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Efrem GH, Mihreteab B, Ghebremariam MK, Tesfai B, Mor SM, Mamo G. Seroprevalence of Brucellosis, Knowledge, and Risky Practices in Dairy Cattle Owners and Workers in Maekel and Debub Regions, Eritrea. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2024; 111:300-304. [PMID: 38889709 PMCID: PMC11310605 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.23-0476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease with worldwide distribution. In Eritrea, the status of the disease in occupationally exposed dairy farmers is unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of brucellosis, level of knowledge, and risky practices of dairy cattle owners/workers in Maekel and Debub regions, Eritrea. A cross-sectional study was conducted between August 2021 and February 2022. A total of 416 dairy cattle owners and workers underwent blood collection and interview using a standardized questionnaire. Blood samples were tested using Rose Bengal Plate Test, and positive samples were confirmed using competitive ELISA. Variation in knowledge scores by sociodemographic factors and practices were explored statistically. The apparent and true seroprevalence was 1.2% (95% CI: 0.05-2.8%) and 1.4% (95% CI: 0.6-3.4%), respectively. Apparent seroprevalence was similar in Maekel (1.1%) and Debub (1.2%) regions. Nearly half of the participants (49.5%) had never heard of brucellosis before. Overall, brucellosis knowledge score was low (mean score: 6.53/20). Knowledge score was higher in participants from Maekel region (P <0.001), older participants (P = 0.035), those with higher educational attainment (P = 0.001), and those with more years of experience working in dairy farming (P = 0.001). Knowledge score was lower in farm workers compared with family members (P = 0.016). No significant differences in knowledge score existed between participants who engaged in or did not engage in potential risky practices. In summary, the prevalence of brucellosis in dairy cattle owners/workers in Maekel and Debub regions, Eritrea, was low. Participants demonstrated limited knowledge of brucellosis and engaged in risky practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghebremeskel Habteyohannes Efrem
- National Animal and Plant Health Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Asmara, Eritrea
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Immunology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
| | - Bereket Mihreteab
- Pathology Laboratory, National Animal and Plant Health Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Asmara, Eritrea
| | - Michael K. Ghebremariam
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Berhe Tesfai
- Massawa Hospital, Northern Red Sea Region Ministry of Health, Massawa, Eritrea
| | - Siobhan M. Mor
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, United Kingdom
- International Livestock Research Institution, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gezahegne Mamo
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Immunology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
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Manyenya S, Nthiwa D, Lutta HO, Muturi M, Nyamota R, Mwatondo A, Watene G, Akoko J, Bett B. Multiple pathogens co-exposure and associated risk factors among cattle reared in a wildlife-livestock interface area in Kenya. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1415423. [PMID: 39119353 PMCID: PMC11306132 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1415423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Understanding multi-pathogen infections/exposures in livestock is critical to inform prevention and control measures against infectious diseases. We investigated the co-exposure of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), Brucella spp., Leptospira spp., and Coxiella burnetii in cattle in three zones stratified by land use change and with different wildlife-livestock interactions in Narok county, Kenya. We also assessed potential risk factors associated with the transmission of these pathogens in cattle. Methods We identified five villages purposively, two each for areas with intensive (zone 1) and moderate wildlife-livestock interactions (zone 2) and one for locations with low wildlife-livestock interactions (zone 3). We sampled 1,170 cattle from 390 herds through a cross-sectional study and tested the serum samples for antibodies against the focal pathogens using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. A questionnaire was administered to gather epidemiological data on the putative risk factors associated with cattle's exposure to the investigated pathogens. Data were analyzed using the Bayesian hierarchical models with herd number as a random effect to adjust for the within-herd clustering of the various co-exposures among cattle. Results Overall, 88.0% (95% CI: 85.0-90.5) of the cattle tested positive for at least one of the targeted pathogens, while 41.7% (95% CI: 37.7-45.8) were seropositive to at least two pathogens. FMDV and Brucella spp. had the highest co-exposure at 33.7% (95% CI: 30.9-36.5), followed by FMDV and Leptospira spp. (21.8%, 95% CI: 19.5-24.4), Leptospira spp. and Brucella spp. (8.8%, 95% CI: 7.2-10.6), FMDV and C. burnetii (1.5%, 95% CI: 0.7-2.8), Brucella spp. and C. burnetii (1.0%, 95% CI: 0.3-2.2), and lowest for Leptospira spp. and C. burnetii (0.3%, 95% CI: 0.0-1.2). Cattle with FMDV and Brucella spp., and Brucella spp. and Leptospira spp. co-exposures and those simultaneously exposed to FMDV, Brucella spp. and Leptospira spp. were significantly higher in zone 1 than in zones 2 and 3. However, FMDV and Leptospira spp. co-exposure was higher in zones 1 and 2 than zone 3. Discussion/conclusion We recommend the establishment of a One Health surveillance system in the study area to reduce the morbidity of the targeted zoonotic pathogens in cattle and the risks of transmission to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophina Manyenya
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya
| | - Daniel Nthiwa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Harrison Osundwa Lutta
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Kabete Centre, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mathew Muturi
- Kenya Zoonotic Disease Unit, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Fisheries, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Athman Mwatondo
- Kenya Zoonotic Disease Unit, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Fisheries, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Grace Watene
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - James Akoko
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Bernard Bett
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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Shi Y, Cui Y, Wudong G, Li S, Yuan Y, Zhao D, Yin S, Diao Z, Li B, Zhou D, Li X, Wang Z, Zhang F, Xie M, Zhao Z, Wang A, Jin Y. Investigation of the Seroprevalence of Brucella Antibodies and Characterization of Field Strains in Immunized Dairy Cows by B. abortus A19. Vet Sci 2024; 11:288. [PMID: 39057972 PMCID: PMC11281660 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11070288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: One method of eradicating brucellosis is to cull cattle that test positive for antibodies 12 months after being vaccinated with the 19-strain vaccine. Variations in immunization regimens and feeding practices may contribute to differences in the rate of persistent antibodies. We conducted this study to investigate the real positive rate of Brucella antibody in field strains of Brucella spp. after immunization over 12 months in dairy cows. This research aims to provide data to support the development of strategies for preventing, controlling, and eradicating brucellosis. (2) Method: We employed the baseline sampling method to collect samples from cows immunized with the A19 vaccine for over 12 months in Lingwu City from 2021 to 2023. Serological detection was conducted using the RBPT method. An established PCR method that could distinguish between 19 and non-19 strains of Brucella was utilized to investigate the field strains of Brucella on 10 dairy farms based on six samples mixed into one using the Mathematical Expectation strategy. (3) Results: We analyzed the rates of individual seropositivity and herd seropositive rates in dairy cattle in Lingwu City from 2021 to 2023 and revealed that antibodies induced by the Brucella abortus strain A19 vaccine persist in dairy herds for more than 12 months. We established a PCR method for identifying both Brucella A19 and non-A19 strains, resulting in the detection of 10 field strains of Brucella abortus from 1537 dairy cows. By employing a Mathematical Expectation strategy, we completed testing of 1537 samples after conducting only 306 tests, thereby reducing the workload by 80.1%. (4) Conclusions: There was a certain proportion of cows with a persistent antibody titer, but there was no evidence that all of these cattle were naturally infected with Brucella. The established PCR method for distinguishing between Brucella abortus strain 19 and non-19 strains can be specifically utilized for detecting natural Brucella infection in immunized cattle. We propose that relying solely on the detection of antibodies in cattle immunized with the A19 vaccine more than 12 months previously should not be solely relied upon as a diagnostic basis for brucellosis, and it is essential to complement this approach with PCR analysis to specifically identify field Brucella spp. Brucella abortus was the predominant strain identified in the field during this study. Detection based on the Mathematical Expectation strategy can significantly enhance detection efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China; (Y.S.); (Y.C.); (G.W.); (S.L.); (Y.Y.); (D.Z.); (S.Y.); (Z.D.); (D.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Yimeng Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China; (Y.S.); (Y.C.); (G.W.); (S.L.); (Y.Y.); (D.Z.); (S.Y.); (Z.D.); (D.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Gaowa Wudong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China; (Y.S.); (Y.C.); (G.W.); (S.L.); (Y.Y.); (D.Z.); (S.Y.); (Z.D.); (D.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Shengnan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China; (Y.S.); (Y.C.); (G.W.); (S.L.); (Y.Y.); (D.Z.); (S.Y.); (Z.D.); (D.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Ye Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China; (Y.S.); (Y.C.); (G.W.); (S.L.); (Y.Y.); (D.Z.); (S.Y.); (Z.D.); (D.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Danyu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China; (Y.S.); (Y.C.); (G.W.); (S.L.); (Y.Y.); (D.Z.); (S.Y.); (Z.D.); (D.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Shurong Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China; (Y.S.); (Y.C.); (G.W.); (S.L.); (Y.Y.); (D.Z.); (S.Y.); (Z.D.); (D.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Ziyang Diao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China; (Y.S.); (Y.C.); (G.W.); (S.L.); (Y.Y.); (D.Z.); (S.Y.); (Z.D.); (D.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Bin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China; (Y.S.); (Y.C.); (G.W.); (S.L.); (Y.Y.); (D.Z.); (S.Y.); (Z.D.); (D.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Dong Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China; (Y.S.); (Y.C.); (G.W.); (S.L.); (Y.Y.); (D.Z.); (S.Y.); (Z.D.); (D.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Xuejun Li
- Animal Health Supervision Institute of Lingwu City, Lingwu 750400, China;
| | - Zhanlin Wang
- Animal Disease Control and Prevention Center of Lingwu City, Lingwu 750400, China
| | - Fengxia Zhang
- Animal Disease Control and Prevention Center of Lingwu City, Lingwu 750400, China
| | - Min Xie
- Animal Disease Control and Prevention Center of Lingwu City, Lingwu 750400, China
| | - Zehui Zhao
- Animal Disease Control and Prevention Center of Lingwu City, Lingwu 750400, China
| | - Aihua Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China; (Y.S.); (Y.C.); (G.W.); (S.L.); (Y.Y.); (D.Z.); (S.Y.); (Z.D.); (D.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Yaping Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China; (Y.S.); (Y.C.); (G.W.); (S.L.); (Y.Y.); (D.Z.); (S.Y.); (Z.D.); (D.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
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Ruano ZM, Mateus TL, Chorense A, Santos-Silva S, Vieira-Pinto M. Seroprevalence study of brucellosis in wild boar hunted for private consumption in northeast Portugal. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:1859-1865. [PMID: 38315322 PMCID: PMC11147839 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10317-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Brucellosis is an important infectious disease caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella. In the northeast region of Portugal, infection with Brucella melitensis is endemic in small ruminants, and there are also humans' cases. However, the epidemiological role of the wild boar in the dynamics of this disease in this region is unknown. In this study, a total of 332 blood samples were collected from wild boar hunted in thirty-six hunting areas during the 2022/2023 hunting season. All were taken by the hunters for private consumption, with no evisceration or examination in the field. Serum samples were tested by indirect ELISA (i-ELISA). It was observed that 88 wild boars were exposed to Brucella spp., pointing to a seroprevalence of 26.5% (95% CI: 21.8 - 31.3%). This high prevalence underlines the importance that wild boar may have in the dynamics of this disease in the region and its potential transmission to other animals, and to humans (for example, during the handling of carcasses). Increased awareness and knowledge of brucellosis in wild boar is essential for the implementation of effective practices and habits and, consequently, for the control and prevention of this important zoonosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zita Martins Ruano
- Veterinary and Animal Research Center (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, Apartado 1013, Vila Real, 5001-801, Portugal
| | - Teresa Letra Mateus
- Veterinary and Animal Research Center (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, Apartado 1013, Vila Real, 5001-801, Portugal.
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Lisbon, Portugal.
- Center for Research and Development in Agrifood Systems ad Sustainability (CISAS), Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Viana do Castelo, 4900-347, Portugal.
- EpiUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Laboratório para a investigação integrativa e translacional em saúde populacional (ITR), Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, nº135, 4050-091, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ana Chorense
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, Apartado 1013, 5001-801, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Sérgio Santos-Silva
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Madalena Vieira-Pinto
- Veterinary and Animal Research Center (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, Apartado 1013, Vila Real, 5001-801, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Lisbon, Portugal
- Center for Research and Development in Agrifood Systems ad Sustainability (CISAS), Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Viana do Castelo, 4900-347, Portugal
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, Apartado 1013, 5001-801, Vila Real, Portugal
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Khairullah AR, Kurniawan SC, Puspitasari Y, Aryaloka S, Silaen OSM, Yanestria SM, Widodo A, Moses IB, Effendi MH, Afnani DA, Ramandinianto SC, Hasib A, Riwu KHP. Brucellosis: Unveiling the complexities of a pervasive zoonotic disease and its global impacts. Open Vet J 2024; 14:1081-1097. [PMID: 38938422 PMCID: PMC11199761 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2024.v14.i5.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
One zoonotic infectious animal disease is brucellosis. The bacteria that cause brucellosis belong to the genus Brucella. Numerous animal and human species are affected by brucellosis, with an estimated 500,000 human cases recorded annually worldwide. The occurrence of new areas of infection and the resurgence of infection in already infected areas indicate how dynamically brucellosis is distributed throughout different geographic regions. Bacteria originate from the blood and are found in the reticuloendothelial system, the liver, the spleen, and numerous other locations, including the joints, kidneys, heart, and genital tract. Diagnosis of this disease can be done by bacterial isolation, molecular tests, modified acid-fast stain, rose bengal test (RBT), milk ring test, complement fixation test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and serum agglutination test. The primary sign of a Brucella abortus infection is infertility, which can result in abortion and the birth of a frail fetus that may go on to infect other animals. In humans, the main symptoms are acute febrile illness, with or without localization signs, and chronic infection. Female cattle have a greater risk of contracting Brucella disease. Human populations at high risk of contracting brucellosis include those who care for cattle, veterinarians, slaughterhouse employees, and butchers. Antibiotic treatment of brucellosis is often unsuccessful due to the intracellular survival of Brucella and its adaptability in macrophages. A "one health" strategy is necessary to control illnesses like brucellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswin Rafif Khairullah
- Research Center for Veterinary Science, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Shendy Canadya Kurniawan
- Master Program of Animal Sciences, Department of Animal Sciences, Specialisation in Molecule, Cell and Organ Functioning, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yulianna Puspitasari
- Division of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Suhita Aryaloka
- Master Program of Veterinary Agribusiness, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Otto Sahat Martua Silaen
- Doctoral Program in Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Agus Widodo
- Department of Health, Faculty of Vocational Studies, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Ikechukwu Benjamin Moses
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Mustofa Helmi Effendi
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Daniah Ashri Afnani
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Pendidikan Mandalika, Mataram, Indonesia
| | | | - Abdullah Hasib
- School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland
| | - Katty Hendriana Priscilia Riwu
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Pendidikan Mandalika, Mataram, Indonesia
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Abushahba MFN, Dadelahi AS, Ponzilacqua-Silva B, Moley CR, Skyberg JA. Contrasting roles for IgM and B-cell MHCII expression in Brucella abortus S19 vaccine-mediated efficacy against B. melitensis infection. mSphere 2024; 9:e0075023. [PMID: 38349167 PMCID: PMC10964430 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00750-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis, caused by the bacterium Brucella, poses a significant global threat to both animal and human health. Although commercial live Brucella vaccines including S19, RB51, and Rev1 are available for animals, their unsuitability for human use and incomplete efficacy in animals necessitate the further study of vaccine-mediated immunity to Brucella. In this study, we employed in vivo B-cell depletion, as well as immunodeficient and transgenic mouse models, to comprehensively investigate the roles of B cells, antigen uptake and presentation, antibody production, and class switching in the context of S19-mediated immunity against brucellosis. We found that antibody production, and in particular secretory IgM plays a protective role in S19-mediated immunity against virulent Brucella melitensis early after the challenge in a manner associated with complement activation. While T follicular helper cell deficiency dampened IgG production and vaccine efficacy at later stages of the challenge, this effect appeared to be independent of antibody production and rather was associated with altered T-cell function. By contrast, B-cell MHCII expression negatively impacted vaccine efficacy at later timepoints after the challenge. In addition, B-cell depletion after vaccination, but before the challenge, enhanced S19-mediated protection against brucellosis, suggesting a deleterious role of B cells during the challenge phase. Collectively, our findings indicate antibody production is protective, while B-cell MHCII expression is deleterious, to live vaccine-mediated immunity against brucellosis. IMPORTANCE Brucella is a neglected zoonotic pathogen with a worldwide distribution. Our study delves into B-cell effector functions in live vaccine-mediated immunity against brucellosis. Notably, we found antibody production, particularly secretory IgM, confers protection against virulent Brucella melitensis in vaccinated mice, which was associated with complement activation. By contrast, B-cell MHCII expression negatively impacted vaccine efficacy. In addition, B-cell depletion after vaccination, but before the B. melitensis challenge, enhanced protection against infection, suggesting a detrimental B-cell role during the challenge phase. Interestingly, deficiency of T follicular helper cells, which are crucial for aiding germinal center B cells, dampened vaccine efficacy at later stages of challenge independent of antibody production. This study underscores contrasting and phase-dependent roles of B-cell effector functions in vaccine-mediated immunity against Brucella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa F. N. Abushahba
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Laboratory for Infectious Disease Research, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Alexis S. Dadelahi
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Laboratory for Infectious Disease Research, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Bárbara Ponzilacqua-Silva
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Laboratory for Infectious Disease Research, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Charles R. Moley
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Laboratory for Infectious Disease Research, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Jerod A. Skyberg
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Laboratory for Infectious Disease Research, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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Samadi A, Amiri M, Hailat N. The Reasons Behind Long-Term Endemicity of Brucellosis in Low and Middle-Income Countries: Challenges and Future Perspectives. Curr Microbiol 2024; 81:82. [PMID: 38289422 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03605-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Brucellosis is a neglected worldwide zoonotic disease with more than 500,000 new human cases each year. Direct contact with infected animals and consumption of undercooked animal origin foods are the main routes of brucellosis transmission to humans. Although long endeavor has been applied to control and eliminate brucellosis from animal and human populations in developing countries especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), the disease is still endemic in these regions. Many common or unique factors including raw milk consumption, unhygienic slaughter of livestock, extensive husbandry, budgetary limitations, misdiagnosis, and other conditions play a role in long-term endemicity of brucellosis in these locations. It has been shown that One Health is the only practical approach to control brucellosis; however, applying such methods is challenging in low-resource areas. In such conditions, brucellosis is continuously maintained in animals and repeatedly spread to human populations. In this article, factors playing a critical role in brucellosis endemicity, and the real conditions challenging the application of One Health approach in control of brucellosis are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assadullah Samadi
- Paraclinic Department, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan.
| | | | - Nabil Hailat
- Veterinary Pathology, Pathology and Public Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology [JUST], Irbid, Jordan
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Al-Sanouri T, Khader Y, Hailat E, Iweir S, Abu Khudair M, Al Nsour M. Seroprevalence of Human Brucellosis among Syrian Refugees in Jordan, 2022. J Pathog 2023; 2023:5885316. [PMID: 38146446 PMCID: PMC10748716 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5885316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Brucellosis is prevalent in Mediterranean countries. The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of brucellosis and associated factors among Syrian refugees in Jordan. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among adult Syrian refugees who attended the Public Health Lab (PHL) in Al Mafraq governorate, during the period of May-June 2022 to obtain a health certificate, which is legally required to receive governmental authorization for employment in Jordan. Blood samples were obtained from participants and a serum specimen was tested for the presence of IgG antibodies against Brucella using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) IgG kits (Vircell Microbiologists, Granada, Spain). Results A total of 1562 Syrian refugees were enrolled in the study. Their ages ranged between 18 and 74 years, with a median age of 30 years at presentation. The majority were males (75.9%, n = 1186) and 24.1% (n = 376) were females. The Brucella ELISA IgG results were positive for 149 persons, with an overall seroprevalence rate of 9.5% (95% confidence interval: 8.0%-11.0%). Having animal-related occupations, residing outside refugee camps, consuming unpasteurized milk, handling animals or their tissues, and slaughtering animals within 6 months of study inclusion were significantly higher among the seropositive group. In the multivariate analysis, IgG-positive persons were 13 times more likely to report being diagnosed with brucellosis (OR = 13.1, 95% CI: 6.1-28.3; p ≤ 0.001). In addition, they were more likely to reside in the city of Al Mafraq, as opposed to a refugee camp (OR = 1.9, 95% CI: 1.1-3.2; p = 0.025) and to have handled animals within 6 months of study inclusion (OR = 3.1, 95% CI: 1.1-8.9; p = 0.035). Conclusions In conclusion, one-tenth of adult Syrian refugees were tested positive for Brucella ELISA IgG. Being diagnosed with brucellosis, residing in the city of Al Mafraq, as opposed to a refugee camp, and handling animals within 6 months of study inclusion were significantly associated with being positive for Brucella ELISA IgG. This study illustrates the need for improved brucellosis control measures via comprehensive vaccination of animals and enhanced laboratory detection and surveillance capacities, in addition to emphasizing the need for increased awareness sessions among Syrian refugees on the safe use and preparation of dairy products and safety practices of handling animals and their tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yousef Khader
- Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Ekhlas Hailat
- The Eastern Mediterranean Public Health Network, Amman, Jordan
| | - Sereen Iweir
- The Eastern Mediterranean Public Health Network, Amman, Jordan
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9
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Ochai SO, Crafford JE, Kamath PL, Turner WC, van Heerden H. Development of conjugated secondary antibodies for wildlife disease surveillance. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1221071. [PMID: 37503338 PMCID: PMC10368751 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1221071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Disease monitoring in free-ranging wildlife is a challenge and often relies on passive surveillance. Alternatively, proactive surveillance that relies on the detection of specific antibodies could give more reliable and timely insight into disease presence and prevalence in a population, especially if the evidence of disease occurs below detection thresholds for passive surveillance. Primary binding assays, like the indirect ELISA for antibody detection in wildlife, are hampered by a lack of species-specific conjugates. In this study, we developed anti-kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) and anti-impala (Aepyceros melampus) immunoglobulin-specific conjugates in chickens and compared them to the binding of commercially available protein-G and protein-AG conjugates, using an ELISA-based avidity index. The conjugates were evaluated for cross-reaction with sera from other wild herbivores to assess future use in ELISAs. The developed conjugates had a high avidity of >70% against kudu and impala sera. The commercial conjugates (protein-G and protein-AG) had significantly low relative avidity (<20%) against these species. Eighteen other wildlife species demonstrated cross-reactivity with a mean relative avidity of >50% with the impala and kudu conjugates and <40% with the commercial conjugates. These results demonstrate that species-specific conjugates are important tools for the development and validation of immunoassays in wildlife and for the surveillance of zoonotic agents along the livestock-wildlife-human interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunday O. Ochai
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Jan E. Crafford
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Pauline L. Kamath
- School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
| | - Wendy C. Turner
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Henriette van Heerden
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
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Long GS, Hider J, Duggan AT, Klunk J, Eaton K, Karpinski E, Giuffra V, Ventura L, Prowse TL, Fornaciari A, Fornaciari G, Holmes EC, Golding GB, Poinar HN. A 14th century CE Brucella melitensis genome and the recent expansion of the Western Mediterranean clade. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011538. [PMID: 37523413 PMCID: PMC10414615 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is a disease caused by the bacterium Brucella and typically transmitted through contact with infected ruminants. It is one of the most common chronic zoonotic diseases and of particular interest to public health agencies. Despite its well-known transmission history and characteristic symptoms, we lack a more complete understanding of the evolutionary history of its best-known species-Brucella melitensis. To address this knowledge gap we fortuitously found, sequenced and assembled a high-quality ancient B. melitensis draft genome from the kidney stone of a 14th-century Italian friar. The ancient strain contained fewer core genes than modern B. melitensis isolates, carried a complete complement of virulence genes, and did not contain any indication of significant antimicrobial resistances. The ancient B. melitensis genome fell as a basal sister lineage to a subgroup of B. melitensis strains within the Western Mediterranean phylogenetic group, with a short branch length indicative of its earlier sampling time, along with a similar gene content. By calibrating the molecular clock we suggest that the speciation event between B. melitensis and B. abortus is contemporaneous with the estimated time frame for the domestication of both sheep and goats. These results confirm the existence of the Western Mediterranean clade as a separate group in the 14th CE and suggest that its divergence was due to human and ruminant co-migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- George S. Long
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Departments of Anthropology and Biochemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Jessica Hider
- McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Departments of Anthropology and Biochemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Ana T. Duggan
- McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Departments of Anthropology and Biochemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Jennifer Klunk
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Departments of Anthropology and Biochemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Daicel Arbor Biosciences, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Katherine Eaton
- McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Departments of Anthropology and Biochemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Emil Karpinski
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Departments of Anthropology and Biochemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Valentina Giuffra
- Division of Paleopathology, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Luca Ventura
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
- Division of Pathology, San Salvatore Hospital, Coppito, Italy
| | - Tracy L. Prowse
- Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Antonio Fornaciari
- Division of Paleopathology, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Edward C. Holmes
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Hendrik N. Poinar
- McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Departments of Anthropology and Biochemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- CIFAR Humans and the Microbiome Program, Toronto, Canada
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11
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Karaer MC, Čebulj-Kadunc N, Snoj T. Stress in wildlife: comparison of the stress response among domestic, captive, and free-ranging animals. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1167016. [PMID: 37138925 PMCID: PMC10150102 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1167016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The stress response, which involves joint activity of the nervous and endocrine systems, is one of the basic adaptive mechanisms that ensures the survival of the individual. The activation of the sympathetic nervous system, the sympathetic-adrenal-medullary axis, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis enables organisms to respond to endogenous and exogenous challenges. Repeated short-term stress leads to long-term stress, which disrupts physiological homeostasis. Unlike domestic animals, wild animals are not protected from environmental and weather influences or treated for diseases. In addition, climate change, habitat fragmentation and loss, and urban stressors (such as light, noise and chemical pollution; xenobiotics; traffic; and buildings) affect individual wildlife and populations. In this review, we have attempted to depict the magnitude of the stress response in wildlife and related domestic animals as well as in captive and free-ranging animals. The intensity of the stress response can be estimated by determining the concentration of glucocorticoids in body fluids, tissues, and excreta. A comparison of results from different studies suggests that domestic animals have lower fecal and hair glucocorticoid concentrations than related wild animals. Additionally, fecal and hair glucocorticoid concentrations in captive animals are higher than in free-ranging animals of the same species. As there are limited data on this topic, we cannot draw definitive conclusions about glucocorticoid concentration and stress response. Further studies are needed to clarify these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Cansu Karaer
- Food and Agriculture Vocational School, Çankiri Karatekin University, Çankiri, Türkiye
| | - Nina Čebulj-Kadunc
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Preclinical Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tomaž Snoj
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Preclinical Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- *Correspondence: Tomaž Snoj
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Ugwu PC, Njoga EO, Njoga UJ, Aronu CJ, Atadiose EO, Okoli CE, Onwumere-Idolor OS, Ajibo FE, Azor NN, Bernard SN, Ozioko IE, Eze IS, Abonyi FO. Indiscriminate slaughter of pregnant goats for meat in Enugu, Nigeria: Causes, prevalence, implications and ways-out. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280524. [PMID: 36649264 PMCID: PMC9844864 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The indiscriminate slaughter of pregnant goats (SPGs) undermines meat production and food security especially in developing countries. It also connotes animal cruelty, depletion of goat population and may enhance the spread of zoonotic pathogens inhabiting the female reproductive tract during carcass processing. Consequently, this study determined the causes and prevalence of slaughtering pregnant goats for meat in Enugu, Nigeria. The study also estimated the economic losses associated with SPGs, discussed the negative public health consequences and suggested the ways-out. METHODS Structured, validated and pilot-tested questionnaire was used to ascertain the reasons for SPGs for meat among 78 willing and randomly selected respondents. The questionnaire survey was conducted in the form of interview. Pregnancy statuses of the goats slaughtered were ascertained by visual inspection and palpation of the eviscerated and longitudinally incised uteri and the horns for macroscopic evidence of pregnancy. Ages of the dams were estimated by dentition method. Estimation of the gestational age was performed by crown-rump length method. The study lasted for six months, comprised of three months (December to March) during the dry/hot season and another three months (May to August) during the wet/rainy season. Economic loss estimation was based on the current monetary values of a matured (30 kilogram) goat and one kilogram of chevon in Enugu, Nigeria; which was determined through market survey. Pearson's Chi-square test was used to determine whether there were significant (P<0.05) statistical associations between SPGs and age and season. RESULTS Major reasons adduced for SPGs were: economic hardship (41%), ignorance of the goat's pregnancy status (21%), increased demand for chevon (13%) and feed scarcity during drought (11%). Of the 1,658 does examined during the six months study, 589 (35.5%) were pregnant. The majority (876/1658, 52.8%) of the female goats slaughtered were in their active reproductive age of ≤ 4 years, while 782 (47.2%) were aged > 4 years. Similarly, majority (1007/1658, 60.7%) of the does/nannies were slaughtered during the dry/hot season. A total of 907 foetuses at first (n = 332, 36.6%), second (n = 486, 53.6%) and third (n = 89, 9.8%) trimesters of gestation were recovered from the 589 PGs. Singleton, twin and triplet pregnancies were observed in 312 (53%), 236 (40%) and 41 (7%) PGs, respectively. About ₦34.44 million ($83,390) would have been earned if the foetuses were born alive and raised to maturity. Additionally, 19,136 kg of chevon, valued at ₦47,841, 000 ($115,838), which would have accrued from the wasted foetuses was also lost. CONCLUSION Considering the economic, zoonotic and livestock production implications of this work, frantic efforts to reduce SPGs in Enugu, Nigeria is imperative. This could be achieved through advocacy, goat farmers' enlightenment, ante-mortem pregnancy diagnosis, provision of subsidized feed materials during the dry season and strict enforcement of the Nigerian Meat Edict law, which proscribes unapproved slaughter of gravid animals. These measures may improve food safety and security, improve goat reproduction and production, reduce protein malnutrition, limit dissemination of zoonotic pathogens during carcass processing and hence protect public health in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patience C. Ugwu
- Department of Animal Health and Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel O. Njoga
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
- * E-mail: (EON); (UJN)
| | - Ugochinyere J. Njoga
- Department of Veterinary Obstetrics and Reproductive Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
- * E-mail: (EON); (UJN)
| | - Chinwe J. Aronu
- Department of Animal Health and Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Everest O. Atadiose
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Chinwe E. Okoli
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Onyinye S. Onwumere-Idolor
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Delta State University of Science and Technology, Ozoro, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Festus E. Ajibo
- Department of Animal Health and Production, Enugu State Polytechnic, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Nichodemus N. Azor
- Department of Animal Health and Production, Enugu State Polytechnic, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Sunday N. Bernard
- Department of Animal Health and Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Ikenna E. Ozioko
- Department of Animal Health and Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Ikechukwu S. Eze
- Department of Animal Health and Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Festus O. Abonyi
- Department of Animal Health and Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
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13
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Charypkhan D, Rüegg SR. One Health evaluation of brucellosis control in Kazakhstan. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277118. [PMID: 36322602 PMCID: PMC9629608 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is one of the main livestock disease risks in Kazakhstan. It's been endemic there since 1930, accounting for over 1300 human cases per annum. The economic loss was 45 million USD in 2015 alone. Since 1952, Kazakhstan has implemented various control strategies with little success. One Health approaches have been suggested to tackle brucellosis, however, there is a lack of evidence for best practices to operationalise One Health in the literature, and methods for implementation are not established. The intention of this study was to introduce the One Health approach during the evaluation phase of the policy cycle. A two-day workshop was organized by the authors to familiarize participants with the evaluation methodology. Twenty-one specialists representing veterinary and public health sector, together with researchers, took part in this study. For two weeks following the workshop, first author conducted individual interviews with workshop participants to obtain individual scorings to assess knowledge integration capacity (One Health-ness). The evaluation results show that there is a lack of knowledge about the perceived damage caused by brucellosis to animal owners and other stakeholders. There is insufficient data available about farmers' practices, interests and motivations, and also data is missing for important transmission processes such as the amount of unsafe dairy consumption. The absence of such data illustrates the extent of the uncertainty to which decision-makers are exposed despite well-elaborated transmission models and supports the importance of co-producing solutions with participatory methods. The results suggest the need for broader involvement of stakeholders. Outputs of this study could help navigate the initial stages of One Health operationalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duriya Charypkhan
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Section of Epidemiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Brucellosis, Kazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute, Almaty, Kazakhstan
- * E-mail:
| | - Simon R. Rüegg
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Section of Epidemiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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14
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Zhou C, Huang W, Xiang X, Qiu J, Xiao D, Yao N, Shu Q, Zhou S. Outbreak of occupational Brucella infection caused by live attenuated Brucella vaccine in a biological products company in Chongqing, China, 2020. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:2544-2552. [PMID: 36178040 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2130099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The northern areas of China are traditional endemic regions for brucellosis in both animals and humans, while occasional outbreaks of brucellosis have been observed in neglected southern provinces. On December 16, 2020, Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CQCDC) received a report of 15 Brucella seropositive employees in a biological products company. The CQCDC and the local health administrative department launched an investigation that included identification of cases, laboratory testing of samples, and employees' interview to identify the cause of this incident. A case-control study was implemented to compare high-risk factors between cases and serology-negative personals. Human and animal serum samples, and environmental swabs were collected for testing. A total of 61 recessive infectors were found with an infection rate of 43.57% (61/140). Fisher's exact test showed that there were significant differences in Brucella infection rates among different posts classifications (p=0.02), working places (p=0.007), and buildings (p<0.0001). Case-control study showed that working in vaccine production workshop was independently associated with increased risk of infection (odds ratio (OR): 2.60; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.31-5.19). The positive detection rate was 88.06% (59/67) for production environment and 16.67% (2/12) for external environment. The investigation indicated that close contact with biological products and aerosol were the potential transmission routes of this outbreak under the condition of insufficient personal protection and disinfection. Our study provides new epidemiological evidence for a more detailed understanding of occupational infections with live attenuated Brucella vaccine.Highlights An Outbreak of occupational Brucella infection was caused by Brucella vaccine.Contacting with biological products and aerosol were potential transmission routes.This is new evidence for the virulent characteristics of attenuated Brucella vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunbei Zhou
- Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing 400042, China.,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University) Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Wenli Huang
- Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Xu Xiang
- Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Jianping Qiu
- Rongchang District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Dayong Xiao
- Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Ning Yao
- Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing 400042, China.,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University) Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Qiang Shu
- Rongchang District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Shuang Zhou
- Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing 400042, China
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Zhou W, Zhang F, Cui S, Chang KC. Is There Always a Negative Causality between Human Health and Environmental Degradation? Current Evidence from Rural China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10561. [PMID: 36078273 PMCID: PMC9517924 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study explores the incidence and trend of zoonoses in China and its relationship with environmental health and proposes suggestions for promoting the long-term sustainable development of human, animal, and environmental systems. The incidence of malaria was selected as the dependent variable, and the consumption of agricultural diesel oil and pesticides and investment in lavatory sanitation improvement in rural areas were selected as independent variables according to the characteristics of nonpoint source pollution and domestic pollution in China's rural areas. By employing a fixed effects regression model, the results indicated that the use of pesticides was negatively associated with the incidence of malaria, continuous investment in rural toilet improvement, and an increase in economic income can play a positive role in the prevention and control of malaria incidence. Guided by the theory of One Health, this study verifies human, animal, and environmental health as a combination of mutual restriction and influence, discusses the complex causal relationship among the three, and provides evidence for sustainable development and integrated governance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- College of Public Administration and Law, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- College of Public Administration and Law, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Shihao Cui
- College of Public Administration and Law, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Ke-Chiun Chang
- School of Economics and Management, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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16
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Safety concerns and potential hazards of occupational brucellosis in developing countries: a review. J Public Health (Oxf) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10389-022-01732-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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17
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Evans MV, Drake JM. A Data-driven Horizon Scan of Bacterial Pathogens at the Wildlife-livestock Interface. ECOHEALTH 2022; 19:246-258. [PMID: 35666334 PMCID: PMC9168633 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-022-01599-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Many livestock diseases rely on wildlife for the transmission or maintenance of the pathogen, and the wildlife-livestock interface represents a potential site of disease emergence for novel pathogens in livestock. Predicting which pathogen species are most likely to emerge in the future is an important challenge for infectious disease surveillance and intelligence. We used a machine learning approach to conduct a data-driven horizon scan of bacterial associations at the wildlife-livestock interface for cows, sheep, and pigs. Our model identified and ranked from 76 to 189 potential novel bacterial species that might associate with each livestock species. Wildlife reservoirs of known and novel bacteria were shared among all three species, suggesting that targeting surveillance and/or control efforts towards these reservoirs could contribute disproportionately to reducing spillover risk to livestock. By predicting pathogen-host associations at the wildlife-livestock interface, we demonstrate one way to plan for and prevent disease emergence in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle V Evans
- MIVEGEC, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 34000, Montpellier, France.
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, 30606, USA.
- Center for Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, 30606, USA.
| | - John M Drake
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, 30606, USA
- Center for Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, 30606, USA
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18
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Eckstein S, Ehmann R, Gritli A, Ben Rhaiem M, Ben Yahia H, Diehl M, Wölfel R, Handrick S, Ben Moussa M, Stoecker K. Viral and Bacterial Zoonotic Agents in Dromedary Camels from Southern Tunisia: A Seroprevalence Study. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10040727. [PMID: 35456778 PMCID: PMC9028256 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10040727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 clearly demonstrated the potential of zoonotic diseases to cause severe harm to public health. Having limited access to medical care combined with severe underreporting and a lack of active surveillance, Africa carries a high burden of neglected zoonotic diseases. Therefore, the epidemiological monitoring of pathogen circulation is essential. Recently, we found extensive Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) prevalence in free-roaming dromedary camels from southern Tunisia. In this study, we aimed to investigate the seroprevalence, and thus the risk posed to public health, of two additional viral and two bacterial pathogens in Tunisian dromedaries: Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), Coxiella burnetii and Brucella spp. via ELISA. With 73.6% seropositivity, most animals had previously been exposed to the causative agent of Q fever, C. burnetii. Additionally, 7.4% and 1.0% of the dromedaries had antibodies against Brucella and RVFV, respectively, while no evidence was found for the occurrence of FMDV. Our studies revealed considerable immunological evidence of various pathogens within Tunisian dromedary camels. Since these animals have intense contact with humans, they pose a high risk of transmitting serious zoonotic diseases during active infection. The identification of appropriate countermeasures is therefore highly desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Eckstein
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology (IMB), 80937 Munich, Germany; (R.E.); (M.D.); (R.W.); (S.H.); (K.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-992692-3990
| | - Rosina Ehmann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology (IMB), 80937 Munich, Germany; (R.E.); (M.D.); (R.W.); (S.H.); (K.S.)
| | - Abderraouf Gritli
- Veterinary Service, General Directorate of Military Health, Ministry of National Defense, Tunis 1000, Tunisia; (A.G.); (M.B.R.); (H.B.Y.)
| | - Mohamed Ben Rhaiem
- Veterinary Service, General Directorate of Military Health, Ministry of National Defense, Tunis 1000, Tunisia; (A.G.); (M.B.R.); (H.B.Y.)
| | - Houcine Ben Yahia
- Veterinary Service, General Directorate of Military Health, Ministry of National Defense, Tunis 1000, Tunisia; (A.G.); (M.B.R.); (H.B.Y.)
| | - Manuel Diehl
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology (IMB), 80937 Munich, Germany; (R.E.); (M.D.); (R.W.); (S.H.); (K.S.)
| | - Roman Wölfel
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology (IMB), 80937 Munich, Germany; (R.E.); (M.D.); (R.W.); (S.H.); (K.S.)
| | - Susann Handrick
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology (IMB), 80937 Munich, Germany; (R.E.); (M.D.); (R.W.); (S.H.); (K.S.)
| | - Mohamed Ben Moussa
- Department of Virology, Military Hospital of Instruction of Tunis, Tunis 1008, Tunisia;
| | - Kilian Stoecker
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology (IMB), 80937 Munich, Germany; (R.E.); (M.D.); (R.W.); (S.H.); (K.S.)
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19
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Molecular detection of Brucella abortus in wild and captive felids. Braz J Infect Dis 2022; 26:102351. [PMID: 35447100 PMCID: PMC9387471 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2022.102351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease of great public health importance. In wild animals, Brucella abortus is one of the most diagnosed species, mainly in enzootic environments where domestic animals share the same environment. B. abortus is common in environments shared by cattle, wild, and domestic animals. This study aimed to detect the presence of B. abortus DNA in free-ranging and captivity felids at Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Method Polymerase chain reaction, based on the genetic element IS711, was performed in blood samples collected from 23 free-ranging and captive felids. The species represented include Leopardus colocolo, Leopardus pardalis, Leopardus wiedii, Panthera onca, Puma concolor, and Puma yagouaroundi. Results DNA amplification of B. abortus was observed in only one captive P. concolor (4.34%). Conclusion The detection of this pathogen in captive animals using molecular tools demonstrates the importance of monitoring, as it raises concerns about the possibility of transmission between humans and wild and domestic animals, especially in regions of vast biodiversity, such as in the State of Mato Grosso, Brazil.
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A Model for Brucellosis Disease Incorporating Age of Infection and Waning Immunity. MATHEMATICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/math10040670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This paper proposes a model for brucellosis transmission. The model takes into account the age of infection and waning immunity, that is, the progressive loss of immunity after recovery. Three routes of transmissions are considered: vertical transmission, and both direct and indirect routes of horizontal transmission. According to the well-posedness results, we provide explicit formulas for the equilibria. Next, we derive the basic reproduction number R0 and prove some stability results depending on the basic reproductive number. Finally, we perform numerical simulations using model parameters estimated from biological data to confirm our theoretical results. The results of these simulations suggest that for certain values of parameters, there will be periodic outbreaks of epidemics, and the disease will not be eradicated from the population. Our results also highlight the fact that the birth rate of cattle significantly influences the dynamics of the disease. The proposed model can be of a good use in studying the effects of vaccination on the cattle population.
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Zakharova O, Protodyakonova G, Shadrina Y. Results of studying of the Brucella suis 245 strain vaccine’s reactogenic properties in an experiment on reindeer. BIO WEB OF CONFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20224301016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Living vaccines are not widely used in practice to prevent and control brucellosis in domesticated reindeer. Brucellosis vaccines from strains 19 or 82 are characterized by a high level of reactogenicity and lead to complications in vaccinated animals. When studying the reactogenic properties of the vaccine from the B. suis 245 strain in the experiment on reindeer, the reaction of the body of domesticated reindeer to the subcutaneous injection of brucella from the B. suis 245 strain was considered. At the same time, no significant differences were observed when the vaccine was administered at a dosage of 10 and 50 billion microbial cells, and the size of edema in millimeters was fixed at the level of 39.0 ± 3.5 and 44.1 ± 2.6, respectively (P> 0.05). The dynamics of the body temperature of animals depending on the method of administration and dose of the vaccine, regardless of the dosage, body temperature, like other indicators of a physiological nature, remained within the normal range. It was found that in the early stages after vaccination, the indicators of the physiological state of the animal’s body are determined by whether the oral or subcutaneous method of administration of the vaccine was used. When vaccinated by the subcutaneous method, reactogenicity was less pronounced with the introduction of 5 billion microbial cells, compared with a dose of 50 billion microbial cells.
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22
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Middlebrook EA, Romero AT, Bett B, Nthiwa D, Oyola SO, Fair JM, Bartlow AW. Identification and distribution of pathogens coinfecting with Brucella spp., Coxiella burnetii and Rift Valley fever virus in humans, livestock and wildlife. Zoonoses Public Health 2022; 69:175-194. [PMID: 35034427 PMCID: PMC9303618 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Zoonotic diseases, such as brucellosis, Q fever and Rift Valley fever (RVF) caused by Brucella spp., Coxiella burnetii and RVF virus, respectively, can have devastating effects on human, livestock, and wildlife health and cause economic hardship due to morbidity and mortality in livestock. Coinfection with multiple pathogens can lead to more severe disease outcomes and altered transmission dynamics. These three pathogens can alter host immune responses likely leading to increased morbidity, mortality and pathogen transmission during coinfection. Developing countries, such as those commonly afflicted by outbreaks of brucellosis, Q fever and RVF, have high disease burden and thus common coinfections. A literature survey provided information on case reports and studies investigating coinfections involving the three focal diseases. Fifty five studies were collected demonstrating coinfections of Brucella spp., C. burnetii or RVFV with 50 different pathogens, of which 64% were zoonotic. While the literature search criteria involved ‘coinfection’, only 24/55 studies showed coinfections with direct pathogen detection methods (microbiology, PCR and antigen test), while the rest only reported detection of antibodies against multiple pathogens, which only indicate a history of co‐exposure, not concurrent infection. These studies lack the ability to test whether coinfection leads to changes in morbidity, mortality or transmission dynamics. We describe considerations and methods for identifying ongoing coinfections to address this critical blind spot in disease risk management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Earl A Middlebrook
- Biosecurity and Public Health, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Alicia T Romero
- Biosecurity and Public Health, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Bernard Bett
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Daniel Nthiwa
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya
| | - Samuel O Oyola
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jeanne M Fair
- Biosecurity and Public Health, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Andrew W Bartlow
- Biosecurity and Public Health, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
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23
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Elbehiry A, Aldubaib M, Al Rugaie O, Marzouk E, Abaalkhail M, Moussa I, El-Husseiny MH, Abalkhail A, Rawway M. Proteomics-based screening and antibiotic resistance assessment of clinical and sub-clinical Brucella species: An evolution of brucellosis infection control. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262551. [PMID: 35025975 PMCID: PMC8757992 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellae are intracellular sneaky bacteria and they can elude the host's defensive mechanisms, resulting in therapeutic failure. Therefore, the goal of this investigation was to rapid identification of Brucella species collected from animals and humans in Saudi Arabia, as well as to evaluate their resistance to antibiotics. On selective media, 364 animal samples as well as 70 human blood samples were cultured. Serological and biochemical approaches were initially used to identify a total of 25 probable cultured isolates. The proteomics of Brucella species were identified using the MALDI Biotyper (MBT) system, which was subsequently verified using real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) and microfluidic electrophoresis assays. Both Brucella melitensis (B. melitensis) and Brucella abortus (B. abortus) were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using Kirby Bauer method and the E-test. In total, 25 samples were positive for Brucella and included 11 B. melitensis and 14 B. abortus isolates. Twenty-two out of 25 (88%) and 24/25 (96%) of Brucella strains were recognized through the Vitek 2 Compact system. While MBT was magnificently identified 100% of the strains at the species level with a score value more than or equal to 2.00. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, rifampin, ampicillin-sulbactam, and ampicillin resistance in B. melitensis was 36.36%, 31.82%, 27.27%, and 22.70%, respectively. Rifampin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin, and ampicillin-sulbactam resistance was found in 35.71%, 32.14%, 32.14%, and 28.57% of B. abortus isolates, correspondingly. MBT confirmed by microfluidic electrophoresis is a successful approach for identifying Brucella species at the species level. The resistance of B. melitensis and B. abortus to various antibiotics should be investigated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Elbehiry
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Qassim University, Al-Bukairiyah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Musaad Aldubaib
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osamah Al Rugaie
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman Marzouk
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Qassim University, Al-Bukairiyah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marwan Abaalkhail
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ihab Moussa
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Adil Abalkhail
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Qassim University, Al-Bukairiyah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Rawway
- Biology Department, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, AL-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
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24
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Mubanga M, Mfune RL, Kothowa J, Mohamud AS, Chanda C, Mcgiven J, Bumbangi FN, Hang'ombe BM, Godfroid J, Simuunza M, Muma JB. Brucella Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors in Occupationally Exposed Humans in Selected Districts of Southern Province, Zambia. Front Public Health 2021; 9:745244. [PMID: 34869159 PMCID: PMC8635505 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.745244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Brucellosis is a neglected debilitating zoonosis widely recognized as an occupational health hazard. The seroprevalence of human anti-Brucella antibodies in high-risk populations, as well as their risk factors, have not been well-documented in Zambia. This study aimed at estimating the Brucella seroprevalence in herdsmen and abattoir workers and assess the associated risk factors. Methods: A cross-sectional seroepidemiological study was carried out between May and December 2020 among abattoir workers and herdsmen in Namwala, Monze and Choma districts of Southern Province in Zambia. Seroprevalence was assessed by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (i-ELISA) or competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA) while a questionnaire was administered to obtain epidemiological data. Results: A total of 153 individuals were recruited in the study. The overall Brucella seroprevalence was 20.3% (95% CI: 14.6-27.5). Seropositivity among herdsmen and abattoir workers was 14.4% (95% CI: 9.2-21.8) and 46.4%, (95% CI: 28.8-65.0), respectively. Comparable seropositive results among districts showed Namwala with 26.9%, which was the highest, seconded by Monze 19.0%, and the least was Choma with 11.36%, seropositivity. The multivariate logistic regression model showed that occupation, age category, and district of residence were predictors of being seropositive to Brucella spp. antibodies. The odds of abattoir workers being seropositive to Brucella antibodies were 8.6 (95% CI: 2.6-28.2) higher than that of herdsmen being the reference group. The odds of age category 17-50 years being seropositive to Brucella antibodies were 7.0 (95% CI: 0.7-72.2) higher than being <16 years as the reference group. The odds of one having attained primary level of education being seropositive to Brucella were 1.3 (95% CI: 0.1-14.7) or secondary level of education were 6.2 (95% CI: 0.5-72.6) or tertiary level of education were 5.1 (95% CI: 0.2, 113.3) higher than that of no level of education as the reference group. Furthermore, the odds of a respondent being seropositive to Brucella antibodies were 4.5 (95% CI: 1.3-15.7) for Namwala and 4.9 (95% CI: 1.1-21.7) for Monze higher than that of Choma as the reference group. Conclusion: Anti-Brucella antibodies are prevalent among herdsmen and abattoir workers in the study areas of Zambia (20.26%), a sign of exposure to Brucella pathogens. Type of profession, age and level of education seem to influence the exposure to Brucella pathogens. This zoonosis should be considered as one of the differential diagnosis in humans presenting intermittent fever, malaria-like signs and general pain in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melai Mubanga
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Eden University, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Ruth L. Mfune
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- Department of Public Health, Michael Chilufya Sata School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, Kitwe, Zambia
| | - John Kothowa
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- Department of Animal Health and Livestock Development, Blantyre Agriculture Development Division (BLADD), Mpemba, Malawi
| | - Ahmed S. Mohamud
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Red Sea University, Galkaio, Somalia
| | - Chitalu Chanda
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, The University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - John Mcgiven
- Animal and Plant Health Agency Woodham Lane, New Haw Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Flavien N. Bumbangi
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Eden University, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Bernard M. Hang'ombe
- Department of Paraclinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- Africa Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals, The University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Jacques Godfroid
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Martin Simuunza
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- Africa Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals, The University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - John B. Muma
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
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25
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Kornspan D, Brendebach H, Hofreuter D, Mathur S, Blum SE, Fleker M, Bardenstein S, Al Dahouk S. Protein Biomarker Identification for the Discrimination of Brucella melitensis Field Isolates From the Brucella melitensis Rev.1 Vaccine Strain by MALDI-TOF MS. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:712601. [PMID: 34745025 PMCID: PMC8569450 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.712601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucella melitensis Rev.1 is a live attenuated vaccine strain that is widely used to control brucellosis in small ruminants. For successful surveillance and control programs, rapid identification and characterization of Brucella isolates and reliable differentiation of vaccinated and naturally infected animals are essential prerequisites. Although MALDI-TOF MS is increasingly applied in clinical microbiology laboratories for the diagnosis of brucellosis, species or even strain differentiation by this method remains a challenge. To detect biomarkers, which enable to distinguish the B. melitensis Rev.1 vaccine strain from B. melitensis field isolates, we initially searched for unique marker proteins by in silico comparison of the B. melitensis Rev.1 and 16M proteomes. We found 113 protein sequences of B. melitensis 16M that revealed a homologous sequence in the B. melitensis Rev.1 annotation and 17 of these sequences yielded potential biomarker pairs. MALDI-TOF MS spectra of 18 B. melitensis Rev.1 vaccine and 183 Israeli B. melitensis field isolates were subsequently analyzed to validate the identified marker candidates. This approach detected two genus-wide unique biomarkers with properties most similar to the ribosomal proteins L24 and S12. These two proteins clearly discriminated B. melitensis Rev.1 from the closely related B. melitensis 16M and the Israeli B. melitensis field isolates. In addition, we verified their discriminatory power using a set of B. melitensis strains from various origins and of different MLVA types. Based on our results, we propose MALDI-TOF MS profiling as a rapid, cost-effective alternative to the traditional, time-consuming approach to differentiate certain B. melitensis isolates on strain level.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kornspan
- Department of Bacteriology, Kimron Veterinary Institute (KVI), Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Holger Brendebach
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk Hofreuter
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Shubham Mathur
- Department of Bacteriology, Kimron Veterinary Institute (KVI), Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Shlomo Eduardo Blum
- Department of Bacteriology, Kimron Veterinary Institute (KVI), Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Marcelo Fleker
- Department of Bacteriology, Kimron Veterinary Institute (KVI), Bet Dagan, Israel
| | | | - Sascha Al Dahouk
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
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26
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Galarce N, de la Fuente S, Escobar B, Dettleff P, Abalos P, Hormazábal JC, Flores R, Sallaberry-Pincheira N, Martínez V. Survey of Zoonotic Bacterial Pathogens in Native Foxes in Central Chile: First Record of Brucella canis Exposure. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11071980. [PMID: 34359107 PMCID: PMC8300164 DOI: 10.3390/ani11071980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Wild canids play a crucial role in the environment, being an ecological agent of flora dispersal, top predators, and environmental sentinels for zoonotic emerging pathogens, such as Brucella spp. and pathogenic Leptospira. In Chile, three species of non-domestic native canids are present, and due to the growing concern about their interaction with humans and domestic animals, it is of utmost relevance to determine the role of these animals in the epidemiology of brucellosis and leptospirosis. This study aimed to detect the exposure to B. abortus, B. canis, and pathogenic Leptospira by serologic, bacteriologic, and molecular techniques in native foxes from rehabilitation and exhibition centers in Central Chile. Forty-six blood samples were obtained from culpeo and grey foxes, detecting exposure to B. canis and L. Javanica in 10.9% and 7.7%, respectively. Exposure was not registered by culture and qPCR in any of the sampled animals. Our results show for the first time in Chile exposure to B. canis in native foxes, highlighting the need to establish integrated surveillance programs to better evaluate the role of wild animals in the epidemiology of emerging zoonotic pathogens that may affect One Health. Abstract Brucella abortus, B. canis, and pathogenic Leptospira are zoonotic pathogens that infect humans, as well as domestic and wild animals. In wild canids, they may affect their fertility and reproduction, threatening their conservation. Wild canids play a crucial role in the environment as meso- and top-predators and environmental sentinels for zoonotic pathogens. In Chile, three species of wild canids are present, and due to changes in land use and environmental dynamics, it is of utmost relevance to determine the role of these species in the epidemiology of brucellosis and leptospirosis. This study aimed to detect the exposure to B. abortus, B. canis, and pathogenic Leptospira by serologic, bacteriologic, and molecular techniques in native foxes from rehabilitation and exhibition centers in Central Chile. Forty-six blood samples were obtained from Lycalopex culpaeus and L. griseus, detecting 10.9% of seropositivity to B. canis and 7.7% to L. Javanica. No seropositivity was seen for B. abortus. Exposure was not registered by culture and qPCR in any of the sampled animals. Our findings are the first register of exposure to any Brucella species in wild canids in Chile and highlight the need to establish surveillance programs of these emerging pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Galarce
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (N.G.); (S.d.l.F.); (B.E.); (P.A.)
| | - Sebastián de la Fuente
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (N.G.); (S.d.l.F.); (B.E.); (P.A.)
| | - Beatriz Escobar
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (N.G.); (S.d.l.F.); (B.E.); (P.A.)
| | - Phillip Dettleff
- Departamento de Fomento de la Producción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile;
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de las Américas, Sede la Florida, Santiago 8242125, Chile
| | - Pedro Abalos
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (N.G.); (S.d.l.F.); (B.E.); (P.A.)
| | - Juan Carlos Hormazábal
- Subdepartamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago 7780050, Chile; (J.C.H.); (R.F.)
| | - Roberto Flores
- Subdepartamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago 7780050, Chile; (J.C.H.); (R.F.)
| | - Nicole Sallaberry-Pincheira
- Unidad de Rehabilitación de Fauna Silvestre, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile;
| | - Víctor Martínez
- Departamento de Fomento de la Producción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile;
- Correspondence:
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Slaughter Conditions and Slaughtering of Pregnant Cows in Southeast Nigeria: Implications to Meat Quality, Food Safety and Security. Foods 2021; 10:foods10061298. [PMID: 34198871 PMCID: PMC8229330 DOI: 10.3390/foods10061298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The increase in the slaughter of pregnant cows (SPCs) for meat (except as may be approved by veterinarians on health grounds to salvage the animal) is unethical. SPCs for meat is also counterproductive, detrimental to food security, and may enhance zoonotic disease transmission. In this context, therefore, this current study examined slaughter conditions and the slaughtering of pregnant cows, and the implications for meat quality, food safety, and food security in Southeast Nigeria. The direct observational method was employed to examine the slaughterhouse activities, from when the cattle arrived at the lairage to the post-slaughter stage. A pre-tested and validated closed-ended-questionnaire was used to elicit information on causes of the SPCs and the method of disposal of eviscerated foetuses. Pregnancy status of cows slaughtered was determined by palpation followed by visual examination of the eviscerated and longitudinal incised uteri. The study lasted for six months during which 851 cows out of 1931 slaughtered cattle were surveyed. Assessment/decision-making protocol of slaughterhouse conditions, welfare conditions of slaughter-cattle, reasons for sale or slaughter of pregnant cows, distribution of pregnant cows slaughtered, method of disposal of eviscerated foetuses, and estimated economic losses of SPCs were delineated. Of the 851 cows examined, 17.4% (148/851) were pregnant while 43.2% (64/148) of the total foetuses recovered were in their third trimester. Major reasons adduced for SPCs by proportion of involved respondents were: ignorance of the animals' pregnancy status (69.7%, 83/119), high demand for beef (61.3%, 73/119), preference for large-sized cattle (47.9%, 57/119), economic hardship (52.1%, 62/119) and diseases conditions (42.9%. 51/119). The conduct of SPCs for meat would not be profitable. This is because within six months, an estimated loss of about 44,000 kg of beef, equivalent to ₦ 70.1 million or $186,400 would be associated with SPCs and the consequential foetal wastages. If losses were to be replicated nationwide across slaughterhouses, 4.3 tons of beef estimated at ₦ 8.6 billion or $23 million would be wasted. Improving slaughter conditions and the welfare of slaughter-cattle in Nigerian slaughterhouses through advocacy, training of slaughterhouse workers, and strict implementation of laws promoting humane slaughter practices is imperative. Preventing SPCs for meat and inhumane slaughter practices at the slaughterhouse would enhance the welfare needs of slaughter cattle, grow the national herd size, and improve meat safety as well as food security.
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Hegazy YM, Abdel-Hamid NH, Eldehiey M, Oreiby AF, Algabbary MH, Hamdy MER, Beleta EI, Martínez I, Shahein MA, García N, Eltholth M. Trans-species transmission of Brucellae among ruminants hampering brucellosis control efforts in Egypt. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:90-100. [PMID: 34091986 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to identify the genotypic fingerprinting of Brucella melitensis biovar 3 isolates from ruminants in Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt, to compare with other peers globally and to highlight the epidemiology and potential causes of brucellosis control failure. METHODS AND RESULTS A multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA 16) was carried out on 41 B. melitensis bv3 isolates, 31 from the preferential hosts (28 sheep and three goats) and 10 from atypical hosts (nine cattle and one buffalo), identified by bacteriological and molecular techniques. MLVA-16 analysis revealed 19 genotypes with nine as singletons. The most prevalent genotypes were M3_K.E (3,5,3,13,1,1,3,3,7,43,8,7,6,7,5,3), M13_K.E (3,5,3,13,1,1,3,3,7,43,8,5,8,7,7,3) and M5_K.E (3,5,3,13,1,1,3,3,7,43,8,4,8,7,11,3) circulating between different animal species. The B. melitensis isolation from aborted cows in farms that had never reared small ruminants indicates the likelihood of cow to cow B. melitensis transmission. Different genotypes of B. melitensis could be isolated from the same animal. The local geographic distribution of genotypes showed a very close genetic relatedness with genotypes reported outside the study area. Worldwide, our genotypes were mostly related to the Western Mediterranean lineage and less likely to the America's clonal lineage. CONCLUSION There is a high genetic similarity of B. melitensis bv3 genotypes among different ruminant species, and the same animal could be infected with different genotypes. There is a high probability of spreading of B. melitensis among atypical hosts in the absence of the original hosts. The genetic relatedness of B. melitensis bv3 genotypes in the study area with other different geographic areas highlighted the national and international ruminants movement role as a potential factor for maintaining B. melitensis infection. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Further investigations are required to understand the impact of the presence of more than one genotype of B. melitensis in the same animal on the efficacy of brucellosis control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamen Mohammed Hegazy
- Animal Medicine Department (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Nour Hosny Abdel-Hamid
- Brucellosis Research Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Eldehiey
- Brucellosis Research Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Atef F Oreiby
- Animal Medicine Department (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Magdy Hasanian Algabbary
- Animal Medicine Department (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud E R Hamdy
- Brucellosis Research Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Eman Ibrahim Beleta
- Brucellosis Research Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Irene Martínez
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Momtaz Abdelhady Shahein
- Brucellosis Research Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Nerea García
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mahmoud Eltholth
- Hygiene and Preventive Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt.,Global Academy of Agriculture and Food Security, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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29
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Dadar M, Shahali Y, Fakhri Y. Brucellosis in Iranian livestock: A meta-epidemiological study. Microb Pathog 2021; 155:104921. [PMID: 33930414 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Brucellosis is a widespread zoonotic disease affecting human and livestock health. This meta-epidemiological study is aiming to draw a comprehensive picture of the Brucella prevalence in Iranian livestock, trying to estimate most affected subgroups as well as the most appropriate methods and sampling conditions for brucellosis screening programs. A literature search was performed among data published between 1 January 1970 and July 2020. Different subgroups were compared according to animal species, gender, age, sampling season, sampling locations as well as the diagnostic method used for brucellosis screening. To determine heterogeneity of studies, Chi-squared test was used and a random effect model (REM) estimated the pooled prevalence among subgroups. A total of 45 publications, comprising 240 studies/data-reports, were evaluated. A significant increase in the number of studies was found over time (Coefficient = 0.151, p value < 0.001). The most studied species in Iran was cow (n = 75), followed by sheep (n = 63), goat (n = 45), camel (n = 40) and Buffalo (n = 16). The most identified Brucella species in livestock were Brucella melitensis (n = 50), Brucella abortus (n = 39), mix infection of B. melitensis and B. abortus (n = 11) and vaccine strain of B. melitensis Rev1 (n = 4). PCR-based tests were the most common applied diagnostic method (n = 140), while the highest prevalence rate of positive samples was obtained by indirect ELISA (69%). The prevalence of brucellosis was significantly higher in females (10.91%) compared to males (8.23%). The meta-epidemiological study of brucellosis in Iranian livestock would help to strengthen surveillance, control and prevention approaches to counter the spread of this zoonotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Dadar
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Youcef Shahali
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran.
| | - Yadolah Fakhri
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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30
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Tilocca B, Soggiu A, Greco V, Sacchini F, Garofolo G, Paci V, Bonizzi L, Urbani A, Tittarelli M, Roncada P. Comparative proteomics of Brucella melitensis is a useful toolbox for developing prophylactic interventions in a One-Health context. One Health 2021; 13:100253. [PMID: 33997237 PMCID: PMC8100217 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis caused by Brucella melitensis is a zoonosis frequently reported in the Mediterranean and Middle-East regions and responsible for important economic losses and reduced animal welfare. To date, current strategies applied to control or eradicate the disease relies on diagnostic tests that suffer from limited specificity in non-vaccinated animals; while prophylactic measures, when applied, use a live attenuated bacterial strain characterized by residual virulence on adult pregnant animals and difficulties in distinguishing vaccinated from infected animals. To overcome these issues, studies are desired to elucidate the bacterial biology and the pathogenetic mechanisms of both the vaccinal strain and the pathogenic strains. Proteomics has a potential in tackling issues of One-Health concern; here, we employed label-free shotgun proteomics to investigate the protein repertoire of the vaccinal strain B. melitensis Rev.1 and compare it with the proteome of the Brucella melitensis 16 M, a reference strain representative of B. melitensis field strains. Comparative proteomics profiling underlines common and diverging traits between the two strains. Common features suggest the potential biochemical routes responsible for the residual virulence of the vaccinal strain, whilst the diverging traits are suggestive biochemical signatures to be further investigated to provide an optimized diagnostic capable of discriminating the vaccinated from infected animals. The data presented in this study are openly available in PRIDE data repository at https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pride/, reference number PXD022472.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Tilocca
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Alessio Soggiu
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences- One Health Unit, University of Milano, via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Viviana Greco
- Department of Basic Biotechnological Sciences, Intensivological and Perioperative Clinics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Largo A. Gemelli, 8-00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Flavio Sacchini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Centro di Referenza Nazionale per le brucellosi animali, Via Campo Boario 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Giuliano Garofolo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Centro di Referenza Nazionale per le brucellosi animali, Via Campo Boario 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Valentina Paci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Centro di Referenza Nazionale per le brucellosi animali, Via Campo Boario 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Luigi Bonizzi
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences- One Health Unit, University of Milano, via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Urbani
- Department of Basic Biotechnological Sciences, Intensivological and Perioperative Clinics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Largo A. Gemelli, 8-00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Tittarelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Centro di Referenza Nazionale per le brucellosi animali, Via Campo Boario 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Paola Roncada
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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31
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Zhu X, Zhao Z, Ma S, Guo Z, Wang M, Li Z, Liu Z. Brucella melitensis, a latent "travel bacterium," continual spread and expansion from Northern to Southern China and its relationship to worldwide lineages. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 9:1618-1627. [PMID: 32594852 PMCID: PMC7473006 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1788995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Brucellosis caused by Brucella melitensis is considered to
be one of the most important zoonotic diseases in China. In this study, Conventional
bio-typing, MLVA (multiple locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis), and WGS
(whole-genome sequencing)-SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) were used to study the
genetic similarity of B. melitensis in northern and southern
China and analyze its relationship with worldwide lineages. Currently, the distribution of
species/biovars of B. melitensis has obviously changed, and
B. melitensis has become the dominant species in southern
regions of China. Strains from the southern had a common geographic origin with strains
from the northern. Many MLVA-16 events were shared in the genotypes of the southern and
northern strains, suggest that genotypic movement occurred from north to south. Based on
WGS-SNP analysis, strains from different provinces were closely related and may have
descended from one common ancestor, suggests that the southern strains originated from
northern China. These data indicate that B. melitensis is a
latent “travel bacterium” that spread and expanded from North China to South China.
Moreover, B. melitensis strains from China are also
genetically related to strains from other Asian regions (Kazakhstan, Russia, Mongolia, and
India). The movement of infected sheep and their products requires control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Zhu
- Sanya People's Hospital, Sanya, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongzhi Zhao
- School of Medical Technology, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuyi Ma
- Qinghai Institute for Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Xining, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Guo
- Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Center for Comprehensive Disease Control and Prevention, Huhhot, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao Wang
- Ulanqab Centre for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Jining, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenjun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiguo Liu
- Sanya People's Hospital, Sanya, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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32
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Mirkalantari S, Masjedian F, Fateme A. Determination of investigation of the link between human and animal Brucella isolates in Iran using multiple-locus variable number tandem repeat method comprising 16 loci (MLVA-16). Braz J Infect Dis 2021; 25:101043. [PMID: 33406389 PMCID: PMC9392092 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epidemiological studies are important tools to assess the diversity of Brucella isolates and to estimate their epidemiological relationship among isolates from different geographical origins. In this study the MLVA16 (multiple-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis based on 16 loci) was employed to investigate the diversity of Brucella spp. Isolated from humans and animals for epidemiological purposes and to determine the most common Brucella genotypes in Iran. Methods We designed a molecular-based study to evaluate the potential reservoirs of human brucellosis. After isolation and identification of 54 Brucella spp human and animal specimens from three regions of Iran, bacterial genomic DNA was extracted MLVA with three panel was used for the genotyping of isolates. The size of PCR products were analyzed and converted to repeat unit numbers using a published allele numbering system and data set was imported into Bionumerics. Results Three isolates (5.55%) were identified as Brucella abortus and 51 (94.44%) as Brucella melitensis. Two isolates of Brucella abortus were from humans and one from an animal. Thirty-four Brucella melitensis isolates were from humans and 17 from animals. Using MLVA16-genotyping, 54 isolates with genetic similarity coefficient of 80% were divided into 46 genotypes and 22 genotypes were represented by a single isolate, while 4, 2, 1 and 2 genotypes were represented by 2, 3, 4 and 7 isolates, respectively. The most prevalent genotype was represented by 14 isolates. There were two other frequent genotypes each represented by seven isolates, among which only one was restricted to a geographic region. Discriminatory power for each locus was determined in this study and panel 2B shows the high discretionary power [Bruce04 (0.837), Bruce30 (0.806), Bruce 09 (0.787), Bruce 07 (0.772), Bruce16 (0.766)]. Conclusion MLVA16 analysis of 54 Brucella isolates showed high level polymorphism in their genotypes. Only two genotypes, each observed in seven isolates, were related to one another and only one of these genotypes were found in to two separate regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Mirkalantari
- Iran University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Microbiology Department, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Faramarz Masjedian
- Iran University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Microbiology Department, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Amraee Fateme
- Iran University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Microbiology Department, Tehran, Iran
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33
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Khan AU, Melzer F, Hendam A, Sayour AE, Khan I, Elschner MC, Younus M, Ehtisham-Ul-Haque S, Waheed U, Farooq M, Ali S, Neubauer H, El-Adawy H. Seroprevalence and Molecular Identification of Brucella spp. in Bovines in Pakistan-Investigating Association With Risk Factors Using Machine Learning. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:594498. [PMID: 33344532 PMCID: PMC7738322 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.594498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine brucellosis is a global zoonosis of public health importance. It is an endemic disease in many developing countries including Pakistan. This study aimed to estimate the seroprevalence and molecular detection of bovine brucellosis and to assess the association of potential risk factors with test results. A total of 176 milk and 402 serum samples were collected from cattle and buffaloes in three districts of upper Punjab, Pakistan. Milk samples were investigated using milk ring test (MRT), while sera were tested by Rose–Bengal plate agglutination test (RBPT) and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (i-ELISA). Real-time PCR was used for detection of Brucella DNA in investigated samples. Anti-Brucella antibodies were detected in 37 (21.02%) bovine milk samples using MRT and in 66 (16.4%) and 71 (17.7%) bovine sera using RBPT and i-ELISA, respectively. Real-time PCR detected Brucella DNA in 31 (7.71%) from a total of 402 bovine sera and identified as Brucella abortus. Seroprevalence and molecular identification of bovine brucellosis varied in some regions in Pakistan. With the use of machine learning, the association of test results with risk factors including age, animal species/type, herd size, history of abortion, pregnancy status, lactation status, and geographical location was analyzed. Machine learning confirmed a real observation that lactation status was found to be the highest significant factor, while abortion, age, and pregnancy came second in terms of significance. To the authors' best knowledge, this is the first time to use machine learning to assess brucellosis in Pakistan; this is a model that can be applied for other developing countries in the future. The development of control strategies for bovine brucellosis through the implementation of uninterrupted surveillance and interactive extension programs in Pakistan is highly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Ullah Khan
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Jena, Germany.,Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang, Pakistan
| | - Falk Melzer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Jena, Germany
| | - Ashraf Hendam
- Climate Change Information Center, Renewable Energy and Expert Systems (CCICREES), Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ashraf E Sayour
- Department of Brucellosis, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Iahtasham Khan
- Section of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore Sub-Campus, Jhang, Pakistan
| | - Mandy C Elschner
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Jena, Germany
| | - Muhammad Younus
- Department of Pathobiology, KBCMA College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Narowal, Pakistan
| | | | - Usman Waheed
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Farooq
- Section of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore Sub-Campus, Jhang, Pakistan
| | - Shahzad Ali
- Wildlife Epidemiology and Molecular Microbiology Laboratory (One Health Research Group), Discipline of Zoology Department of Wildlife & Ecology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Heinrich Neubauer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Jena, Germany
| | - Hosny El-Adawy
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Jena, Germany.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
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Hedman HD, Varga C, Duquette J, Novakofski J, Mateus-Pinilla NE. Food Safety Considerations Related to the Consumption and Handling of Game Meat in North America. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7040188. [PMID: 33255599 PMCID: PMC7712377 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7040188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging foodborne pathogens present a threat to public health. It is now recognized that several foodborne pathogens originate from wildlife as demonstrated by recent global disease outbreaks. Zoonotic spillover events are closely related to the ubiquity of parasitic, bacterial, and viral pathogens present within human and animal populations and their surrounding environment. Foodborne diseases have economic and international trade impacts, incentivizing effective wildlife disease management. In North America, there are no food safety standards for handling and consumption of free-ranging game meat. Game meat consumption continues to rise in North America; however, this growing practice could place recreational hunters and game meat consumers at increased risk of foodborne diseases. Recreational hunters should follow effective game meat food hygiene practices from harvest to storage and consumption. Here, we provide a synthesis review that evaluates the ecological and epidemiological drivers of foodborne disease risk in North American hunter populations that are associated with the harvest and consumption of terrestrial mammal game meat. We anticipate this work could serve as a foundation of preventive measures that mitigate foodborne disease transmission between free-ranging mammalian and human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayden D. Hedman
- Illinois Natural History Survey-Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801, USA; (H.D.H.); (J.N.)
| | - Csaba Varga
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
| | - Jared Duquette
- Illinois Department of Natural Resources, Division of Wildlife Resources; Champaign, IL 62702, USA;
| | - Jan Novakofski
- Illinois Natural History Survey-Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801, USA; (H.D.H.); (J.N.)
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Nohra E. Mateus-Pinilla
- Illinois Natural History Survey-Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801, USA; (H.D.H.); (J.N.)
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Correspondence:
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35
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Dadar M, Alamian S. Isolation of Brucella melitensis from seronegative camel: potential implications in brucellosis control. Prev Vet Med 2020; 185:105194. [PMID: 33189058 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Brucellosis is a significant zoonotic infection in Iran impacting both humans and animal health status. A number of reasons such as few clinical signs complicate the diagnosis of this infection in Camelidae. Despite the ubiquitous use of serological tests for the first screening of brucellosis in camel, this approach showed several restrictions because of the intracellular properties of this organism as well as decline antibody titers in chronic stage. This study aimed at identifying the presence of Brucella spp. in blood and lymph node samples collected from slaughtered male camels of Sistan-Baluchistan province by serology, culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. For this purpose, 2854 blood camel samples were sampled and analyzed for Brucella detection by serological screening tests. The molecular detection of IS711 gene and Bruce-ladder assay as well as culture were performed using the lymph nodes of all seropositive camel (n = 10) and 30 seronegative samples. Results showed that 0.35% (10/2854), 0.24% (7/2854) and 0.21% (6/2854) of blood samples were positive by RBPT, SAT and 2ME, respectively. However, 0% (0/10) and 70% (7/10) of lymph node samples collected from seropositive camels were positive for Brucella infection by culture and PCR, respectively. Furthermore, 6.6% (2/30) of seronegative lymph node specimens showed the presences of Brucella by PCR and culture assay. The results of the present study indicated the low seroprevalence of Brucella infection in male camels of the Sistan-Baluchistan province and highlighted the complementary role of PCR techniques for a better screening of Brucella infection among seronegative camels. Moreover, the potential shedding of Brucella within undiagnosed camel milk and secretions is a serious problem which may result in further spread and maintenance of Brucella infection among both human and livestock. Thus, for brucellosis detection and control, our results suggested that a first PCR screening supported by a bacteriological isolation on positive samples should be performed along with the serological test in endemic countries to identify the source and prevent the uncontrolled spread of the disease among camels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Dadar
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute (RVSRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran.
| | - Saeed Alamian
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute (RVSRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran.
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36
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Ghanbari MK, Gorji HA, Behzadifar M, Sanee N, Mehedi N, Bragazzi NL. One health approach to tackle brucellosis: a systematic review. Trop Med Health 2020; 48:86. [PMID: 33093792 PMCID: PMC7574566 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-020-00272-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Brucellosis is the most significant and common bacterial zoonosis and is recognized as a re-emerging and neglected disease. Tackling zoonosis is very important for the health and the economy. One Health is an approach characterized by the integration of human and animal health, plants, and ecosystems and encourages joining local, national, and global multidisciplinary efforts to achieve optimal levels of health and collaboration among different disciplines to address complex health problems. Objectives The present study aimed to review published scientific literature related to the use of the One Health approach to tackle human brucellosis. Methods Web of Science (WoS), PubMed, Scopus, The Cochrane Library, and Embase databases were searched from inception until 30 January 2020. The reference lists of all relevant papers were hand-searched. Two authors extracted data from published studies independently. The Joanna Briggs Institute tool was used to assess the quality of studies. Results Of 2297 studies, 10 studies were deemed eligible, which were conducted between 2013 and 2019. Studies were performed in Uganda, Malta, Serbia, Greece, Mongolia, Azerbaijan, Israel, India, Ethiopia, and the USA. All studies suggested that brucellosis is still a major public health problem and that the most important aspect of the One Health approach is the interdependence of humans, ecosystems, and animals .Some studies have focused on livestock vaccination as the most effective way to prevent disease, and others have focused on the biology of Brucella infection and its transmission patterns. Some studies have pointed to the effectiveness of the One Health approach in all the phases of disease management as well as to its role in reducing health costs. Conclusion The success of the approach depends on the willingness of the decision-makers to implement the necessary policies. Due to the heterogeneity of current practices, and organizations involved in One Health approach-based programs, it will be incomplete without proper planning. To better implement the approach, strategies should be appraised and disseminated by experts and relevant stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboubeh Khaton Ghanbari
- Student Research Committee, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Zoonoses Control Unit, Center of Diseases Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hasan Abolghasem Gorji
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Behzadifar
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Nadia Sanee
- Student Research Committee, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nafiul Mehedi
- Department of Social Work, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), Postgraduate School of Public Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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Janowicz A, De Massis F, Zilli K, Ancora M, Tittarelli M, Sacchini F, Di Giannatale E, Sahl JW, Foster JT, Garofolo G. Evolutionary history and current distribution of the West Mediterranean lineage of Brucella melitensis in Italy. Microb Genom 2020; 6. [PMID: 33030422 PMCID: PMC7725330 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovine and caprine brucellosis, caused by Brucella melitensis, is one of the world’s most widespread zoonoses and is a major cause of economic losses in domestic ruminant production. In Italy, the disease remains endemic in several southern provinces, despite an ongoing brucellosis eradication programme. In this study, we used whole-genome sequencing to detail the genetic diversity of circulating strains, and to examine the origins of the predominant sub-lineages of B. melitensis in Italy. We reconstructed a global phylogeny of B. melitensis, strengthened by 339 new whole-genome sequences, from Italian isolates collected from 2011 to 2018 as part of a national livestock surveillance programme. All Italian strains belonged to the West Mediterranean lineage, which further divided into two major clades that diverged roughly between the 5th and 7th centuries. We observed that Sicily serves as a brucellosis burden hotspot, giving rise to several distinct sub-lineages. More than 20 putative outbreak clusters of ovine and caprine brucellosis were identified, several of which persisted over the 8 year survey period despite an aggressive brucellosis eradication campaign. While the outbreaks in Central and Northern Italy were generally associated with introductions of single clones of B. melitensis and their subsequent dissemination within neighbouring territories, we observed weak geographical segregation of genotypes in the southern regions. Biovar determination, recommended in routine analysis of all Brucella strains by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), could not discriminate among the four main global clades. This demonstrates a need for updating the guidelines used for monitoring B. melitensis transmission and spread, both at the national and international level, and to include whole-genome-based typing as the principal method for identification and tracing of brucellosis outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Janowicz
- National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Brucellosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", via Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Fabrizio De Massis
- National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Brucellosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", via Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Katiuscia Zilli
- National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Brucellosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", via Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Massimo Ancora
- National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Brucellosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", via Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Manuela Tittarelli
- National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Brucellosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", via Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Flavio Sacchini
- National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Brucellosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", via Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Di Giannatale
- National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Brucellosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", via Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Jason W Sahl
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Jeffrey T Foster
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Giuliano Garofolo
- National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Brucellosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", via Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
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Kalule JB, Tomusange J, Namatovu T. Serological detection of brucellosis among febrile, malaria-negative children and domesticated dogs in an urban African setting. Afr J Lab Med 2020; 9:864. [PMID: 33102165 PMCID: PMC7564948 DOI: 10.4102/ajlm.v9i1.864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Childhood brucellosis and malaria are co-endemic febrile illnesses in some sub-Saharan African countries. Malaria and brucellosis co-infection or brucellosis sole infections are often missed due to an over emphasis on malaria and the lack of appropriate diagnostic infrastructure. Brucellosis in dogs is usually overlooked and yet there is extensive contact between humans and their pets. Objective This study investigated brucellosis in children and dogs using a confirmatory serological testing series that screens for three Brucella sp. Methods Residual blood samples from malaria smear-negative febrile children were collected and tested for Brucella sp and malaria parasite. During the same period, residual blood samples presented to a veterinary microbiology laboratory in the same area were tested for brucellosis using the same approach. Results A total of 105 human and 80 canine blood samples were tested for brucellosis antibodies. The seroprevalence of brucellosis was 22.86% (25/105) in children and 1.3% (1/80) in dogs using the Card, buffered acidified plate antigen, and standard plate agglutination tests but was 0% using the rivanol precipitation plate agglutination test. Conclusion Given that brucellosis can be caused by both smooth and rough colony strains, there is a need to modify the current serological surveillance strategy (targeted at only Brucella abortus and other smooth colony Brucella strains) to figure out the relative contribution of rough colony Brucella strains (B. ovis and B. canis). Since Uganda is endemic for brucellosis there is a need to modify the brucellosis surveillance strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Kalule
- Department of Biotechnical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources Animal and Biosecurity, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Joseph Tomusange
- Department of Biotechnical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources Animal and Biosecurity, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Teddy Namatovu
- Department of Biotechnical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources Animal and Biosecurity, Kampala, Uganda
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Peng C, Zhou H, Guan P, Wu W, Huang DS. An estimate of the incidence and quantitative risk assessment of human brucellosis in mainland China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:1898-1908. [PMID: 32077219 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Two epidemiological models were applied to simulate whether animals with latent infections were contagious and calculate the outcomes of people that contracting brucellosis by all possible transmission routes under control measures implemented by the Chinese government. The health and economic burden of brucellosis overall presented an increasing trend from 2004 to 2017. Scenarios from epidemiological models showed that a larger scale of vaccine coverage would contribute to fewer infections in livestock and humans. S2 vaccine, the disinfection of the environment and the protection of the susceptible animals and humans could effectively reverse the trend of increasing brucellosis and reduce the incidence rates of brucellosis in humans to curb the epidemic of brucellosis in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Peng
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Impression Evidence Examination Technology, Criminal Investigation Police, University of China, Shenyang, China
| | - Peng Guan
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - De-Sheng Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Mathematics, School of Fundamental Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Dadar M, Shahali Y, Fakhri Y, Godfroid J. The global epidemiology of Brucella infections in terrestrial wildlife: A meta-analysis. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:715-729. [PMID: 32679611 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Brucellosis is a widespread zoonotic disease with serious consequences on human and animal health. Brucella infections were reported in many terrestrial wild animals, from subtropical and temperate regions to arctic regions. In many areas, the epidemiology of brucellosis in wildlife is closely associated with the occurrence of the disease in livestock. Some wild species may contribute to the re-introduction of Brucella infections in livestock (spillback), even in officially brucellosis-free (OBF) regions. Through meta-regression analysis, this study draws a global picture of the prevalence of Brucella spp. in terrestrial wild animals, trying to determine most affected subgroups as well as preferential sampling and screening methods. For this purpose, a literature search was carried out among publications published from 1983 to 2019. Different subgroups were compared according to animal species, feeding, gender, age as well as the method used for sampling and for brucellosis diagnostic. To determine heterogeneity of studies, chi-squared test was used and a random-effects model (REM) estimated the pooled prevalence among subgroups. A total of 68 publications, comprising 229 data reports/studies, were selected. The most-reported Brucella species in wildlife was Brucella abortus, and the highest prevalence rate was found in American bison, Bison bison (39.9%) followed by Alpine ibex, Capra ibex (33%). Serology was the most widely applied diagnostic approach (66%), while PCR appeared to be highly sensitive (36.62% of positive results). The gender of animals showed no significant association with the prevalence of brucellosis (p > .05). Blood samples and visceral organs constituted the great majority of specimen used for the detection of Brucella spp., while lymph nodes showed a high prevalence of positive samples (94.6%). The present study provides insight into the global epidemiology and enzootic potential of brucellosis in wild terrestrial animals worldwide, aiming at helping the appropriate authorities to strengthen prevention, surveillance and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Dadar
- Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute (RVSRI), Karaj, Iran
| | - Youcef Shahali
- Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute (RVSRI), Karaj, Iran
| | - Yadolah Fakhri
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Food Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Jacques Godfroid
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, Tromsø, Norway
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Ebid M, El Mola A, Salib F. Seroprevalence of brucellosis in sheep and goats in the Arabian Gulf region. Vet World 2020; 13:1495-1509. [PMID: 33061219 PMCID: PMC7522958 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.1495-1509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Brucellosis is a zoonosis that occurs worldwide. There were more efforts to control brucellosis in all countries. This study was performed to determine the seroprevalence of brucellosis in sheep and goats in some areas in the Arabian Gulf. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study analyzed 8500 sera from non-vaccinated sheep and goats. Animals included 6441 sheep (3420 from farms and 3021 from quarantine) and 2059 goats (1580 from farms and 479 from quarantine). Sera were tested using the Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and confirmed with an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (i-ELISA) test. Final confirmation analyzed blood samples from confirmed infected animals (n=30, 23 sheep and seven goats) using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and culture. RESULTS The serological examination showed that 62/8500 of animals (0.729%, confidence interval [CI] 95% 0.57-0.94) were seropositive for brucellosis. Thirteen of 5000 (0.26%, CI 95% 0.15-0.45) and 49/3500 (1.4%, CI 95% 1.1-1.8) of animals from farms and quarantine were seropositive, respectively. Out of the 6441, 46 (0.71%) sheep and 16/2059 (0.78%) goats were seropositive. i-ELISA confirmed 41/62 RBPT-positive animals - 41/8500 (0.482%, CI 95% 0.36-0.65). Eight of 5000 of these animals (0.16%, CI 95% 0.08-0.32) and 33/3500 (0.94%, CI 95% 0.67-1.3) were confirmed positive in farms and quarantine, respectively. Thirty of 6441 (0.466%) and 11/2059 (0.534%) cases were positive in sheep and goats, respectively. PCR confirmed 18 of 41 positive animals (0.212% of all sera, CI 95% 0.13-0.34) identified by both RBPT and i-ELISA. Three of 5000 (0.06%, CI 95% 0.019-0.19) and 15/3500 (0.429%, CI 95% 0.26-0.71) from farms and quarantine were confirmed positive. Tissue samples (uterine, supra-mammary, testicular, and accessory glands lymph node) were collected from positive animals, as detected by RBPT and i-ELISA, at culling or slaughtering. Using in vitro culture, 14/30 were confirmed positive - 3/7 from farms (two sheep and one goat) and 11/23 from quarantine (nine sheep and two goats). Biovar 1 was dominant. PCR confirmed 23/30 tissue samples, 4/7 from farms (three sheep and one goat), and 19/23 from quarantine (15 sheep and four goats). CONCLUSION The overall brucellosis rate in sheep and goats is 0.48%, with fewer animals from farms testing positive (0.16%) in this area of the Arabian Gulf. The infection appears to be well controlled, and continuous effort is still needed to maintain control and completely eradicate brucellosis. Additional support is needed for testing and slaughterhouse monitoring. In quarantine (imported animals), brucellosis infection in the slaughterhouse (0.94%) could pose a risk for transmission and spread of infection. The effort is needed to monitor this threat, and PCR is a sensitive and time-saving test for brucellosis diagnosis. All 14 confirmed positive samples were Biovar 1 dominant.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Ebid
- Department of Animal Care and Medicine, General Organization of Veterinary Service, Giza, Egypt
| | - A. El Mola
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - F. Salib
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
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Khazaei S, Solgi M, Goodarzi S, Khazaei L, Salehi I, Jenabi E. Epidemiology of human brucellosis in Nahavand county, Hamadan Province, western Iran: an 8-year (2010-2017) registry-based analysis. ASIAN BIOMED 2020; 14:151-158. [PMID: 37551387 PMCID: PMC10373396 DOI: 10.1515/abm-2020-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Background Brucellosis is an infectious zoonosis, which greatly afflicts human health and animal productivity. Objectives To describe the trends and epidemiological characteristics of human brucellosis in Nahavand county, Hamadan Province, western Iran over 8 years (2010-2017). Methods In this registry-based longitudinal study, we analyzed all reported cases of human brucellosis, including 1,130 patients from 2010 to 2017. A checklist including demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with reported cases of brucellosis had been used to gather data. We calculated annual percent changes (APCs) and average annual percent changes (AAPCs) using Joinpoint software to determine the trend of brucellosis using a segmented regression model. Results Among the patients, 60.9% were male and 87.3% lived in rural areas. The mean age of the patients was 35.9 ± 18.34 years. Compared with male patients, female patients were more affected when they were elderly (15.6% men vs. 24.2% women for those aged ≥55 years) (P = 0.001). Of patients with brucellosis, 65.2% had consumed unpasteurized dairy products and 82.3% had a history of contact with animals. The incidence of human brucellosis in Nahavand county increased between 2010 and 2014, then decreased in 2015, and thereafter remained steady. Per 100,000 population, the AAPC pertaining to the incidence was 17.4 in the male population (95% CI: 4.4, 31.9), 13.8 in the female population (95% CI: 0.2, 29.3), and 16.1 in rural dwellers (95% CI: 2.2, 31.8) indicating an increasing trend from 2010 to 2017 (P < 0.05). Conclusion The incidence of brucellosis in the western part of Iran is high and remains a challenging health problem. In the present study, age, job, sex, and seasonal changes are important risk factors for human brucellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Khazaei
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan65178-38695, Iran
| | - Manoochehr Solgi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan65178-38695, Iran
| | - Shahram Goodarzi
- Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan65178-38695, Iran
| | - Leila Khazaei
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran19839-63113, Iran
| | - Iraj Salehi
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan65178-38695, Iran
| | - Ensiyeh Jenabi
- Autism Spectrum Disorders Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan65178-38695, Iran
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Khan AU, Sayour AE, Melzer F, El-Soally SAGE, Elschner MC, Shell WS, Moawad AA, Mohamed SA, Hendam A, Roesler U, Neubauer H, El-Adawy H. Seroprevalence and Molecular Identification of Brucella spp. in Camels in Egypt. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8071035. [PMID: 32668648 PMCID: PMC7409340 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8071035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is one of the most important worldwide zoonoses of many countries including Egypt. Camel brucellosis has not gained much attention in Egypt yet. This study is focused on the three governorates with the highest camel populations and the largest camel markets in the country to determine the disease seroprevalence and identify the Brucella species in local camel holdings. In total, 381 serum samples were collected from male and female camels from Giza, Aswan, and Al-Bahr Al-Ahmar (the Red Sea) governorates. Samples were serologically examined using the Rose-Bengal plate test (RBPT), indirect ELISA (i-ELISA), competitive ELISA (c-ELISA) and complement fixation test (CFT). Brucella antibodies were detected in 59 (15.5%), 87 (22.8%), 77 (20.2%) and 118 (31.0%) of sera by RBPT, i-ELISA, c-ELISA and CFT, respectively. Using real-time PCR, Brucella DNA was amplified in 32 (8.4%) seropositive samples including Brucella abortus (25/32), Brucella suis (5/32) and Brucella melitensis (2/32), defining a complex epidemiological status. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study reporting Brucella suis DNA in camel serum. The risk-associated factors including age, sex, breed and geographical distribution were statistically analyzed, showing non-significant association with seroprevalence. The results of this study will raise awareness for camel brucellosis and help develop effective control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Ullah Khan
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.U.K.); (F.M.); (M.C.E.); (A.A.M.); (H.N.)
- Institut for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Free University of Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany;
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang 35200, Pakistan
| | - Ashraf E. Sayour
- Department of Brucellosis, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki 12618, Giza, Egypt;
| | - Falk Melzer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.U.K.); (F.M.); (M.C.E.); (A.A.M.); (H.N.)
| | | | - Mandy C. Elschner
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.U.K.); (F.M.); (M.C.E.); (A.A.M.); (H.N.)
| | - Waleed S. Shell
- Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics, Agricultural Research Center, Abbasaia 11517, Cairo, Egypt;
| | - Amira A. Moawad
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.U.K.); (F.M.); (M.C.E.); (A.A.M.); (H.N.)
- Provincial Laboratory, Institute of Animal Health Research, Agricultural Research Center, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Shereen Aziz Mohamed
- Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Abbasaia 11517, Cairo, Egypt;
| | - Ashraf Hendam
- Climate Change Information Center, Renewable Energy and Expert Systems (CCICREES), Agricultural Research Center, 9 Algamaa Street, Giza 12619, Egypt;
| | - Uwe Roesler
- Institut for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Free University of Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Heinrich Neubauer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.U.K.); (F.M.); (M.C.E.); (A.A.M.); (H.N.)
| | - Hosny El-Adawy
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.U.K.); (F.M.); (M.C.E.); (A.A.M.); (H.N.)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt
- Correspondence:
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Ntirandekura JB, Makene VA, Kasanga CJ, Matemba LE, Kimera SI, Muma JB, Karimuribo ED. Molecular characterization of Brucella species detected in humans and domestic ruminants of pastoral areas in Kagera ecosystem, Tanzania. Vet Med Sci 2020; 6:711-719. [PMID: 32567249 PMCID: PMC7738721 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease of importance to both public health and the livestock industry. The disease is likely to be endemic in Tanzania and little is reported on molecular characterization of Brucella species in pastoral settings. This study aimed at characterizing Brucella species (targeting genus Brucella) infecting humans, cattle and goat in Kagera region (Ngara and Karagwe districts) using real-time PCR, PCR amplification of 16S rRNA genes and Sanger sequencing. Brucella spp. were detected in 47 samples (19 sera and 28 milk) out of 125 samples (77 sera, 35 milk and 13 aborted materials) using real-time PCR. All aborted materials (13 samples) were negative to real-time PCR. Out of the 47 real-time PCR positive samples (28 milk and 19 sera), 20 samples (10 milk and 10 sera) showed an expected 16S rRNA gene PCR product. Sequence analysis and blasting confirmed the presence of Brucella spp. in pastoral areas of Kagera region. The Brucella spp. from Kagera were phylogenetically grouped in two clades and three branches all closer to B. melitensis, B. abortus and B. suis from USA, Sudan and Iran. However, they were distinct from other species isolated also in USA, New Zealand, Germany and Egypt. This was expected based on the distance between the geographical regions from which the data (nucleotides sequences from 16S gene sequencing) for the phylogeny reconstruction were obtained. This is the first study to report Brucella species identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing in East and Central Africa. A livestock vaccination program re-inforced with a high index of Brucella diagnosis is needed to eradicate brucellosis in animals and minimize suffering from Brucella infections in humans in Tanzania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Bosco Ntirandekura
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.,Département de Santé et Productions Animales, Faculté d'Agronomie et de Bio-Ingénierie, Université du Burundi, Bujumbura, Burundi
| | - Victor A Makene
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Christopher J Kasanga
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Lucas E Matemba
- The National Institute for Medical Research, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Sharadhuli I Kimera
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - John B Muma
- Department of Disease Control, TheUniversity of Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Esron D Karimuribo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
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Golshani M, Amani M, Amirzadeh F, Nazeri E, Davar Siadat S, Nejati-Moheimani M, Arsang A, Bouzari S. Evaluation of Poly(I:C) and combination of CpG ODN plus Montanide ISA adjuvants to enhance the efficacy of outer membrane vesicles as an acellular vaccine against Brucella melitensis infection in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 84:106573. [PMID: 32454410 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Brucellosis is the most common zoonotic disease worldwide and still there is no vaccine for human use. The commercial animal vaccines also have major problems that limit their use. Therefore, there is a need for an effective Brucella vaccine which is multivalent and produces a good protective immunity with minimal disadvantages. Due to their heterogeneous composition and diverse functions, OMVs are promising acellular vaccine candidates against brucellosis. In the present study, the potential of Poly(I:C) or CpG ODN 1826+ Montanide ISA 70 VG adjuvant formulations were evaluated to enhance the immunity and protection levels conferred by OMVs against Brucella challenge in mice. The results indicated that both vaccine regimens were able to induce strong Th1-biased responses and confer protective levels significantly higher than REV.1 live vaccine. With regard to the results, it is concluded that OMVs in either adjuvant can be introduced as a new vaccine candidate against B. melitensis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Golshani
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mona Amani
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Amirzadeh
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elahe Nazeri
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Davar Siadat
- Tuberculosis and Pulmonary Research Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Amin Arsang
- Bacterial Vaccine and Antigen Production Branch, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Saeid Bouzari
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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Bagheri Nejad R, Krecek RC, Khalaf OH, Hailat N, Arenas-Gamboa AM. Brucellosis in the Middle East: Current situation and a pathway forward. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008071. [PMID: 32437346 PMCID: PMC7241688 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is a bacterial endemic zoonotic disease of global significance with detrimental impacts on public health and food animal production. It is caused by Brucella spp., an expanding group of pathogens able to infect various host species. Bovines and small ruminants, which excrete the bacteria in milk and in reproductive discharges, are major sources of infection for humans and other animals. Contact with contaminated animals and consumption of unpasteurized dairy products are the main routes for human infection. In spite of the considerable progress of knowledge gained and success achieved in brucellosis control in the developed world, this disease continues to be an important burden in the Middle East (ME). Common risk factors implicated in the difficulty and complexity of brucellosis control within the region include (1) social and political instabilities; (2) insufficient resources and infrastructure for appropriate diagnosis, reporting, and implementation of control measures; (3) variation of livestock husbandry systems and their commingling with other livestock and wildlife; and (4) traditional cultural practices, including consumption of unpasteurized dairy products. Development of core interdisciplinary competencies is required for a true One Health–based endeavor against the disease. National awareness and educational programs addressing all population sectors from consumers to decision-makers seem to be the next logical, sustainable, and economically viable approach toward improving disease status in this region. In the present review, we describe the current situation of brucellosis in the ME, focusing on the major limitations and shortcomings regarding disease control. We propose a regional approach toward public awareness of brucellosis as the first step in mitigating the disease and discuss the potential benefits, and components of such a strategy, which can further be used as a model for other endemic zoonotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Bagheri Nejad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Bacterial Vaccines, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran
| | - Rosina C. Krecek
- Independent Scholar, Texas, United States of America
- University of Johannesburg, Department of Zoology, Auckland Park, South Africa
| | - Omar H. Khalaf
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Pathology & Poultry Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Nabil Hailat
- Pathology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Angela M. Arenas-Gamboa
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Hermesh B, Rosenthal A, Davidovitch N. Rethinking "One Health" through Brucellosis: ethics, boundaries and politics. Monash Bioeth Rev 2020; 37:22-37. [PMID: 29869782 DOI: 10.1007/s40592-018-0079-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
One Health, as an international movement and as a research methodology, aspires to cross boundaries between disciplines. However, One Health has also been viewed as "reductionist" due to its overemphasize on physicians-veterinarians cooperation and surveillance capacity enhancement, while limiting the involvement with socio-political preconditioning factors that shape the impact of diseases, and the ethical questions that eventually structure interventions. The current article draws on a qualitative study of Brucellosis control in Israel, to address the benefits of broadening the One Health perspective to include ethical considerations and the socio-political aspects of health. Using in-depth-interviews, observations and document review, the article analyzes stakeholders' knowledge (policy makers, practitioners and livestock owners) to understand Brucellosis control interventions in the Negev region of Israel. The analysis highlights four different types of boundaries: geographical, professional, disciplinary and participatory. The variety of boundaries going beyond disciplinary ones, are often neglected by traditional One Health discourses, however they provide clearer understanding regarding the role of the Israel and Palestine relations; enforcement activities and trust creation; and mechanisms of decision-making and public participation, in Brucellosis interventions. A broad One Health analysis that addresses ethical concerns and socio-political environments, as well as human and veterinary medicine, encourages re-framing of causes and solutions when dealing particularly with Brucellosis in the Negev, but more generally with zoonotic diseases, low-trust settings and inequitable distribution of power. The inclusion of historical, political and bioethical considerations of Public Health in One Health creates opportunities to increase the relevance of One Health and expand its scope as a novel scientific paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barak Hermesh
- Department of Health Systems Management, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, 8499000, Beersheba, Israel.
| | - Anat Rosenthal
- Department of Health Systems Management, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, 8499000, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Nadav Davidovitch
- Department of Health Systems Management, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, 8499000, Beersheba, Israel
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Abdel-Hamid NH, El-Bauomy EM, Ghobashy HM, Shehata AA. Genetic variation of Brucella isolates at strain level in Egypt. Vet Med Sci 2020; 6:421-432. [PMID: 32266769 PMCID: PMC7397911 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, Multiple Locus Variable Number Tandem Repeat Analysis (MLVA‐16) was performed on 18 Brucella isolates identified bacteriologically and molecularly (AMOS‐PCR) as Brucella abortus (n = 6) and Brucella melitensis (n = 12). This was aimed to study the genetic association among some Egyptian Brucella genotypes isolated during the period from 2002 to 2013 along with the global genotypes database. MLVA‐16 analysis for B. melitensis and B. abortus strains illustrates a total of 11, and 3 genotypes with 10 and 1 singleton genotypes, respectively. B. melitensis strains displayed greater markers diversity by VNTRs analysis of the 16 loci than B. abortus and this was attributed mainly to the diverging in panel 2B markers. B. melitensis genotype M4_Fayoum_Giza (3,5,3,13,1,1,3,3,8,21,8,7,5,9,5,3) was the only predominated genotype circulating between two different governorates. The most common B. abortus genotype, GT A3_Dakahlia (4,5,4,12,2,2,3,3,6,21,8,4,4,3,4,4), was present in three identical isolates. In phylogeny, Egyptian B. abortus bv1 genotypes were closely related to East Asian strain (for the first time), Western Mediterranean and Americas clonal lineages. B. melitensis local genotypes exhibit a genetic relatedness mostly to Western Mediterranean clonal lineage and one strain of Eastern Mediterranean clonal lineage. In conclusion, the geographic location is not the only factor stands behind the high genetic similarity of the Egyptian Brucella genotypes. These low variations may be a result of a stepwise mutational event of the most variable loci from a very limited number of ancestors especially during the transmission through non‐preference hosts. The authors encourage the authorities in charge to establish pre‐movement testing to reduce the risk of brucellosis spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour H Abdel-Hamid
- Department of Brucellosis Research, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Essam M El-Bauomy
- Department of Brucellosis Research, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Hazem M Ghobashy
- Department of Brucellosis Research, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Abeer A Shehata
- Fayoum Regional Laboratory, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Fayoum, Egypt
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Peng C, Li YJ, Huang DS, Guan P. Spatial-temporal distribution of human brucellosis in mainland China from 2004 to 2017 and an analysis of social and environmental factors. Environ Health Prev Med 2020; 25:1. [PMID: 31898483 PMCID: PMC6941396 DOI: 10.1186/s12199-019-0839-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to describe the changing distribution of human brucellosis between 2004 and 2017 in mainland China and seek scientific evidence of the relationship between socio-economic, environmental, and ecological factors and human brucellosis incidence. Methods The annual numbers of brucellosis cases and incidence rates from 31 provinces in mainland China between 2004 and 2017 were obtained from the Data-Center for China Public Health Science. The number of monthly brucellosis cases in 2018 was obtained from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. The electronic map of the People’s Republic of China was downloaded from the National Earth System Science Data Sharing Platform. Human population density, gross domestic product (GDP), and an inventory of cattle and sheep at the end of each year from 2004 to 2017 were obtained from the National Bureau of Statistics of China. Annual rainfall data from 31 provinces in the People’s Republic of China from 2004 to 2017 were collected from the China Meteorological Data Service Center. The risk distribution and changing trends of human brucellosis were mapped with ArcGIS. A cluster analysis was employed to identify geographical areas and periods with statistically significant incidence rates. Multivariate linear regression was used to determine possible factors that were significantly correlated with the presence of human brucellosis cases. Results Human brucellosis cases have spread throughout the whole country. Human brucellosis cases occurred mostly from March to August and were concentrated from April to July. The inventory of sheep, GDP, and climate were significantly correlated with the presence of brucellosis cases in mainland China. Conclusions The geographical expansion of human brucellosis in mainland China was observed, so did the high-incidence clusters between 2004 and 2017. Most of the cases were reported during the early spring to early summer (February–August). Results from the multivariate linear regression suggested that the inventory of sheep, GDP, and climate were significantly associated with the incidence of human brucellosis in mainland China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Peng
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Yan-Jun Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - De-Sheng Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China.,Department of Mathematics, School of Fundamental Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Peng Guan
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China.
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Khan AU, Shell WS, Melzer F, Sayour AE, Ramadan ES, Elschner MC, Moawad AA, Roesler U, Neubauer H, El-Adawy H. Identification, Genotyping and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Brucella spp. Isolated from Livestock in Egypt. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7120603. [PMID: 31766725 PMCID: PMC6955977 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7120603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is a highly contagious zoonosis worldwide with economic and public health impacts. The aim of the present study was to identify Brucella (B.) spp. isolated from animal populations located in different districts of Egypt and to determine their antimicrobial resistance. In total, 34-suspected Brucella isolates were recovered from lymph nodes, milk, and fetal abomasal contents of infected cattle, buffaloes, sheep, and goats from nine districts in Egypt. The isolates were identified by microbiological methods and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Differentiation and genotyping were confirmed using multiplex PCR for B. abortus, Brucella melitensis, Brucella ovis, and Brucella suis (AMOS) and Bruce-ladder PCR. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing against clinically used antimicrobial agents (chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, gentamicin, imipenem, rifampicin, streptomycin, and tetracycline) was performed using E-Test. The antimicrobial resistance-associated genes and mutations in Brucella isolates were confirmed using molecular tools. In total, 29 Brucella isolates (eight B. abortus biovar 1 and 21 B. melitensis biovar 3) were identified and typed. The resistance of B. melitensis to ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, imipenem, rifampicin, and streptomycin were 76.2%, 19.0%, 76.2%, 66.7%, and 4.8%, respectively. Whereas, 25.0%, 87.5%, 25.0%, and 37.5% of B. abortus were resistant to ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, imipenem, and rifampicin, respectively. Mutations in the rpoB gene associated with rifampicin resistance were identified in all phenotypically resistant isolates. Mutations in gyrA and gyrB genes associated with ciprofloxacin resistance were identified in four phenotypically resistant isolates of B. melitensis. This is the first study highlighting the antimicrobial resistance in Brucella isolated from different animal species in Egypt. Mutations detected in genes associated with antimicrobial resistance unravel the molecular mechanisms of resistance in Brucella isolates from Egypt. The mutations in the rpoB gene in phenotypically resistant B. abortus isolates in this study were reported for the first time in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Ullah Khan
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.U.K.); (F.M.); (M.C.E.); (A.A.M.); (H.N.)
- Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Free University of Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany;
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 35200 Jhang, Pakistan
| | - Waleed S. Shell
- Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics, Agricultural Research Center, 11517 Abbasaia-Cairo, Egypt;
| | - Falk Melzer
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.U.K.); (F.M.); (M.C.E.); (A.A.M.); (H.N.)
| | - Ashraf E. Sayour
- Department of Brucellosis, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, 12618 Dokki-Giza, Egypt;
| | - Eman Shawkat Ramadan
- Animal Reproduction Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, 12556 Al Ahram-Giza, Egypt;
| | - Mandy C. Elschner
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.U.K.); (F.M.); (M.C.E.); (A.A.M.); (H.N.)
| | - Amira A. Moawad
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.U.K.); (F.M.); (M.C.E.); (A.A.M.); (H.N.)
- Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Free University of Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany;
- Provincial Laboratory, Institute of Animal Health Research, 35516 Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Uwe Roesler
- Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Free University of Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Heinrich Neubauer
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.U.K.); (F.M.); (M.C.E.); (A.A.M.); (H.N.)
| | - Hosny El-Adawy
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.U.K.); (F.M.); (M.C.E.); (A.A.M.); (H.N.)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr Elsheikh University, 33516 Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
- Correspondence:
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