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Almeida M, Brown TA, Reis YP, Almeida LHR, Billman Miller MG, Denmark K, Lebron JC, Frietchen RE, Carvalho PHBD. Factor structure and measurement invariance of the Body Appreciation Scale - 2 among Brazilian gender-expansive individuals and transgender men. Body Image 2024; 50:101724. [PMID: 38815454 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Among gender-expansive individuals and transgender men, body appreciation can play a protective role against minority stressors and is associated with gender euphoria. The Body Appreciation Scale (BAS-2; Tylka & Wood-Barcalow, 2015) is a leading measure of body appreciation that has been mainly validated in cisgender and mixed-gender samples; however, it has not been validated among Brazilian gender-expansive individuals and transgender men. Therefore, we evaluated the psychometric properties of the BAS-2 among adult Brazilian gender-expansive individuals and transgender men. Participants (158 gender-expansive individuals and 138 transgender men) were recruited through social media in Brazil. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) supported the original 10-item, unidimensional solution. Multigroup CFA showed configural, metric, and scalar invariance of the BAS-2 between gender-expansive individuals and transgender men. Moreover, the BAS-2 demonstrated significant negative associations, ranging from small to large, with self-objectification, drive for muscularity, and appearance-ideal internalization. We also found good internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the measure. Taken together, our results support the psychometric properties of the BAS-2 among Brazilian gender-expansive individuals and transgender men. The present work offers a valuable contribution towards better understanding facets of positive body image across gender-expansive and transgender populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurício Almeida
- NICTA, Body Image and Eating Disorders Research Group, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares, Brazil; AMBULIM, Eating Disorders Program, Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tiffany A Brown
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Yuri Pereira Reis
- NICTA, Body Image and Eating Disorders Research Group, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares, Brazil
| | | | | | - Kristin Denmark
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Jorge Castro Lebron
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Rachel E Frietchen
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Pedro Henrique Berbert de Carvalho
- NICTA, Body Image and Eating Disorders Research Group, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares, Brazil; AMBULIM, Eating Disorders Program, Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Ricardo LIC, Smith AD, Hesketh KR, Chavez-Ugalde Y, Lee EY, van Sluijs EMF. Cross-sectional associations of gender identity and sexual orientation, with co-occurrence and clustering of health-related behaviours among British adolescents: Millennium cohort study. Prev Med 2024; 186:108084. [PMID: 39047953 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2024.108084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE We examined whether gender identity and sexual orientation were associated with seven health-related behaviours, and with co-occurrence and clustering of these behaviours among British adolescents. METHODS Millennium Cohort Study (age 17 wave) provided data on the exposures, gender identity (male, female, genderqueer) and sexual orientation (heterosexual, bisexual, gay or lesbian, or other), and seven self-reported health-related behaviours (binge drinking, drug use, no consumption of breakfast, no consumption of fruits or vegetables, physical inactivity, poor sleep, and smoking or vaping). Poisson regressions examined associations between the exposures and single behaviours (reporting prevalence ratios (PRs)); and multinomial logistic regressions were used for behavioural cumulative co-occurrence score (reporting PRs). Cluster patterns were identified using Ward's agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis while associations with cluster membership were performed using logistic regressions (reporting odds ratios (ORs)). RESULTS Our sample included 6022 adolescents (55.4% female, 1.5% genderqueer, 11.6% non-heterosexual). Adolescents who identified as genderqueer had the highest prevalence of not eating breakfast (PR: 60.5% [95%CI 48.4-71.4]) and poor sleep (68.7% [95%CI 55.6-79.3]). Those who identified as bisexual had a higher PR of co-occurring behaviours (2.46 [95%CI 1.39-4.27]). Among the three clusters identified (1: Multiple risk behaviours; 2: Physical inactivity and binge drinking; 3: Poor diet and physical inactivity), adolescents who identified as genderqueer or other sexual orientation showed the highest prevalence in cluster 3. CONCLUSION Gender and sexual minority British adolescents showed a higher prevalence of risky health-related behaviours, and higher risk of co-occurring behaviours. Physical inactivity and poor diet behaviours commonly clustered together for these groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea D Smith
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Eun-Young Lee
- School of Kinesiology & Health Studies, Queen's University, Ontario, Canada; Department of Gender Studies, Queen's University, Ontario, Canada
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Roberts SR. The pride framework: a sociocultural-developmental approach for understanding LGBTQ+ adolescents' body image and disordered eating. Eat Disord 2024:1-17. [PMID: 39138020 DOI: 10.1080/10640266.2024.2352673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
This theoretical review paper offers a sociocultural-developmental framework for understanding LGBTQ+ adolescents' body image concerns and disordered eating risk. The Pride Framework integrates well-established sociocultural theories and extant empirical research, drawing from objectification theory, the tripartite influence model, minority stress theory, and intersectionality theory. The Pride Framework situates sociocultural appearance pressures within the adolescent developmental context, wherein biological, cognitive, and social transitions exacerbate the likelihood of body image disturbances and eating pathology. Various processes are then posited to link these sociocultural-developmental pressures to body image concerns and disordered eating. Crucially, this framework underscores that LGBTQ+ status itself does not pose a risk for body dissatisfaction and eating disorders. Instead, it is the experience of residing in a society that stigmatizes LGBTQ+ identities that increases youth's vulnerabilities. LGBTQ+ health researchers and practitioners are encouraged to engage in collaborative efforts with the aim of fostering acceptance for LGBTQ+ youth. This, in turn, could support normative adolescent identity exploration processes within sociocultural settings that are both affirming and inclusive, potentially mitigating adverse health consequences associated with body image disturbances.
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Silverstein S, Santibañez T. A qualitative investigation of tattooing as an adaptive appearance investment: positive body image and eating disorder recovery in a predominantly transgender and gender expansive sample. Eat Disord 2024:1-22. [PMID: 39104263 DOI: 10.1080/10640266.2024.2381319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Tattooed individuals often express the positive effects of wearing body art toward improved self-image and confidence. This research builds on prior data exploring the positive effects of tattooing and investigates how tattoos impact one's relationship to eating disorder (ED) recovery and body image. We held three focus groups lasting 60 minutes each, recruiting participants via purposive snowball sampling (n = 15), with additional opportunities to respond to focus group prompts asynchronously. Eligible participants were individuals with lived experience of an ED, self-identified as being in recovery, had three or more tattoos, and spoke English. Participants predominantly held gender-expansive (n = 4 Non-Binary, n = 3 Genderqueer, n = 3 Cisgender Women, n = 3 Transgender, n = 2 Transmasculine, n = 2 Gender Non-Conforming, n = 2 Intersex, n = 1 Cisgender Man) and non-heterosexual identities. Focus groups were held between April 2021 and July 2023 and followed a semi-structured interview format. Primary analyses focused on participants' responses to open-ended prompts regarding how they understood the relationships between tattooing, body image, and ED recovery. Thematic analysis identified four core themes: Tattooing allowing for embodiment, tattooing allowing for recovery-oriented behaviors, tattooing enabling positive body image, and tattooing facilitating empowerment. An overarching message was that tattooing is a therapeutic and transformative process, allowing for self-determination. Participants indicated that tattooing can be experienced as a powerful mechanism for behavioral change and shifts in relationship to one's body. Participants expressed that tattooing can be an effective route towards both gender euphoria and body liberation, enhancing one's ability to maintain ED recovery.
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DeFazio S, Mastrili N, Szoka N, Schneider KL, Cox S, Aylward L. Sexual orientation moderates the relationship between internalized weight bias and binge eating symptoms among adults pursuing bariatric surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2024; 20:784-789. [PMID: 38641526 DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2024.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexual minorities have higher rates of anxiety, depression, and binge eating compared to heterosexual peers. Internalized weight bias (IWB) is also higher for sexual minorities when compared to heterosexual peers. However, research has not examined whether the relationships between IWB and anxiety, depression, and binge eating differ among heterosexual and sexual minority adults pursuing bariatric surgery. OBJECTIVES To examine whether sexual orientation (heterosexual or sexual minority) moderated the relationships between IWB and anxiety, depression, and binge eating among adults pursuing bariatric surgery. SETTING University hospital, United States METHODS: Participants included 811 adults who presented for bariatric surgery, 45 (5.5%) of which identified as a sexual minority. Self-reported data were collected as part of a standard preoperative psychological evaluation for surgical clearance. Three separate moderation models were run to test hypotheses. RESULTS Sexual orientation did not moderate the association of IWB with anxiety or depression. The IWB by sexual orientation interaction was significant for binge eating (F 1856) = 4.84, P = .03, R2 = .27 such that the association between IWB and binge eating was significantly stronger for sexual minority patients (b = .54, 95% confidence interval {CI} [.36, .70]), compared to heterosexual patients (b = .33, 95% CI [.30, .38]). CONCLUSIONS Minority stress from identifying as a sexual minority may increase vulnerability to binge eating from IWB among bariatric candidates. Future research examining the directionality of the relationship between IWB and binge eating among sexual minorities is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah DeFazio
- School of Medicine, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Noelle Mastrili
- Department of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Nova Szoka
- Department of Surgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Kristin L Schneider
- Department of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Stephanie Cox
- Department of Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Laura Aylward
- Department of Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia.
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Linsenmeyer W, Stiles D, Garwood S, Giedinghagen A, Lewis C, Strand G. The Sick, Control, One Stone, Fat, Food (SCOFF) is a Valid Eating Disorder Questionnaire to Use With Transgender Youth. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2024; 63:971-976. [PMID: 37712557 DOI: 10.1177/00099228231200754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Transgender youth experience elevated rates of eating disorders, yet few screening measures have been validated with transgender patients. The purpose of this study was to provide initial evidence for the internal consistency and convergent validity of the Sick, Control, One Stone, Fat, Food (SCOFF) in a sample of transgender youth. Two hundred eight participants completed the SCOFF as part of a routine screening protocol. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were used to establish the factor structure of the SCOFF in this sample. Relationships between the SCOFF, Adolescent Binge Eating Disorder (ADO-BED), Nine-Item Avoidant/Restrictive Intake Disorder (NIAS), Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 (GAD-7), and demographic characteristics were explored. The SCOFF was significantly related to all convergent validity variables, with moderate correlations with other eating disorder scales (ADO-BED and NIAS). The SCOFF is a valid measure to screen for eating disorders among transgender youth and young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sarah Garwood
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Christopher Lewis
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gretta Strand
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Nagata JM, Stuart E, Hur JO, Panchal S, Low P, Chaphekar AV, Ganson KT, Lavender JM. Eating Disorders in Sexual and Gender Minority Adolescents. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2024; 26:340-350. [PMID: 38829456 PMCID: PMC11211184 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-024-01508-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To consolidate recent literature addressing eating disorders and disordered eating behaviors among sexual and gender minority (SGM) adolescents, including but not limited to lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) adolescents. RECENT FINDINGS Sexual and gender minority adolescents are at heightened vulnerability to eating disorders and disordered eating behaviors compared to their cisgender and heterosexual peers, potentially due to minority stress, gender norms, objectification, and the influence of the media, peers, and parents. We report findings from recent literature on the epidemiology and prevalence, assessment, mental health comorbidity, quality of life and psychosocial functioning, risk and protective factors, and treatment and interventions for eating disorders in sexual and gender minority adolescents. Addressing eating disorders in sexual and gender minority adolescents requires an integrated approach consisting of screening, tailored treatment, and comprehensive support to address intersectional challenges. Gender-affirming and trauma-informed care approaches may be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Nagata
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, 4th Floor, Box 0503, San Francisco, 94143, CA, USA.
| | - Elena Stuart
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, 4th Floor, Box 0503, San Francisco, 94143, CA, USA
| | - Jacqueline O Hur
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, 4th Floor, Box 0503, San Francisco, 94143, CA, USA
| | - Smriti Panchal
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, 4th Floor, Box 0503, San Francisco, 94143, CA, USA
| | - Patrick Low
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, 4th Floor, Box 0503, San Francisco, 94143, CA, USA
| | - Anita V Chaphekar
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, 4th Floor, Box 0503, San Francisco, 94143, CA, USA
| | - Kyle T Ganson
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jason M Lavender
- Military Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Program (MiCOR), Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
- The Metis Foundation, San Antonio, TX, USA
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8
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Urban B, Smith EK, Adams M, Sharpe SL, Silverstein S. Guidelines for research with transgender, gender diverse, and intersex individuals with eating disorders: recommendations from trans and intersex researchers. Eat Disord 2024; 32:341-352. [PMID: 38334066 DOI: 10.1080/10640266.2024.2306436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Further research is urgently needed to address the disproportionately high rates of eating disorders (EDs) among transgender, gender diverse, and intersex (TGDI) individuals in comparison to cisgender, endosex (non-intersex) populations. As TGDI advocates, academics, and clinicians with lived/living experience with EDs, we propose a set of recommendations to guide ethical research specifically about EDs and disordered eating behaviors in TGDI populations. The guidelines included here aim to educate non-TGDI researchers and support TGDI researchers seeking to carry out such research. Considerations for study design, planning, data collection, and dissemination are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bek Urban
- Fighting Eating Disorders in Underrepresented Populations, West Palm Beach, FL, USA
- School of Community Health Sciences, Counseling, and Counseling Psychology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwate, OK, USA
| | - Emil K Smith
- Fighting Eating Disorders in Underrepresented Populations, West Palm Beach, FL, USA
- School of Social Work, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Marissa Adams
- Fighting Eating Disorders in Underrepresented Populations, West Palm Beach, FL, USA
- InterConnect Support Group, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sam L Sharpe
- Fighting Eating Disorders in Underrepresented Populations, West Palm Beach, FL, USA
- Department of Social Transformation Studies, Kansas State University Division of Biology, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Scout Silverstein
- Fighting Eating Disorders in Underrepresented Populations, West Palm Beach, FL, USA
- Equip Health, Carlsbad, CA, USA
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Yager Z. Something, everything, and anything more than nothing: stories of school-based prevention of body image concerns and eating disorders in young people. Eat Disord 2024:1-19. [PMID: 38910350 DOI: 10.1080/10640266.2024.2364523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Much work has been done to promote the development of positive body image in schools. This paper aims to tell some stories from the past 35 years of work in this field that illuminate important issues in developing, evaluating, and disseminating programs, and in removing policies and practices that could trigger weight stigma and body shame or disordered eating attitudes and behaviours. The need for, goals of, and approaches to body image programs, problematic activities we have 'good enough' evidence to avoid, and next steps for advocacy, research, and action are explored as we celebrate how far we've come and have hope for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zali Yager
- The Embrace Collective
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
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Borgatti A, Morgan C, Stager L, Dutton GR. Associations between weight bias internalization, weight status, and health among a diverse cohort of freshman college students. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38875131 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2024.2346351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Mental health concerns are common among college students, especially students with higher body mass index (BMI). Weight bias internalization (WBI) is thought to contribute to these mental health disparities. However, little is known about how WBI differs among more diverse students, and to what extent WBI may explain associations between BMI and health in college populations. This study compared rates of WBI in Freshman college students (N = 1289) across gender, race/ethnicity, and sexual orientation, and assessed whether WBI mediated associations between BMI and mental health (depression, self-esteem, stress, loneliness) and behavioral health (disordered eating, physical activity, gym use). Black students and men demonstrated reduced WBI while bisexual women showed increased WBI. Further, WBI mediated the association of BMI with mental health and disordered eating, but not physical activity. These findings suggest that stigma may account for mental health disparities among higher-BMI students, and that minoritized groups are disproportionately impacted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Borgatti
- Division of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Casie Morgan
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Lindsay Stager
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Gareth R Dutton
- Division of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Santoniccolo F, Rollè L. The role of minority stress in disordered eating: a systematic review of the literature. Eat Weight Disord 2024; 29:41. [PMID: 38850334 PMCID: PMC11162380 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-024-01671-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Sexual and gender minorities (SGMs) show a heightened risk of disordered eating compared to heterosexual and cisgender people, a disparity which may be caused by exposure to minority-specific stressors, such as discrimination and violence. This systematic review aims to summarize available evidence on the role of minority stress in disordered eating and SGM-specific aspects. METHODS Following PRISMA guidelines, scientific search engines (EBSCO, PUBMED, Web of Science) were screened up to 31st of January 2024, including English-language original research papers containing analyses of the relationship between minority stress and disordered eating. 2416 records were gathered for screening. After application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, thematic analysis was conducted regarding 4 research questions: effects of minority stress on disordered eating, mediating factors, specificities of SGMs and differences between identity categories. RESULTS 30 studies were included. Several aspects of minority stress are reliably associated with different forms of disordered eating. The relationship between minority stressors and disordered eating is mediated by aspects such as shame, body shame, or negative affect. SGMs show several specificities, such as the presence of a role of LGBTQIA + communities and additional gender-related pressures. Bisexual people and gender minorities appear to feature comparatively higher risks, and gender-related factors shape paths leading to disordered eating risk. CONCLUSION Minority stress is an important predictor of disordered eating, making SGM people's health particularly at risk. Institutional and organizational anti-discrimination policies are needed, as well as further research. Clinical interventions may benefit from exploring and incorporating how minority stressors impact SGM people. Evidence level I-Systematic review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Santoniccolo
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Via Verdi 10, 10124, Torino, TO, Italy.
| | - Luca Rollè
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Via Verdi 10, 10124, Torino, TO, Italy
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12
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Billman Miller MG, Denning DM, Alvarez JC, Castro Lebron J, Bakoyema S, Brown TA. Examining eating disorder pathology and self-stigma of help-seeking behaviors in a community sample of sexual minority adults: an intersectional investigation of race and gender. Eat Disord 2024:1-22. [PMID: 38814278 DOI: 10.1080/10640266.2024.2355699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-stigma of seeking psychological help is a critical factor prohibiting individuals from seeking eating disorder (ED) treatment, but has been widely unexplored in racial/ethnic and sexual minority (SM) samples. The current study examined differences in ED pathology and self-stigma of help-seeking at the intersection of race and gender within a cisgender SM sample. METHODS Cisgender SM participants (n = 354) identifying as Black, Indigenous, or People of Color (BIPOC; 52%), Asian American and Pacific Islander (AAPI; 24%), or White (24%) were recruited through Prolific Academic. One-way analyses of variance were used to examine differences in the Self-Stigma of Seeking Help Scale (SSOSH) and Eating Pathology Symptom Inventory (EPSI) subscales among men and women in each group. Pearson's correlations explored associations between SSOSH and EPSI subscales within each subgroup. RESULTS Findings indicated significant between-group differences on the SSOSH and the EPSI subscales of Body Dissatisfaction, Purging, and Excessive Exercise. SSOSH was significantly positively correlated with Body Dissatisfaction in the White SM cis-women group and Binge Eating in the BIPOC SM cis-men group. CONCLUSIONS Results demonstrate unique, intersectional between-group differences in ED pathology and self-stigma among SM individuals. Further research on the impact of intersectionality on these constructs within larger samples is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dominic M Denning
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jordan C Alvarez
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Jorge Castro Lebron
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Seba Bakoyema
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Tiffany A Brown
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
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13
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Dougherty EN, Wildes JE, Haedt-Matt AA. The role of habit in maintaining binge/purge behaviors: An ecological momentary assessment study. Int J Eat Disord 2024; 57:1160-1171. [PMID: 37776547 PMCID: PMC10980597 DOI: 10.1002/eat.24070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Individuals with eating disorders transdiagnostically engage in binge eating (BE) and/or purging, despite life-threatening consequences. Little is known about factors that contribute to the persistence of these behaviors. This study explored whether habitual control over binge/purge (B/P) spectrum behaviors contributes to symptom persistence and whether negative reinforcement via reductions in negative affect is less influential in maintaining B/P behaviors that are under habitual control and are persistent. METHOD Women with BE and/or purging (N = 81) completed self-report measures assessing habit strength of BE and purging. Then, they completed a 14-day ecological momentary assessment (EMA) protocol during which they completed measures of negative affect, BE, and purging multiple times per day. RESULTS Habitual control over purging was associated with a greater frequency of purging during the EMA period. However, habitual control over BE was not associated with the severity of loss of control eating or the frequency of BE episodes. Habitual control did not moderate temporal relations between negative affect and B/P behaviors during the EMA period. However, exploratory analyses revealed that individuals with a longer duration of BE and greater habitual control over BE showed a less pronounced reduction in negative affect following BE. DISCUSSION Overall, these findings suggest that purging may be maintained by habitual stimulus-response learning. In addition, they support the possibility that reduction in negative affect may play a less prominent role in maintaining BE that is habitual and persistent. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE This study investigated whether habit contributes to the persistence of symptoms in women with binge/purge spectrum behaviors and whether negative reinforcement via reductions in negative affect is less influential in maintaining binge/purge behaviors that are under habitual control. The findings suggest that purging may be maintained through habit. This supports the potential utility of habit reversal interventions to decrease habitual purging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth N Dougherty
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jennifer E Wildes
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Alissa A Haedt-Matt
- Department of Psychology, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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14
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Murray MF, Davis HA, Wildes JE. LGBTQ+ outpatients present to eating disorder treatment earlier and with more severe depressive symptoms than cisgender heterosexual peers. Eat Disord 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38686640 DOI: 10.1080/10640266.2024.2347750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Community evidence indicates high eating disorder (ED) and comorbid symptom severity among LGBTQ+ compared to cisgender heterosexual (CH) individuals. Little is known about such disparities in ED treatment samples, especially in outpatient treatment. We aimed to descriptively characterize and investigate baseline group differences in symptom severity between LGBTQ+ and CH ED outpatients at treatment intake. Data from 60 (22.3%) LGBTQ+ and 209 (77.7%) CH ED outpatients were used to examine: (1) demographic and diagnostic differences; (2) differences in ED, depressive, and emotion dysregulation symptoms. Objectives were tested using Fisher-Freeman-Halton exact and independent samples t-tests, and analyses of covariance adjusted for age and diagnosis, respectively. Most LGBTQ+ outpatients were bisexual (55.2%), and 6.5% identified as transgender and non-binary. LGBTQ+ outpatients presented to treatment at younger ages (Mean Difference [MD] = -3.39, p = .016) and reported more severe depressive symptoms (MD = 5.73, p = .004) than CH patients, but endorsed similar ED symptom and emotion dysregulation severity. Groups did not differ in other demographic or diagnostic characteristics. LGBTQ+ individuals may develop more severe depression and similarly severe EDs at earlier ages but seek outpatient care sooner than CH peers. Managing depressive symptoms may be particularly important for LGBTQ+ ED patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F Murray
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Heather A Davis
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Jennifer E Wildes
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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15
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Alexander T, Burnette CB, Cory H, McHale S, Simone M. The need for more inclusive measurement to advance equity in eating disorders prevention. Eat Disord 2024:1-19. [PMID: 38488765 DOI: 10.1080/10640266.2024.2328460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Eating disorder (ED) research and practice have been shaped by prevailing stereotypes about who EDs are most likely to affect. Subsequently, the field has prioritized the needs and concerns of affluent, cisgender, heterosexual, white girls and women to the exclusion of others, especially people marginalized based on their race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and/or gender identity. However, EDs exist across diverse groups and actually occur with elevated prevalence in several marginalized groups. Growing research points to differences in the drivers of EDs in such groups (e.g. desire to attain the curvy rather than thin ideal; dietary restraint due to food insecurity rather than weight/shape concerns), yet tools typically used for screening and intervention evaluation do not capture eating pathology driven by such factors. In this commentary, we describe gaps in existing ED assessment tools and argue these gaps likely underestimate EDs among marginalized groups, bias who is invited, participates in, and benefits from ED prevention programs, and obscure potential group differences in the efficacy of such programs. We also discuss the potential of these ramifications to exacerbate inequities in EDs. Finally, we outline recommendations to overcome existing gaps in measurement and, consequently, advance equity in the realm of ED prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tricia Alexander
- Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - C Blair Burnette
- Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Hannah Cory
- Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Health Promotion and Community Health, School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University and Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Safiya McHale
- Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Melissa Simone
- Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA
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Brown TA, Klimek-Johnson P, Siegel JA, Convertino AD, Douglas VJ, Pachankis J, Blashill AJ. Promoting Resilience to Improve Disordered Eating (PRIDE): A case series of an eating disorder treatment for sexual minority individuals. Int J Eat Disord 2024; 57:648-660. [PMID: 38279188 DOI: 10.1002/eat.24150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite the increased risk for eating disorders (EDs) among sexual minority (SM) individuals, no ED treatments exist specifically for this population. SM stress and appearance-based pressures may initiate and/or maintain ED symptoms in SM individuals; thus, incorporating strategies to reduce SM stressors into existing treatments may help address SM individuals' increased ED risk. This mixed-methods study evaluated the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of Promoting Resilience to Improve Disordered Eating (PRIDE)-a novel ED treatment for SM individuals. METHODS N = 14 SM individuals with an ED diagnosis received 14 weekly sessions integrating Enhanced Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for EDs (CBT-E) with techniques and principles of SM-affirmative CBT developed to address SM stressors. Participants completed qualitative interviews and assessments of ED symptoms and SM stress reactions at baseline (pretreatment), posttreatment, and 1-month follow-up. RESULTS Supporting feasibility, 12 of the 14 (85.7%) enrolled participants completed treatment, and qualitative and quantitative data supported PRIDE's acceptability (quantitative rating = 3.73/4). By 1-month follow-up, 75% of the sample was fully remitted from an ED diagnosis. Preliminary efficacy results suggested large and significant improvements in ED symptoms, clinical impairment, and body dissatisfaction, significant medium-large improvements in internalized stigma and nonsignificant small-medium effects of sexual orientation concealment. DISCUSSION Initial results support the feasibility, acceptability, and initial efficacy of PRIDE, an ED treatment developed to address SM stressors. Future research should evaluate PRIDE in a larger sample, compare it to an active control condition, and explore whether reductions in SM stress reactions explain reductions in ED symptoms. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE This study evaluated a treatment for SM individuals with EDs that integrated empirically supported ED treatment with SM-affirmative treatment in a case series. Results support that this treatment was well-accepted by participants and was associated with improvements in ED symptoms and minority stress outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany A Brown
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Patrycja Klimek-Johnson
- Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University/University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Jaclyn A Siegel
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Alexandra D Convertino
- Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University/University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Valerie J Douglas
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - John Pachankis
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Aaron J Blashill
- Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University/University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
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17
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Angelo NL, Brullo G, Marsiglia A, Tirelli A, Piroddi E, Viti C, Aicardi I, Pozza A. Romantic relationship obsessive-compulsive doubts, perfectionism, and DSM-5 personality traits in LGB people: a comparison with heterosexual individuals. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1187179. [PMID: 38449756 PMCID: PMC10916694 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1187179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Relationship Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is characterized by the presence of relationship-centered or partner-focused obsessions and compulsions that determine a great sense of doubt toward the partner or the relationship. Personality characteristics, including perfectionism, are involved in the development of Relationship Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, and could predispose the individual to excessive doubts and preoccupations regarding the "adequacy of the couple" or the physical appearance of one's partner. Evidence from epidemiological research shows that the LGB community can present a high risk and prevalence of obsessive-compulsive symptoms and recent research demonstrated the usefulness of the DSM-5 personality model in understanding the personality of sexual minorities. However, further research is necessary to deepen our knowledge of the relationship between these variables in the LGB community. The aim of the present study was to compare a group of heterosexual individuals to a group of LGB individuals regarding personality traits, perfectionism, and relationship obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Methods A total of 200 participants, 98 in the heterosexual group and 102 in the LGB group, were enrolled in the study and completed a psychological battery comprised of the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised, Personality Inventory for DSM-5, Relationship Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory, Partner-Related Obsessive-Compulsive Symptom Inventory, and Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale. Results The results show that LGB individuals tend to report greater feelings of doubt regarding the partner's love, more negative emotions (Negative Affect) and Antagonism, and greater perfectionism traits compared to heterosexual individuals. Conclusion These findings underline the necessity to consider the implementation of personalized interventions in clinical practice and the importance of initiating early preventive programs in sexual minority communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Loren Angelo
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Greta Brullo
- Miller Institute of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Genoa, Italy
| | | | | | - Elisa Piroddi
- Miller Institute of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Viti
- Miller Institute of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Pozza
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Psychology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese AOUS, Siena, Italy
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18
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Alvarez JC, Denning DM, Castro Lebron J, Ho V, Chen S, Brown TA. Differential effects of community involvement on eating disorder prevention outcomes in sexual minority men. Eat Disord 2024:1-16. [PMID: 38375554 DOI: 10.1080/10640266.2024.2319946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Prior research has been conflicted on whether gay community involvement serves as a risk or protective factor for body image and eating disorders (EDs) in sexual minority men (SMM), perhaps given that prior research has examined community involvement unidimensionally. The present study examined whether non-appearance-based ("social activism") and appearance-based ("going out/nightlife") community involvement differentially predicted ED prevention outcomes in SMM. SMM (N = 73) enrolled in a randomized controlled trial of an ED prevention program completed measures of community involvement, drive for muscularity, body dissatisfaction, and bulimic symptoms at pre-intervention, post-intervention, and 1-month follow-up. "Social activism" community involvement moderated intervention effects for drive for muscularity and body dissatisfaction scores, but not bulimic symptoms, such that those who placed higher importance on social activism demonstrated expected improvements, while those who placed lower importance on social activism did not exhibit expected improvements. "Going out/nightlife" community involvement did not moderate intervention outcomes; however, greater importance of going out/nightlife was associated with increased body dissatisfaction. Findings support that the impact of community involvement on body image and ED risk for SMM may be nuanced. Encouraging community involvement through activism could help enhance ED prevention efforts for SMM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan C Alvarez
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Dominic M Denning
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | | | - Veronica Ho
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sabrina Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Tiffany A Brown
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
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Byrne SM, Fursland A. New understandings meet old treatments: putting a contemporary face on established protocols. J Eat Disord 2024; 12:26. [PMID: 38336928 PMCID: PMC10854196 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-024-00983-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In the twenty years since the publication of the most widely used treatment manuals describing evidence-based therapies for eating disorders, there have been some substantial advances in the field. New methods of delivering treatments have been trialled and our perception of mental health has advanced; significant cultural changes have led to shifts in our societal landscape; and new technologies have allowed for more in-depth research to be conducted. As a result, our understanding of eating disorders and their treatment has broadened considerably. However, these new insights have not necessarily been translated into improved clinical practice. This paper highlights the changes we consider to have had the greatest impact on our work as experienced clinical psychologists in the field and suggests a list of new learnings that might be incorporated into clinical practice and research design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Byrne
- University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
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20
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White M, Thomas A, Aston M, Joy P. "It's beautiful and it's messy and it's tragic": exploring the role of compassion in the eating disorder recovery processes of 2S/LGBTQ + Canadians. J Eat Disord 2024; 12:23. [PMID: 38326869 PMCID: PMC10848359 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-024-00981-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
This research explores experiences of compassion among 2S/LGBTQ + Canadians living with eating disorders in the context of eating disorder treatment and community support. There is a growing body of scholarship showing disparities in eating disorder care for those within 2S/LGBTQ + communities. Among the reported concerns is a potential lack of compassion in eating disorder treatment and recovery settings, something which may serve to exacerbate feelings of isolation and perpetuate misunderstandings of 2S/LGBTQ + people's experiences. In an effort to understand these dynamics more deeply, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 2S/LGBTQ + Canadians who have experienced eating disorder care. The data collected were then subjected to Foucauldian discourse analysis, which produced three interconnected discursive considerations: feeling lack of structural compassion, 2S/LGBTQ + communities as places of respite, and 2S/LGBTQ + caregiving. One of the common threads among these discursive considerations was cis-heteronormativity ingrained in eating disorder treatment settings and health care systems more broadly. Our findings underscore the critical need for more enhanced compassion for 2S/LGBTQ + patients in eating disorder care settings. We conclude that compassion, when implemented on the levels of individual clinicians, policy and procedure, and institutions, may represent an avenue toward disrupting ingrained cis-heteronormativity and the associated discursive power structures contained in health care systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan White
- Applied Human Nutrition, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Andrew Thomas
- Applied Human Nutrition, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Megan Aston
- School of Nursing, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Phillip Joy
- Applied Human Nutrition, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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21
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Salvia MG, Mattie H, Tran A. Noticing and Responding to Calorie Labels on Restaurant Menus: Patterns in Sexual-Minority Men. Am J Prev Med 2024; 66:269-278. [PMID: 37813173 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2023.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A calorie-labeling policy for restaurant menus was implemented in 2018. Whether and how sexual-minority men use this information has not been evaluated. METHODS The Men's Body Project, a 2020 cross-sectional survey study of 504 cisgender sexual-minority men (mean age=35.8±10.4 years, 71.0% White, 5.6% Asian, 14.3% Black, 9.1% another/multiple race identities) assessed respondents' awareness of calorie labels on restaurant menus and subsequent responses. Additional questions were asked about weight-change goals, body image, disordered eating behaviors, and muscle-enhancing supplement use. Analyses in 2022-2023 used multivariate logistic regression to assess the associations between noticing calories and weight- and muscularity-oriented behaviors and, among those who noticed calorie labels, whether participants reported using this information to order more or fewer calories. RESULTS Approximately half of the participants reported noticing calorie labels. Those who did were more likely to report engaging in disordered eating behaviors (OR=2.03). Among participants who noticed menu labels, ordering fewer calories was the most frequent response, whereas 25% reported not changing the caloric content of their order. Many participants (21%) reported ordering both more and fewer calories, and this heterogeneous ordering pattern was associated with both disordered eating (OR=4.70) and muscle-enhancing behaviors (OR=9.42) compared with that among participants who did not report behaviors. Reporting weight-control efforts was associated with ordering fewer calories than participants not doing anything to change their weight (OR=2.53). CONCLUSIONS Most participants noticed calorie labels on menus, and many reported subsequently ordering fewer calories. Disordered eating and muscle-enhancing behaviors were associated with behavior changes in response to calorie information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meg G Salvia
- Department of Nutrition, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Heather Mattie
- Department of Biostatistics, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alvin Tran
- Department of Population Health and Leadership, School of Health Sciences, University of New Haven, West Haven, Connecticut
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22
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Hyam L, Torkelson C, Richards K, Semple A, Allen KL, Owens J, Jackson A, Semple L, Glennon D, Di Clemente G, Schmidt U. "Early intervention isn't an option, it's a necessity": learning from implementation facilitators and challenges from the rapid scaling of an early intervention eating disorders programme in England. FRONTIERS IN HEALTH SERVICES 2024; 3:1253966. [PMID: 38304576 PMCID: PMC10830832 DOI: 10.3389/frhs.2023.1253966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Introduction The First Episode Rapid Early Intervention for Eating Disorders (FREED) service has shown promising outcomes for young people with an eating disorder, leading to national scaling and implementation across England. Between 2020 and 2023, the national implementation of FREED was supported by the Academic Health Science Networks (AHSNs), which are publicly funded organisations with the mission to spread innovations at scale and pace. This study aimed to investigate the views and experiences of AHSN programme leads on the national roll-out of FREED and the perceived sustainability of the model. Methods and results Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 13 programme leads across the AHSNs with direct experience supporting the national implementation of FREED. Thematic analysis was adopted using a critical realist approach. Initial sub-themes were inductively generated and then organised under seven larger themes representing the domains of the Non-adoption, Abandonment, and Challenges to Scale-Up, Spread and Sustainability (NASSS) framework. Each sub-theme was classified as a facilitator and/or barrier and then each larger theme/domain was assessed for its complexity (simple, complicated, complex). Data analysis revealed 28 sub-themes, 10 identified as facilitators, 13 as barriers, and five as both. Two domains were classed as simple, three as complicated, and two as complex. Sub-themes ranged from illness-related complexities to organisational pressures. Key facilitators included a high-value proposition for FREED and a supportive network. Key barriers included staffing issues and illness-related factors that challenge early intervention. Discussion Participants described broad support for FREED but desired sustained investment for continued provision and improving implementation fidelity. Future development areas raised by participants included enlarging the evidence base for early intervention, increasing associated training opportunities, and widening the reach of FREED. Results offer learning for early intervention in eating disorders and the scaling of new health initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Hyam
- Centre for Research in Eating and Weight Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Torkelson
- Department of Psychosis Studies, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katie Richards
- Centre for Implementation Science, King’s College London, Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Semple
- Health Innovation Network, Academic Health Science Network South London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karina L. Allen
- Centre for Research in Eating and Weight Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jill Owens
- Health Innovation Network, Academic Health Science Network South London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aileen Jackson
- Health Innovation Network, Academic Health Science Network South London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Semple
- Eating Disorders Outpatients Service, Maudsley Hospital, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Danielle Glennon
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ulrike Schmidt
- Centre for Research in Eating and Weight Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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Bachner-Melman R, Lev-Ari L, Tiram H, Zohar AH. Self-Objectification, Disordered Eating and Sexual Orientation in Men. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:106. [PMID: 38248568 PMCID: PMC10815722 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The interplay between disordered eating, depressive symptoms and self-objectification differs between genders and sexual orientations, and merits further study in homosexual and heterosexual men. We examined disordered eating, depressive symptoms and self-objectification in a sample of Israeli heterosexual and homosexual men. Participants were 215 men aged 19-65, 108 of whom were classified by the Kinsey scale as being heterosexual and 107 as homosexual. They completed online measures of self-objectification, disordered eating and depressive symptoms. Heterosexual men reported lower levels of disordered eating and self-objectification than homosexual men, however the difference in depressive symptoms was not statistically significant. Correlations between disordered eating, self-objectification and depressive symptoms when controlling for age, BMI and number of children were all significant, with similar patterns of association for heterosexual and homosexual men. Self-objectification partially mediated the association between sexual orientation and disordered eating. However, contrary to our hypothesis, sexual orientation (homosexual/heterosexual) did not moderate the association between disordered eating and self-objectification. The tendency of homosexual men towards self-objectification is linked to unhealthy eating habits. Self-objectification helps explain the propensity of homosexual versus heterosexual men to develop disordered eating and possibly eating disorders. It should therefore be targeted in prevention and in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Bachner-Melman
- Clinical Psychology Graduate Program, Ruppin Academic Center, Emek Hefer 4025000, Israel; (L.L.-A.); (H.T.); (A.H.Z.)
- School of Social Work, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190500, Israel
| | - Lilac Lev-Ari
- Clinical Psychology Graduate Program, Ruppin Academic Center, Emek Hefer 4025000, Israel; (L.L.-A.); (H.T.); (A.H.Z.)
- Lior Tsfaty Suicide and Mental Pain Research Center, Ruppin Academic Center, Emek Hefer 4025000, Israel
| | - Hadar Tiram
- Clinical Psychology Graduate Program, Ruppin Academic Center, Emek Hefer 4025000, Israel; (L.L.-A.); (H.T.); (A.H.Z.)
| | - Ada H. Zohar
- Clinical Psychology Graduate Program, Ruppin Academic Center, Emek Hefer 4025000, Israel; (L.L.-A.); (H.T.); (A.H.Z.)
- Lior Tsfaty Suicide and Mental Pain Research Center, Ruppin Academic Center, Emek Hefer 4025000, Israel
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24
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Reivan Ortiz GG, Campoverde X, Vinañzaca J, Estrada J, Yanza R, Granero R. Factors increasing the risk for food addiction in Ecuadorian students. Front Psychiatry 2024; 14:1214266. [PMID: 38234363 PMCID: PMC10792013 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1214266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Food addiction (FA) is a construct that has gained interest in recent years, but its relevance in the Ecuadorian population has not yet been explored. The aims of this study were to explore the differences in the psychological profile (including FA) between university students from Ecuador and to identify the underlying structure of the relationships of the FA severity level through a mediational model. Methods The sample consisted of 972 university students, women and men (mean age: 20.1 years old, SD = 2.6), recruited from four Ecuadorian regions. The assessment tools included a unidimensional scale of FA, eating-related measures, emotion regulation state, impulsivity, and psychopathology state. Path analysis modeled the direct and indirect effects explaining the FA severity level. Results The results indicated that higher psychopathological levels were associated with FA. Similarly, no differences in FA were observed between the Ecuadorian regions. The path analysis suggested that older age, female sex, and higher difficulties in emotional regulation, impulsivity, negative mood, and anxiety trigger disordered eating; subsequently, more impaired eating behavior impacted the FA level. Conclusion FA is a complex clinical entity that includes multiple components related to eating disorders (EDs) and other mental health problems. The results of this study provide empirical knowledge for designing evidence-based prevention and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geovanny Genaro Reivan Ortiz
- Laboratory of Basic Psychology, Behavioral Analysis, and Programmatic Development (PAD-LAB), Catholic University of Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador
| | | | - Juan Vinañzaca
- Laboratory of Basic Psychology, Behavioral Analysis, and Programmatic Development (PAD-LAB), Catholic University of Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Johanna Estrada
- Laboratory of Basic Psychology, Behavioral Analysis, and Programmatic Development (PAD-LAB), Catholic University of Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Rafael Yanza
- Catholic University of Cuenca, Cuenca, Azuay, Ecuador
| | - Roser Granero
- Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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25
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Hall NY, Hetti Pathirannahalage DM, Mihalopoulos C, Austin SB, Le L. Global Prevalence of Adolescent Use of Nonprescription Weight-Loss Products: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JAMA Netw Open 2024; 7:e2350940. [PMID: 38198138 PMCID: PMC10782242 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.50940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Importance Use of nonprescribed weight-loss products in adolescents is a public health concern that is associated with negative physical and psychological consequences. However, the prevalence of nonprescribed weight-loss product use in adolescents is unknown. Objective To determine the global prevalence of nonprescription weight-loss product use in children and adolescents. Data Sources Four databases, including MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL (Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health), and EMBASE, were searched for quantitative studies that reported prevalence data on use of nonprescription weight-loss products with no restrictions on publication date. The search was performed December 1, 2020, and updated March 6, 2023. Study Selection Studies were included in the meta-analysis if they reported the prevalence of weight-loss product use, were published in English, and included individuals 18 years or younger. Data Extraction and Synthesis Data extraction was completed by 2 independent reviewers. Data analysis determined the overall pooled proportion of weight-loss product use in total and during the past week, past 30 days, past year, or lifetime. Inverse variance heterogeneity effect models were used. Main Outcomes and Measures The main outcome measure was the prevalence of nonprescription weight-loss product use in adolescents for all included studies and over the past week, past month, past year, or lifetime. Subgroup analysis included separation of groups by sex, specific weight-loss product types, geographical location, and study publication time. Results A total of 90 articles (604 552 unique participants) were included in the meta-analysis. Of these, 50 studies (56%) were from North America. The reported prevalence of weight-loss product use in adolescents was 5.5% (96% CI, 5.5%-5.6%) overall. When identifying use of weight-loss products in the general population, prevalence was 2.0% (95% CI, 1.9%-2.1%) in the past week, 4.4% (95% CI, 4.3%-4.5%) in the past month, 6.2% (95% CI, 6.1%-6.3%) in the past year, and 8.9% (95% CI, 8.6%-9.2%) in their lifetime. Use of weight-loss products was higher among girls than boys. Conclusions and Relevance This meta-analysis found that use of weight-loss products occurs at high levels in adolescents, especially girls. These findings suggest that, given the ineffectiveness of these products for weight loss coupled with their harmful long-term health consequences, interventions are required to reduce use of weight-loss products in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Yvonne Hall
- School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Cathy Mihalopoulos
- Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - S. Bryn Austin
- School of Public Health, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Long Le
- Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Campbell L, Viswanadhan K, Lois B, Dundas M. Emerging Evidence: A Systematic Literature Review of Disordered Eating Among Transgender and Nonbinary Youth. J Adolesc Health 2024; 74:18-27. [PMID: 37791928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This systematic literature review explores the evidence base related to the diagnosis and clinical management of eating disorders among transgender and gender nonbinary (TGNB) youth. Through an exploration of the literature, this review highlights key considerations for providers working with this population, including the complex relationship between body image and gender, the assessment of subthreshold eating disorder symptoms, the impact of gender-affirming care on eating disorder treatment outcomes, and available evidence-based metrics, with attention to factors impacting treatment, including family support, psychiatric comorbidities, and community safety. METHODS We conducted a search of the databases PubMed and Ovid MEDLINE for articles pertaining to eating disorders and TGNB youth, with forward citation chaining conducted via Google Scholar to provide a review of recent publications. Twenty-six articles published from 2017 to 2022 met the criteria for full-text review. RESULTS The selected articles primarily explored data from the United States and varied widely in methodology, including a systematic literature review (n = 1), narrative literature reviews (n = 3), case series (n = 4), case studies (n = 2), cross-sectional population surveys (n = 7), cross-sectional patient surveys (n = 3), other cross-sectional studies (n = 3), retrospective chart reviews (n = 2), and a retrospective longitudinal cohort study (n = 1). Most commonly, researchers sampled patients within the setting of gender clinics. Researchers used a range of validated measures in clinical settings, with the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire most frequently reported. The literature highlights several considerations unique to transgender populations, including the complex relationship between gender dysphoria, body dissatisfaction, disordered eating behavior, and gender-affirming care. DISCUSSION In clinical settings with TGNB youth, providers may consider implementing validated screening measures to assess for eating disorders. Future research should emphasize a nuanced understanding of the heterogeneity among TGNB patient populations and the impact of gender identity on treatment of eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Campbell
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York.
| | - Katya Viswanadhan
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Becky Lois
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Melissa Dundas
- Division of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
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Cusack CE, Silverstein S, Askew AJ, Simone M, Galupo MP, Levinson CA. Eating disorders among queer and trans individuals: Implications for conceptualization, assessment, and treatment. Bull Menninger Clin 2024; 88:128-147. [PMID: 38836851 DOI: 10.1521/bumc.2024.88.2.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Eating disorders (EDs) have been traditionally viewed as a disorder affecting cisgender, heterosexual women. Yet, the prevalence of EDs among queer and trans (QnT) individuals, coupled with the lack of interventions that attend to contextual factors related to sexual orientation and gender identity, underscore a critical health disparity issue requiring urgent attention. Here, we first review factors pertaining to QnT individuals' minoritized sexual and gender identities that are important to consider in ED conceptualization for this population (e.g., minority stressors, identity-based body image standards). Next, we describe problematic assumptions present in existing ED assessment and propose more inclusive approaches. Lastly, we provide suggestions for practices that providers can implement within their treatment of EDs among QnT individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Cusack
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | | | - Autumn J Askew
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology
| | - Melissa Simone
- Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Denver
| | - M Paz Galupo
- Audre Lorde Distinguished Professor of Sexual Health & Education, Brown School Department of Social Work and Public Health, Washington University in Saint Louis
| | - Cheri A Levinson
- Associate Professor, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Child and Adolescent Psychology and Psychiatry, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville
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Meneguzzo P, Zuccaretti D, Tenconi E, Favaro A. Transgender body image: Weight dissatisfaction, objectification & identity - Complex interplay explored via matched group. Int J Clin Health Psychol 2024; 24:100441. [PMID: 38292830 PMCID: PMC10825537 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2024.100441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
In the context of body image and mental health, transgender individuals face distinctive challenges stemming from the complexities of their gender identity journey, societal expectations, and body norms. However, the existing line of research on this topic remains limited. This study explores the complex relationship in transgender individuals between body objectification, body weight dissatisfaction, and eating concerns. A sample of 154 individuals (77 transgenders paired with 77 cisgenders) was recruited via LGBTQ+ groups' mailing lists. Participants completed various questionnaires assessing body image, eating psychopathology, depression, and body objectification. Propensity score matching was performed with different variables: age, current BMI, years of education, current self-identified gender, and sexual orientation. The results revealed that transgender individuals experienced higher levels of body objectification, body weight dissatisfaction, and eating concerns compared to their cisgender counterparts. Additionally, age emerged as a protective factor, as older transgender individuals demonstrated improved body acceptance and self-esteem. Logistic regression analyzes indicated that bulimic behaviors, depressive symptoms, and appearance control beliefs were specific factors significantly associated with being transgender. Our findings highlight the unique challenges faced by transgender individuals in navigating their gender identity and body image, underscoring the importance of targeted interventions and support systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Meneguzzo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Elena Tenconi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Angela Favaro
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Yesildemir O, Akbulut G. Gender-Affirming Nutrition: An Overview of Eating Disorders in the Transgender Population. Curr Nutr Rep 2023; 12:877-892. [PMID: 37864747 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-023-00504-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Transgender individuals are vulnerable to many nutrition-related conditions, especially eating disorders due to gender dysphoria. This review aims to summarize the current literature on eating disorders in transgender individuals. The issues that should be considered in nutrition care for the transgender population are discussed regarding public health. RECENT FINDINGS Transgender individuals can exhibit disordered eating behaviors to overcome the stress they experience due to stigma, discrimination, social exclusion, and abuse. Recent studies showed that disordered eating and clinical eating disorders are more prevalent among transgender than cisgender people. It is very important for a multidisciplinary team working in the clinic to understand the epidemiology, etiology, diagnostic criteria, and treatment of eating disorders in the transgender population. However, multidisciplinary nutritional care is limited due to the lack of transgender-specific nutrition guidelines. It is safe to say that adhering to a generally healthy nutritional pattern and using standardized nutrition guidelines. We recommend that health professionals working with patients/clients with eating disorders receive continuing education in transgender health, be empowering and inclusive, address patients/clients with their gender identity nouns and pronouns, and develop nutritional treatment plans that are not gender-specific. Eating disorders are a significant public health problem in the transgender population. Therefore, clinical screening and early intervention are necessary to identify and treat eating disorders in transgender people. Eating disorders in the transgender population should be monitored routinely, and gender-affirming care should be provided as well as treatment of eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozge Yesildemir
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, 16059, Turkey.
| | - Gamze Akbulut
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Istanbul Kent University, Istanbul, 34433, Turkey
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30
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Tesselaar JM, Mendoza RR, Siegel JA, Elbe CI, Caravelli NS, DeJesus J, Fenton M, Victoria BS, Blashill AJ. A qualitative analysis of relationship advice from the perspective of people living with and recovering from eating disorders while in diverse romantic relationships. Eat Disord 2023; 31:632-650. [PMID: 37194296 DOI: 10.1080/10640266.2023.2206753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Eating disorders (EDs) have adverse consequences across life domains, ranging from physical health to interpersonal relationships. While research suggests that romantic partners have the potential to support ED recovery, partners to those with EDs often report feeling confused and helpless in the face of the condition. The extant literature on EDs in relationships centers on the experiences of cisgender, heterosexual women. The present study aimed to garner a more comprehensive understanding of the types of support people with EDs believe are most helpful from romantic partners by analyzing relationship advice from a diverse group of individuals with EDs who were in romantic relationships. As part of a larger study on romantic relationships in ED recovery, we analyzed responses to the question, "If you had to give one piece of advice to someone who learns that their partner has an ED, what would it be?" Through Consensual Qualitative Research-Modified, we identified 29 themes, which we grouped into 7 domains: Foster Open Communication, Create an Environment of Emotional Intimacy, Let Your Partner Guide You, Educate Yourself, Be Compassionate with Yourself, Use Caution when Discussing Food and Bodies, and a Miscellaneous domain. These findings highlight the importance of patience, flexibility, psychoeducation, and self-compassion for individuals working to support their partner's ED recovery, and can inform future couples-based treatments and interventions for EDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana M Tesselaar
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Rebecca R Mendoza
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Jaclyn A Siegel
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Connor I Elbe
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Nicolas S Caravelli
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Jennifer DeJesus
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Margo Fenton
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Brianna S Victoria
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Aaron J Blashill
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
- SDSU/UC San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, California, USA
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31
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Le TP, Jin L, Kang N. Sexual, gendered, and internalized racism's associations with disordered eating among sexual minority Asian American men: Emotional eating as mediator. Eat Disord 2023; 31:533-552. [PMID: 37032549 DOI: 10.1080/10640266.2023.2201024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Research related to disordered eating among sexual minority Asian American men is scarce. Thus, the present study utilized an intersectional framework to examine how three different forms of racism (i.e. sexual racism, gendered racism, and internalized racism) are associated with disordered eating among sexual minority Asian American men, as well as the mediating role of emotional eating. A cross-sectional survey containing the study's measures of interest were administered to participants. The final sample consisted of 180 sexual minority Asian American men. Both sexual racism and internalized racism were positively associated with disordered eating whereas gendered racism was not associated with disordered eating Emotional eating mediated the association between internalized racism and disordered eating, though it did not mediate the association between sexual racism and disordered eating. Researchers and practitioners are encouraged to utilize an intersectional framework that takes into account multiple forms of racism, especially sexual racism and internalized racism, when considering this underrepresented population's disordered eating. Results also demonstrate the importance of addressing racism in eating disorder prevention efforts among sexual minority Asian American men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Le
- Department of Psychology, Bryn Mawr College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- University of Maryland
| | - Lily Jin
- Department of Psychology, Bryn Mawr College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- University of Maryland
| | - Naru Kang
- Department of Psychology, Bryn Mawr College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- University of Maryland
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Ferrero EM, Yunker AG, Cuffe S, Gautam S, Mendoza K, Bhupathiraju SN, Mattei J. Nutrition and Health in the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer/Questioning Community: A Narrative Review. Adv Nutr 2023; 14:1297-1306. [PMID: 37536566 PMCID: PMC10721458 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sexual and gender minorities have a higher risk for health and nutrition-related disparities across the life course compared to the heterosexual or cisgender population. Experiences of stigmatization and discrimination are associated with diminished mental health quality and psychological distress, which are risk factors for developing various eating disorders. Other nutrition disparities include increased risk for food insecurity, body dissatisfaction, and weight complications, such as those experienced by the transgender population in association with gender-affirming hormone therapies. Despite the need for tailored nutrition recommendations that address the unique needs of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer/questioning (LGBTQ+) community, there are currently no such guidelines in North America. The purpose of this review is to summarize major LGBTQ+ nutrition disparities and highlight the need for tailored recommendations. We examine the evidence on mental health and social disparities in this group, including vulnerabilities to disordered eating, food insecurity, and healthcare provider discrimination. Importantly, we identify a scarcity of literature on dietary concerns and nutrition care guidelines for LGBTQ+ groups, including studies that address intersectionality and differences among specific gender and sexual orientations. These gaps underline the urgency of prioritizing nutrition for LGBTQ+ health needs and for developing tailored public health nutrition recommendations for this underserved population. Our review suggests that future LGBTQ+ health and nutrition research agendas should include personalized and precision nutrition, social determinants of health, diet quality, body image, and healthcare provider cultural competency and responsiveness. Moreover, the current evidence on LGBTQ+ nutrition and health will be strengthened when research studies (including clinical trials) with robust methodologies amplify inclusion and representation of this community to elucidate health and nutrition disparities in sexual and gender minorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta M Ferrero
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Alexandra G Yunker
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sherri Cuffe
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Saloni Gautam
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kenny Mendoza
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Shilpa N Bhupathiraju
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Josiemer Mattei
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States.
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Fowler JA, Buckley L, Muir M, Viskovich S, Paradisis C, Zanganeh P, Dean JA. Digital mental health interventions: A narrative review of what is important from the perspective of LGBTQIA+ people. J Clin Psychol 2023; 79:2685-2713. [PMID: 37528773 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Digital mental health interventions are a promising therapeutic modality to provide psychological support to LGBTQIA+ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, Queer, intersex, asexual, plus other gender, sexual, and romantic minority identities) people. The aim of this narrative review is to explore how the LGBTQIA+ community has been engaged in the design of digital mental health interventions, how content has been tailored to the LGBTQIA+ community, and features identified as important by LGBTQIA+ participants. METHODS A total of 33 studies were included in this review from a larger yield of 1933 identified from systematic searches of five databases (PsycINFO, PubMed, Scopus, CINAHAL, and Medline). Data were analyzed narratively and using content analysis. RESULTS Only half of the studies reported engaging the LGBTQIA+ community in intervention designs. Interventions have been tailored in a variety of ways to support LGBTQIA+ individuals-such as through affirming imagery, recruitment through LGBTQIA+ networks, and designing content to focus specifically on LGBTQIA+ issues. A range of features were identified as important for participants, namely how content was tailored to LGBTQIA+ experiences, providing connection to community, and links to other relevant LGBTQIA+ resources. While not a primary aim, results also showed that a wide range of digital modalities can significantly improve a range of mental health problems. CONCLUSION Digital interventions are an acceptable and effective form of therapeutic intervention, but future research needs to focus on meaningful engagement of community members to inform design and implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Fowler
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lisa Buckley
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Miranda Muir
- Faculty of Health and Behavioral Sciences, School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Shelley Viskovich
- Faculty of Health and Behavioral Sciences, School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Chris Paradisis
- Faculty of Health and Behavioral Sciences, School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Parnian Zanganeh
- Faculty of Health and Behavioral Sciences, School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Judith A Dean
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Poche Centre for Indigenous Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Compte EJ, McGuire FH, Brown TA, Lavender JM, Murray SB, Capriotti MR, Flentje A, Lubensky ME, Lunn MR, Obedin-Maliver J, Nagata JM. Investigating the factor structure and measurement invariance of the eating disorder examination questionnaire (EDE-Q) among cisgender gay men and lesbian women from the United States. J Eat Disord 2023; 11:164. [PMID: 37736682 PMCID: PMC10515023 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-023-00880-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire (EDE-Q) is one of the most widely used self-report assessments of eating disorder symptoms, evidence indicates potential limitations with its original factor structure and associated psychometric properties in a variety of populations, including sexual minority populations. The aims of the current investigation were to explore several previously published EDE-Q factor structures and to examine internal consistency and measurement invariance of the best-fitting EDE-Q model in a large community sample of cisgender gay men and cisgender lesbian women. METHODS Data were drawn from 1624 adults (1060 cisgender gay men, 564 cisgender lesbian women) who participated in The PRIDE Study, a large-scale longitudinal cohort study of sexual and gender minorities from the United States. A series of confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) were conducted to explore the fit of eight proposed EDE-Q models; internal consistency (Cronbach's alphas, Omega coefficients) and measurement invariance (multi-group CFA) were subsequently evaluated. RESULTS A brief seven-item, three-factor (dietary restraint, shape/weight overvaluation, body dissatisfaction) model of the EDE-Q from Grilo et al. (Obes Surg. 23:657-662, 2013), consistently evidenced the best fit across cisgender gay men and lesbian women. The internal consistencies of the three subscales were adequate in both groups, and measurement invariance across the groups was supported. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these findings support the use of the seven-item, three-factor version of the EDE-Q for assessing eating disorder symptomatology in cisgender gay men and lesbian women. Future studies can confirm the current findings in focused examinations of the seven-item, three-factor EDE-Q in diverse sexual minority samples across race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and age ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio J Compte
- Eating Behavior Research Center, School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, 2640 Diagonal Las Torres Avenue, Peñalolén, Santiago, Chile
- Research Department, Comenzar de Nuevo Treatment Center, Av. Humberto Lobo 1001, Del Valle, 66220, San Pedro Garza García, N.L., Mexico
| | - F Hunter McGuire
- The Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Dr, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Tiffany A Brown
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Auburn University, 101 Cary Hall, Auburn, AL, 36849-5234, USA
| | - Jason M Lavender
- Military Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Program (MiCOR), Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Rd, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
- The Metis Foundation, 84 NE Interstate 410 Loop # 325, San Antonio, TX, 78216, USA
| | - Stuart B Murray
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, 1975 Zonal Ave., Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Matthew R Capriotti
- Department of Psychology, San José State University, 1 Washington Sq, San Jose, CA, 95192, USA
- The PRIDE Study/PRIDEnet, Stanford University School of Medicine, 291 Campus Drive Li Ka Shing Building, Stanford, CA, 94305-5101, USA
| | - Annesa Flentje
- The PRIDE Study/PRIDEnet, Stanford University School of Medicine, 291 Campus Drive Li Ka Shing Building, Stanford, CA, 94305-5101, USA
- Department of Community Health Systems, University of California, San Francisco, 675 18th St. UCSF Pritzker Psychiatry Building, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA
- Alliance Health Project, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 401 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Micah E Lubensky
- The PRIDE Study/PRIDEnet, Stanford University School of Medicine, 291 Campus Drive Li Ka Shing Building, Stanford, CA, 94305-5101, USA
- Department of Community Health Systems, University of California, San Francisco, 675 18th St. UCSF Pritzker Psychiatry Building, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA
| | - Mitchell R Lunn
- The PRIDE Study/PRIDEnet, Stanford University School of Medicine, 291 Campus Drive Li Ka Shing Building, Stanford, CA, 94305-5101, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Juno Obedin-Maliver
- The PRIDE Study/PRIDEnet, Stanford University School of Medicine, 291 Campus Drive Li Ka Shing Building, Stanford, CA, 94305-5101, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 770 Welch Road, #201, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Jason M Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, 4th Floor, Box 0503, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
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Heiden-Rootes K, Linsenmeyer W, Levine S, Oliveras M, Joseph M. A scoping review of research literature on eating and body image for transgender and nonbinary youth. J Eat Disord 2023; 11:168. [PMID: 37740228 PMCID: PMC10517525 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-023-00853-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transgender and nonbinary (TGNB) adolescents and young adults are underrepresented in the literature on eating disorders and body image-related problems, despite increased mental health disparities and emerging research showing high associations between gender dysphoria, body image, and eating disorders among TGNB youth. AIMS The scoping review was designed to critically examine the research on TGNB adolescents and young adults who experience eating and body image related problems as well as clinical studies on treatment approaches and effectiveness. METHOD Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) was used for reporting this scoping review. The electronic databases of MEDLINE and PsychInfo were used for searching subject terms. Inclusion criteria for studies required the quantitative measurement or qualitative exploration of body image or eating for transgender minor children, adolescents, or young adult samples (18 to 25 years old) and address differences in eating/body-related problems by age. The relevant data was extracted and narratively summarized. RESULTS 49 studies were identified, data extracted, and analyzed. Increased prevalence of eating disorders and body image problems were identified for TGNB youth. Body-gender congruence through gender affirming social and medical interventions (e.g., hormone therapy) were noted as significant for alleviating body image problems and facilitating eating disorder treatment. Family and social factors were not well understood in the literature and a need for increased study of TGNB youth from varied racial/ethnic, neurodiverse, and within specific identities (e.g., nonbinary) and families and cultural contexts is still needed. CONCLUSIONS Future research should consider the use of developmental and family theories for guiding inclusion of salient social factors influencing eating patterns, body image, and treatment outcomes. In addition, more studies are needed with those from minoritized racial and ethnic groups, neurodiversity, and varied gender identities (e.g., nonbinary and gender queer) for identifying important differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Heiden-Rootes
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, 3700 Lindell Blvd., Ste 1100, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA.
| | - Whitney Linsenmeyer
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Samantha Levine
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, 3700 Lindell Blvd., Ste 1100, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA
| | - Mark Oliveras
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, 3700 Lindell Blvd., Ste 1100, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA
| | - Miriam Joseph
- University Libraries, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Papastavrou Brooks C, Kafle E, Butt N, Chawner D, Day A, Elsby-Pearson C, Elson E, Hammond J, Herbert P, Jenkins CL, Johnson Z, Keith-Roach SH, Papasileka E, Reeves S, Stewart N, Gilbert N, Startup H. Co-producing principles to guide health research: an illustrative case study from an eating disorder research clinic. RESEARCH INVOLVEMENT AND ENGAGEMENT 2023; 9:84. [PMID: 37730642 PMCID: PMC10510247 DOI: 10.1186/s40900-023-00460-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is significant value in co-produced health research, however power-imbalances within research teams can pose a barrier to people with lived experience of an illness determining the direction of research in that area. This is especially true in eating disorder research, where the inclusion of co-production approaches lags other research areas. Appealing to principles or values can serve to ground collaborative working. Despite this, there has not been any prior attempt to co-produce principles to guide the work of a research group and serve as a basis for developing future projects. METHODS The aim of this piece of work was to co-produce a set of principles to guide the conduct of research within our lived experience led research clinic, and to offer an illustrative case for the value of this as a novel co-production methodology. A lived experience panel were recruited to our eating disorder research group. Through an iterative series of workshops with the members of our research clinic (composed of a lived experience panel, clinicians, and researchers) we developed a set of principles which we agreed were important in ensuring both the direction of our research, and the way in which we wanted to work together. RESULTS Six key principles were developed using this process. They were that research should aim to be: 1) real world-offering a clear and concrete benefit to people with eating disorders, 2) tailored-suitable for marginalised groups and people with atypical diagnoses, 3) hopeful-ensuring that hope for recovery was centred in treatment, 4) experiential-privileging the 'voice' of people with eating disorders, 5) broad-encompassing non-standard therapeutic treatments and 6) democratic-co-produced by people with lived experience of eating disorders. CONCLUSIONS We reflect on some of the positives as well as limitations of the process, highlighting the importance of adequate funding for longer-term co-production approaches to be taken, and issues around ensuring representation of minority groups. We hope that other health research groups will see the value in co-producing principles to guide research in their own fields, and will adapt, develop, and refine this novel methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cat Papastavrou Brooks
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK.
- SPIRED Clinic, Research and Development Department, Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Sussex Education Centre, Nevill Avenue, Hove, BN3 7HZ, UK.
| | - Eshika Kafle
- SPIRED Clinic, Research and Development Department, Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Sussex Education Centre, Nevill Avenue, Hove, BN3 7HZ, UK
| | - Natali Butt
- SPIRED Clinic, Research and Development Department, Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Sussex Education Centre, Nevill Avenue, Hove, BN3 7HZ, UK
| | - Dave Chawner
- SPIRED Clinic, Research and Development Department, Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Sussex Education Centre, Nevill Avenue, Hove, BN3 7HZ, UK
- Comedy for Coping, Aesthetics Research Centre, University of Kent, Room 2.16, Jarman Building, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7UG, UK
| | - Anna Day
- SPIRED Clinic, Research and Development Department, Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Sussex Education Centre, Nevill Avenue, Hove, BN3 7HZ, UK
| | - Chloë Elsby-Pearson
- SPIRED Clinic, Research and Development Department, Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Sussex Education Centre, Nevill Avenue, Hove, BN3 7HZ, UK
| | - Emily Elson
- SPIRED Clinic, Research and Development Department, Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Sussex Education Centre, Nevill Avenue, Hove, BN3 7HZ, UK
| | - John Hammond
- SPIRED Clinic, Research and Development Department, Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Sussex Education Centre, Nevill Avenue, Hove, BN3 7HZ, UK
| | - Penny Herbert
- SPIRED Clinic, Research and Development Department, Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Sussex Education Centre, Nevill Avenue, Hove, BN3 7HZ, UK
| | - Catherine L Jenkins
- SPIRED Clinic, Research and Development Department, Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Sussex Education Centre, Nevill Avenue, Hove, BN3 7HZ, UK
| | - Zach Johnson
- SPIRED Clinic, Research and Development Department, Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Sussex Education Centre, Nevill Avenue, Hove, BN3 7HZ, UK
| | - Sarah Helen Keith-Roach
- SPIRED Clinic, Research and Development Department, Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Sussex Education Centre, Nevill Avenue, Hove, BN3 7HZ, UK
| | - Eirini Papasileka
- SPIRED Clinic, Research and Development Department, Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Sussex Education Centre, Nevill Avenue, Hove, BN3 7HZ, UK
- Department of Psychology, City, University of London, Northampton Square, London, EC1V 0HB, UK
| | - Stella Reeves
- SPIRED Clinic, Research and Development Department, Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Sussex Education Centre, Nevill Avenue, Hove, BN3 7HZ, UK
- School of Human and Behavioural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, LL57 2DG, UK
| | - Natasha Stewart
- SPIRED Clinic, Research and Development Department, Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Sussex Education Centre, Nevill Avenue, Hove, BN3 7HZ, UK
| | - Nicola Gilbert
- SPIRED Clinic, Research and Development Department, Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Sussex Education Centre, Nevill Avenue, Hove, BN3 7HZ, UK
- Maudsley Learning, ORTUS Conferencing and Events Venue, 82-96 Grove Lane, London, SE5 8SN, UK
| | - Helen Startup
- SPIRED Clinic, Research and Development Department, Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Sussex Education Centre, Nevill Avenue, Hove, BN3 7HZ, UK
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Bassett L, Ewart M. Discrepancies between media portrayals and actual demographics of eating disorders in TV and film: implications of representation. J Eat Disord 2023; 11:161. [PMID: 37723555 PMCID: PMC10506274 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-023-00892-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Media has a reputation for painting a narrow, simplistic, sensationalized portrait of eating disorders. There is little analysis of how film and TV portray eating disorders nor the implications of this representation. This study fills that gap by comparing demographics of US film and TV characters since the 1980s to actual population demographics of people with eating disorders. METHODS We compiled a dataset of TV and movie characters with eating disorders and categorized characters' gender, age, race/ethnicity, and sexual orientation. We narrowed the dataset to include only US media depictions to facilitate comparisons with empirical prevalence, resulting in a total of 66 characters over the period 1981 to 2022. We then compared the demographic characteristics of our sample to national statistics on eating disorder prevalence. RESULTS US media depictions of eating disorders overrepresented characters who were heterosexual (75.56%), White (84.85%), women (89.39%), and under age 30 (84.85%). This does not accurately reflect the populations experiencing eating disorders in the US. CONCLUSIONS Eating disorders have an image problem. TV and movies inaccurately portray them as primarily affecting heterosexual, White, women under age 30. Misrepresentation could fuel existing stigmas that inhibit individuals with eating disorders from seeking and receiving treatment. It could also perpetuate stereotypes that fuel misperceptions of the disease by medical providers, families, and policymakers. We recommend more accurate representation in the media to better reflect current demographics and increase awareness of the range of people who can experience eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Bassett
- Batten School of Leadership and Public Policy, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| | - Maya Ewart
- New York City Human Resources Administration, New York, NY, USA
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Vinitchagoon T, Wongpipit W, Phansuea P. Gender Expression, Weight Status, and Risk of Experiencing Eating Disorders among Gender-Diverse Adults Assigned Male at Birth in Bangkok, Thailand. Nutrients 2023; 15:3700. [PMID: 37686732 PMCID: PMC10489815 DOI: 10.3390/nu15173700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examines the association between gender expression, weight status, and the risk of experiencing eating disorders among gender-diverse adults assigned male at birth living in Bangkok, Thailand. Participants completed self-administered questionnaires to provide demographic data and anthropometric measures, and an Eating Attitude Test-26 (EAT-26) to determine the risk of experiencing eating disorders. The associations between gender expression, weight status, and the risk of experiencing eating disorders were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression models. No significant differences were observed in weight-related variables based on gender expression. Participants self-described as feminine/androgynous had lower odds of experiencing a high risk of eating disorders compared to those self-described as masculine (odds ratio (OR) = 0.49; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 0.27, 0.88). A higher body mass index (BMI) (OR = 1.07; 95% CI = 1.01, 1.14) and BMI discrepancy (OR = 1.13; 95% CI = 1.03, 1.24) were associated with higher odds of engaging in extreme weight-control behaviors. The risk of experiencing eating disorders among Thai gender-diverse adults assigned male at birth could differ across gender expression and weight status. Further research is needed to expand the understanding of these relationships and develop tailored intervention programs to mitigate the risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanit Vinitchagoon
- Food and Nutrition Academic and Research Cluster, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand;
| | - Waris Wongpipit
- Department of Curriculum and Instruction, Faculty of Education, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Phenphop Phansuea
- Food and Nutrition Academic and Research Cluster, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand;
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Santana DD, Mitchison D, Mannan H, Griffiths S, Appolinario JC, da Veiga GV, Touyz S, Hay P. Twenty-year associations between disordered eating behaviors and sociodemographic features in a multiple cross-sectional sample. Psychol Med 2023; 53:5012-5021. [PMID: 35833367 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291722001994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disordered eating behaviors (DEB) impact on health and wellbeing worldwide. This study aimed to examine sociodemographic trends in the prevalence of DEB over 20 years in the Australian general population. METHODS Data were derived from five sequential cross-sectional surveys (1998, 2008, 2009, 2016 and 2017) with population-representative samples of adults and adolescents residing in South Australia (N = 15 075). DEBs investigated were objective binge eating (OBE), strict dieting/fasting, and purging. Sociodemographic data included gender, age, educational level, work and marital status, and residence. RESULTS OBE prevalence increased significantly. Strict dieting/fasting also increased from 1998 to 2008/9 but remained stable between 2008/9 and 2016/7. Purging prevalence did not change significantly over time. All survey years were associated with a significantly higher odds of OBE, and strict diet/fasting compared to 1998. Lower age, a higher Accessibility Remoteness Index of Australia (ARIA) score, higher body mass index (BMI), higher educational attainment, and not being in a married or de facto relationship were independently associated with greater adjusted odds for endorsing OBE. Younger age, female gender, and higher BMI were also independently associated with greater adjusted odds for endorsing strict dieting/fasting. CONCLUSIONS The increased prevalence of DEBs in various strata of Australian society has both public health and clinical implications. The results refute the stereotype that eating disorders (EDs) predominantly affect young women. They build impetus for future research on EDs among men and older individuals, with a view to developing tailored public health and clinical interventions for these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Dias Santana
- Josué de Castro Institute of Nutrition, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- School of Medicine, Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Deborah Mitchison
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Emotional Health, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia
- Camden and Campbelltown Hospitals, SWSLHD, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Haider Mannan
- School of Medicine, Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Scott Griffiths
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jose Carlos Appolinario
- Group of Obesity and Eating Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gloria Valeria da Veiga
- Josué de Castro Institute of Nutrition, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Stephen Touyz
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Phillipa Hay
- School of Medicine, Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia
- Camden and Campbelltown Hospitals, SWSLHD, New South Wales, Australia
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Arnold JC, McNamara M. Transgender and gender-diverse youth: an update on standard medical treatments for gender dysphoria and the sociopolitical climate. Curr Opin Pediatr 2023; 35:423-429. [PMID: 37097294 DOI: 10.1097/mop.0000000000001256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) youth experience a discordance between their binary sex assigned at birth and gender identity. All TGD youth benefit from compassionate care delivered by clinicians who are informed in matters of gender diversity. Some of TGD youth experience clinically significant distress, termed gender dysphoria (GD), and may benefit from additional psychological support and medical treatments. Discrimination and stigma fuel minority stress in TGD youth and thus many struggle with mental health and psychosocial functioning. This review summarizes the current state of research on TGD youth and essential medical treatments for gender dysphoria. These concepts are highly relevant in the current sociopolitical climate. Pediatric providers of all disciplines are stakeholders in the care of TGD youth and should be aware of updates in this field. RECENT FINDINGS Children who express gender-diverse identities continue to express these identities into adolescence. Medical treatments for GD have a positive effect on mental health, suicidality, psychosocial functioning, and body satisfaction. The overwhelming majority of TGD youth with gender dysphoria who receive medical aspects of gender affirming care continue these treatments into early adulthood. Political targeting and legal interference into social inclusion for TGD youth and medical treatments for GD are rooted in scientific misinformation and have negative impacts on their well being. SUMMARY All youth-serving health professionals are likely to care for TGD youth. To provide optimal care, these professionals should remain apprised of best practices and understand basic principles of medical treatments for GD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob C Arnold
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Heiden-Rootes K, Linsenmeyer W, Levine S, Oliveras M, Joseph M. A scoping review of the research literature on eating and body image for transgender and nonbinary adults. J Eat Disord 2023; 11:111. [PMID: 37400915 PMCID: PMC10318796 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-023-00828-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eating disorder treatment approaches and outcome studies have historically centered almost exclusively on cisgender populations. Transgender and nonbinary (TGNB) adults are underrepresented in general and intervention research despite being at increased risk for eating and body image-related problems. AIMS This scoping review was designed to gather and examine the research with TGNB adults who experience eating and body image related problems, as well as clinical studies on the effectiveness of treatment approaches. METHOD Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) was used for reporting this review. MEDLINE and PsychInfo were used as electronic databases for searching subject terms. Inclusion criteria for studies required the quantitative measurement or qualitative exploration of body image or eating for TGNB adults. The relevant data were extracted and summarized based on quantitative findings and qualitative themes. RESULTS After review of over 1258 articles, 59 studies met criteria and data were extracted and summarized. Factors associated with eating disorders and body image problems across studies suggests gender-affirming medical interventions are effective and emphasized treatment for an eating disorder is warranted alongside gender affirming medical care. Body image was associated with eating patterns aimed at meeting gendered ideals of body shape and size. There was variation in guiding theories and absence of consensus in the definition of transgender in the review studies. This likely demonstrates the changing language, social acceptance of TGNB people and identities, diagnostic criteria, and clinical conceptualizations of eating and body image. CONCLUSIONS Future research should consider the use of theory for guiding inclusion of salient social factors influencing eating patterns, body image, and treatment outcomes. In addition, future research is needed that centers on nonbinary and genderqueer populations, as well as those from minoritized racial and ethnic groups to inform culturally appropriate concerns, needs, and treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Heiden-Rootes
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, 3700 Lindell Blvd., Ste 1100, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA.
| | - Whitney Linsenmeyer
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Samantha Levine
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, 3700 Lindell Blvd., Ste 1100, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA
| | - Mark Oliveras
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, 3700 Lindell Blvd., Ste 1100, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA
| | - Miriam Joseph
- University Libraries, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Marciano A, David Y, Antebi-Gruszka N. Facebook use and body dissatisfaction moderate the association between discrimination and suicidality among LGBQ individuals. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2023.107729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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Kim HH, Goetz TG, Grieve V, Keuroghlian AS. Psychopharmacological Considerations for Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy. Harv Rev Psychiatry 2023; 31:183-194. [PMID: 37437250 PMCID: PMC10348476 DOI: 10.1097/hrp.0000000000000373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The field of transgender health has grown exponentially since the early 2010s. While this increased visibility has not been without controversy, there is growing acknowledgement of the needs of transgender, nonbinary, and gender expansive (TNG) patients and the health disparities they experience compared to the cisgender population. There is also increased interest among clinicians and trainees in providing gender-affirming care in all medical specialties. This is particularly relevant in psychiatry as mental health disparities in TNG patients have been well-documented. TNG patients experience significant minority stress and higher rates of psychiatric illness, self-harm, suicidality, and psychiatric hospitalization compared to their cisgender peers. In this review, we will cover potential interactions and side effects relevant to psychiatric medication management for the three most common medication classes prescribed as part of gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT): gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor agonists, estradiol, and testosterone. Although no studies directly examining the efficacy of psychiatric medications or their interactions with GAHT for TNG patients have been published yet, we have synthesized the existing literature from both cisgender and TNG patients to shed light on health care disparities seen in TNG patients. Since clinicians' lack of comfort and familiarity with gender-affirming care contributes significantly to these disparities, we hope this narrative review will help psychiatric prescribers provide TNG patients with the same quality of care that cisgender patients receive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Hee Kim
- From Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (Drs. Kim and Keuroghlian); University of Pennsylvania Department of Psychiatry (Dr. Goetz); University of Pittsburgh Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics (Dr. Grieve)
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Kalash N, Harb H, Zeeni N, El Khoury M, Mattar L. Determinants of body image disturbance and disordered eating behaviors among self-identified LGBTQ individuals. J Eat Disord 2023; 11:87. [PMID: 37268956 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-023-00810-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been previously established that sexual minorities are more likely to suffer from mental health illnesses due to experiencing unique stressors such as fear, anxiety, stigma, harassment, and prejudice. Results revealed two noteworthy mental health disorders reported by lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) individuals, disordered eating behaviors and disturbed body image. Yet, a-priori studies revealed inconsistent results with regards to body image concerns and eating disorder symptoms and attitudes among sexual minorities. Therefore, this cross-sectional study aimed at investigating the occurrence of disordered eating behaviors (DEB) and body image disturbance (BID) among sexual minorities in Lebanon. Additionally, the correlation between several determinants of DEB and BID including fear of negative evaluation, generalized anxiety, social support, and harassment levels have been examined. Generally, the present study revealed that LGBTQ population scored higher than cisgender and heterosexual individuals for the mean and global scores of the EDE-Q6.0 and BAS-2. Only generalized anxiety and fear of negative evaluation scales were significantly associated with DEB and BID among different sexual orientation and gender identity individuals. Therefore, it is very important that health professionals working with such vulnerable populations meticulously assess for disordered eating behaviors and body image disturbance for better communication and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Kalash
- Nutrition Program, Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box 13-5053, Chouran, Beirut, 1102 2801, Lebanon
| | - Hana Harb
- Nutrition Program, Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box 13-5053, Chouran, Beirut, 1102 2801, Lebanon
| | - Nadine Zeeni
- Nutrition Program, Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box 13-5053, Chouran, Beirut, 1102 2801, Lebanon
| | - Myriam El Khoury
- Psychology Program, Department of Social Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Lama Mattar
- Nutrition Program, Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box 13-5053, Chouran, Beirut, 1102 2801, Lebanon.
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Tran A, Darboe M, Goyal A, Birk N. Association between dating app use and unhealthy weight control behaviors and muscle enhancing behaviors in sexual minority men: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:838. [PMID: 37161386 PMCID: PMC10170774 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15715-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Body image concerns are prevalent and are viewed as risk factors for engaging in unhealthy weight control behaviors (UWCBs), such as purging, fasting, and the misuse of laxatives and diet pills. Studies have also linked UWCBs to the development of eating disorders. In the United States (U.S.), sexual minority men (e.g., bisexual, gay, and men who have sex with men) are prone to UWCBs often as a result of societal pressures to achieve certain standards of appearance - of which are often perpetuated through various media platforms. A growing number of studies have explored the possible role mobile dating applications ("dating apps") play in contributing to UWCBs. To our knowledge, such studies have not explored this possible relationship between dating apps and UWCBs in sexual minority men (SMM). To fill this gap in the scientific literature, the present study assessed the association between dating app use and UWCBs and muscle enhancing behaviors among a sample of adult SMM in the U.S. METHOD 549 SMM participated in an anonymous survey from Qualtrics Survey Panels. UWCBs and muscle enhancing behaviors were assessed through items adapted from national surveys. Body image dissatisfaction was assessed using the Male Body Attitudes Scales. Participants also reported their history of dating app use. We performed descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and student's t-tests. Multivariable logistic regression models assessed the relationship between dating app use and UWCBs and muscle enhancing behaviors. RESULTS Dating app users had significantly higher body image dissatisfaction scores than non-users. Dating app users also demonstrated significantly elevated odds of engaging in four UWCBs and muscle enhancing behaviors: laxatives, diet pills, muscle-building supplements, and protein powders. CONCLUSIONS This is one of the first studies to assess dating app use and its association with UWCBs and muscle enhancing behaviors in SMM. Increased surveillance and detection for such behaviors among SMM, particularly those using dating apps, are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin Tran
- Department of Population Health and Leadership, School of Health Sciences, University of New Haven, 300 Boston Post Road, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA.
| | - Mabintou Darboe
- Department of Population Health and Leadership, School of Health Sciences, University of New Haven, 300 Boston Post Road, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | - Anirudh Goyal
- Department of Population Health and Leadership, School of Health Sciences, University of New Haven, 300 Boston Post Road, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | - Nick Birk
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 67 Huntington Ave, Boston, MS, MA, 02115, USA
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Stevens SD. Obesity in Sexual and Gender Minority Populations: Prevalence and Correlates. Curr Obes Rep 2023:10.1007/s13679-023-00499-z. [PMID: 37140879 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-023-00499-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to explore the prevalence and correlates of obesity among members of sexual and gender minority (SGM) populations. RECENT FINDINGS Research overall finds higher rates of obesity among lesbian and bisexual women than heterosexual women, lower rates of obesity among gay and bisexual men than heterosexual men, and inconsistent findings on obesity among transgender individuals. Rates of mental health disorders and disordered eating are high among all SGM groups. Rates of comorbid medical conditions differ among groups. More research needs to be conducted within all SGM groups but particularly among transgender populations. All members of SGM encounter stigma, including when seeking healthcare, and this may lead to individuals avoiding healthcare. Therefore, it is important to educate providers about population-specific factors. This article serves as an overview of important considerations for providers treating individuals within SGM populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena D Stevens
- Cleveland Clinic Bariatric and Metabolic Institute, 9500 Euclid Ave./M61, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
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Mensinger JL, Shepherd BF, Schapiro S, Aware Y, Brochu PM, Calogero RM, Tylka TL. Mediating effects of a weight-inclusive health promotion program on maladaptive eating in women with high body mass index. Eat Behav 2023; 49:101730. [PMID: 37121132 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2023.101730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Research shows that individuals with a body mass index (BMI) over 30 have experienced an 11-fold increase in restrictive eating and a 7-fold increase in binge eating since the 1990s. Most health promotion programs for higher-weight individuals have not been developed with the high eating disorder risk for this population in mind. The purpose of current study was to test two hypothesized mechanisms underlying improvement in maladaptive eating patterns shown in a weight-inclusive health promotion program designed for women with BMIs at or above 30. Participants (N = 40) were primarily White (93 %), 30-45 years old (M = 39.83, SD = 4.34) with BMIs ranging from 30 to 45 kg/m2 (M = 37.42, SD = 3.58). Using the MEMORE macro, we tested a parallel mediation model hypothesizing that internalized weight stigma and intuitive eating would explain improvements on two subscales from the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-R18 after a 6-month program. Total effects of the program on uncontrolled (b = -3.76, SE = 0.64, p < .0001) and emotional eating (b = -1.79, SE = 0.34, p < .0001) were significant. The indirect effects (IE) of internalized weight stigma on uncontrolled eating (IE = 1.59, SE = 0.79, 95 % CI = 0.46, 3.49) and emotional eating (IE = 0.67, SE = 0.40, 95 % CI = 0.11, 1.68) were also significant. Likewise, the IEs of intuitive eating on uncontrolled eating (IE = 2.09, SE = 0.70, 95 % CI = 0.60, 3.38) and emotional eating (IE = 1.03, SE = 0.43, 95 % CI = 0.08, 1.82) were significant. These findings indicate that weight-inclusive health promotion programs that directly address weight bias and eating according to cues from the body may help higher-weight individuals improve maladaptive eating patterns via reductions in internalized weight stigma and increases in intuitive eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janell L Mensinger
- Department of Clinical and School Psychology, Nova Southeastern University, 3301 College Ave, 1073 Maltz, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, United States of America.
| | - Benjamin F Shepherd
- Department of Clinical and School Psychology, Nova Southeastern University, 3301 College Ave, 1073 Maltz, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, United States of America.
| | - Stevie Schapiro
- Department of Clinical and School Psychology, Nova Southeastern University, 3301 College Ave, 1073 Maltz, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, United States of America.
| | - Yashvi Aware
- Department of Clinical and School Psychology, Nova Southeastern University, 3301 College Ave, 1073 Maltz, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, United States of America.
| | - Paula M Brochu
- Department of Clinical and School Psychology, Nova Southeastern University, 3301 College Ave, 1073 Maltz, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, United States of America.
| | - Rachel M Calogero
- Department of Psychology, Western University, Westminster Hall, Office 321, London, ON N6K 5C2, Canada.
| | - Tracy L Tylka
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, 170F Morrill Hall, 1465 Mt. Vernon Avenue, Marion, OH 43302, United States of America.
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Ahlich E, Poovey K, Rancourt D. Examination of the two-step water load test as a measure of gastric interoception and associations with eating and weight/shape concerns in a nonclinical sample. Int J Eat Disord 2023. [PMID: 37072377 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current study extended research examining the validity of the two-step Water Load Test (WLT-II), an objective, laboratory-based measure of gastric interoception, by investigating the validity of the WLT-II in a nonclinical sample and testing its contribution to the prediction of eating and weight/shape concerns. METHODS Participants (n = 129, 73.6% cisgender female, M = 20.13 years old) completed the WLT-II Questionnaire and two-step WLT-II, as well as self-report measures of eating and weight/shape concerns (Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire; EDE-Q) and interoception (Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness-2; Intuitive Eating Scale-2 Reliance on Hunger and Satiety), in the lab at a large southeastern university. Data analysis included repeated measures ANOVA, correlations, and a series of hierarchical linear regressions. RESULTS Participants reported considerably more discomfort after the "maximum fullness" trial compared to the "satiation" trial. The WLT-II's objective measure of gastric interoception (sat_%) was not significantly correlated with the self-report measures of interoception and did not predict EDE-Q Dietary Restraint, Eating Shame, or Weight/Shape Concerns. Unexpectedly, greater gastric sensitivity was associated with less EDE-Q Preoccupation/Restriction. Exploratory analyses suggested a possible nonlinear association. DISCUSSION These results support the validity of the WLT-II in its ability to create, measure, and distinguish between the states of satiation and maximum fullness. However, results also suggest additional work is needed to better understand what the WLT-II's sat_% measure is capturing, as well as investigate potential nonlinear associations of the WLT-II with disordered eating. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE Interoception, or the processing of internal body signals, shows important links to disordered eating. Despite the clear relevance of gastric interoception to disordered eating-such as the ability to detect satiety signals-existing research has relied on general, self-report measures of interoception. This study examined the utility of a laboratory-based measure of gastric interoception. Results suggested mixed support for its validity and utility for predicting eating and weight/shape concerns in a nonclinical population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Ahlich
- Department of Psychology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Kendall Poovey
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Diana Rancourt
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
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Gewirtz-Meydan A, Spivak-Lavi Z. The association between problematic pornography use and eating disorder symptoms among heterosexual and sexual minority men. Body Image 2023; 45:284-295. [PMID: 37011472 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the link between problematic pornography use and eating disorder symptoms in men, with body comparison and body image as mediators, and perceived realism and anxiety and depression as moderators. We also analyzed the model for both heterosexual and sexual minority men to detect any differences. The current study included 705 Israeli men, 479 of whom identified as heterosexual and 226 as sexual minority. The majority of the sample (90.6%) identified as Jewish with a mean age of 32.5. Results showed that problematic pornography use was linked to more upward body comparison, which in turn was related to negative body image, and ultimately, increased severity of eating disorder symptoms. Anxiety and depression moderated the association between male body image and eating disorder symptoms. However, perceived realism did not moderate the link between problematic pornography use and upward body comparison. Whereas there were significant differences in the mean rank values between heterosexual and sexual minority men in all measures, the processes linking these measures were virtually the same. To reduce the risk of developing or worsening eating disorder symptoms, clinicians working with male clients should assess for problematic pornography use and body image concerns during therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ateret Gewirtz-Meydan
- School of Social Work, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences University of Haifa, Israel. agewirtz-@univ.haifa.ac.il
| | - Zohar Spivak-Lavi
- Faculty of Social Work, Max Stern Yezreel Valley College, Emek Yezreel, Israel.
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Barnhart WR, Cui S, Cui T, Hong D, He J. Transgender congruence, body appreciation, body dissatisfaction, and disordered eating in Chinese transgender adults. Int J Eat Disord 2023. [PMID: 36918351 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ample evidence shows that transgender congruence is negatively associated with body dissatisfaction and disordered eating in the Western context; however, limited research has explored these relationships in non-Western populations (e.g., Chinese transgender adults). Moreover, to our knowledge, there has been no research describing disordered eating in Chinese transgender adults. Thus, this study aimed to explore group differences in and relationships between transgender congruence, body appreciation, body dissatisfaction, and disordered eating in Chinese transgender adults. METHODS This study examined transgender congruence, body appreciation, body dissatisfaction, and disordered eating in a sample of Chinese transgender adults (N = 200). Chi-square, F tests, and correlation analyses were conducted to examine group differences and relationships between study variables. RESULTS Of the transgender adults, 31.0% screened positive as probable eating disorder (ED) cases. There were no gender identity differences in the study variables. Transgender congruence was positively associated body appreciation (r = .40, p < .001) and negatively associated with body dissatisfaction (r = -.26, p < .001) and disordered eating (r = -.15, p = .031). DISCUSSION Chinese transgender adults may be at high risk of EDs. Transgender congruence and body appreciation may serve a protective role in the context of eating pathology in Chinese transgender adults. Future research is needed to validate the observed relationships between transgender congruence, body appreciation, body dissatisfaction, and disordered eating in Chinese transgender adults. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE Research on disordered eating and body image in Chinese transgender adults is limited. This study describes disordered eating and its relations with transgender congruence, body appreciation, and body dissatisfaction in Chinese transgender adults. Findings highlight the need for and implications of ED intervention in Chinese transgender adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley R Barnhart
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, USA
| | - Shuqi Cui
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tianxiang Cui
- Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Dinan Hong
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jinbo He
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
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