systems in Uganda. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:953-962. [PMID: 36810670 PMCID: PMC10006049 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07797-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was conducted to identify factors for infections of pigs with key respiratory pathogens: porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PPRSv), Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyo), Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App), and gastrointestinal (GI) parasites in Uganda. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on management practices associated with infections. Ninety (90) farms and 259 pigs were sampled. Sera were screened against 4 pathogens using commercial ELISA tests. The Baerman's method was used to identify parasite species in faecal samples. Logistic regression was done to identify risk factors for infections. Results showed individual animal seroprevalence of PCV2 was 6.9% (95% CI 3.7-11.1), PRRSv 13.8% (95% CI 8.8-19.6), M. hyo 6.4% (95% CI 3.5-10.5), and App 30.4% (95% CI 24.8-36.5). The prevalence of Ascaris spp. was 12.7% (95% CI 8.6-16.8), Strongyles spp was 16.2% (95% CI 11.7-20.7), and Eimeria spp. was 56.4% (95% CI 50.3-62.4). Pigs infested with Ascaris spp. were more likely to test positive to PCV2, odds ratio (OR) 1.86 (CI 1.31-2.60; p = 0.0002). For M. hyo, infection with Strongyles spp. was a risk factor (OR 12.9, p < 0.001). Pigs that had Strongyles and Ascaris spp. Infections (ORs 3.5 and 3.4, p < 0.001 respectively) were likely to have co-infections. The model showed that use of cement, elevated floor, and limiting contacts with outside pigs were protective while using mud and helminth infestations increased risks of co-infections. This study provided evidence that improved housing and biosecurity are critical in reducing pathogen incidence in herds.
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Trevisan G, Magstadt D, Woods A, Sparks J, Zeller M, Li G, Krueger KM, Saxena A, Zhang J, Gauger PC. A recombinant porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus type 2 field strain derived from two PRRSV-2-modified live virus vaccines. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1149293. [PMID: 37056231 PMCID: PMC10086154 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1149293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) type 2 (PRRSV-2) isolate was obtained from lung samples collected from a 4.5-month-old pig at a wean-to-finish site in Indiana, USA, although no gross or microscopic lesions suggestive of PRRSV infection were observed in the lung tissue. Phylogenetic and molecular evolutionary analyses based on the obtained virus sequences indicated that PRRSV USA/IN105404/2021 was a natural recombinant isolate from Ingelvac PRRS® MLV and Prevacent® PRRS, which are PRRSV-2-modified live virus vaccines commercially available in the United States. This study is the first to report the detection of a PRRSV-2 recombinant strain consisting entirely of two modified live virus vaccine strains under field conditions. Based on clinical data and the absence of lung lesions, this PRRSV-2 recombinant strain was not virulent in swine, although its pathogenicity needs to be confirmed by clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovani Trevisan
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- *Correspondence: Giovani Trevisan
| | - Drew Magstadt
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | | | | | - Michael Zeller
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ganwu Li
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Karen M. Krueger
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Anugrah Saxena
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jianqiang Zhang
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Phillip C. Gauger
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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Wahyuningtyas R, Wu ML, Chung WB, Chaung HC, Chang KT. Toll-like Receptor-Mediated Immunomodulation of Th1-Type Response Stimulated by Recombinant Antigen of Type 2 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV-2). Viruses 2023; 15:v15030775. [PMID: 36992483 PMCID: PMC10057405 DOI: 10.3390/v15030775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
PRRSV infects CD163-positive macrophages and skews their polarization toward an M2 phenotype, followed by T-cell inactivation. In our previous study, we found that recombinant protein A1 antigen derived from PRRSV-2 was a potential vaccine or adjuvant for immunization against PRRSV-2 infection due to its ability to repolarize macrophages into M1 subtype, thereby reducing CD163 expression for viral entry and promoting immunomodulation for Th1-type responses, except for stimulating Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation. The aim of our current study was to evaluate the effects of another two recombinant antigens, A3 (ORF6L5) and A4 (NLNsp10L11), for their ability to trigger innate immune responses including TLR activation. We isolated pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs) from 8- to 12-week-old specific pathogen free (SPF) piglets and stimulated them with PRRSV (0.01 MOI and 0.05 MOI) or antigens. We also investigated the T-cell differentiation by immunological synapse activation of PAMs and CD4+ T-cells in the cocultured system. To confirm the infection of PRRSV in PAMs, we checked the expression of TLR3, 7, 8, and 9. Our results showed that the expression of TLR3, 7, and 9 were significantly upregulated in PAMs by A3 antigen induction, similar to the extent of PRRSV infection. Gene profile results showed that A3 repolarizes macrophages into the M1 subtype potently, in parallel with A1, as indicated by significant upregulation of proinflammatory genes (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and IL-12). Upon immunological synapse activation, A3 potentially differentiated CD4 T cells into Th1 cells, determined by the expression of IL-12 and IFN-γ secretion. On the contrary, antigen A4 promoted regulatory T cell (T-reg) differentiation by significant upregulation of IL-10 expression. Finally, we concluded that the PRRSV-2 recombinant protein A3 provided better protection against PRRSV infection, suggested by its capability to reeducate immunosuppressive M2 macrophages into proinflammatory M1 cells. As M1 macrophages are prone to be functional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), they can call for TLR activation and Th1-type immune response within the immunological synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rika Wahyuningtyas
- Research Centre for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Li Wu
- Research Centre for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Department of Food Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Bin Chung
- Research Centre for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Hso-Chi Chaung
- Research Centre for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Flow Cytometry Center, Precision Instruments Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (H.-C.C.); (K.-T.C.)
| | - Ko-Tung Chang
- Research Centre for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Flow Cytometry Center, Precision Instruments Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (H.-C.C.); (K.-T.C.)
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Kick AR, Grete AF, Crisci E, Almond GW, Käser T. Testable Candidate Immune Correlates of Protection for Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11030594. [PMID: 36992179 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an on-going problem for the worldwide pig industry. Commercial and experimental vaccinations often demonstrate reduced pathology and improved growth performance; however, specific immune correlates of protection (CoP) for PRRSV vaccination have not been quantified or even definitively postulated: proposing CoP for evaluation during vaccination and challenge studies will benefit our collective efforts towards achieving protective immunity. Applying the breadth of work on human diseases and CoP to PRRSV research, we advocate four hypotheses for peer review and evaluation as appropriate testable CoP: (i) effective class-switching to systemic IgG and mucosal IgA neutralizing antibodies is required for protective immunity; (ii) vaccination should induce virus-specific peripheral blood CD4+ T-cell proliferation and IFN-γ production with central memory and effector memory phenotypes; cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) proliferation and IFN-γ production with a CCR7- phenotype that should migrate to the lung; (iii) nursery, finishing, and adult pigs will have different CoP; (iv) neutralizing antibodies provide protection and are rather strain specific; T cells confer disease prevention/reduction and possess greater heterologous recognition. We believe proposing these four CoP for PRRSV can direct future vaccine design and improve vaccine candidate evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Kick
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996, USA
| | - Alicyn F Grete
- Department of Chemistry & Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996, USA
| | - Elisa Crisci
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Glen W Almond
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Tobias Käser
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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Makau DN, Prieto C, Martínez-Lobo FJ, Paploski IAD, VanderWaal K. Predicting Antigenic Distance from Genetic Data for PRRSV-Type 1: Applications of Machine Learning. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0408522. [PMID: 36511691 PMCID: PMC9927307 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04085-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The control of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) remains a significant challenge due to the genetic and antigenic variability of the causative virus (PRRSV). Predominantly, PRRSV management includes using vaccines and live virus inoculations to confer immunity against PRRSV on farms. While understanding cross-protection among strains is crucial for the continued success of these interventions, understanding how genetic diversity translates to antigenic diversity remains elusive. We developed machine learning algorithms to estimate antigenic distance in silico, based on genetic sequence data, and identify differences in specific amino acid sites associated with antigenic differences between viruses. First, we obtained antigenic distance estimates derived from serum neutralization assays cross-reacting PRRSV monospecific antisera with virus isolates from 27 PRRSV1 viruses circulating in Europe. Antigenic distances were weakly to moderately associated with ectodomain amino acid distance for open reading frames (ORFs) 2 to 4 (ρ < 0.2) and ORF5 (ρ = 0.3), respectively. Dividing the antigenic distance values at the median, we then categorized the sera-virus pairs into two levels: low and high antigenic distance (dissimilarity). In the machine learning models, we used amino acid distances in the ectodomains of ORFs 2 to 5 and site-wise amino acid differences between the viruses as potential predictors of antigenic dissimilarity. Using mixed-effect gradient boosting models, we estimated the antigenic distance (high versus low) between serum-virus pairs with an accuracy of 81% (95% confidence interval, 76 to 85%); sensitivity and specificity were 86% and 75%, respectively. We demonstrate that using sequence data we can estimate antigenic distance and potential cross-protection between PRRSV1 strains. IMPORTANCE Understanding cross-protection between cocirculating PRRSV1 strains is crucial to reducing losses associated with PRRS outbreaks on farms. While experimental studies to determine cross-protection are instrumental, these in vivo studies are not always practical or timely for the many cocirculating and emerging PRRSV strains. In this study, we demonstrate the ability to rapidly estimate potential immunologic cross-reaction between different PRRSV1 strains in silico using sequence data routinely collected by production systems. These models can provide fast turn-around information crucial for improving PRRS management decisions such as selecting vaccines/live virus inoculation to be used on farms and assessing the risk of outbreaks by emerging strains on farms previously exposed to certain PRRSV strains and vaccine development among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis N. Makau
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Cinta Prieto
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - I. A. D. Paploski
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Kimberly VanderWaal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
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Clilverd H, Martín-Valls G, Li Y, Martín M, Cortey M, Mateu E. Infection dynamics, transmission, and evolution after an outbreak of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1109881. [PMID: 36846785 PMCID: PMC9947509 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1109881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was aimed at describing the infection dynamics, transmission, and evolution of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) after an outbreak in a 300-sow farrow-to-wean farm that was implementing a vaccination program. Three subsequent batches of piglets (9-11 litters/batch) were followed 1.5 (Batch 1), 8 (Batch 2), and 12 months after (Batch 3) from birth to 9 weeks of age. The RT-qPCR analysis showed that shortly after the outbreak (Batch 1), one third of sows were delivering infected piglets and the cumulative incidence reached 80% by 9 weeks of age. In contrast, in Batch 2, only 10% animals in total got infected in the same period. In Batch 3, 60% litters had born-infected animals and cumulative incidence rose to 78%. Higher viral genetic diversity was observed in Batch 1, with 4 viral clades circulating, of which 3 could be traced to vertical transmission events, suggesting the existence of founder viral variants. In Batch 3 though only one variant was found, distinguishable from those circulating previously, suggesting that a selection process had occurred. ELISA antibodies at 2 weeks of age were significantly higher in Batch 1 and 3 compared to Batch 2, while low levels of neutralizing antibodies were detected in either piglets or sows in all batches. In addition, some sows present in Batch 1 and 3 delivered infected piglets twice, and the offspring were devoid of neutralizing antibodies at 2 weeks of age. These results suggest that a high viral diversity was featured at the initial outbreak followed by a phase of limited circulation, but subsequently an escape variant emerged in the population causing a rebound of vertical transmission. The presence of unresponsive sows that had vertical transmission events could have contributed to the transmission. Moreover, the records of contacts between animals and the phylogenetic analyses allowed to trace back 87 and 47% of the transmission chains in Batch 1 and 3, respectively. Most animals transmitted the infection to 1-3 pen-mates, but super-spreaders were also identified. One animal that was born-viremic and persisted as viremic for the whole study period did not contribute to transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerard Martín-Valls
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Yanli Li
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Marga Martín
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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Rodriguez AL, Fowler VL, Huether M, Reddick D, Tait-Burkard C, O’Shea M, Perkins S, Dias N, Buterbaugh R, Benchaoui HA. Effects of a water-soluble formulation of tylvalosin on disease caused by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus alone in sows or in combination with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in piglets. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:31. [PMID: 36726139 PMCID: PMC9890818 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03571-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of a water-soluble formulation of tylvalosin (Aivlosin® 625 mg/g granules) on disease caused by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhyop) was investigated in two animal studies. In a PRRSV challenge model in pregnant sows (n = 18), six sows received water medicated at target dose of 5 mg tylvalosin/kg body weight/day from 3 days prior to challenge until the end of gestation. Six sows were left untreated, with a third group remaining untreated and unchallenged. Sows were challenged with PRRSV-2 at approximately 85 days of gestation. Cytokines, viremia, viral shedding, sow reproductive parameters and piglet performance to weaning were evaluated. In a dual infection study (n = 16), piglets were challenged with Mhyop on days 0, 1 and 2, and with PRRSV-1 on day 14 and euthanized on day 24. From day 10 to 20, eight piglets received water medicated at target dose of 20 mg tylvalosin/kg body weight/day and eight piglets were left untreated. Cytokines, viremia, bacteriology and lung lesions were evaluated. RESULTS In the PRRSV challenge study in pregnant sows, tylvalosin significantly reduced the levels of serum IL-8 (P < 0.001), IL-12 (P = 0.032), TNFα (P < 0.001) and GM-CSF (P = 0.001). IL-8 (P = 0.100) tended to be lower in uterus of tylvalosin sows. All piglets from tylvalosin sows surviving to weaning were PRRSV negative in faecal swabs at weaning compared to 33.3% PRRSV positive piglets from untreated sows (P = 0.08). In the dual challenge study in piglet, tylvalosin reduced serum IL1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-1α, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-18, GM-CSF, TGFβ1, TNFα, CCL3L1, MIG, PEPCAM-1 (P < 0.001) and increased serum IFNα, IL-1ra and MIP-1b (P < 0.001). In the lungs, tylvalosin reduced IL-8, IL-10 and IL-12 compared to untreated pigs (P < 0.001) and tended to reduce TNFα (P = 0.082). Lung lavage samples from all tylvalosin treated piglets were negative for Mhyop (0 cfu/mL) compared to the untreated piglets which had mean Mhyop counts of 2.68 × 104 cfu/mL (P = 0.023). CONCLUSION Overall, tylvalosin reduced both local and systemic proinflammatory cytokines after challenge with respiratory pathogens in sows and in piglets. Tylvalosin was effective in reducing Mhyop recovery from the lungs and may reduce virus shedding in piglets following transplacental PRRSV infection in sows.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - David Reddick
- Moredun Scientific Ltd, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ UK
| | - Christine Tait-Burkard
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK
| | - Marie O’Shea
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK
| | | | - Nirosh Dias
- grid.505215.6RTI, LLC, 801 32nd Ave, Brookings, SD 57006 USA
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VanderBurgt JT, Harper O, Garnham CP, Kohalmi SE, Menassa R. Plant production of a virus-like particle-based vaccine candidate against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1044675. [PMID: 36760639 PMCID: PMC9902946 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1044675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a disease leading to spontaneous abortions and stillbirths in sows and lowered life quality and expectancy in growing pigs. PRRS is prevalent worldwide and has significant economic impacts to swine industries around the globe. Co-expression of the two most abundant proteins in the viral envelope, the matrix protein (M) and glycosylated protein 5 (GP5), can produce a neutralizing immune response for the virus providing a potentially effective subunit vaccine against the disease, but these proteins are difficult to express. The goal of this research was to display antigenic portions of the M and GP5 proteins on the surface of tobacco mosaic virus-like particles. A modified tobacco mosaic virus coat protein (TMVc) was transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves and targeted to three subcellular compartments along the secretory pathway to introduce glycosylation patterns important for M-GP5 epitope immunogenicity. We found that accumulation levels in the apoplast were similar to the ER and the vacuole. Because glycans present on plant apoplastic proteins are closest to those present on PRRSV proteins, a TMVc-M-GP5 fusion construct was targeted to the apoplast and accumulated at over 0.5 mg/g of plant fresh weight. TMVc virus-like particles self-assembled in plant cells and surface-displayed the M-GP5 epitope, as visualized by transmission electron microscopy and immunogold localization. These promising findings lay the foundation for immunogenicity and protective-immunity studies in animals to examine the efficacy of this vaccine candidate as a measure to control PRRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan T. VanderBurgt
- Biology Department, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada
| | - Ondre Harper
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada
- Biochemistry Department, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Christopher P. Garnham
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada
- Biochemistry Department, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | | | - Rima Menassa
- Biology Department, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada
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Havas KA, Brands L, Cochrane R, Spronk GD, Nerem J, Dee SA. An assessment of enhanced biosecurity interventions and their impact on porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus outbreaks within a managed group of farrow-to-wean farms, 2020-2021. Front Vet Sci 2023; 9:952383. [PMID: 36713879 PMCID: PMC9879578 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.952383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has been a challenge for the U.S. swine industry for over 30 years, costing producers more than $600 million annually through reproductive disease in sows and respiratory disease in growing pigs. In this study, the impact of enhanced biosecurity practices of site location, air filtration, and feed mitigation was assessed on farrow-to-wean sites managed by a large swine production management company in the Midwest United States. Those three factors varied in the system that otherwise had implemented a stringent biosecurity protocol on farrow-to-wean sites. The routine biosecurity followed commonplace activities for farrow-to-wean sites that included but were not limited to visitor registration, transport disinfection, shower-in/shower-out procedures, and decontamination and disinfection of delivered items and were audited. Methods Logistic regression was used to evaluate PRRSV infection by site based on the state where the site is located and air filtration use while controlling for other variables such as vaccine status, herd size, and pen vs. stall. A descriptive analysis was used to evaluate the impact of feed mitigation stratified by air filtration use. Results Sites that used feed mitigates as additives in the diets, air filtration of barns, and that were in less swine-dense areas appeared to experience fewer outbreaks associated with PRRSV infection. Specifically, 23.1% of farms that utilized a feed mitigation program experienced PRRSV outbreaks, in contrast to 100% of those that did not. Sites that did not use air filtration had 20 times greater odds of having a PRRSV outbreak. The strongest protective effect was found when both air filtration and feed mitigation were used. Locations outside of Minnesota and Iowa had 98.5-99% lesser odds of infection as well. Discussion Enhanced biosecurity practices may yield significant protective effects and should be considered for producers in swine-dense areas or when the site contains valuable genetics or many pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karyn A. Havas
- Pipestone Research, Pipestone Holdings, Pipestone, MN, United States,*Correspondence: Karyn A. Havas ✉
| | - Lisa Brands
- Pipestone Research, Pipestone Holdings, Pipestone, MN, United States
| | - Roger Cochrane
- Pipestone Nutrition, Pipestone Holdings, Pipestone, MN, United States
| | - Gordon D. Spronk
- Pipestone Veterinary Services, Pipestone Holdings, Pipestone, MN, United States
| | - Joel Nerem
- Pipestone Veterinary Services, Pipestone Holdings, Pipestone, MN, United States
| | - Scott A. Dee
- Pipestone Research, Pipestone Holdings, Pipestone, MN, United States
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Martín‐Valls GE, Mortensen P, Clilvert H, Li Y, Cortey M, Sno M, Barna T, Terré M, Guerra N, Mateu E. The use of a whole inactivated PRRS virus vaccine administered in sows and impact on maternally derived immunity and timing of PRRS virus infection in piglets. Vet Rec Open 2022; 9:e34. [PMID: 35414939 PMCID: PMC8982505 DOI: 10.1002/vro2.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) vaccination is usually based on administering periodically PRRS modified live virus (MLV) in sows throughout their life. Using this schedule, transfer of maternally derived antibodies to the offspring is limited. The aim of the present study was to test the concept of priming with an MLV and boosting with a commercial inactivated virus vaccine in sows to reduce PRRSV incidence and improve productivity. Methods On two farms, all the sows were vaccinated with a MLV vaccine at week 8 of gestation. Then two groups were designated, one group was re-vaccinated in the third week prior to farrowing and using a commercial inactivated vaccine (the PG group). The second group was the control group (C). Assays for PRRSV infection and productive parameters were evaluated. Results For both farms, the incidence of PRRSV was lower at 6 weeks of age in PG than in C (p < 0.05). At weaning the proportion of PRRSV seropositive piglets was higher for PG as well (p < 0.05). The litters from C sows from both farms showed a higher pre-weaning mortality (odds ratio, C vs. PG = 1.18 ± 0.09; p < 0.05). Conclusions Administration of the vaccine in sows before farrowing was safe and associated with reduced incidence of PRRSV in piglets up to 6 weeks of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Eduard Martín‐Valls
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia AnimalsFacultat de VeterinàriaTravessera dels Turons s/nUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | | | - Hepzibar Clilvert
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia AnimalsFacultat de VeterinàriaTravessera dels Turons s/nUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Yanli Li
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia AnimalsFacultat de VeterinàriaTravessera dels Turons s/nUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Martí Cortey
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia AnimalsFacultat de VeterinàriaTravessera dels Turons s/nUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Melanie Sno
- Ceva Animal HealthCeva Phylaxia Veterinary Biologicals Co. Ltd., BudapestHungary
| | - Timea Barna
- Ceva Animal HealthCeva Phylaxia Veterinary Biologicals Co. Ltd., BudapestHungary
| | - Marisa Terré
- Cooperativa d'Artesa de SegreArtesa de SegreLleidaSpain
| | | | - Enric Mateu
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia AnimalsFacultat de VeterinàriaTravessera dels Turons s/nUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- CReSA‐IRTA‐UABCampus UABCerdanyola del VallèsBarcelonaSpain
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Proctor J, Wolf I, Brodsky D, Cortes LM, Frias-De-Diego A, Almond GW, Crisci E, Negrão Watanabe TT, Hammer JM, Käser T. Heterologous vaccine immunogenicity, efficacy, and immune correlates of protection of a modified-live virus porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vaccine. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:977796. [PMID: 36212883 PMCID: PMC9537733 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.977796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) vaccines have been available in North America for almost 30 years, many vaccines face a significant hurdle: they must provide cross-protection against the highly diverse PRRSV strains. This cross-protection, or heterologous vaccine efficacy, relies greatly on the vaccine’s ability to induce a strong immune response against various strains—heterologous immunogenicity. Thus, this study investigated vaccine efficacy and immunogenicity of a modified live virus (MLV) against four heterologous type 2 PRRSV (PRRSV-2) strains. In this study, 60 pigs were divided into 10 groups. Half were MOCK-vaccinated, and the other half vaccinated with the Prevacent® PRRS MLV vaccine. Four weeks after vaccination, groups were challenged with either MOCK, or four PRRSV-2 strains from three different lineages—NC174 or NADC30 (both lineage 1), VR2332 (lineage 5), or NADC20 (lineage 8). Pre-and post-challenge, lung pathology, viral loads in both nasal swabs and sera, anti-PRRSV IgA/G, neutralizing antibodies, and the PRRSV-2 strain-specific T-cell response were evaluated. At necropsy, the lung samples were collected to assess viral loads, macroscopical and histopathological findings, and IgA levels in bronchoalveolar lavage. Lung lesions were only induced by NC174, NADC20, and NADC30; within these, vaccination resulted in lower gross and microscopic lung lesion scores of the NADC20 and NADC30 strains. All pigs became viremic and vaccinated pigs had decreased viremia upon challenge with NADC20, NADC30, and VR2332. Regarding vaccine immunogenicity, vaccination induced a strong systemic IgG response and boosted the post-challenge serum IgG levels for all strains. Furthermore, vaccination increased the number of animals with neutralizing antibodies against three of the four challenge strains—NADC20, NADC30, and VR2332. The heterologous T-cell response was also improved by vaccination: Not only did vaccination increase the induction of heterologous effector/memory CD4 T cells, but it also improved the heterologous CD4 and CD8 proliferative and/or IFN-γ response against all strains. Importantly, correlation analyses revealed that the (non-PRRSV strain-specific) serum IgG levels and the PRRSV strain-specific CD4 T-cell response were the best immune correlates of protection. Overall, the Prevacent elicited various degrees of efficacy and immunogenicity against four heterologous and phylogenetically distant strains of PRRSV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Proctor
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Iman Wolf
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - David Brodsky
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Lizette M. Cortes
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Alba Frias-De-Diego
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Glen W. Almond
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Elisa Crisci
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Tatiane Terumi Negrão Watanabe
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | | | - Tobias Käser
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: Tobias Käser,
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Angiotensin II Blood Serum Levels in Piglets, after Intra-Dermal or Intra-Muscular Vaccination against PRRSV. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9090496. [PMID: 36136712 PMCID: PMC9503611 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9090496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection causes massive financial losses in pig production worldwide. Vaccination is still the most cost-effective tool to handle PRRSV infection. PRRSV induces apoptosis in different organs. Angiotensin II (Ang II) participates in the inflammatory response, cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis. The objective of the current study was to assess the concentration of Ang II in the serum of piglets following immunization against PRRSV through intradermal (ID) or intramuscular (IM) vaccination with a commercial PRRS modified live virus (MLV) vaccine. The results indicated differences in viremia of tested piglets at 7 weeks of age, while piglets at 10 weeks of age were all found qRT-PCR positive for PRRSV. Moreover, significant differences were noticed in Ang II in 7-week-old piglets. In conclusion, our study provides evidence that ID vaccination induces less tissue damage, based on the lower measurements of Ang II in the serum of ID vaccinated piglets. Abstract The Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) induces apoptosis in different organs. Angiotensin II (Ang II) is the main effector of the renin-angiotensin system and participates in apoptosis. Thus, this study aimed to investigate changes in piglet serum Ang II levels following intradermal (ID) and intramuscular (IM) vaccination with a commercial PRRS modified live virus (MLV) vaccine. The trial was conducted in a commercial pig farm, including 104 piglets which were randomly allocated to four groups: Group A—Porcilis PRRS ID, Group B—Porcilis PRRS IM, Group C—Diluvac ID and Group D—Diluvac IM. The study piglets were either vaccinated or injected at 2 weeks of age and they were tested by qRT-PCR for PRRSV and by ELISA for Ang II. The results indicated differences in viremia of tested piglets at 7 weeks of age, while piglets at 10 weeks of age were all found qRT-PCR positive for PRRSV. In addition, significant differences were noticed in Ang II in 7-week-old piglets. In conclusion, the present study provides evidence that ID vaccination induces less tissue damage, based on the lower measurements of Ang II in the serum of ID vaccinated piglets.
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Stoffolano JG. Synanthropic Flies-A Review Including How They Obtain Nutrients, along with Pathogens, Store Them in the Crop and Mechanisms of Transmission. INSECTS 2022; 13:776. [PMID: 36135477 PMCID: PMC9500719 DOI: 10.3390/insects13090776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
An attempt has been made to provide a broad review of synanthropic flies and, not just a survey of their involvement in human pathogen transmission. It also emphasizes that the crop organ of calliphorids, sarcophagids, and muscids was an evolutionary development and has served and assisted non-blood feeding flies in obtaining food, as well as pathogens, prior to the origin of humans. Insects are believed to be present on earth about 400 million years ago (MYA). Thus, prior to the origin of primates, there was adequate time for these flies to become associated with various animals and to serve as important transmitters of pathogens associated with them prior to the advent of early hominids and modern humans. Through the process of fly crop regurgitation, numerous pathogens are still readily being made available to primates and other animals. Several studies using invertebrate-derived DNA = iDNA meta-techniques have been able to identify, not only the source the fly had fed on, but also if it had fed on their feces or the animal's body fluids. Since these flies are known to feed on both vertebrate fluids (i.e., from wounds, saliva, mucus, or tears), as well as those of other animals, and their feces, identification of the reservoir host, amplification hosts, and associated pathogens is essential in identifying emerging infectious diseases. New molecular tools, along with a focus on the crop, and what is in it, should provide a better understanding and development of whether these flies are involved in emerging infectious diseases. If so, epidemiological models in the future might be better at predicting future epidemics or pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Stoffolano
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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Kanankege KST, Graham K, Corzo CA, VanderWaal K, Perez AM, Durr PA. Adapting an Atmospheric Dispersion Model to Assess the Risk of Windborne Transmission of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus between Swine Farms. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081658. [PMID: 36016281 PMCID: PMC9416339 DOI: 10.3390/v14081658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Modeling the windborne transmission of aerosolized pathogens is challenging. We adapted an atmospheric dispersion model (ADM) to simulate the windborne dispersion of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSv) between swine farms. This work focuses on determining ADM applicable parameter values for PRRSv through a literature and expert opinion-based approach. The parameters included epidemiological features of PRRSv, characteristics of the aerosolized particles, and survival of aerosolized virus in relation to key meteorological features. A case study was undertaken to perform a sensitivity analysis on key parameters. Farms experiencing ongoing PRRSv outbreaks were assigned as particle emitting sources. The wind data from the North American Mesoscale Forecast System was used to simulate dispersion. The risk was estimated semi-quantitatively based on the median daily deposition of particles and the distance to the closest emitting farm. Among the parameters tested, the ADM was most sensitive to the number of particles emitted, followed by the model runtime, and the release height was the least sensitive. Farms within 25 km from an emitting farm were at the highest risk; with 53.66% being within 10 km. An ADM-based risk estimation of windborne transmission of PRRSv may inform optimum time intervals for air sampling, plan preventive measures, and aid in ruling out the windborne dispersion in outbreak investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushi S. T. Kanankege
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA; (C.A.C.); (K.V.); (A.M.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(612)-625-7755; Fax: +1-(612)-625-6241
| | - Kerryne Graham
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC 3219, Australia; (K.G.); (P.A.D.)
| | - Cesar A. Corzo
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA; (C.A.C.); (K.V.); (A.M.P.)
| | - Kimberly VanderWaal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA; (C.A.C.); (K.V.); (A.M.P.)
| | - Andres M. Perez
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA; (C.A.C.); (K.V.); (A.M.P.)
| | - Peter A. Durr
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC 3219, Australia; (K.G.); (P.A.D.)
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You X, Lei Y, Zhang P, Xu D, Ahmed Z, Yang Y. Role of transcription factors in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection: A review. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:924004. [PMID: 35928151 PMCID: PMC9344050 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.924004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is an infectious disease caused by the PRRS virus that leads to reproductive disorders and severe dyspnoea in pigs, which has serious economic impacts. One of the reasons PRRSV cannot be effectively controlled is that it has developed countermeasures against the host immune response, allowing it to survive and replicate for long periods. Transcription Factors acts as a bridge in the interactions between the host and PRRSV. PRRSV can create an environment conducive to PRRSV replication through transcription factors acting on miRNAs, inflammatory factors, and immune cells. Conversely, some transcription factors also inhibit PRRSV proliferation in the host. In this review, we systematically described how PRRSV uses host transcription factors such as SP1, CEBPB, STATs, and AP-1 to escape the host immune system. Determining the role of transcription factors in immune evasion and understanding the pathogenesis of PRRSV will help to develop new treatments for PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangbin You
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Luoyang, China
| | - Ying Lei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Luoyang, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Dequan Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zulfiqar Ahmed
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Poonch Rawalakot, Rawalakot, Pakistan
| | - Youbing Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Luoyang, China
- *Correspondence: Youbing Yang
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Effect of pooling family oral fluids on the probability of PRRSV RNA detection by RT-rtPCR. Prev Vet Med 2022; 206:105701. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Tonni M, Formenti N, Boniotti MB, Guarneri F, Scali F, Romeo C, Pasquali P, Pieters M, Maes D, Alborali GL. The role of co-infections in M. hyopneumoniae outbreaks among heavy fattening pigs: a field study. Vet Res 2022; 53:41. [PMID: 35692039 PMCID: PMC9190078 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01061-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about how co-infections and genotype dynamics affect Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection in fattening pigs. This study was aimed at assessing the role of co-infections in M. hyopneumoniae outbreaks, their influence on the presence of M. hyopneumoniae genotypes and their impact on consequent lung lesions. Tracheobronchial swabs (TBS) from 300 finishers were collected from 10 farms at the onset of enzootic pneumonia outbreaks and 1 month later, sampling of 3 groups per farm: Group A showed clinical signs first, Group B was housed near Group A, and Group C was located in a different building. Pigs’ lungs were scored at the slaughterhouse. TBS were tested for the main pathogens involved in respiratory diseases, and samples positive for M. hyopneumoniae were genotyped by multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA). Pigs in Group A showed the highest prevalence and load of M. hyopneumoniae. A positive association was detected between M. hyopneumoniae and Mycoplasma hyorhinis, whereas Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae was more frequent when the M. hyopneumoniae load was higher. Nevertheless, co-infection had no effect on lung lesion scores. The presence of multiple MLVA types (mixed infections) increased in time only in pigs from Group C and was positively associated with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection. Lung lesions were more severe in pigs with at least one TBS positive for M. hyopneumoniae and in pigs with a history of mixed infections. The central role of M. hyopneumoniae and relevance of mixed infections suggest that increased biosecurity might be beneficial for lung lesion sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Tonni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi, 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Nicoletta Formenti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi, 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - M Beatrice Boniotti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi, 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Flavia Guarneri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi, 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Federico Scali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi, 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Claudia Romeo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi, 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Paolo Pasquali
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Pieters
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Ave, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Dominiek Maes
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Giovanni L Alborali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi, 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
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An update on genetic analysis of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus type 2 (PRRSV-2) in South America: identification of ORF5 sequences of lineage 1A, 1C and 1G. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:367. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-02976-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Moeller J, Mount J, Geary E, Campler MR, Corzo CA, Morrison RB, Arruda AG. Investigation of the distance to slaughterhouses and weather parameters in the occurrence of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome outbreaks in U.S. swine breeding herds. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2022; 63:528-534. [PMID: 35502250 PMCID: PMC9009730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is one of the most economically important diseases affecting the swine industry. The main objective of this study was to assess whether sow farm distance to slaughterhouses and meteorological variables were associated with PRRS outbreaks. This case-control study paired 104 sow farms with or without a reported PRRS outbreak (N = 208) during the same period. Data on the distance to the closest slaughterhouse, swine density, presence of an air filtration system, or a neighboring farm, and weather conditions were collected, and a multivariable conditional logistic regression model was created to investigate the association between variables of interest and the occurrence of a PRRS outbreak. Swine density, presence of an air filtration system, presence of a neighboring farm, and PRRS herd-level status before the outbreak were associated with the occurrence of PRRS outbreaks. Farms in areas with higher swine density and nearby swine farms had increased odds of reporting an outbreak compared to farms in low swine density areas and farms having no neighbors. Under the conditions of this study, none of the meteorological variables or the distance to the closest slaughterhouse were associated with occurrence of PRRS outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Moeller
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43215, USA (Moeller, Campler, Arruda); IIHR Hydroscience and Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA (Mount); Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA (Geary, Corzo, Morrison)
| | - Jerry Mount
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43215, USA (Moeller, Campler, Arruda); IIHR Hydroscience and Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA (Mount); Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA (Geary, Corzo, Morrison)
| | - Emily Geary
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43215, USA (Moeller, Campler, Arruda); IIHR Hydroscience and Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA (Mount); Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA (Geary, Corzo, Morrison)
| | - Magnus R Campler
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43215, USA (Moeller, Campler, Arruda); IIHR Hydroscience and Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA (Mount); Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA (Geary, Corzo, Morrison)
| | - Cesar A Corzo
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43215, USA (Moeller, Campler, Arruda); IIHR Hydroscience and Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA (Mount); Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA (Geary, Corzo, Morrison)
| | - Robert B Morrison
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43215, USA (Moeller, Campler, Arruda); IIHR Hydroscience and Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA (Mount); Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA (Geary, Corzo, Morrison)
| | - Andréia G Arruda
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43215, USA (Moeller, Campler, Arruda); IIHR Hydroscience and Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA (Mount); Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA (Geary, Corzo, Morrison)
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Comparison of virus detection, productivity, and economic performance between lots of growing pigs vaccinated with two doses or one dose of PRRS MLV vaccine, under field conditions. Prev Vet Med 2022; 204:105669. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Martínez-Boixaderas N, Garza-Moreno L, Sibila M, Segalés J. Impact of maternally derived immunity on immune responses elicited by piglet early vaccination against the most common pathogens involved in porcine respiratory disease complex. Porcine Health Manag 2022; 8:11. [PMID: 35296365 PMCID: PMC8928644 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-022-00252-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Newborn piglets can trigger an elementary immune response, but the acquirement of specific antibodies and/or cellular immunity against pathogens before they get infected post-natally is paramount to preserve their health. This is especially important for the pathogens involved in porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) as they are widespread, fairly resistant at environment, and genetically variable; moreover, some of them can cause intrauterine/early life infections. Main body Piglet protection can be achieved by either passive transfer of maternal derived immunity (MDI) and/or actively through vaccination. However, vaccinating piglets in the presence of remaining MDI might interfere with vaccine efficacy. Hence, the purpose of this work is to critically review the putative interference that MDI may exert on vaccine efficacy against PRDC pathogens. This knowledge is crucial to design a proper vaccination schedule. Conclusion MDI transferred from sows to offspring could potentially interfere with the development of an active humoral immune response. However, no conclusive interference has been shown regarding performance parameters based on the existing published literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Martínez-Boixaderas
- IRTA. Programa de Sanitat Animal. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Catalonia, Spain.,Ceva Salud Animal, Avenida Diagonal, 609-615, 9º Planta, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Garza-Moreno
- Ceva Salud Animal, Avenida Diagonal, 609-615, 9º Planta, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Sibila
- IRTA. Programa de Sanitat Animal. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Catalonia, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain.,Unitat mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain. .,Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. .,Unitat mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain.
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Li Y, Jiao D, Jing Y, He Y, Han W, Li Z, Ma Z, Feng Y, Xiao S. Genetic characterization and pathogenicity of a novel recombinant PRRSV from lineage 1, 8 and 3 in China failed to infect MARC-145 cells. Microb Pathog 2022; 165:105469. [PMID: 35271985 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The diversity of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in China is increasing rapidly along with mutation and recombination. Recombination could occur between inter- and intra-lineage of PRRSV, which accelerated the complexity of pathogenicity and cell tropism of the recombinant strain. In the present study, a novel PRRSV strain named HN-YL1711 was isolated from a pig farm suffering from severe respiratory difficulty in Henan province, China. The whole genomic sequence analysis indicated that the genome of HN-YL1711 was 15018 nt. It shared 86%, 87.3%, 88.1%, 91.1%, 84.2%, and 84.1% nucleotide similarities with PRRSVs VR2332, CH1a, JXA1, NADC30, QYYZ, and GM2, respectively. Based on phylogenetic analysis of Nsp2, ORF5 and complete genomes, HN-YL1711 was classified into lineage 1 of PRRSV. However, seven genomic break points were detected in recombination analysis, which indicated that the HN-YL1711 originated from multiple recombination among NADC30-like (major parent, lineage 1), JXA1-like (minor parent, lineage 8), and QYYZ-like (minor parent, lineage 3) PRRSV. Porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs), 3D4/21-CD163 and MARC-145 cells were used to explore the viral adaptation of HN-YL1711. The results indicated that it could infect the PAMs but failed to infect MARC-145 cells. Challenge experiments showed that HN-YL1711 exhibits intermediate virulence in pigs, compared with HP-PRRSV JXA1 and LP-PRRSV CH1a. Taken together, our findings suggest that recombination remains an important factor in PRRSV evolution and that recombination further complicates the cell tropism and pathogenicity of PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dian Jiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yang Jing
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuan He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Weiguo Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhiwei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhiqian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yingtong Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shuqi Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
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