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Ahmad K, Mustaffa NDAN, Azmi NS, Zainal Ariffin SM, Bin Ghazali MF, Ibrahim NS. Detection and seroprevalence of Q fever infection in dairy goats in Besut district, Malaysia. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11:231-236. [PMID: 39101099 PMCID: PMC11296184 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2024.k768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to investigate the seroprevalence of Q fever and its association with age and gender among Saanen dairy goats in Malaysia. Materials and Methods One hundred dairy goats (n = 100) aged 6 months to 6 years were randomly selected, and blood samples were collected for serological analysis using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. Results The results revealed a seropositive rate of 70% among the goats, with medium-positive titers being the most common. The prevalence of Q fever varied among different age groups, with higher rates observed in adult goats aged between 5 and 6 years. Gender analysis showed that males had a higher positive rate (p < 0.05) of Q fever compared to females. Conclusion These findings strongly indicate the presence of Coxiella burnetii in the dairy goat population and highlight the importance of implementing biosecurity measures and control strategies to prevent further transmission of this disease. This research has contributed to a better understanding of Q fever epidemiology and provides insights for effective control and prevention strategies in dairy goat populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khairunnisa Ahmad
- School of Animal Science, Aquatic Science and Environment, Faculty of Bioresources and Food Industry, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Besut, Malaysia
| | - Nik Danial Asyraf Nik Mustaffa
- School of Animal Science, Aquatic Science and Environment, Faculty of Bioresources and Food Industry, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Besut, Malaysia
| | - Nur Syafiqa Azmi
- School of Animal Science, Aquatic Science and Environment, Faculty of Bioresources and Food Industry, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Besut, Malaysia
| | - Siti Mariam Zainal Ariffin
- Department of Veterinary Pre-Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Faizal Bin Ghazali
- School of Animal Science, Aquatic Science and Environment, Faculty of Bioresources and Food Industry, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Besut, Malaysia
| | - Noor Syaheera Ibrahim
- School of Animal Science, Aquatic Science and Environment, Faculty of Bioresources and Food Industry, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Besut, Malaysia
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Tolpinrud A, Tadepalli M, Stenos J, Lignereux L, Chaber AL, Devlin JM, Caraguel C, Stevenson MA. Tissue distribution of Coxiella burnetii and antibody responses in macropods co-grazing with livestock in Queensland, Australia. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0303877. [PMID: 38771828 PMCID: PMC11108133 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of Q fever, is a zoonotic bacteria of global public health significance. The organism has a complex, diverse, and relatively poorly understood animal reservoir but there is increasing evidence that macropods play some part in the epidemiology of Q fever in Australia. The aim of this cross-sectional survey was to estimate the animal- and tissue-level prevalence of coxiellosis amongst eastern grey (Macropus giganteus) and red (Osphranter rufus) kangaroos co-grazing with domestic cattle in a Q fever endemic area in Queensland. Serum, faeces and tissue samples from a range of organs were collected from 50 kangaroos. A total of 537 tissue samples were tested by real-time PCR, of which 99 specimens from 42 kangaroos (84% of animals, 95% confidence interval [CI], 71% to 93%) were positive for the C. burnetii IS1111 gene when tested in duplicate. Twenty of these specimens from 16 kangaroos (32%, 95% CI 20% to 47%) were also positive for the com1 or htpAB genes. Serum antibodies were present in 24 (57%, 95% CI 41% to 72%) of the PCR positive animals. There was no statistically significant difference in PCR positivity between organs and no single sample type consistently identified C. burnetii positive kangaroos. The results from this study identify a high apparent prevalence of C. burnetii amongst macropods in the study area, albeit seemingly with an inconsistent distribution within tissues and in relatively small quantities, often verging on the limits of detection. We recommend Q fever surveillance in macropods should involve a combination of serosurveys and molecular testing to increase chances of detection in a population, noting that a range of tissues would likely need to be sampled to confirm the diagnosis in a suspect positive animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Tolpinrud
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mythili Tadepalli
- Australian Rickettsial Reference Laboratory, University Hospital Geelong, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - John Stenos
- Australian Rickettsial Reference Laboratory, University Hospital Geelong, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louis Lignereux
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia
| | - Anne-Lise Chaber
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia
| | - Joanne M. Devlin
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Charles Caraguel
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia
| | - Mark A. Stevenson
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Ahaduzzaman M, Reza MMB. Global and regional seroprevalence of coxiellosis in small ruminants: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vet Med Sci 2024; 10:e1441. [PMID: 38613179 PMCID: PMC11015088 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coxiellosis is a neglected zoonosis for occupationally exposed people in many parts of the world. Sheep and goats are two important small ruminants that act as reservoirs for human contamination; however, there is a lack of comprehensive data on the epidemiological aspects of coxiellosis in sheep and goats at regional and global levels. The aim of this study was to systematically review the available articles on seroprevalence of coxiellosis in sheep and goats and estimate the overall seroprevalence in different regions. METHODS A systematic search strategy was performed in five electronic repositories for articles published until December 2021. Relevant data were extracted from the selected articles based on the inclusion criteria. A random effect meta-analysis model was used to analyse the data. Results are presented as the prevalence of seropositivity as a percentage and 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS The global pooled seroprevalence of coxiellosis in sheep was 17.38% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 15.59%-19.17%). Overall, the regional level pooled prevalence estimates in sheep ranged from 15.04% (95% CI: 7.68%-22.40%) to 19.14% (95% CI: 15.51%-22.77%), depending on region. The global pooled seroprevalence of coxiellosis in goats was 22.60% (95% CI: 19.54%-25.66%). Overall, the regional level pooled prevalence estimates in goats ranged from 6.33% (95% CI: 2.96%-9.71%) to 55.13% (95% CI: 49.61%-60.65%), depending on the region. The prevalence estimates also varied significantly in both sheep and goats depending on age, sex, and rearing systems of the animals (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Seroprevalence of coxiellosis in both sheep and goats is considerable. Routine monitoring of the sheep and goat populations is needed to prevent spillover infection in other livestock and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ahaduzzaman
- Department of Medicine & SurgeryChattogram Veterinary & Animal Sciences University (CVASU)ChattogramBangladesh
| | - Md Moktadir Billah Reza
- Department of Medicine & SurgeryChattogram Veterinary & Animal Sciences University (CVASU)ChattogramBangladesh
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Zendoia II, Barandika JF, Cevidanes A, Hurtado A, García-Pérez AL. Coxiella burnetii infection persistence in a goat herd during seven kidding seasons after an outbreak of abortions: the effect of vaccination. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0220123. [PMID: 38412030 PMCID: PMC10952520 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02201-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii infection was monitored during seven kidding seasons (2017-2023) in a dairy goat herd that after an outbreak of Q fever abortions was vaccinated with an inactivated phase I vaccine. Due to the high infection rate just after the outbreak, only the replacement stock was vaccinated during the first three kidding seasons, and when the average herd immunity had decreased (fourth kidding season onwards), the whole herd was vaccinated. Vaginal swabs, feces, and milk were analyzed by PCR to monitor infection, and dust and aerosols were analyzed to measure C. burnetii environmental contamination. One year after the onset of the outbreak, a significant reduction in C. burnetii shedding loads was observed, but the percentage of shedding animals remained high until the third kidding season. By the seventh kidding season, no shedders were detected. The bacterial load excreted was significantly lower in vaccinated compared with unvaccinated animals, and in yearlings compared with multiparous. C. burnetii was detected by PCR in aerosols collected inside the animal premises throughout the study period except in the last season; whereas, aerosols collected outdoors tested negative in the last three kidding seasons. Viable C. burnetii was detectable in environmental dust collected inside the barn until the third kidding season following the outbreak. These results indicate that after an outbreak of Q fever, the risk of infection for humans and susceptible animals can remain high for at least three kidding seasons when the number of C. burnetii animal shedders is still high, even when bacterial excretion is low. IMPORTANCE Q fever is a zoonosis distributed worldwide. Ruminants are the main reservoir, and infection can cause high rates of abortion. After entering a farm, Coxiella burnetii infection can persist in the animal population over several lambing/kidding periods. Once infection is established in a herd, vaccination with the inactivated Phase I vaccine significantly reduces bacterial shedding, but although at low levels, excretion may continue to occur for several lambing/kidding seasons. The time that C. burnetii remains viable in the farm environment after an outbreak of Q fever determines the period when risk of infection is high for the people in close contact. This work showed that this period extends at least three kidding seasons after the outbreak. These results provided valuable information on the epidemiology of C. burnetii infection in goat herds and may help to develop guidelines for controlling the disease and reducing infection risk for susceptible people and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ion I. Zendoia
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Jesús F. Barandika
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Aitor Cevidanes
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Ana Hurtado
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Ana L. García-Pérez
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
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Guzman RM, Savolainen NG, Hayden OM, Lee M, Osbron CA, Liu Z, Yang H, Shaw DK, Omsland A, Goodman AG. Drosophila melanogaster Sting mediates Coxiella burnetii infection by reducing accumulation of reactive oxygen species. Infect Immun 2024; 92:e0056022. [PMID: 38363133 PMCID: PMC10929449 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00560-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The Gram-negative bacterium Coxiella burnetii is the causative agent of query fever in humans and coxiellosis in livestock. C. burnetii infects a variety of cell types, tissues, and animal species including mammals and arthropods, but there is much left to be understood about the molecular mechanisms at play during infection in distinct species. Human stimulator of interferon genes (STING) induces an innate immune response through the induction of type I interferons (IFNs), and IFN promotes or suppresses C. burnetii replication, depending on tissue type. Drosophila melanogaster contains a functional STING ortholog (Sting) which activates NF-κB signaling and autophagy. Here, we sought to address the role of D. melanogaster Sting during C. burnetii infection to uncover how Sting regulates C. burnetii infection in flies. We show that Sting-null flies exhibit higher mortality and reduced induction of antimicrobial peptides following C. burnetii infection compared to control flies. Additionally, Sting-null flies induce lower levels of oxidative stress genes during infection, but the provision of N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) in food rescues Sting-null host survival. Lastly, we find that reactive oxygen species levels during C. burnetii infection are higher in Drosophila S2 cells knocked down for Sting compared to control cells. Our results show that at the host level, NAC provides protection against C. burnetii infection in the absence of Sting, thus establishing a role for Sting in protection against oxidative stress during C. burnetii infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M. Guzman
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Nathan G. Savolainen
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Olivia M. Hayden
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Miyoung Lee
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Chelsea A. Osbron
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Ziying Liu
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Hong Yang
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Dana K. Shaw
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Anders Omsland
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Alan G. Goodman
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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Bento JT, Dahmane A, Santos-Silva S, Reghaissia N, Almeida D, Mesquita JR. Antibody-Based Assessment of Coxiella burnetii Circulation in Algerian Goat Herds. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2926. [PMID: 37760325 PMCID: PMC10525101 DOI: 10.3390/ani13182926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Q fever is a zoonotic disease caused by Coxiella burnetii (C. burnetii), a pathogen with a high capability for infection. The disease primarily affects ruminants, leading to reproductive disorders, but can also be transmitted to humans through contact with infected animals or their products. In Algeria, Q fever is endemic, but little is known about the presence and circulation of C. burnetii in domestic goats. This study aimed to perform a multicentric serological analysis of C. burnetii antibodies in domestic goats from four provinces in the North East Region of Algeria. A total of 504 goat serum samples were collected from 77 herds, and serological analysis was performed using an indirect ELISA. The overall seroprevalence at the herd level was 35.06%, and 8.73% at the individual level. Herds with a history of abortions showed a high seropositivity rate of 88.9%. This research indicates the wide distribution of C. burnetii in goats in this region, suggesting the potential for zoonotic transmission to humans. Further studies and monitoring programs are essential to gain a comprehensive understanding of C. burnetii epidemiology in Algeria and to prevent or mitigate potential outbreaks. Awareness among practitioners and farmers is crucial to address this public health concern effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline T. Bento
- Department of Biology, Campus de Santiago, University of Aveiro (UA), 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Abdeldjalil Dahmane
- Higher National Veterinary School, Rue Issad Abbes, El Alia, Algiers 16000, Algeria;
| | - Sérgio Santos-Silva
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; (S.S.-S.); (D.A.)
| | - Nassiba Reghaissia
- Laboratory of Sciences and Living Techniques, Institute of Agronomic and Veterinary Sciences, University of Souk Ahras, Souk Ahras 41000, Algeria;
| | - Daniela Almeida
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; (S.S.-S.); (D.A.)
| | - João R. Mesquita
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; (S.S.-S.); (D.A.)
- Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
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Robi DT, Demissie W, Temteme S. Coxiellosis in Livestock: Epidemiology, Public Health Significance, and Prevalence of Coxiella burnetii Infection in Ethiopia. VETERINARY MEDICINE (AUCKLAND, N.Z.) 2023; 14:145-158. [PMID: 37614223 PMCID: PMC10443632 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s418346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Coxiellosis is a zoonotic disease that is prevalent globally and can pose significant challenges, especially in less developed countries like Ethiopia. Coxiella burnetii is responsible for causing an infection called Q fever in humans and coxiellosis in ruminants. Pneumonia and endocarditis are the only signs that characterize the acute and chronic forms of Q fever, respectively. Ruminants exhibit symptoms such as abortion during the later stages of pregnancy, impaired fertility, perinatal death, premature delivery, and reduced birth weight. C. burnetii infection typically spreads among healthy cattle via tick bites and exposure to infected cattle or their bodily secretions. The primary source of human infection is through the ingestion of contaminated milk and milk products, but transmission through aerosols and dust generated during livestock operations is also common. Cattle, sheep, camels and goats are the primary sources of human infection, and the bacterium can be found in various bodily fluids of infected animals. Several factors, including host characteristics, environmental conditions, and management practices, can potentially affect the occurrence of C. burnetii infection in livestock, such as cattle, camels, sheep, and goats. Coxiellosis is prevalent in Ethiopia's pastoral and mixed cattle management systems, as individuals frequently interact with cattle and are therefore more prone to exposure to the C. burnetii bacterium. Vaccination and biosecurity measures are effective techniques for managing C. burnetii infection. Therefore, it is crucial to implement appropriate mitigation strategies, raise awareness about the spread of C. burnetii infection, and conduct further studies on C. burnetii infection in high-risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dereje Tulu Robi
- Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Tepi Agricultural Research Center, Tepi, Ethiopia
| | - Wondimagegn Demissie
- Jimma University College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine School of Veterinary Medicine, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Shiferaw Temteme
- Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Tepi Agricultural Research Center, Tepi, Ethiopia
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Trujillo M, Conan A, Calchi AC, Mertens-Scholtz K, Becker AA, Gallagher C, Mau A, Marchi S, Machado M, André MR, Chapwanya A, Müller A. Coxiella burnetii shedding and serological status in pregnant and postpartum ewes. Acta Trop 2023; 244:106962. [PMID: 37271355 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the occurence C. burnetii-DNA shedding by pregnant (vaginal mucus and feces) and postpartum (vaginal mucus, feces and milk) meat breed ewes from Saint Kitts. Additionally, antibodies anti-C. burnetii were detected in serum, and milk. Barbados Blackbelly ewes (n=187) were sampled using stratified convenience cross-sectional sampling. There were two animal groups: pregnant (n=96) and postpartum (n=91). Vaginal mucus (n=187), feces (n=177) and milk (n=83) samples were subjected to a TaqMan real time qPCR assay for C. burnetii based on the IS1111 multi copy element. IgG antibodies against C. burnetii were tested in blood serum (n=187) and milk (n=61) samples, via indirect ELISA. McNemar and Fischer exact tests were used to compare occurrence between routes and between groups, respectively. Overall, 86.6% of all the animals (162/187) were shedding C. burnetti DNA through at least one route (vaginal and/or fecal and/or milk). The DNA shedding occurrence via vaginal (73% vs 51%, p-value=0.003) and fecal routes (64% vs 47%, p-value=0.001) was higher in the pregnant compared to the postpartum animals. There was no prevalent shedding route among vaginal, fecal or milk in all ewes. Overall, 38% of the ewes were seropositive for C. burnetii IgG and a total of 19.7% of the tested postpartum ewes had IgG antibodies in milk. The vaginal and fecal DNA shedding were not associated with the blood serology, nor was milk DNA shedding related to the milk serology status, thus there was no association between C. burnetii seropositivity and bacterial DNA shedding. In short, high occurrence of C. burnetii DNA shedding was observed within ewes in St. Kitts, and represents the first detection of the Q fever agent within the Caribbean islands. Bacterial shedding was more prevalent in pregnant ewes, highlighting the importance of gestating animals as a source of C. burnetii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra Trujillo
- Graduate program, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis, West Indies
| | - Anne Conan
- Centre for Applied One Health Research and Policy Advice, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Ana Cláudia Calchi
- Vector-Borne Bioagents Laboratory (VBBL), Departamento de Patologia, Reprodução e Saúde Única, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista (FCAV/UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Katja Mertens-Scholtz
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Jena, Germany
| | - Anne Amj Becker
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis, West Indies
| | - Christa Gallagher
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis, West Indies
| | - Alex Mau
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California- Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Silvia Marchi
- Research Laboratory, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis, West Indies
| | - Marcus Machado
- Research Laboratory, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis, West Indies
| | - Marcos Rogério André
- Vector-Borne Bioagents Laboratory (VBBL), Departamento de Patologia, Reprodução e Saúde Única, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista (FCAV/UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aspinas Chapwanya
- Clinical Sciences Department, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis, West Indies
| | - Ananda Müller
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis, West Indies; Instituto de Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
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Ohlopkova OV, Yakovlev SA, Emmanuel K, Kabanov AA, Odnoshevsky DA, Kartashov MY, Moshkin AD, Tuchkov IV, Nosov NY, Kritsky AA, Agalakova MA, Davidyuk YN, Khaiboullina SF, Morzunov SP, N'Fally M, Bumbali S, Camara MF, Boiro MY, Agafonov AP, Gavrilova EV, Maksyutov RA. Epidemiology of Zoonotic Coxiella burnetii in The Republic of Guinea. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1433. [PMID: 37374935 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Q fever is a zoonotic infectious disease characterized by fever, malaise, chills, significant weakness, and muscle pain. In some cases, the disease can become chronic and affect the inner membranes of the heart, such as the valves, leading to endocarditis and a high risk of death. Coxiella burnetii (C. burnetii) is the primary causative agent of Q fever in humans. This study aims to monitor the presence of C. burnetii in ticks collected from small mammals and cattle in the Republic of Guinea (RG). METHODS Rodents were trapped in the Kindia region of RG during 2019-2020, and ticks were collected from cattle in six regions of RG. Total DNA was extracted using a commercial kit (RIBO-prep, InterLabService, Russia) following the manufacturer's instructions. Real-time PCR amplification was conducted using the kit (AmpliSens Coxiella burnetii-FL, InterLabService, Russia) to detect C. burnetii DNA. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Bacterial DNA was detected in 11 out of 750 (1.4%) small mammals and 695 out of 9620 (7.2%) tick samples. The high number of infected ticks (7.2%) suggests that they are the main transmitters of C. burnetii in RG. The DNA was detected in the liver and spleen of a Guinea multimammate mouse, Mastomys erythroleucus. These findings demonstrate that C. burnetii is zoonotic in RG, and measures should be taken to monitor the bacteria's dynamics and tick prevalence in the rodent population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olesia V Ohlopkova
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology «Vector» of Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo 630559, Russia
| | - Sergey A Yakovlev
- Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute «Microbe» of Rospotrebnadzor, Saratov 410005, Russia
| | - Kabwe Emmanuel
- OpenLab "Gene and Cell Technologies", Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan 420008, Russia
| | - Alexey A Kabanov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology «Vector» of Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo 630559, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Odnoshevsky
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology «Vector» of Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo 630559, Russia
| | - Mikhail Yu Kartashov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology «Vector» of Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo 630559, Russia
| | - Alexey D Moshkin
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology «Vector» of Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo 630559, Russia
| | - Igor V Tuchkov
- Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute «Microbe» of Rospotrebnadzor, Saratov 410005, Russia
| | - Nikita Yu Nosov
- Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute «Microbe» of Rospotrebnadzor, Saratov 410005, Russia
- State Research Center of Dermatovenerology and Cosmetology of Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow 107076, Russia
| | - Andrey A Kritsky
- Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute «Microbe» of Rospotrebnadzor, Saratov 410005, Russia
- Limited Liability Company, «Biotech Campus», Moscow 117437, Russia
| | - Milana A Agalakova
- Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Ural State Medical University, Yekaterinburg 620014, Russia
- Limited Liability Company, «Quality Med», Yekaterinburg 105318, Russia
| | - Yuriy N Davidyuk
- OpenLab "Gene and Cell Technologies", Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan 420008, Russia
| | - Svetlana F Khaiboullina
- OpenLab "Gene and Cell Technologies", Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan 420008, Russia
| | | | - Magasuba N'Fally
- Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, University Gamal Abdel Nasser, Conakry 001, Guinea
| | - Sanaba Bumbali
- Research Institute of Applied Biology of Guinea, Kindia 100, Guinea
| | | | | | - Alexander P Agafonov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology «Vector» of Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo 630559, Russia
| | - Elena V Gavrilova
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology «Vector» of Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo 630559, Russia
| | - Rinat A Maksyutov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology «Vector» of Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo 630559, Russia
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10
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Hemsley CM, Essex-Lopresti A, Chisnall T, Millar M, Neale S, Reichel R, Norville IH, Titball RW. MLVA and com1 genotyping of Coxiella burnetii in farmed ruminants in Great Britain. Vet Microbiol 2023; 277:109629. [PMID: 36535174 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of the zoonotic disease Q fever, has been shown to be endemic in Great Britain, but information on the prevailing genomic lineages or Genomic Groups (GGs) of Coxiella burnetii is limited. The aim of this study was to genotype C. burnetii isolates from infected farmed ruminants by Multiple Locus Variable Number Tandem Repeat Analysis (MLVA) and identify their associated Genomic Group. A total of 51 Coxiella-containing abortion samples from farmed ruminants (sheep, goats, and cattle), which were collected in Great Britain during 2013-2018, were included in the study, 34 of which returned a C. burnetii MLVA genotype. All bovine samples (n = 18), 5/7 of the ovine samples, and 3/9 of the caprine samples belonged to an MLVA cluster which we could link to the MST20 genotype of GG III, whereas 6/9 of the caprine samples and 2/7 of the ovine samples belonged to MLVA clusters which we could link to the MST33 or MST32 genotypes of GG II (7 vs 1 sample(s), respectively). We also noted that the Coxiella-specific com1 gene contained unique mutations that could genomotype isolates, i.e. assign them to a Genomic Group. In conclusion, both goats and sheep in Great Britain (from 2014 onward) were found to carry the same MLVA genotypes (MST33-like; GG II) that were linked to a human Q fever outbreak in the Netherlands. This knowledge in combination with the usage of genotyping/genomotyping methods should prove useful in future surveillance programs and in the management of outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia M Hemsley
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
| | | | | | | | - Sue Neale
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Penrith, UK.
| | | | - Isobel H Norville
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK; Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK.
| | - Richard W Titball
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
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11
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Muema J, Nyamai M, Wheelhouse N, Njuguna J, Jost C, Oyugi J, Bukania Z, Oboge H, Ogoti B, Makori A, Fernandez MDP, Omulo S, Thumbi S. Endemicity of Coxiella burnetii infection among people and their livestock in pastoral communities in northern Kenya. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11133. [PMID: 36303929 PMCID: PMC9593183 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coxiella burnetti can be transmitted to humans primarily through inhaling contaminated droplets released from infected animals or consumption of contaminated dairy products. Despite its zoonotic nature and the close association pastoralist communities have with their livestock, studies reporting simultaneous assessment of C. burnetti exposure and risk-factors among people and their livestock are scarce. Objective This study therefore estimated the seroprevalence of Q-fever and associated risk factors of exposure in people and their livestock. Materials and methods We conducted a cross-sectional study in pastoralist communities in Marsabit County in northern Kenya. A total of 1,074 women and 225 children were enrolled and provided blood samples for Q-fever testing. Additionally, 1,876 goats, 322 sheep and 189 camels from the same households were sampled. A structured questionnaire was administered to collect individual- and household/herd-level data. Indirect IgG ELISA kits were used to test the samples. Results Household-level seropositivity was 13.2% [95% CI: 11.2–15.3]; differences in seropositivity levels among women and children were statistically insignificant (p = 0.8531). Lactating women had higher odds of exposure, odds ratio (OR) = 2.4 [1.3–5.3], while the odds of exposure among children increased with age OR = 1.1 [1.0–1.1]. Herd-level seroprevalence was 83.7% [81.7–85.6]. Seropositivity among goats was 74.7% [72.7–76.7], while that among sheep and camels was 56.8% [51.2–62.3] and 38.6% [31.6–45.9], respectively. Goats and sheep had a higher risk of exposure OR = 5.4 [3.7–7.3] and 2.6 [1.8–3.4], respectively relative to camels. There was no statistically significant association between Q-fever seropositivity and nutrition status in women, p = 0.900 and children, p = 1.000. We found no significant association between exposure in people and their livestock at household level (p = 0.724) despite high animal exposure levels, suggesting that Q-fever exposure in humans may be occurring at a scale larger than households. Conclusion The one health approach used in this study revealed that Q-fever is endemic in this setting. Longitudinal studies of Q-fever burden and risk factors simultaneously assessed in human and animal populations as well as the socioeconomic impacts of the disease and further explore the role of environmental factors in Q-fever epidemiology are required. Such evidence may form the basis for designing Q-fever prevention and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josphat Muema
- Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya,Washington State University Global Health Program – Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya,Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Animal Health, Washington State University, USA,Corresponding author.
| | - Mutono Nyamai
- Washington State University Global Health Program – Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya,Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Animal Health, Washington State University, USA,Center for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Joseph Njuguna
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Christine Jost
- United States Agency for International Development's Bureau for Humanitarian Assistance (USAID/BHA), Washington, DC, USA,Global Health Support Initiative III, Social Solutions International, Washington DC, USA
| | - Julius Oyugi
- Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Zipporah Bukania
- Center for Public Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Harriet Oboge
- Washington State University Global Health Program – Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya,Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Animal Health, Washington State University, USA
| | - Brian Ogoti
- Washington State University Global Health Program – Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya,Center for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Anita Makori
- Washington State University Global Health Program – Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya,Center for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Sylvia Omulo
- Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya,Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Animal Health, Washington State University, USA,Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, USA
| | - S.M. Thumbi
- Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya,Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Animal Health, Washington State University, USA,Center for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya,Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, USA,South African Center for Epidemiological Modelling Analysis, South Africa,Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, UK
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12
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Siengsanan-Lamont J, Tum S, Kong L, Selleck PW, Gleeson LJ, Blacksell SD. Abattoir-based serological surveillance for transboundary and zoonotic diseases in cattle and swine in Cambodia: a pilot study in Phnom Penh province during 2019 and 2020. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:316. [PMID: 36149522 PMCID: PMC9508002 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03309-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
A pilot animal disease surveillance program was implemented at four abattoirs in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, between October 2019 and January 2020. A total of 1141 samples were collected from 477 cattle and 664 swine. Serological testing was performed using commercial antibody ELISA kits for zoonotic and high-impact animal diseases, namely brucellosis, Q fever, classical swine fever (CSF), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) and African swine fever (ASF). Only two samples tested positive for Brucella antibodies (0.2%, 95% CI 0.4-0.6, n = 1141). The seroprevalence of Q fever was 0.8% (95% CI 0.3-2.1, n = 477) in the cattle samples, while CSF, PRRS and ASF in pigs were 55.4% (95% CI 51.6-59.2, n = 655), 81.2% (95% CI 78.1-84.0, n = 655) and 2.6% (95% CI 1.6-4.1, n = 664), respectively. All 38 doubtful and 17 positive ASF antibody ELISA samples were negative when tested by real-time PCR. Univariate analyses demonstrated that the factor significantly associated with positive results of ASF was the abattoir location (p-value = 0.002). Based on logistic regression models, significant risk factors for CSF were province of origin (p-value = 1.7 × 10-6), abattoir (p-value = 3.6 × 10-11) and PRRS positivity (p-value = 0.004), and for PRRS were province of origin (p-value = 0.0004) and CSF positivity (p-value = 0.001). In conclusion, the seroprevalences of zoonotic diseases in this study were very low. The high prevalence of CSF and PRRS antibodies were most likely the result of vaccination. All ASF seropositive pigs, including those that gave equivocal results, originated from large-scale Cambodian-based commercial farms, as well as Thailand, which raises questions about possible illegal vaccination or low-pathogenicity ASF variants. The pilot abattoir serological surveillance program described here has the potential to provide a sentinel for incursions of novel and endemic pathogens, although further work is required to demonstrate its capacity to provide information on the longitudinal disease trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarunee Siengsanan-Lamont
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sothyra Tum
- National Animal Health and Production Research Institute, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Lida Kong
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- National Animal Health and Production Research Institute, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Paul W Selleck
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Laurence J Gleeson
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Stuart D Blacksell
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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13
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Park JM, Cho JH, Jun NS, Bang KI, Hong JW. Worker Protection Scenarios for General Analytical Testing Facility under Several Infection Propagation Risks: Scoping Review, Epidemiological Model and ISO 31000. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12001. [PMID: 36231305 PMCID: PMC9565149 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Infectious disease is a risk threating industrial operations and worker health. In gastrointestinal disease cases, outbreak is sporadic, and propagation is often terminated within certain populations, although cases in industrial sites are continuously reported. The ISO 31000 international standard for risk management, an epidemiological triad model, and a scoping review were the methods used to establish response procedures (scenarios) to protect workers from the risk of the propagation of a gastrointestinal disease. First, human reservoirs and transmission routes were identified as controllable risk sources based on a scoping review and the use of a triad model. Second, the possibility of fomite- or surface-mediated transmission appeared to be higher based on environmental characterization. Thus, the propagation could be suppressed using epidemiological measures categorized by reservoirs (workers) or transmission routes during a primary case occurrence. Next, using results of a matrix, a strengths-weaknesses-opportunities-threats analysis and a scoping review, the risk treatment option was determined as risk taking and sharing. According to epidemiology of gastrointestinal infections, systematic scenarios may ensure the efficacy of propagation control. Standardized procedures with practicality and applicability were established for categorized scenarios. This study converged ISO 31000 standards, an epidemiological model, and scoping review methods to construct a risk management scenario (non-pharmaceutical intervention) optimized for the unique characteristics of a specific occupational cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Myong Park
- Water Quality Research Institute, Waterworks Headquarters Incheon Metropolitan City, Incheon 21316, Korea
- Incheon Research Institute of Public Health and Environment, Incheon 22320, Korea
| | - Joong-Hee Cho
- Water Quality Research Institute, Waterworks Headquarters Incheon Metropolitan City, Incheon 21316, Korea
- Incheon Research Institute of Public Health and Environment, Incheon 22320, Korea
| | - Nam-Soo Jun
- Water Quality Research Institute, Waterworks Headquarters Incheon Metropolitan City, Incheon 21316, Korea
| | - Ki-In Bang
- Water Quality Research Institute, Waterworks Headquarters Incheon Metropolitan City, Incheon 21316, Korea
| | - Ji-Won Hong
- Department of Hydrogen and Renewable Energy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
- Advanced Bio-Resource Research Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
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14
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Cross AR, Roy S, Vivoli Vega M, Rejzek M, Nepogodiev SA, Cliff M, Salmon D, Isupov MN, Field RA, Prior JL, Harmer NJ. Spinning sugars in antigen biosynthesis: characterization of the Coxiella burnetii and Streptomyces griseus TDP-sugar epimerases. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101903. [PMID: 35398092 PMCID: PMC9095892 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The sugars streptose and dihydrohydroxystreptose (DHHS) are unique to the bacteria Streptomyces griseus and Coxiella burnetii, respectively. Streptose forms the central moiety of the antibiotic streptomycin, while DHHS is found in the O-antigen of the zoonotic pathogen C. burnetii. Biosynthesis of these sugars has been proposed to follow a similar path to that of TDP-rhamnose, catalyzed by the enzymes RmlA, RmlB, RmlC, and RmlD, but the exact mechanism is unclear. Streptose and DHHS biosynthesis unusually requires a ring contraction step that could be performed by orthologs of RmlC or RmlD. Genome sequencing of S. griseus and C. burnetii has identified StrM and CBU1838 proteins as RmlC orthologs in these respective species. Here, we demonstrate that both enzymes can perform the RmlC 3'',5'' double epimerization activity necessary to support TDP-rhamnose biosynthesis in vivo. This is consistent with the ring contraction step being performed on a double epimerized substrate. We further demonstrate that proton exchange is faster at the 3''-position than the 5''-position, in contrast to a previously studied ortholog. We additionally solved the crystal structures of CBU1838 and StrM in complex with TDP and show that they form an active site highly similar to those of the previously characterized enzymes RmlC, EvaD, and ChmJ. These results support the hypothesis that streptose and DHHS are biosynthesized using the TDP pathway and that an RmlD paralog most likely performs ring contraction following double epimerization. This work will support the elucidation of the full pathways for biosynthesis of these unique sugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice R Cross
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Sumita Roy
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Mirella Vivoli Vega
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Rejzek
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Sergey A Nepogodiev
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Cliff
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Debbie Salmon
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Michail N Isupov
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A Field
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich, United Kingdom; Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Joann L Prior
- Dstl, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J Harmer
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
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15
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Molecular detection of Coxiella burnetii in aborted bovine fetuses in Brazil. Acta Trop 2022; 227:106258. [PMID: 34826384 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, cases of Q fever have been reported in Brazil. Although the previous report of Coxiella burnetii in humans and animals, the knowledge about the occurrence of this pathogen in livestock in Brazil is scarce. This study aimed to search C. burnetii and possible coinfections in tissues of aborted bovine fetuses from Brazil. Tissue samples from seventy-six aborted bovine fetuses sent to the laboratory of molecular diagnosis of infectious diseases from 2013 to 2019 were evaluated by real-time PCR for C. burnetii. Overall, 9.2% (7/76) of the samples were positive for C. burnetii. Moreover, the molecular diagnostic history of our lab revealed the coinfection with Neospora spp. in three fetuses and the presence of histopathological features suggestive with fetal neosporosis in another one. The previous report of C. burnetii in humans and animals in the country, with the detection of C. burnetii from tissues of aborted bovine fetuses reported here, reinforces the neglected state of the disease in Brazil and raises the question of the role of the pathogen in reproductive disorders in national livestock.
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16
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Coxiella burnetii DNA in milk, milk products, and fermented dairy products. J Vet Res 2021; 65:441-447. [PMID: 35111997 PMCID: PMC8775727 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2021-0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Q fever in dairy cattle has been investigated in Latvia since 2012. In 2015, 10.7% of farms tested positive for the DNA of C. burnetii, its aetiological agent, in bulk tank milk. The presence of C. burnetii DNA and infectious bacteria in dairy products has been assessed in several countries, and because Latvian milk may contain them, parallel assessment in this country is recommended. Accordingly, the present study tested shop and farm retail dairy products from Latvia and included foreign products for comparison. Material and Methods Investigation was carried out of 187 samples of a diverse range of dairy products from 41 Latvian milk producers. Twenty-six comparable samples pooled from Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Poland and Spain were also included. The all-countries total number of fermented milk products was 160. Special attention was paid to products that could be more attractive to children because of their added chocolate, cacao, berry and fruit content. DNA was extracted and amplification of C. burnetii IS1111 was performed using a commercial PCR kit. Results Overall positivity was 60.56%. Domestic products were positive more often (60.96%) than foreign ones (57.69%). Only 26.67% of unpasteurised Latvian cow’s milk samples were positive whereas 76.47% of pasteurised equivalents and 63.13% of fermented milk products were. Sweetened and fruit-containing samples were 71.43% positive. Conclusion The shedding of C. burnetii via milk should be monitored and only milk from healthy animals allowed for sale for direct human consumption without pasteurisation. Raw milk quality and the effectiveness of industrial heat treatment and pasteurisation methods in Latvia and other countries should be carefully assessed to ensure adequate consumer health protection.
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17
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Otte J, Pica-Ciamarra U. Emerging infectious zoonotic diseases: The neglected role of food animals. One Health 2021; 13:100323. [PMID: 34522761 PMCID: PMC8426280 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper compares the relative frequency of zoonotic disease emergence associated with food animals versus emergence from other animal sources and explores differences in disease characteristics and drivers of emergence between the two sources. It draws on a published compilation of 202 Emerging Infectious Zoonotic Disease (EIZD) events for the period 1940–2004. Of the 202 zoonotic EID events in the dataset, 74 (36.6%) were associated with animals kept for food production, which acted as reservoir for the zoonotic pathogen in 64 events and as intermediate / amplifying host in 8 events. Significant differences exist both in the characteristics of the causal agents and the drivers of emergence of zoonotic diseases from food animals and non-food animals. However, the prevailing policy debate on prevention, detection and control of EIZDs largely focuses on diseases of non-food animal origin (wildlife), neglecting the role of food animals. Policies and investments that ensure appropriate veterinary public health measures along and within food animal value chains are essential to mitigate the global risk of EIZDs, particularly in developing regions where the livestock sector is experiencing rapid growth and structural transformation. Over 36% of emerging infectious zoonotic diseases (EIZDs) are associated with animals kept for food production. The prevailing policy debate on managing EIZDs largely focuses on diseases of non-food animal origin (wildlife) The causal agents and drivers of emergence of zoonotic diseases from food animals and non-food animals are significantly different. Policies that ensure appropriate veterinary public health measures are essential to mitigate the global risk of EIZDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Otte
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Italy
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18
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Zendoia II, Barandika JF, Hurtado A, López CM, Alonso E, Beraza X, Ocabo B, García-Pérez AL. Analysis of environmental dust in goat and sheep farms to assess Coxiella burnetii infection in a Q fever endemic area: Geographical distribution, relationship with human cases and genotypes. Zoonoses Public Health 2021; 68:666-676. [PMID: 34240552 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Real-time PCR analysis of environmental samples (dust and aerosols) is an easy tool to investigate the presence of Coxiella burnetii in the farm environment. The aim of this study was to assess the distribution of C. burnetii DNA in dust collected inside animal premises from 272 small ruminant farms in Bizkaia (northern Spain), a region with recent reports of human Q fever cases and outbreaks. Within each farm, 5 samples of dust were collected from difference surfaces, and data on animal census, management procedures, characteristics of the premises and geographic location were collected. Real-time PCR analysis of the dust samples detected presence of C. burnetii DNA in 98 farms (36.0%), flock-prevalence being higher in sheep (38.9%) or mixed ovine-caprine production systems (36.8%), compared to goats (25.0%). Larger bacterial burdens were observed in mixed farms, compared to sheep (p < .05). Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis identified 5 different genotypes, with SNP8 being the predominant genotype (73%), followed by SNP6 (11%), SNP2 (9%), SNP4 (5%) and SNP1 (2%). Proportion of farms where C. burnetii DNA was detected differed among the different agricultural counties, and a higher proportion of C. burnetii DNA positive farms was associated with the occurrence of recent human Q fever outbreaks at several geographical locations. Dust sampling in domestic ruminant farms coupled with real-time PCR to screen for the presence of C. burnetii and estimate bacterial load can be a useful tool to identify herds and regions with high prevalence, define priority actions and monitor the effect of control measures. If combined with molecular genotyping and spatial distribution maps, it can help to identify farm contamination sources and trace the origin of human outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ion I Zendoia
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain
| | - Jesús F Barandika
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain
| | - Ana Hurtado
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain
| | - Ceferino M López
- Department of Animal Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Eva Alonso
- Departamento de Salud del Gobierno Vasco, Subdirección de Salud Pública de Bizkaia, Unidad de Vigilancia Epidemiológica, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Xabier Beraza
- Departamento de Salud del Gobierno Vasco, Subdirección de Salud Pública de Bizkaia, Unidad de Vigilancia Epidemiológica, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Blanca Ocabo
- Departamento de Agricultura, Servicio de Ganadería, Diputación Foral de Bizkaia, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Ana L García-Pérez
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain
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19
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Flock Management Risk Factors Associated with Q Fever Infection in Sheep in Saudi Arabia. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11071948. [PMID: 34208803 PMCID: PMC8300262 DOI: 10.3390/ani11071948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Q fever is a zoonotic disease caused by Coxiella burnetii (C. burnetii), an intracellular, Gram-negative bacterium that infects humans and domestic ruminants. Information on flock management factors associated with Q fever seropositivity in Saudi Arabia is very scarce. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify the animal and flock management factors associated with Q fever seropositivity. For the assessment of risk factors, a case-control study was carried out. Cases (n = 25) were flocks that had recent abortions within the previous two weeks and were PCR positive for C. burnetii. Control flocks (n = 25) had no history of recent abortion and were PCR negative for C. burnetii. A questionnaire was developed to collect information about the flock management risk factors possibly associated with Q fever exposure in sheep. A total of 2437 sheep serum samples, collected from infected (n = 1610, 10-150 samples/flock) and non-infected (n = 827, 10-65 samples/flock) flocks, were tested for C. burnetii antibodies using a commercial ELISA kit between May 2018 and April 2019. In addition, 521 samples, including 50 aborted materials, 173 vaginal swabs, 134 faecal, and 164 milk samples, were collected for PCR testing. Infected flocks were 100% seropositive (within-flock seroprevalence ranging between 13.8% and 60%) and 100% PCR positive (with animal shedders of C. burnetii through aborted materials and/or vaginal fluids, feces, and milk). However, in non-infected control flocks, 28% were seropositive (within-flock seroprevalence ranging between 6.7% and 20%) and none had C. burnetii shedders. Epidemiological data were analyzed using mixed-effect logistic regression with a random effect for the flock. The results identified three protective factors: flocks with a lambing pen (odds ratio (OR): 0.46; 95% CI: 0.28-0.76), change bedding after removing aborted materials (OR: 0.42; 95% CI: 0.23-0.76), and flocks that isolated aborted ewes (OR: 0.41; 95% CI: 0.25-0.67), as well as two risk factors: flocks infested with ticks (OR: 2.78; 95% CI: 1.65-4.70) and flocks with a history of Q fever (OR: 3.03; 95% CI: 1.42-6.50). These results could be used to improve sheep flock biosecurity measures to prevent the introduction and reduce exposure of sheep and humans to Q fever infection.
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Espí A, del Cerro A, Oleaga Á, Rodríguez-Pérez M, López CM, Hurtado A, Rodríguez-Martínez LD, Barandika JF, García-Pérez AL. One Health Approach: An Overview of Q Fever in Livestock, Wildlife and Humans in Asturias (Northwestern Spain). ANIMALS : AN OPEN ACCESS JOURNAL FROM MDPI 2021; 11:ani11051395. [PMID: 34068431 PMCID: PMC8153578 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the seroprevalence of C. burnetii in domestic ruminants, wild ungulates, as well as the current situation of Q fever in humans in a small region in northwestern Spain where a close contact at the wildlife-livestock-human interface exists, and information on C. burnetii infection is scarce. Seroprevalence of C. burnetii was 8.4% in sheep, 18.4% in cattle, and 24.4% in goats. Real-time PCR analysis of environmental samples collected in 25 livestock farms detected Coxiella DNA in dust and/or aerosols collected in 20 of them. Analysis of sera from 327 wild ungulates revealed lower seroprevalence than that found in domestic ruminants, with 8.4% of Iberian red deer, 7.3% chamois, 6.9% fallow deer, 5.5% European wild boar and 3.5% of roe deer harboring antibodies to C. burnetii. Exposure to the pathogen in humans was determined by IFAT analysis of 1312 blood samples collected from patients admitted at healthcare centers with Q fever compatible symptoms, such as fever and/or pneumonia. Results showed that 15.9% of the patients had IFAT titers ≥ 1/128 suggestive of probable acute infection. This study is an example of a One Health approach with medical and veterinary institutions involved in investigating zoonotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Espí
- Department of Animal Health, Regional Service for Agrofood Research and Development (SERIDA), 33394 Gijón, Spain;
- Translational Microbiology Consolidated Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (Health Research Institute of Asturias, ISPA), Av. del Hospital Universitario, s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (Á.O.); (M.R.-P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-653372118
| | - Ana del Cerro
- Department of Animal Health, Regional Service for Agrofood Research and Development (SERIDA), 33394 Gijón, Spain;
- Translational Microbiology Consolidated Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (Health Research Institute of Asturias, ISPA), Av. del Hospital Universitario, s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (Á.O.); (M.R.-P.)
| | - Álvaro Oleaga
- Translational Microbiology Consolidated Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (Health Research Institute of Asturias, ISPA), Av. del Hospital Universitario, s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (Á.O.); (M.R.-P.)
- SERPA—Sociedad de Servicios del Principado de Asturias S.A., 33202 Gijón, Spain
| | - Mercedes Rodríguez-Pérez
- Translational Microbiology Consolidated Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (Health Research Institute of Asturias, ISPA), Av. del Hospital Universitario, s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (Á.O.); (M.R.-P.)
- Department of Microbiology, Central Hospital of Asturias (HUCA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ceferino M. López
- Department of Animal Pathology, Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27071 Lugo, Spain;
| | - Ana Hurtado
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160 Derio, Spain; (A.H.); (J.F.B.); (A.L.G.-P.)
| | | | - Jesús F. Barandika
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160 Derio, Spain; (A.H.); (J.F.B.); (A.L.G.-P.)
| | - Ana L. García-Pérez
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160 Derio, Spain; (A.H.); (J.F.B.); (A.L.G.-P.)
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Nayfach S, Roux S, Seshadri R, Udwary D, Varghese N, Schulz F, Wu D, Paez-Espino D, Chen IM, Huntemann M, Palaniappan K, Ladau J, Mukherjee S, Reddy TBK, Nielsen T, Kirton E, Faria JP, Edirisinghe JN, Henry CS, Jungbluth SP, Chivian D, Dehal P, Wood-Charlson EM, Arkin AP, Tringe SG, Visel A, Woyke T, Mouncey NJ, Ivanova NN, Kyrpides NC, Eloe-Fadrosh EA. A genomic catalog of Earth's microbiomes. Nat Biotechnol 2021; 39:499-509. [PMID: 33169036 PMCID: PMC8041624 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-020-0718-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 114.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The reconstruction of bacterial and archaeal genomes from shotgun metagenomes has enabled insights into the ecology and evolution of environmental and host-associated microbiomes. Here we applied this approach to >10,000 metagenomes collected from diverse habitats covering all of Earth's continents and oceans, including metagenomes from human and animal hosts, engineered environments, and natural and agricultural soils, to capture extant microbial, metabolic and functional potential. This comprehensive catalog includes 52,515 metagenome-assembled genomes representing 12,556 novel candidate species-level operational taxonomic units spanning 135 phyla. The catalog expands the known phylogenetic diversity of bacteria and archaea by 44% and is broadly available for streamlined comparative analyses, interactive exploration, metabolic modeling and bulk download. We demonstrate the utility of this collection for understanding secondary-metabolite biosynthetic potential and for resolving thousands of new host linkages to uncultivated viruses. This resource underscores the value of genome-centric approaches for revealing genomic properties of uncultivated microorganisms that affect ecosystem processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon Roux
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Dongying Wu
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - I-Min Chen
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - T B K Reddy
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sean P Jungbluth
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Dylan Chivian
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Paramvir Dehal
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Adam P Arkin
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Axel Visel
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Tanja Woyke
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Coxiella burnetii Shedding in Milk and Molecular Typing of Strains Infecting Dairy Cows in Greece. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10030287. [PMID: 33802264 PMCID: PMC7998660 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ruminants are considered the commonest animal reservoir for human infection of Coxiella burnetii, the Q fever causative agent. Considering the recently described importance of human Q fever in Greece, we aimed at providing the first comprehensive direct evidence of C. burnetii in dairy cows in Greece, including the genetic characterization of strains. The 462 examined dairy farms represented all geographical areas of Greece. One bulk tank milk sample was collected from every farm and tested for the presence of C. burnetii. Molecular genotyping of strains, performed directly on samples, revealed the existence of two separate clades characterized by single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotypes of type 1 and type 2. The two clades were clearly distinguished in multiple locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) by two discriminative loci: MS30 and MS28. Whereas MLVA profiles of SNP-type 2 clade were closely related to strains described in other European cattle populations, the MLVA profile observed within the SNP type 1 clade highlighted a peculiar genetic signature for Greece, related to genotypes found in sheep and goats in Europe. The shedding of C. burnetii bearing this genotype might have yet undefined human epidemiological consequences. Surveillance of the genetic distribution of C. burnetii from different sources is needed to fully understand the epidemiology of Q fever in Greece.
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Certification Labels in Shaping Perception of Food Quality—Insights from Polish and Belgian Urban Consumers. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13020702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Food quality is considered to be one of the most important determinants of food choice. Given the variety of food products and the overflow of information in the market, certification labels are intended to encourage consumers to select healthier and more sustainable product options. This study focuses on how urban consumers from Poland and Belgium perceive food quality and whether certification labels shape their views on it. Research material was collected using quantitative (Paper and Pencil Interviews (PAPI)) and qualitative (focus groups (FGs)) methods. The survey was conducted among people visiting sustainable food fairs, on a sample of 701 adults in the cities of Warsaw, Brussels and Ghent. This study confirms that consumers are interested in food quality when choosing food, but their perception varies depending on the place of residence and other socio-demographic characteristics (age, income, education, household structure). Certificates were important for consumers if their message clearly signals exceptional quality and is consistent with awareness of sustainability challenges. Consumers from Belgium (a country with a long-established market economy) reveal deeper knowledge and a more favourable approach to certification labels than Poles. The role of labelling in shaping consumers’ perceptions of food quality depends on their awareness, experience and understanding of sustainability issues. This, in turn, is determined by the cultural environment of consumers, which in the case of our study was the country of residence.
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Abbass H, Selim SAK, Sobhy MM, El-Mokhtar MA, Elhariri M, Abd-Elhafeez HH. High prevalence of Coxiella burnetii infection in humans and livestock in Assiut, Egypt: A serological and molecular survey. Vet World 2020; 13:2578-2586. [PMID: 33487974 PMCID: PMC7811535 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.2578-2586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Q fever is considered a neglected zoonotic disease and is caused by Coxiella burnetii. Very little information is available on C. burnetii infections in cattle, sheep, and goat populations in Egypt. The aim of this study was to identify the seroprevalence of C. burnetii in humans and livestock and to test for the presence of C. burnetii DNA in sera from seropositive animals and humans. MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood samples were collected from 160 apparently healthy farm animals and 120 patients from three hospitals of the Assiut Governorate throughout 2017/2018. These populations were tested for antibodies against C. burnetii phase II antigen by immunofluorescence assay [IFA] and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Seropositive samples were subjected to real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). RESULTS The results of the IFA revealed C. burnetii seroprevalence rates of 45.3%, 56.0%, 45.7%, and 53.3% in cattle, sheep, goats, and humans, respectively. In humans, the seroprevalence rates were 52.1%, 30.4%, 37.5%, 74.1%, and 62.5% in patients with fever of unknown origin, influenza, kidney dialysis, hepatitis C virus, and hepatitis B virus, respectively. Likewise, by ELISA, the seroprevalence in bovine was 50.7%; sheep, 60.0%; goats, 51.4%; and humans, 55.0% (54.3%, 30.4%, 37.5%, 77.8%, and 62.5% in patients with fever of unknown origin, influenza, kidney dialysis, hepatitis C virus, and hepatitis B virus, respectively). RT-qPCR targeting the repetitive element IS1111 confirmed the presence of C. burnetii DNA. CONCLUSION These results proved that apparently healthy cattle, sheep, and goats may be very important reservoirs of C. burnetii infection. In light of these data, the effect of Q fever on the replication of hepatitis virus remains unclear. Although hepatitis is one of the main aspects of acute Q fever, the influence of hepatitis on Q fever remains to be investigated. Q fever is not a reportable disease in Egypt, and clinical cases may rarely be recognized by the health-care system. Additional information on the epidemiology of C. burnetii in Egypt is warranted, including other associated problems such as the distribution of infections, pathologic hallmarks, and molecular typing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hypy Abbass
- Department of Microbiology, Microbiologist at South Egypt Cancer Institute of Assiut University. Egypt
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | | | - Mona M Sobhy
- Department of Reproductive Diseases, Animal Reproduction Research Institute, Animal Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A El-Mokhtar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Elhariri
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hanan H Abd-Elhafeez
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Egypt
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Post PM, Hogerwerf L, Bokkers EAM, Baumann B, Fischer P, Rutledge-Jonker S, Hilderink H, Hollander A, Hoogsteen MJJ, Liebman A, Mangen MJJ, Manuel HJ, Mughini-Gras L, van Poll R, Posthuma L, van Pul A, Rutgers M, Schmitt H, van Steenbergen J, Sterk HAM, Verschoor A, de Vries W, Wallace RG, Wichink Kruit R, Lebret E, de Boer IJM. Effects of Dutch livestock production on human health and the environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 737:139702. [PMID: 32531510 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Observed multiple adverse effects of livestock production have led to increasing calls for more sustainable livestock production. Quantitative analysis of adverse effects, which can guide public debate and policy development in this area, is limited and generally scattered across environmental, human health, and other science domains. The aim of this study was to bring together and, where possible, quantify and aggregate the effects of national-scale livestock production on 17 impact categories, ranging from impacts of particulate matter, emerging infectious diseases and odor annoyance to airborne nitrogen deposition on terrestrial nature areas and greenhouse gas emissions. Effects were estimated and scaled to total Dutch livestock production, with system boundaries including feed production, manure management and transport, but excluding slaughtering, retail and consumption. Effects were expressed using eight indicators that directly express Impact in the sense of the Drivers-Pressures-State-Impact-Response framework, while the remaining 14 express Pressures or States. Results show that livestock production may contribute both positively and negatively to human health with a human disease burden (expressed in disability-adjusted life years) of up to 4% for three different health effects: those related to particulate matter, zoonoses, and occupational accidents. The contribution to environmental impact ranges from 2% for consumptive water use in the Netherlands to 95% for phosphorus transfer to soils, and extends beyond Dutch borders. While some aggregation across impact categories was possible, notably for burden of disease estimates, further aggregation of disparate indicators would require normative value judgement. Despite difficulty of aggregation, the assessment shows that impacts receive a different contribution of different animal sectors. While some of our results are country-specific, the overall approach is generic and can be adapted and tuned according to specific contexts and information needs in other regions, to allow informed decision making across a broad range of impact categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pim M Post
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Institute of Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Division Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80178, 3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Lenny Hogerwerf
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Eddie A M Bokkers
- Animal Production Systems group, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bert Baumann
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Paul Fischer
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Susanna Rutledge-Jonker
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Henk Hilderink
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Anne Hollander
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Martine J J Hoogsteen
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Alex Liebman
- Department of Geography, Rutgers University, 54 Joyce Kilmer Avenue, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8045, USA; Agroecology and Rural Economics Research Corps, St Paul, USA
| | - Marie-Josée J Mangen
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Henk Jan Manuel
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Lapo Mughini-Gras
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Institute of Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Division Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80178, 3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ric van Poll
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Leo Posthuma
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Department of Environmental Science, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010 (mailbox no 89), 6500 GL Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Addo van Pul
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Michiel Rutgers
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Heike Schmitt
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Jim van Steenbergen
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Hendrika A M Sterk
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Anja Verschoor
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Wilco de Vries
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Robert G Wallace
- Agroecology and Rural Economics Research Corps, St Paul, USA; Institute for Global Studies, University of Minnesota, 267 19th Ave S, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Roy Wichink Kruit
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Erik Lebret
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Institute of Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Division Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80178, 3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Imke J M de Boer
- Animal Production Systems group, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Clark NJ, Tozer S, Wood C, Firestone SM, Stevenson M, Caraguel C, Chaber AL, Heller J, Soares Magalhães RJ. Unravelling animal exposure profiles of human Q fever cases in Queensland, Australia, using natural language processing. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:2133-2145. [PMID: 32259390 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Q fever, caused by the zoonotic bacterium Coxiella burnetii, is a globally distributed emerging infectious disease. Livestock are the most important zoonotic transmission sources, yet infection in people without livestock exposure is common. Identifying potential exposure pathways is necessary to design effective interventions and aid outbreak prevention. We used natural language processing and graphical network methods to provide insights into how Q fever notifications are associated with variation in patient occupations or lifestyles. Using an 18-year time-series of Q fever notifications in Queensland, Australia, we used topic models to test whether compositions of patient answers to follow-up exposure questionnaires varied between demographic groups or across geographical areas. To determine heterogeneity in possible zoonotic exposures, we explored patterns of livestock and game animal co-exposures using Markov Random Fields models. Finally, to identify possible correlates of Q fever case severity, we modelled patient probabilities of being hospitalized as a function of particular exposures. Different demographic groups consistently reported distinct sets of exposure terms and were concentrated in different areas of the state, suggesting the presence of multiple transmission pathways. Macropod exposure was commonly reported among Q fever cases, even when exposure to cattle, sheep or goats was absent. Males, older patients and those that reported macropod exposure were more likely to be hospitalized due to Q fever infection. Our study indicates that follow-up surveillance combined with text modelling is useful for unravelling exposure pathways in the battle to reduce Q fever incidence and associated morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Clark
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Qld, Australia
| | - Sarah Tozer
- Queensland Centre for Gynaecological Cancer, The University of Queensland, Qld, Australia
| | - Caitlin Wood
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Qld, Australia
| | - Simon M Firestone
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Mark Stevenson
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Charles Caraguel
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Anne-Lise Chaber
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jane Heller
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Ricardo J Soares Magalhães
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Qld, Australia
- Children's Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Qld, Australia
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Leahy E, Shome R, Deka RP, Sahay S, Grace D, Mazeri S, Lindahl JF. Risk factors for Brucella spp. and Coxiella burnetii infection among small ruminants in Eastern India. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2020; 10:1783091. [PMID: 32944161 PMCID: PMC7480416 DOI: 10.1080/20008686.2020.1783091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Small ruminants are the main reservoirs for brucellosis and coxiellosis, two zoonotic diseases affecting livestock production, and posing a public health threat in India. Understanding disease prevalence and risk factors associated with small ruminant infection can help mitigate disease transmission. We report a cross-sectional survey in the states of Assam and Odisha in Eastern India. We interviewed 244 farmers to assess knowledge, attitude and practices relevant to brucellosis and coxiellosis infection. Serum samples from 411 goats and 21 sheep were analysed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Rose-Bengal Brucella agglutination plate test. Higher Brucella and Coxiella burnetii seroprevalence were found in Odisha (22% and 11.5%, respectively) than Assam (9.8% and 1.6%, respectively), and certain districts in Odisha were at higher risk. No association was found between seropositive animals and clinical signs, a challenge when attempting to identify seropositive animals in the herd. None of the farmers interviewed were aware of brucellosis, its aetiology, clinical form, or zoonotic risk. This study acts as a first indication of the extent of these diseases among small ruminants in these Indian states, highlighting how farming practices are associated with increased risk of infection. More research is urgently needed to mitigate zoonoses transmission in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eithne Leahy
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Rajeswari Shome
- Department ofAgricultural Research, ICAR- National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Bengaluru, India
| | - Ram Pratim Deka
- Department of Agricultural Research, International Livestock Research Institute, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Swati Sahay
- Department ofAgricultural Research, ICAR- National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Bengaluru, India
| | - Delia Grace
- Department ofAgricultural Research, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Stella Mazeri
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Johanna F Lindahl
- International Livestock Research Institute, Southeast Asia Regional Office, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Zoonosis Science Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Cabrera Orrego R, Ríos-Osorio LA, Keynan Y, Rueda ZV, Gutiérrez LA. Molecular detection of Coxiella burnetii in livestock farmers and cattle from Magdalena Medio in Antioquia, Colombia. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234360. [PMID: 32520958 PMCID: PMC7286501 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii causes Q fever in humans and coxiellosis in animals. In humans, it causes acute febrile illnesses like influenza, pneumonia, hepatitis, and chronic illnesses such as endocarditis, vascular infection, and post-infectious fatigue syndrome. It is widely distributed worldwide, and its main reservoirs are sheep, goats, and cattle. This study aimed to determine the frequency of C. burnetii infection using molecular detection and to identify the associated factors in livestock farmers and cattle from the Magdalena Medio region of Antioquia, Colombia. Using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), molecular detection was performed for the IS1111 insertion sequence of C. burnetii using genomic DNA collected from the peripheral blood of 143 livestock farmers and 192 cattle from 24 farms located in Puerto Berrío, Puerto Nare, and Puerto Triunfo. To confirm the results, bidirectional amplicon sequencing of 16S rRNA was performed in four of the positive samples. Additionally, factors associated with C. burnetii were identified using a Poisson regression with cluster effect adjustment. Real-time PCR showed positive results in 25.9% and 19.5% of livestock farmer samples and cattle samples, respectively. For livestock farmers, factors associated with C. burnetii were the area where the farm was located [Puerto Berrío, adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR): 2.13, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.10-4.11], presence of hens (aPR: 1.47, 95% CI: 1.21-1.79), horses (aPR: 1.61, 95% CI: 1.54-1.67), and ticks (aPR: 2.36, 95% CI: 1.03-5.42) in the residence, and consumption of raw milk (aPR: 1.47, 95% CI: 1.26-1.72). For cattle, the factors associated with Coxiella genus were municipality (Puerto Nare; aPR: 0.39, 95% CI: 0.37-0.41) and time of residence on the farm (≥49 months; aPR: 2.28, 95% CI: 1.03-5.20). By analyzing sequences of the 16S rRNA molecular marker, C. burnetii infection was confirmed in livestock farmers. However, in cattle, only the presence of Coxiella-type bacteria was identified. Further research is necessary to determine the potential role that these types of bacteria have as etiological agents for disease in livestock farmers and cattle from the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Cabrera Orrego
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Grupo Biología de Sistemas, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Leonardo Alberto Ríos-Osorio
- Escuela de Microbiología, Grupo de Investigación en Microbiología Veterinaria, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Yoav Keynan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases and Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Zulma Vanessa Rueda
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Grupo de Investigación en Salud Pública, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Lina Andrea Gutiérrez
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Grupo Biología de Sistemas, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
- * E-mail:
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Cruz R, Santos C, Esteves F, Ferreira AS, Vasconcelos-Nóbrega C, Mega C, Albuquerque C, Teixeira-de-Lemos E, Coelho AC, Vala H, Mesquita JR. Occupationally Acquired Q Fever in Shepherds and Sheep Milk Cheesemakers. ECOHEALTH 2020; 17:255-257. [PMID: 32651733 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-020-01483-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Q fever is a zoonosis caused by Coxiella burnetii, and transmission to humans is often associated with contact with ovine and caprine livestock. Those exposed to sheep are particularly at high risk of infection. Recent studies show that Q fever is increasing in sheep farms in Portugal raising alerts on spillover to humans. We detected anti-C. burnetii IgG in shepherds and sheep milk cheesemakers (27 [28.1%] in a total of 96; 95% confidence interval [CI] 19.4-38.2%) and in controls (21 [8.1%] in a total of 260; 95% CI 5.1-12.1%), pointing to an increased risk of C. burnetii infection (P = 0.0001), with an odds ratio for anti-C. burnetii of 4.45 (95% CI 2.4-8.4%; P = 0.0001), in individuals with occupational contact with sheep in Portugal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Cruz
- Centre for Studies in Education and Health Technologies (CI&DETS), Agrarian School of Viseu, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, 3500-606, Viseu, Portugal
| | - Carla Santos
- Centre for Studies in Education and Health Technologies (CI&DETS), Agrarian School of Viseu, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, 3500-606, Viseu, Portugal
| | - Fernando Esteves
- Centre for Studies in Education and Health Technologies (CI&DETS), Agrarian School of Viseu, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, 3500-606, Viseu, Portugal
| | - Ana Sofia Ferreira
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Oporto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carmen Vasconcelos-Nóbrega
- Centre for Studies in Education and Health Technologies (CI&DETS), Agrarian School of Viseu, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, 3500-606, Viseu, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Cristina Mega
- Centre for Studies in Education and Health Technologies (CI&DETS), Agrarian School of Viseu, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, 3500-606, Viseu, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Carlos Albuquerque
- Health Superior School, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, UNICISA-E, CIEC, CI&DEI, Viseu, Portugal
| | - Edite Teixeira-de-Lemos
- Centre for Studies in Education and Health Technologies (CI&DETS), Agrarian School of Viseu, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, 3500-606, Viseu, Portugal
| | - Ana Cláudia Coelho
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Helena Vala
- Centre for Studies in Education and Health Technologies (CI&DETS), Agrarian School of Viseu, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, 3500-606, Viseu, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - João Rodrigo Mesquita
- Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
- Abel Salazar Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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Asamoah JKK, Jin Z, Sun GQ, Li MY. A Deterministic Model for Q Fever Transmission Dynamics within Dairy Cattle Herds: Using Sensitivity Analysis and Optimal Controls. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2020; 2020:6820608. [PMID: 32089730 PMCID: PMC7013282 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6820608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a differential equation model which describes a possible transmission route for Q fever dynamics in cattle herds. The model seeks to ascertain epidemiological and theoretical inferences in understanding how to avert an outbreak of Q fever in dairy cattle herds (livestock). To prove the stability of the model's equilibria, we use a matrix-theoretic method and a Lyapunov function which establishes the local and global asymptotic behaviour of the model. We introduce time-dependent vaccination, environmental hygiene, and culling and then solve for optimal strategies. The optimal control strategies are necessary management practices that may increase animal health in a Coxiella burnetii-induced environment and may also reduce the transmission of the disease from livestock into the human population. The sensitivity analysis presents the relative importance of the various generic parameters in the model. We hope that the description of the results and the optimality trajectories provides some guidelines for animal owners and veterinary officers on how to effectively minimize the bacteria and control cost before/during an outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhen Jin
- Complex Systems Research Center, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Gui-Quan Sun
- Complex Systems Research Center, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Michael Y. Li
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G1, Canada
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Lappin MR, Tasker S, Roura X. Role of vector-borne pathogens in the development of fever in cats: 1. Flea-associated diseases. J Feline Med Surg 2020; 22:31-39. [PMID: 31916873 PMCID: PMC11135721 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x19895941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE There has been increasing identification of vector-borne pathogens in cats presented to veterinary clinics around the world for evaluation of fever and the associated secondary effects, such as signs of depression and loss of appetite. AIM The aim of this article is to summarize the clinically relevant information concerning fever in cats that is associated with pathogens known or suspected to be vectored by fleas, with an emphasis on presenting clinical abnormalities and optimal diagnostic, treatment and prevention strategies. Fever in cats that is associated with pathogens vectored by ticks or sandflies is discussed in Part 2 of this article series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Lappin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Séverine Tasker
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK
- The Linnaeus Group, Shirley B90 4BN, UK
| | - Xavier Roura
- Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
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Lafi SQ, Talafha AQ, Abu-Dalbouh MA, Hailat RS, Khalifeh MS. Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) in goats and sheep in northern Jordan. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019; 52:1553-1559. [PMID: 31820305 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-02153-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This cross-sectional study aimed to study animal, farm, and within-farm seroprevalence of C. burnetii and to identify associated risk factors in goat and sheep farm in northern Jordan. Questionnaire was developed to collect information about risk factors and farms management practices. Blood samples from 730, ≥ 1-year-old females (goat n = 250; sheep n = 480) were randomly collected from 20 goat herds and 40 sheep flocks. IDEXX ELISA Kit was used to detect C. burnetii antibodies. The overall goat and sheep seroprevalence level was 32.5% (237/730) and was significantly higher in goats (43.3%, 108/250; 95% CI 37-49.6) than sheep (27%, 129/480; 95% CI 29.1-36.2) (χ2 test, p ≤ 0.001). Eighty percent (16/20) of goat herds and 60% (24/40) of sheep flocks had at least one seropositive animal (p ≥ 0.05). The average within goat herds and sheep flock seroprevalence were 36.4% (ranged: 0-91%) and 23.4% (ranged: 0-82%), respectively. Multivariate logistic regression model revealed that seroprevalence increased 1.79 times in goat herds compared with sheep flocks, 3.2 times more in farms containing ≥ 100 animals, and 1.7 times higher in farms with their animals that were ≥ 2 years of age than in farms with their animals that are < 2 years of age. In addition, seroprevalence significantly increased 1.52 times in farms loaning bucks or rams during breeding season and 1.63 times in farms containing cats on premises (p ≤ 0.05). Farm biosecurity measures are essential to prevent introduction and minimize transmission of C. burnetii infection to humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawkat Q Lafi
- Department of Animal Pathology and Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.
| | - Abdelsalam Q Talafha
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | | | - Raed S Hailat
- School of public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mohammad S Khalifeh
- Department of Basic Medical Veterinary Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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Australian beef industry worker's knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding Q fever: A pilot study. Vaccine 2019; 37:6336-6341. [PMID: 31526617 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Q fever is a vaccine-preventable zoonotic infection with potentially severe health outcomes and high economic costs that affects agricultural workers, including beef and cattle industry workers, however this population historically have sub-optimal vaccine uptake. OBJECTIVE To gather quantitative and qualitative pilot data from Australian beef industry workers on their knowledge, attitudes and practices around Q fever and Q fever vaccination. METHODS A mixed methods approach was used to ascertain the Q fever disease risk perception and vaccination behavior of a purposive convenience sample of beef industry workers attending an industry expo in Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia between May 7th and 9th, 2018. RESULTS The quantitative survey response rate was 83% (n = 86). More than 70% of respondents reported exposure to known Q fever risk factors. Eighty six percent were aware of Q fever, the self-reported uptake of Q fever vaccine was 27% and 9% reported undertaking testing which showed evidence of previous infection. Five main themes emerged from the qualitative data: "Finding the time" among other life priorities to attend a doctor for a vaccine; "Employer responsibility" to provide the vaccine; "My doctor knows me" and could suggest Q fever vaccination; "Assigning Risk" across a range of attitudes, including thinking it would not happen to them, 'fatalism', and knowing the danger but taking the risk anyway; and "The Need for Outreach" vaccine delivery services in their communities. SIGNIFICANCE These data suggest that a coordinated public health approach to testing and vaccine provision, coupled with an awareness campaign among regional doctors to prompt them to routinely ask patients about their Q fever risk and vaccination history, should form part of a broad approach to Q fever control and prevention.
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Zanatto DCDS, Duarte JMB, Labruna MB, Tasso JB, Calchi AC, Machado RZ, André MR. Evidence of exposure to Coxiella burnetii in neotropical free-living cervids in South America. Acta Trop 2019; 197:105037. [PMID: 31128095 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii (order Legionellales, family Coxiellaceae), the etiological agent of Q fever, is a pleomorphic, obligate Gram-negative intracellular bacillococcus that can infect humans and animals. Among the mammals hosting this agent, both domestic and wild ruminants are of particular economic and public health importance. Ticks and other hematophagous arthropods or aerosols are incriminated in the transmission between reservoirs and susceptible hosts. This study used serological and molecular methods to investigate the C. burnetii occurrence in blood samples from free-living deer (143 Blastocerus dichotomus, 27 Mazama gouazoubira, 4 M. bororo, 3 M. americana, and 11 Ozotocerus bezoarticus) sampled in Mato-Grosso do Sul, São Paulo, Goiás and Paraná states in Brazil. The DNA extracted from the blood samples of 188 cervids was submitted to nested (n) PCR for C. burnetii based on the IS1111 repetitive insertion element of the heat shock protein (htpAB) gene. Additionally, 169 serum samples were submitted to Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay (IFAT) to detect Ig antibodies to C. burnetii. The nPCR results indicated that all blood samples were negative, evidencing the absence of circulating C. burnetii DNA in cervids from the studied regions or, alternatively, the C. burnetii DNA concentration in the deer blood samples was below the threshold of the used PCR technique. On the other hand, 5.32% (9/169) of deer were seropositive for C. burnetii by IFAT, with titers ranging from 256 and 16,384. In conclusion, the present work showed the first evidence of exposure of free-living deer to C. burnetii in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Carlos de Souza Zanatto
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Microbiologia Agropecuária, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Bahia Labruna
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Júlia Banhareli Tasso
- Departamento de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Cláudia Calchi
- Departamento de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosangela Zacarias Machado
- Departamento de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos Rogério André
- Departamento de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Akhvlediani T, Chitadze N, Chlikadze R, Rostiashvili N, Betashvili M, Imnadze P, Rivard RG, Nikolich MP, Washington MA, Bautista CT. Multivariate relationships between epidemiologic risk factors and zoonotic infections among military personnel in the country of Georgia: A non-linear canonical correlation analysis. Zoonoses Public Health 2019; 66:835-841. [PMID: 31338987 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Zoonotic diseases are endemic in the country of Georgia. Using the non-linear canonical correlation (NCC) method, the aim of this study was to examine the relationship between thirteen epidemiological risk factors and seropositivity to five zoonotic infections (anthrax, Q fever, tularemia, leptospirosis, and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever [CCHF]) among Georgian military recruits during 2014-2016. According to this multivariate statistical technique, which is suitable for the analysis of two or more sets of qualitative variables simultaneously, two canonical variables were identified. These variables accounted for 68% of the variation between the two sets of categorical variables ("risk factors" and "zoonotic infections"). For the first canonical variable, there was a relationship among CCHF (canonical loading, which is interpreted in the same way as the Pearson's correlation coefficient, [cl] = 0.715), tick bites (cl = 0.418) and slaughter of animals (cl = 0.351). As for the second canonical variable, Q fever (cl = -0.604) and leptospirosis (cl = -0.486) were related to rodents inside and outside home (cl = -0.346) and sweeping in or around home (cl = -0.317). The NCC method allows researchers to obtain additional insights into the complex relationship between epidemiological risk factors and multiple zoonotic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nazibrola Chitadze
- The National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia.,I. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Rusudan Chlikadze
- The National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Nino Rostiashvili
- The Military Hospital of the Ministry of Defense of Georgia, Gori, Georgia
| | - Medea Betashvili
- Medical Department, Ministry of Defense of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Paata Imnadze
- The National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia.,I. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Robert G Rivard
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Mikeljon P Nikolich
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael A Washington
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, New York, NY, USA
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Zanatto DCS, Gatto IRH, Labruna MB, Jusi MMG, Samara SI, Machado RZ, André MR. Coxiella burnetii associated with BVDV (Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus), BoHV (Bovine Herpesvirus), Leptospira spp., Neospora caninum, Toxoplasma gondii and Trypanosoma vivax in reproductive disorders in cattle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 28:245-257. [PMID: 31215610 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612019032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This is a cross-sectional study to assess the presence of antibodies in ruminants against selected pathogens associated with reproductive disorders in cattle in four Brazilian states, including the zoonotic agent Coxiella burnetii. The used tests were Virus Neutralization Assay for IBR and BVD, Microscopic Agglutination Test for Leptospira spp., Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test (IFAT) for C. burnetii and Toxoplasma gondii, and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Neospora caninum and Trypanosoma vivax. Seropositivity for C. burnetii was 13.7% with titers from 128 to 131,072; 57.8% for BoHV-1, with titers between 2 and 1,024; 47.1% for BVDV-1a, with titers from 10 to 5,120; 89.2% for N. caninum; 50% for T. vivax; and 52.0% for Leptospira spp., with titers between 100 to 800 (the following serovars were found: Tarassovi, Grippotyphosa, Canicola, Copenhageni, Wolffi, Hardjo, Pomona and Icterohaemorrhagiae); 19.6% for T. gondii with titer of 40. This is the first study that has identified C. burnetii in cattle associated with BoHV and BVDV, N. caninum, Leptospira spp., T. gondii and T. vivax. Thus, future studies should be conducted to investigate how widespread this pathogen is in Brazilian cattle herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Carlos Souza Zanatto
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Microbiologia Agropecuária, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil.,Departamento de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - Igor Renan Honorato Gatto
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - Marcelo Bahia Labruna
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Samir Issa Samara
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - Rosangela Zacarias Machado
- Departamento de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - Marcos Rogério André
- Departamento de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
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Salifu SP, Bukari ARA, Frangoulidis D, Wheelhouse N. Current perspectives on the transmission of Q fever: Highlighting the need for a systematic molecular approach for a neglected disease in Africa. Acta Trop 2019; 193:99-105. [PMID: 30831112 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Q fever is a bacterial worldwide zoonosis (except New Zealand) caused by the Gram-negative obligate intracellular bacterium Coxiella burnetii (C. burnetii). The bacterium has a large host range including arthropods, wildlife and companion animals and is frequently identified in human and livestock populations. In humans, the disease can occur as either a clinically acute or chronic aetiology, affecting mainly the lungs and liver in the acute disease, and heart valves when chronic. In livestock, Q fever is mainly asymptomatic; however, the infection can cause abortion, and the organism is shed in large quantities, where it can infect other livestock and humans. The presence of Q fever in Africa has been known for over 60 years, however while our knowledge of the transmission routes and risk of disease have been well established in many parts of the world, there is a significant paucity of knowledge across the African continent, where it remains a neglected zoonosis. Our limited knowledge of the disease across the African sub-continent have relied largely upon observational (sero) prevalence studies with limited focus on the molecular epidemiology of the disease. This review highlights the need for systematic studies to understand the routes of C. burnetii infection, and understand the disease burden and risk factors for clinical Q fever in both humans and livestock. With such knowledge gaps filled, the African continent could stand a better chance of eradicating Q fever through formulation and implementation of effective public health interventions.
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Rahaman MR, Milazzo A, Marshall H, Bi P. Is a One Health Approach Utilized for Q Fever Control? A Comprehensive Literature Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E730. [PMID: 30823481 PMCID: PMC6427780 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16050730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Q fever, a zoonotic disease transmitted from animals to humans, is a significant public health problem with a potential for outbreaks to occur. Q fever prevention strategies should incorporate human, animal, and environmental domains. A One Health approach, which engages cross-sectoral collaboration among multiple stakeholders, may be an appropriate framework and has the underlying principles to control Q fever holistically. To assess whether components of One Health for Q fever prevention and control have been applied, a comprehensive literature review was undertaken. We found 16 studies that had practiced or recommended a One Health approach. Seven emerging themes were identified: Human risk assessment, human and animal serology, integrated human⁻animal surveillance, vaccination for at-risk groups, environmental management, multi-sectoral collaboration, and education and training. Within the multi-sectoral theme, we identified five subthemes: Policy and practice guidelines, information sharing and intelligence exchange, risk communication, joint intervention, and evaluation. One Health practices varied between studies possibly due to differences in intercountry policy, practice, and feasibility. However, the key issue of the need for multi-sectoral collaboration was highlighted across most of the studies. Further research is warranted to explore the barriers and opportunities of adopting a One Health approach in Q fever prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Rezanur Rahaman
- School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.
| | - Adriana Milazzo
- School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.
| | - Helen Marshall
- Adelaide Medical School and Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.
| | - Peng Bi
- School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.
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Hayek I, Berens C, Lührmann A. Modulation of host cell metabolism by T4SS-encoding intracellular pathogens. Curr Opin Microbiol 2019; 47:59-65. [PMID: 30640035 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular bacterial pathogens intimately interact with the infected host cell to prevent elimination and to ensure survival. One group of intracellular pathogens, including Coxiella burnetii, Legionella pneumophila, Brucella spp., Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Ehrlichia chaffeensis, utilizes a type IV secretion system (T4SS) that injects effectors to modulate host cell signalling, vesicular trafficking, autophagy, cell death and transcription to ensure survival [1]. So far, little emphasis has been directed towards understanding how these bacteria manipulate host cell metabolism. This manipulation is not only important for gaining access to nutrients, but also for regulating specific virulence programs [2,3]. Here, we will summarize recent progress made in characterizing the manipulation of host cell metabolism by C. burnetii and other intracellular pathogens utilizing a T4SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inaya Hayek
- Mikrobiologisches Institut-Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Wasserturmstraße 3/5, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Berens
- Institut für molekulare Pathogenese, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Naumburger Str. 96a, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Anja Lührmann
- Mikrobiologisches Institut-Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Wasserturmstraße 3/5, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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Cross AR, Baldwin VM, Roy S, Essex-Lopresti AE, Prior JL, Harmer NJ. Zoonoses under our noses. Microbes Infect 2019; 21:10-19. [PMID: 29913297 PMCID: PMC6386771 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
One Health is an effective approach for the management of zoonotic disease in humans, animals and environments. Examples of the management of bacterial zoonoses in Europe and across the globe demonstrate that One Health approaches of international surveillance, information-sharing and appropriate intervention methods are required to successfully prevent and control disease outbreaks in both endemic and non-endemic regions. Additionally, a One Health approach enables effective preparation and response to bioterrorism threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice R Cross
- Living Systems Institute, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD United Kingdom.
| | - Victoria M Baldwin
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ United Kingdom
| | - Sumita Roy
- Living Systems Institute, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD United Kingdom
| | | | - Joann L Prior
- Living Systems Institute, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD United Kingdom; Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ United Kingdom; London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Kepple Street, London WC1E 7HT United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J Harmer
- Living Systems Institute, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD United Kingdom
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Cruz R, Esteves F, Vasconcelos-Nóbrega C, Santos C, Ferreira AS, Mega AC, Coelho AC, Vala H, Mesquita JR. Prospective Serosurvey of Coxiella burnetii Antibodies in Selected Sheep of Portugal. ECOHEALTH 2018; 15:871-874. [PMID: 30255415 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-018-1374-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Q fever is a zoonotic disease caused by Coxiella burnetii that is highly prevalent across the world. In this study, a prospective serosurvey was performed to study C. burnetii circulation in a population of sheep in the central region of Portugal. Blood from a representative sample of 168 animals was drawn in both 2015 and 2016, and sera were tested for IgG anti-C. burnetii by EIA. In 2015, 7.7% (13/168) animals tested positive for IgG anti-C. burnetii, while in 2016, 17.3% (29/168) tested positive, showing a statistically significant (P = 0.008) increase in anti-C. burnetii seroprevalence. Results support the notion that Q fever is emerging in central Portugal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Cruz
- Centre for Studies in Education and Health Technologies (CI&DETS), Agrarian School of Viseu, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, Quinta da Alagoa, Estrada de Nelas, Ranhados, 3500-606, Viseu, Portugal
| | - Fernando Esteves
- Centre for Studies in Education and Health Technologies (CI&DETS), Agrarian School of Viseu, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, Quinta da Alagoa, Estrada de Nelas, Ranhados, 3500-606, Viseu, Portugal
| | - Carmen Vasconcelos-Nóbrega
- Centre for Studies in Education and Health Technologies (CI&DETS), Agrarian School of Viseu, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, Quinta da Alagoa, Estrada de Nelas, Ranhados, 3500-606, Viseu, Portugal
| | - Carla Santos
- Centre for Studies in Education and Health Technologies (CI&DETS), Agrarian School of Viseu, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, Quinta da Alagoa, Estrada de Nelas, Ranhados, 3500-606, Viseu, Portugal
| | - Ana Sofia Ferreira
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Oporto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Cristina Mega
- Centre for Studies in Education and Health Technologies (CI&DETS), Agrarian School of Viseu, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, Quinta da Alagoa, Estrada de Nelas, Ranhados, 3500-606, Viseu, Portugal
| | - Ana Claudia Coelho
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Helena Vala
- Centre for Studies in Education and Health Technologies (CI&DETS), Agrarian School of Viseu, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, Quinta da Alagoa, Estrada de Nelas, Ranhados, 3500-606, Viseu, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - João Rodrigo Mesquita
- Centre for Studies in Education and Health Technologies (CI&DETS), Agrarian School of Viseu, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, Quinta da Alagoa, Estrada de Nelas, Ranhados, 3500-606, Viseu, Portugal.
- Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
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Cruz R, Esteves F, Vasconcelos-Nóbrega C, Santos C, Ferreira AS, Mega C, Coelho AC, Vala H, Mesquita JR. Outbreaks of abortions by Coxiella burnetii in small ruminant flocks and a longitudinal serological approach on archived bulk tank milk suggest Q fever emergence in Central Portugal. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:972-975. [PMID: 29799172 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Q fever is a worldwide zoonotic infectious disease caused by Coxiella burnetii and sheep and goats are known to be the main reservoir for human infection. This study describes the epidemiological and laboratory findings of C. burnetii outbreaks affecting sheep and goat flocks and also provides the results of a prospective serosurvey in bulk tank milk samples to assess C. burnetii circulation in a population of sheep living in close contact to the human population in Central Portugal. In the epizooties, C. burnetii was identified in tissues of the resulting abortions by qPCR. As for the serological survey, 10.2% (95%CI: 4.5-19.2) of the 78 bulk tank milk samples collected in 2015 presented IgG antibodies against C. burnetii. The same farms were visited and sampled in 2016 and 25.6% (95%CI: 16.4-36.8) were positive. This steep increase in the number of anti-C. burnetii farms between the 2015 and 2016 collections showed to be statistically significant (p = 0.020) and is strongly suggestive of Q fever emergence in Central Portugal. Measures on animal health and on disease spread control to the human population should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Cruz
- Agrarian Superior School, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, Viseu, Portugal
| | - Fernando Esteves
- Agrarian Superior School, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, Viseu, Portugal
| | | | - Carla Santos
- Agrarian Superior School, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, Viseu, Portugal
| | - Ana S Ferreira
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Oporto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina Mega
- Agrarian Superior School, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, Viseu, Portugal
| | - Ana C Coelho
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Helena Vala
- Agrarian Superior School, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, Viseu, Portugal.,Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - João R Mesquita
- Agrarian Superior School, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, Viseu, Portugal.,Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Herd prevalence and genotypes of Coxiella burnetii in dairy cattle bulk tank milk in Gyeongsang provinces of South Korea. Trop Anim Health Prod 2018; 50:1399-1404. [PMID: 29549583 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-018-1564-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii is the causative agent of the zoonotic Q fever, and its reservoirs include ticks and livestock, which are key sources of transmission to humans. Although there have been several studies on the prevalence of C. burnetii antibodies in dairy cattle bulk tank milk (BTM), there is a lack of information on the molecular detection of C. burnetii in BTM in South Korea. Thus, this study was designed to assess milk shedding of C. burnetii in BTM from dairy cattle herds. Among the 607 BTM samples collected from 41 counties in Gyeongsang provinces in 2015, 108 (17.8%) from 23 (56.1%) counties tested positive for C. burnetii by PCR. Because the 16S rRNA sequences of C. burnetii from all 108 PCR-positive samples were identical, two representative samples (BTM-GB-10 and BTM-GN-63) are described in this paper. These sequences showed high identity (96.9-100%) to other C. burnetii sequences deposited in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these two sequences were clustered with existing C. burnetii strains. The relatively high prevalence rates of C. burnetii in BTM detected in this study suggest that C. burnetii is prevalent among dairy cattle herds in South Korea. Thus, implementation of continuous monitoring and control strategies for domestic animals is needed to prevent disease transmission and protect public health.
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