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Tveten AK, Ørstenvik HL, Tolaas I. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) for detection of atypical enterovirus D68 strain VR-1197. J Virol Methods 2024; 330:115030. [PMID: 39236986 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2024.115030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 08/30/2024] [Accepted: 09/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
A method that has rapidly evolved for detection of viral pathogens are loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assays. The available LAMP assays usually target the most common viral strains, including enteroviruses, but for the atypical enterovirus D68 strain VR-1197 this method has not yet been developed. Enterovirus D68 are known for severe respiratory distress in children, and atypical strains are less likely to be detected by traditional methods. This study targets the atypical EVD68 strain VR-1197 and have developed a rapid detection method saving time when differentiating enterovirus strains. This study present method development and review the sensitivity and specificity compared to traditional RT-qPCR, and wet lab cross reactivity with other airway pathogens. The EVD68 VR-1197 assay can be a rapid POC (Point of care) test for atypical EVD68 VR-1197 and have the potential as reliable detection method with minimal technological requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kristin Tveten
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences Ålesund, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Larsgaardsveien 2, Aalesund NO-6009, Norway.
| | - Hanne Lillerovde Ørstenvik
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences Ålesund, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Larsgaardsveien 2, Aalesund NO-6009, Norway
| | - Ingvill Tolaas
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences Ålesund, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Larsgaardsveien 2, Aalesund NO-6009, Norway
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2
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Pace E, Di Vincenzo S, Ferraro M, Lanata L, Scaglione F. Role of airway epithelium in viral respiratory infections: Can carbocysteine prevent or mitigate them? Immunology 2024; 172:329-342. [PMID: 38354831 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Alterations in airway epithelial homeostasis increase viral respiratory infections risk. Viral infections frequently are associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations, events that dramatically promote disease progression. Mechanism promoting the main respiratory viruses entry and virus-evocated innate and adaptive immune responses have now been elucidated, and an oxidative stress central role in these pathogenic processes has been recognized. Presence of reactive oxygen species in macrophages and other cells allows them to eliminate virus, but its excess alters the balance between innate and adaptive immune responses and proteases/anti-proteases and leads to uncontrolled inflammation, tissue damage, and hypercoagulability. Different upper and lower airway cell types also play a role in viral entry and infection. Carbocysteine is a muco-active drug with anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties used for the management of several chronic respiratory diseases. Although the use of anti-oxidants has been proposed as an effective strategy in COPD exacerbations management, the molecular mechanisms that explain carbocysteine efficacy have not yet been fully clarified. The present review describes the most relevant features of the common respiratory virus pathophysiology with a focus on epithelial cells and oxidative stress role and reports data supporting a putative role of carbocysteine in viral respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Pace
- Istituto di Farmacologia Traslazionale-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy
| | - Serena Di Vincenzo
- Istituto di Farmacologia Traslazionale-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Ferraro
- Istituto di Farmacologia Traslazionale-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Scaglione
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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3
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Glieca S, Quarta E, Bottari B, Lal VC, Sonvico F, Buttini F. The role of airways microbiota on local and systemic diseases: a rationale for probiotics delivery to the respiratory tract. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2024; 21:991-1005. [PMID: 39041243 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2024.2380334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent discoveries in the field of lung microbiota have enabled the investigation of new therapeutic interventions involving the use of inhaled probiotics. AREAS COVERED This review provides an overview of what is known about the correlation between airway dysbiosis and the development of local and systemic diseases, and how this knowledge can be exploited for therapeutic interventions. In particular, the review focused on attempts to formulate probiotics that can be deposited directly on the airways. EXPERT OPINION Despite considerable progress since the emergence of respiratory microbiota restoration as a new research field, numerous clinical implications and benefits remain to be determined. In the case of local diseases, once the pathophysiology is understood, manipulating the lung microbiota through probiotic administration is an approach that can be exploited. In contrast, the effect of pulmonary dysbiosis on systemic diseases remains to be clarified; however, this approach could represent a turning point in their treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eride Quarta
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | | | - Fabio Sonvico
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center for Innovation in Health Products, Biopharmanet_TEC, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Francesca Buttini
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center for Innovation in Health Products, Biopharmanet_TEC, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Shahzad AM, Lu W, Dey S, Bhattarai P, Gaikwad AV, Jaffar J, Westall G, Sutherland D, Singhera GK, Hackett TL, Eapen MS, Sohal SS. Platelet Activating Factor Receptor and Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 Expression Increases in the Small Airway Epithelium and Parenchyma of Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Implications for Microbial Pathogenesis. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2126. [PMID: 38610892 PMCID: PMC11012432 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13072126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is an irreversible lung fibrotic disorder of unknown cause. It has been reported that bacterial and viral co-infections exacerbate disease pathogenesis. These pathogens use adhesion molecules such as platelet activating factor receptor (PAFR) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) to gain cellular entry, causing infections. Methods: Immunohistochemical staining was carried out for lung resections from IPF patients (n = 11) and normal controls (n = 12). The quantification of PAFR and ICAM-1 expression is presented as a percentage in the small airway epithelium. Also, type 2 pneumocytes and alveolar macrophages were counted as cells per mm2 of the parenchymal area and presented as a percentage. All image analysis was done using Image Pro Plus 7.0 software. Results: PAFR expression significantly increased in the small airway epithelium (p < 0.0001), type 2 pneumocytes (p < 0.0001) and alveolar macrophages (p < 0.0001) compared to normal controls. Similar trend was observed for ICAM-1 expression in the small airway epithelium (p < 0.0001), type 2 pneumocytes (p < 0.0001) and alveolar macrophages (p < 0.0001) compared to normal controls. Furthermore, the proportion of positively expressed type 2 pneumocytes and alveolar macrophages was higher in IPF than in normal control. Conclusions: This is the first study to show PAFR and ICAM-1 expression in small airway epithelium, type 2 pneumocytes and alveolar macrophages in IPF. These findings could help intervene microbial impact and facilitate management of disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Affan Mahmood Shahzad
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia
- Medical School, Oceania University of Medicine, Apia WS1330, Samoa
| | - Wenying Lu
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia
- National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence (CRE) in Pulmonary Fibrosis, Respiratory Medicine and Sleep Unit, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Surajit Dey
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia
| | - Prem Bhattarai
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia
| | - Archana Vijay Gaikwad
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia
- National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence (CRE) in Pulmonary Fibrosis, Respiratory Medicine and Sleep Unit, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Jade Jaffar
- Department of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Glen Westall
- Department of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Darren Sutherland
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Gurpreet Kaur Singhera
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Tillie-Louise Hackett
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Mathew Suji Eapen
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia
- National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence (CRE) in Pulmonary Fibrosis, Respiratory Medicine and Sleep Unit, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia
- National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence (CRE) in Pulmonary Fibrosis, Respiratory Medicine and Sleep Unit, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
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Fasquelle F, Scuotto A, Howsam M, Betbeder D. Maltodextrin-Nanoparticles as a Delivery System for Nasal Vaccines: A Review Article. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:247. [PMID: 38399301 PMCID: PMC10892173 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16020247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles are increasingly being studied as antigen delivery systems for immunization with nasal vaccines. The addition of adjuvants is still generally required in many nanoparticle formulations, which can induce potential side effects owing to mucosal reactogenicity. In contrast, maltodextrin nanoparticles do not require additional immunomodulators, and have been shown to be efficient vaccine delivery systems. In this review, the development of maltodextrin nanoparticles is presented, specifically their physico-chemical properties, their ability to load antigens and deliver them into airway mucosal cells, and the extent to which they trigger protective immune responses against bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections. We demonstrate that the addition of lipids to maltodextrin nanoparticles increases their potency as a vaccine delivery system for nasal administration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael Howsam
- Université de Lille, Inserm, Centre Hospitalier de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167—RID-AGE—Facteurs de Risque et Déterminants Moléculaires des Maladies Liées au Vieillissement, F-59000 Lille, France
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Kemnitz N, Fuchs P, Remy R, Ruehrmund L, Bartels J, Klemenz AC, Trefz P, Miekisch W, Schubert JK, Sukul P. Effects of Contagious Respiratory Pathogens on Breath Biomarkers. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:172. [PMID: 38397770 PMCID: PMC10886173 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13020172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to their immediate exhalation after generation at the cellular/microbiome levels, exhaled volatile organic compounds (VOCs) may provide real-time information on pathophysiological mechanisms and the host response to infection. In recent years, the metabolic profiling of the most frequent respiratory infections has gained interest as it holds potential for the early, non-invasive detection of pathogens and the monitoring of disease progression and the response to therapy. Using previously unpublished data, randomly selected individuals from a COVID-19 test center were included in the study. Based on multiplex PCR results (non-SARS-CoV-2 respiratory pathogens), the breath profiles of 479 subjects with the presence or absence of flu-like symptoms were obtained using proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Among 223 individuals, one respiratory pathogen was detected in 171 cases, and more than one pathogen in 52 cases. A total of 256 subjects had negative PCR test results and had no symptoms. The exhaled VOC profiles were affected by the presence of Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Rhinovirus. The endogenous ketone, short-chain fatty acid, organosulfur, aldehyde, and terpene concentrations changed, but only a few compounds exhibited concentration changes above inter-individual physiological variations. Based on the VOC origins, the observed concentration changes may be attributed to oxidative stress and antioxidative defense, energy metabolism, systemic microbial immune homeostasis, and inflammation. In contrast to previous studies with pre-selected patient groups, the results of this study demonstrate the broad inter-individual variations in VOC profiles in real-life screening conditions. As no unique infection markers exist, only concentration changes clearly above the mentioned variations can be regarded as indicative of infection or colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Pritam Sukul
- Rostock Medical Breath Research Analytics and Technologies (ROMBAT), Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Medicine Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
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7
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Gheitasi H, Sabbaghian M, Shekarchi AA, Mirmazhary AA, Poortahmasebi V. Exosome-mediated regulation of inflammatory pathway during respiratory viral disease. Virol J 2024; 21:30. [PMID: 38273382 PMCID: PMC10811852 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02297-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Viruses have developed many mechanisms by which they can stimulate or inhibit inflammation and cause various diseases, including viral respiratory diseases that kill many people every year. One of the mechanisms that viruses use to induce or inhibit inflammation is exosomes. Exosomes are small membrane nanovesicles (30-150 nm) released from cells that contain proteins, DNA, and coding and non-coding RNA species. They are a group of extracellular vesicles that cells can take up to produce and mediate communication. Intercellular effect exosomes can deliver a broad confine of biological molecules, containing nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, to the target cell, where they can convey therapeutic or pathogenic consequences through the modulation of inflammation and immune processes. Recent research has shown that exosomes can deliver entire virus genomes or virions to distant target cells, then the delivered viruses can escape the immune system and infect cells. Adenoviruses, orthomyxoviruses, paramyxoviruses, respiratory syncytial viruses, picornaviruses, coronaviruses, and rhinoviruses are mostly related to respiratory diseases. In this article, we will first discuss the current knowledge of exosomes. We will learn about the relationship between exosomes and viral infections, and We mention the inflammations caused by viruses in the airways, the role of exosomes in them, and finally, we examine the relationship between the viruses as mentioned earlier, and the regulation of inflammatory pathways that play a role in causing the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidreza Gheitasi
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sabbaghian
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Shekarchi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Ali Mirmazhary
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Vahdat Poortahmasebi
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Gil E, Roy S, Best T, Hatcher J, Breuer J. Increasing rhinovirus prevalence in paediatric intensive care patients since the SARS-CoV2 pandemic. J Clin Virol 2023; 166:105555. [PMID: 37536014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2023.105555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhinovirus (HRV) is a significant seasonal pathogen in children. The emergence of SARS-CoV2, and the social restrictions introduced in, disrupted viral epidemiology. Here we describe the experience of Great Ormond Street Hospital (GOSH), where HRV almost entirely disappeared from the paediatric intensive care units (PICU) during the first national lockdown and then rapidly re-emerged with a fast-increasing incidence, leading to concerns about possible nosocomial transmission in a vulnerable population. OBJECTIVES To describe alterations in HRV infection amongst PICU patients at GOSH since the emergence of SARS-COV2 STUDY DESIGN: 10,950 nasopharyngeal aspirate viral PCR samples from GOSH PICU patients from 2019 to 2023 were included. 3083 returned a positive result for a respiratory virus, with 1530 samples positive for HRV. 66 HRV isolates from August 2020 - Jan 2021, the period of rapidly increasing HRV incidence, were sequenced. Electronic health record data was retrospectively collected for the same period. RESULTS Following a reduction in the incidence of HRV infection during the first national lockdown, multiple genotypes of HRV emerged amongst GOSH PICU patients, with the incidence of HRV infection rapidly surging to levels higher than that seen prior to the emergence of SARS-CoV2 and continuing to circulate at increased incidence year-round. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of HRV infection amongst GOSH PICU patients is markedly higher than prior to the emergence of SARS-CoV2, a pattern not seen in other respiratory viruses. The increased burden of HRV-infection in vulnerable PICU patients has both clinical and infection prevention and control Implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Gil
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine; Department of Microbiology, Virology & Infection Control, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, UK; Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Department, GOS Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Sunando Roy
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Department, GOS Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Tim Best
- Department of Microbiology, Virology & Infection Control, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, UK
| | - James Hatcher
- Department of Microbiology, Virology & Infection Control, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, UK
| | - Judith Breuer
- Department of Microbiology, Virology & Infection Control, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, UK; Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Department, GOS Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
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Runge A, Straif S, Banki Z, Borena W, Muellauer B, Brunner J, Gottfried T, Schmutzhard J, Dudas J, Risslegger B, Randhawa A, Lass-Flörl C, von Laer D, Riechelmann H. Viral infection in chronic otitis media with effusion in children. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1124567. [PMID: 37234860 PMCID: PMC10208354 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1124567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The role of respiratory viruses in chronic otitis media with effusion (COME) in children is not clearly defined. In our study we aimed to investigate the detection of respiratory viruses in middle ear effusions (MEE) as well as the association with local bacteria, respiratory viruses in the nasopharynx and cellular immune response of children with COME. Methods This 2017-2019 cross-sectional study included 69 children aged 2-6 undergoing myringotomy for COME. MEE and nasopharyngeal swabs were analyzed via PCR and CT-values for the genome and loads of typical respiratory viruses. Immune cell populations and exhaustion markers in MEE related to respiratory virus detection were studied via FACS. Clinical data including the BMI was correlated. Results Respiratory viruses were detected in MEE of 44 children (64%). Rhinovirus (43%), Parainfluenzavirus (26%) and Bocavirus (10%) were detected most frequently. Average Ct values were 33.6 and 33.5 in MEE and nasopharynx, respectively. Higher detection rates correlated with elevated BMI. Monocytes were elevated in MEE (9.5 ± 7.3%/blood leucocytes). Exhaustion markers were elevated on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and monocytes in MEE. Conclusion Respiratory viruses are associated with pediatric COME. Elevated BMI was associated with increased rates of virus associated COME. Changes in cell proportions of innate immunity and expression of exhaustion markers may be related to chronic viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Runge
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sonja Straif
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Zoltan Banki
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Wegene Borena
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Brigitte Muellauer
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Juergen Brunner
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Faculty of Medicine and Dental Medicine, Danube Private Univeristy Krems, Krems-Stein, Austria
| | - Timo Gottfried
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Joachim Schmutzhard
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jozsef Dudas
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Brigitte Risslegger
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Avneet Randhawa
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, United States
| | - Cornelia Lass-Flörl
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dorothee von Laer
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Herbert Riechelmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Phytocompounds as a source for the development of new drugs to treat respiratory viral infections. STUDIES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY 2023; 77:187-240. [PMCID: PMC10204935 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-91294-5.00007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2024]
Abstract
Respiratory viruses have an important history as a threat to global health. However, this problem has been aggravated due to the appearance of new outbreaks caused by a newly discovered virus or variant. Recently, the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has been a major concern for health authorities, and it was classified as a pandemic by the World Health Organization. Secondary metabolites obtained from plants represent an alternative to the discovery of new active molecules and have already shown potential to combat different viruses. In an effort to demonstrate the broad spectrum of antiviral action from these metabolites, this work describes the compounds that were effective against the major viruses that cause respiratory infections in humans. In addition, their mechanisms of action were highlighted as an approach to better understanding the virus-bioactive substance relationship. Finally, this study warns that, although phytocompounds have a broad antiviral action spectrum, the development of products and clinical trials based on these secondary metabolites is still scarce and therefore deserves greater attention from the scientific community.
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Wali L, Karbiener M, Chou S, Kovtunyk V, Adonyi A, Gösler I, Contreras X, Stoeva D, Blaas D, Stöckl J, Kreil TR, Gualdoni GA, Gorki AD. Host-directed therapy with 2-Deoxy-D-glucose inhibits human rhinoviruses, endemic coronaviruses, and SARS-CoV-2. J Virus Erad 2022; 8:100305. [PMID: 36514716 PMCID: PMC9731833 DOI: 10.1016/j.jve.2022.100305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhinoviruses (RVs) and coronaviruses (CoVs) upregulate host cell metabolic pathways such as glycolysis to meet their bioenergetic demands for rapid multiplication. Using the glycolysis inhibitor 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG), we assessed the dose-dependent inhibition of viral replication of minor- and major-receptor group RVs in epithelial cells. 2-DG disrupted RV infection cycle by inhibiting template negative-strand as well as genomic positive-strand RNA synthesis, resulting in less progeny virus and RV-mediated cell death. Assessment of 2-DG´s intracellular kinetics revealed that after a short-exposure to 2-DG, the active intermediate, 2-DG6P, is stored intracellularly for several hours. Finally, we confirmed the antiviral effect of 2-DG on pandemic SARS-CoV-2 and showed for the first time that 2-DG also reduces replication of endemic human coronaviruses (HCoVs). These results provide further evidence that 2-DG could be utilized as a broad-spectrum antiviral.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Irene Gösler
- Center of Medical Biochemistry, Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Dieter Blaas
- Center of Medical Biochemistry, Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Stöckl
- Institute of Immunology, Center of Pathophysiology, Immunology & Infectiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas R. Kreil
- Global Pathogen Safety, Takeda Manufacturing Austria AG, Austria
| | | | - Anna-Dorothea Gorki
- G.ST Antivirals GmbH, Austria,Corresponding author. G.ST Antivirals GmbH, Doktor-Bohr-Gasse 7 (VBC6), 1030, Vienna, Austria
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Ai J, Zhu Y, Duan Y, Zhang M, Lu G, Sun Y, Jin R, Shang Y, Li C, Xu B, Chen X, Xie Z. A multicenter study on molecular epidemiology of rhinovirus isolated from children with community acquired pneumonia in China during 2017-2019. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 106:105384. [PMID: 36396029 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rhinoviruses (RVs) are a major pathogen of community acquired pneumonia in children. To investigate the prevalence and genetic characteristics of RVs in China, we performed a molecular epidemiological study during 2017-2019 in community acquired pneumonia (CAP) in pediatric patients. In this multicenter study, 109 RV-A, 20 RV-B and 80 RV-C were identified. Among them, RV-A12, RV-A101, RV-A78, RV-A49, RV-A22, RV-B52, RV-C2, RV-C53 and RV-C5 were the common genotypes in the study. A total of 23 complete genome of RVs including 4 RV-A, 1 RV-B and 18 RV-C were obtained. Furthermore, in the RV-C isolates, one RV-C5 and five RV-C53 genotypes were found, which have a limited number in the GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis of the complete genome showed that most of the RVs isolated in the study have high nucleotide sequence identities (>95%) compared with the corresponding reference sequence in the GenBank. In RV-A9, RV-A28, RV-A61 and RV-B52, amino acid mutations were found in the potential neutralizing immunogenic (Nim) sites (Nim-1a and Nim-1b) of the VP1. In RV-B52, one of RV-C2 and RV-C5 isolates, amino acid mutations were found in the P1a peptide of the VP1. However, no recombination events were found in the study. In conclusion, RV-A was the predominant specie of RVs followed by RV-C in the study. The complete genomes of one RV-C5 and five RV-C53 genotypes were obtained which have a limited number sequence in the GenBank. High nucleotide sequence identities (>95%) were found among the complete genome obtained in the study and the corresponding reference sequence in the GenBank. Amino acid mutations were found in the potential Nim-1a, Nim-1b sites and P1a peptide region of the VP1 in parts of RVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhong Ai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU016, Laboratory of Infection and Virology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Yun Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU016, Laboratory of Infection and Virology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Yali Duan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU016, Laboratory of Infection and Virology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU016, Laboratory of Infection and Virology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Gen Lu
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Yun Sun
- Yinchuan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Yinchuan 750001, China
| | - Rong Jin
- Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Guiyang 550003, China
| | - Yunxiao Shang
- Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Changchong Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Baoping Xu
- Department of Respiratory Diseases I, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Xiangpeng Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU016, Laboratory of Infection and Virology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China.
| | - Zhengde Xie
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU016, Laboratory of Infection and Virology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China.
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Zhang M, Jiang H, Wu L, Lu H, Bera H, Zhao X, Guo X, Liu X, Cun D, Yang M. Airway epithelial cell-specific delivery of lipid nanoparticles loading siRNA for asthma treatment. J Control Release 2022; 352:422-437. [PMID: 36265740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
With specific and inherent mRNA cleaving activity, small interfering RNA (siRNA) has been deemed promising therapeutics to reduce the exacerbation rate of asthma by inhibiting the expression and release of proinflammatory cytokines from airway epithelial cells (AECs). To exert the therapeutic effects of siRNA drugs, nano-formulations with high efficiency and safety are required to deliver these nucleic acids to the target cells. Herein, we exploited novel inhaled lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) targeting intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) receptors on the apical side of AECs. This delivery system is meant to enhance the specific delivery efficiency of siRNA in AECs to prevent the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in AECs and the concomitant symptoms in parallel. A cyclic peptide that resembles part of the capsid protein of rhinovirus and binds to ICAM-1 receptors was initially conjugated with cholesterol and subsequently assembled with ionizable cationic lipids to form the LNPs (Pep-LNPs) loaded with siRNA against thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP siRNA). The obtained Pep-LNPs were subjected to thorough characterization and evaluations in vitro and in vivo. Pep-LNPs significantly enhanced cellular uptake and gene silencing efficiency in human epithelial cells expressing ICAM-1 in vitro, exhibited AEC-specific delivery and improved the gene silencing effect in ovalbumin-challenged asthmatic mice after pulmonary administration. More importantly, Pep-LNPs remarkably downregulated the expression of TSLP in AECs, effectively alleviated inflammatory cell infiltration, and reduced the secretion of other proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-4 and IL-13, as well as mucus production in asthmatic mice. This study demonstrates that Pep-LNPs are safe and efficient to deliver siRNA drugs to asthmatic AECs and could potentially alleviate allergic asthma by inhibiting the overexpression of proinflammatory cytokines in the airway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjun Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road, No. 103, 110016 Shenyang, China
| | - Huiyang Jiang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road, No. 103, 110016 Shenyang, China
| | - Lan Wu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road, No. 103, 110016 Shenyang, China
| | - Haoyu Lu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road, No. 103, 110016 Shenyang, China
| | - Hriday Bera
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road, No. 103, 110016 Shenyang, China; Dr. B.C. Roy College of Pharmacy & Allied Health Sciences, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713212, India
| | - Xing Zhao
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road, No. 103, 110016 Shenyang, China
| | - Xiong Guo
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road, No. 103, 110016 Shenyang, China
| | - Xulu Liu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road, No. 103, 110016 Shenyang, China
| | - Dongmei Cun
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road, No. 103, 110016 Shenyang, China.
| | - Mingshi Yang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road, No. 103, 110016 Shenyang, China; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Likońska A, Gawrysiak M, Gajewski A, Klimczak K, Michlewska S, Szewczyk R, Gulbas I, Chałubiński M. Human lung vascular endothelium may limit viral replication and recover in time upon the infection with rhinovirus HRV16. APMIS 2022; 130:678-685. [PMID: 35959516 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelium is a semi-permeable barrier that regulates the flow of nutrients, ions, cytokines, and immune cells between blood and tissues. Barrier properties of endothelium, its ability to regenerate, and the potential for secretion of inflammatory mediators play a crucial role in maintaining local tissue homeostasis. The lung vascular endothelial cells was shown to be infected by human rhinovirus and generate antiviral, inflammatory and cytopathic responses. The current study reveals that in the long-time manner the lung vascular endothelium may efficiently limit the HRV replication via the IFN-dependent 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 1 (OAS1) activation. This leads to the restoration of integrity accompanied by the up-regulation of adherens and tight junctions, increase of metabolic activity, and proliferation rate. Secondly, HRV16-infected cells show delayed and transient up-regulation of the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), angiopoietin 1 and 2, and neurophilin-1 (NRP-1), as well as VEGF receptors. The lung vascular endothelium infected with HRV may limit the infection, recover in time, and regain barrier properties and metabolic functions, thus leading to the restoration of integrated barrier tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Likońska
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, Chair of Pulmonology, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland;Pomorska 251, 92-213 Lodz, Poland
| | - Mateusz Gawrysiak
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, Chair of Pulmonology, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland;Pomorska 251, 92-213 Lodz, Poland
| | - Adrian Gajewski
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, Chair of Pulmonology, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland;Pomorska 251, 92-213 Lodz, Poland
| | - Kinga Klimczak
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, Chair of Pulmonology, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland;Pomorska 251, 92-213 Lodz, Poland
| | - Sylwia Michlewska
- Laboratory of Microscopic Imaging and Specialized Biological Techniques, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Poland;Banacha12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Robert Szewczyk
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, Chair of Pulmonology, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland;Pomorska 251, 92-213 Lodz, Poland
| | - Izabela Gulbas
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, Chair of Pulmonology, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland;Pomorska 251, 92-213 Lodz, Poland
| | - Maciej Chałubiński
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, Chair of Pulmonology, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland;Pomorska 251, 92-213 Lodz, Poland
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Park C, Lee D, Kim I, Park S, Lee G, Tak S. Changes in the pattern and disease burden of acute viral respiratory infections before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2022; 13:203-211. [PMID: 35820669 PMCID: PMC9263336 DOI: 10.24171/j.phrp.2022.0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives We conducted a comparative analysis of the differences in the incidence of 8 acute respiratory viruses and the changes in their patterns before and during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Methods Three sentinel surveillance systems of the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency and data from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service were analyzed. The average numbers of reported cases and the related hospital admissions and outpatient data were compared between April 2018–2019 and 2020–2021. Changes in the disease burden and medical expenditures between these 2 time periods were evaluated. Results During the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of reported cases of all acute respiratory viral infections, except for human bocavirus, decreased significantly. Data from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service also showed decreases in the actual amount of medical service usage and a marked reduction in medical expenditures. Conclusion Non-pharmacological interventions in response to COVID-19 showed preventive effects on the transmission of other respiratory viruses, as well as COVID-19. Although COVID-19 had a tremendous impact on society as a whole, with high social costs, there were also positive effects, such as a reduction in the incidence of acute respiratory viral infections.
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Agoni C, Salifu EY, Enslin G, Kwofie SK, Soliman ME. Dual-Inhibition of Human N-Myristoyltransferase Subtypes Halts Common Cold Pathogenesis: Atomistic Perspectives from the Case of IMP-1088. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202100748. [PMID: 34936193 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacological inhibition of human N-myristoyltransferase (HsNMT) has emerged as an efficient strategy to completely prevent the replication process of rhinoviruses, a potential treatment for the common cold. This was corroborated by the recent discovery of compound IMP-1088, a novel inhibitor that demonstrated a dual-inhibitory activity against the two HsNMT subtypes 1 and 2 without inducing cytotoxicity. However, the molecular and structural basis for the dual-inhibitory potential of IMP-1088 has not been investigated. As such, we employ molecular modelling techniques to resolve the structural mechanisms that account for the dual-inhibitory prowess of IMP-1088. Sequence and nanosecond-based analyses identified Tyr296, Phe190, Tyr420, Leu453, Gln496, Val181, Leu474, Glu182, and Asn246 as residues common within the binding pockets of both HsNMT1 and HsNMT2 subtypes whose consistent interactions with IMP-1088 underpin the basis for its dual inhibitory potency. Nano-second-based assessment of interaction dynamics revealed that Tyr296 consistently elicited high-affinity π-π stacked interaction with IMP-1088, thus further highlighting its cruciality corroborating previous report. An exploration of resulting structural changes upon IMP-1088 binding further revealed a characteristic impeding of residue fluctuations, structural compactness, and a consequential burial of crucial hydrophobic residues, features required for HsNMT1/2 functionality. Findings present essential structural perspectives that augment previous experimental efforts and could also advance drug development for treating respiratory tract infections, especially those mediated by rhinoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement Agoni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Arcadia Campus, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Elliasu Y Salifu
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Gill Enslin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Arcadia Campus, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Samuel K Kwofie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, College of Basic & Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, PMB LG 77, Legon, Accra, Ghana.,West African Center for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Mahmoud E Soliman
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4001, South Africa
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Zhang Z, Tan L, Tan M, Zhang X, He W, Li M, He J, Pan Y, Xu B, Bin S, Gan Z, Yan L, Sun Y, Jiang H, Sun Q, Zhang Z. Molecular Characterization of the Viral Structural Genes of Human Rhinovirus A11 from Children Hospitalized with Lower Respiratory Tract Infection in Kunming. Int J Infect Dis 2022; 117:274-283. [PMID: 35121125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human rhinovirus (HRV) is a picornavirus that can cause a variety of respiratory diseases, including the aggravation of chronic respiratory diseases, such as bronchitis, pneumonia, and asthma. Although an increasing number of lower respiratory tract infection cases have been reported with HRV infection in Europe, few such cases have been reported in China. METHODS The complete genomic sequences of HRV-A11 epidemic strains were amplifed and obtained by segmented PCR and sequence, then phylogenetic, nucleotide mutation, recombinant, and comparative analyses of amino acid mutations were performed. RESULTS Phylogenetic analyses showed that the epidemic strains from three rare cases of pneumonia belong to the HRV-A11 subgenotypes. All strains were highly similar to strains from the USA. No obvious homologous recombination signals were observed in epidemic strains. There were 498 nucleotide and 47 amino acid mutations compared to the HRV-A11 prototype strain. Amino acid mutations were observed at the capsid protein region, P1a, RVA2147-2155, and RVA97-114 epitopes of these clinical strains. CONCLUSIONS We reported the first case of HRV-A11-associated lower respiratory tract infection in China. These mutations in the P1a, HRV A-specific CD8, and CD4 T-cell epitopes might provide a reference for virological surveillance and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilei Zhang
- Institute of Pediatrics, The Kunming Children' s Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, PR China; Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, PR China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Children's Major Disease Research, Kunming, PR China.
| | - Li Tan
- Institute of Pediatrics, The Kunming Children' s Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, PR China; Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Kunming Children' s Hospital, Kunming, PR China.
| | - Miao Tan
- Institute of Pediatrics, The Kunming Children' s Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, PR China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Children's Major Disease Research, Kunming, PR China.
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- Institute of Pediatrics, The Kunming Children' s Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, PR China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Children's Major Disease Research, Kunming, PR China.
| | - Wenji He
- Institute of Pediatrics, The Kunming Children' s Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, PR China.
| | - Ming Li
- Institute of Pediatrics, The Kunming Children' s Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, PR China; Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Kunming Children' s Hospital, Kunming, PR China.
| | - Juan He
- Institute of Pediatrics, The Kunming Children' s Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, PR China; Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Kunming Children' s Hospital, Kunming, PR China.
| | - Yue Pan
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, PR China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, PR China.
| | - Bin Xu
- Institute of Pediatrics, The Kunming Children' s Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, PR China; Department of Laboratory, The Kunming Children' s Hospital, Kunming, PR China.
| | - Songtao Bin
- Institute of Pediatrics, The Kunming Children' s Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, PR China; Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Kunming Children' s Hospital, Kunming, PR China.
| | - Zhengyan Gan
- Institute of Pediatrics, The Kunming Children' s Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, PR China; Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Kunming Children' s Hospital, Kunming, PR China.
| | - Lingmei Yan
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, PR China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, PR China.
| | - Yuxing Sun
- Institute of Pediatrics, The Kunming Children' s Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, PR China; Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Kunming Children' s Hospital, Kunming, PR China.
| | - Hongchao Jiang
- Institute of Pediatrics, The Kunming Children' s Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, PR China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Children's Major Disease Research, Kunming, PR China.
| | - Qiangming Sun
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, PR China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, PR China.
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Institute of Pediatrics, The Kunming Children' s Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, PR China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Children's Major Disease Research, Kunming, PR China.
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Assadi I, Guesmi A, Baaloudj O, Zeghioud H, Elfalleh W, Benhammadi N, Khezami L, Assadi AA. Review on inactivation of airborne viruses using non-thermal plasma technologies: from MS2 to coronavirus. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:4880-4892. [PMID: 34796437 PMCID: PMC8601095 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17486-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Although several non-thermal plasmas (NTPs) technologies have been widely investigated in air treatment, very few studies have focused on the inactivation mechanism of viruses by NTPs. Due to its efficiency and environmental compatibility, non-thermal plasma could be considered a promising virus-inactivation technology. Plasma is a partly or fully ionized gas including some species (i.e., electrons, free radicals, ions, and neutral molecules) to oxidize pollutants or inactivate harmful organisms. Non-thermal plasmas are made using less energy and have an active electron at a much higher temperature than bulk gas molecules. This review describes NTPs for virus inactivation in indoor air. The different application processes of plasma for microorganism inactivation at both laboratory and pilot-scale was also reviewed This paper reports on recent advances in this exciting area of viral inactivation identifying applications and mechanisms of inactivation, and summarizing the results of the latest experiments in the literature. Moreover, special attention was paid to the mechanism of virus inactivation. Finally, the paper suggests research directions in the field of airborne virus inactivation using non-thermal plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Assadi
- Laboratoire Energie, Eau, Environnement Et Procèdes, ENIG, Université de Gabès, LR18ES356072, Gabès, Tunisia
| | - Ahlem Guesmi
- Department of Chemistry, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), P.O. Box 5701, 11432, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Oussama Baaloudj
- Laboratory of Reaction Engineering, USTHB, BP 32, 16111, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Hichem Zeghioud
- Department of Process Engineering, Badji Mokhtar University, P.O. Box 12, 23000, Annaba, Algeria
| | - Walid Elfalleh
- Laboratoire Energie, Eau, Environnement Et Procèdes, ENIG, Université de Gabès, LR18ES356072, Gabès, Tunisia
| | - Naoufel Benhammadi
- Department of Chemistry, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), P.O. Box 5701, 11432, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lotfi Khezami
- Department of Chemistry, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), P.O. Box 5701, 11432, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Kolli AR, Calvino-Martin F, Hoeng J. Translational Modeling of Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine Dosimetry in Human Airways for Treating Viral Respiratory Infections. Pharm Res 2022; 39:57-73. [PMID: 35000036 PMCID: PMC8742698 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03152-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are effective against respiratory viruses in vitro. However, they lack antiviral efficacy upon oral administration. Translation of in vitro to in vivo exposure is necessary for understanding the disconnect between the two to develop effective therapeutic strategies. METHODS We employed an in vitro ion-trapping kinetic model to predict the changes in the cytosolic and lysosomal concentrations of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in cell lines and primary human airway cultures. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model with detailed respiratory physiology was used to predict regional airway exposure and optimize dosing regimens. RESULTS At their reported in vitro effective concentrations in cell lines, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine cause a significant increase in their cytosolic and lysosomal concentrations by altering the lysosomal pH. Higher concentrations of the compounds are required to achieve similar levels of cytosolic and lysosomal changes in primary human airway cells in vitro. The predicted cellular and lysosomal concentrations in the respiratory tract for in vivo oral doses are lower than the in vitro effective levels. Pulmonary administration of aerosolized chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine is predicted to achieve high bound in vitro-effective concentrations in the respiratory tract, with low systemic exposure. Achieving effective cytosolic concentrations for activating immunomodulatory effects and adequate lysosomal levels for inhibiting viral replication could be key drivers for treating viral respiratory infections. CONCLUSION Our analysis provides a framework for extrapolating in vitro effective concentrations of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine to in vivo dosing regimens for treating viral respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya R Kolli
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Florian Calvino-Martin
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Viral Respiratory Coinfections Enhance the Spread of SARS-CoV-2. INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE 2021; 29:e488-e489. [PMID: 34803356 PMCID: PMC8594396 DOI: 10.1097/ipc.0000000000001056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Yang Z, Mitländer H, Vuorinen T, Finotto S. Mechanism of Rhinovirus Immunity and Asthma. Front Immunol 2021; 12:731846. [PMID: 34691038 PMCID: PMC8526928 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.731846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of asthma exacerbations in children are caused by Rhinovirus (RV), a positive sense single stranded RNA virus of the Picornavirus family. The host has developed virus defense mechanisms that are mediated by the upregulation of interferon-activated signaling. However, the virus evades the immune system by inducing immunosuppressive cytokines and surface molecules like programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1) on immunocompetent cells. Initially, RV infects epithelial cells, which constitute a physiologic mucosal barrier. Upon virus entrance, the host cell immediately recognizes viral components like dsRNA, ssRNA, viral glycoproteins or CpG-DNA by host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Activation of toll like receptors (TLR) 3, 7 and 8 within the endosome and through MDA-5 and RIG-I in the cytosol leads to the production of interferon (IFN) type I and other antiviral agents. Every cell type expresses IFNAR1/IFNAR2 receptors thus allowing a generalized antiviral activity of IFN type I resulting in the inhibition of viral replication in infected cells and preventing viral spread to non-infected cells. Among immune evasion mechanisms of the virus, there is downregulation of IFN type I and its receptor as well as induction of the immunosuppressive cytokine TGF-β. TGF-β promotes viral replication and is associated with induction of the immunosuppression signature markers LAP3, IDO and PD-L1. This article reviews the recent advances on the regulation of interferon type I expression in association with RV infection in asthmatics and the immunosuppression induced by the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuqin Yang
- Department of Molecular Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hannah Mitländer
- Department of Molecular Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tytti Vuorinen
- Medical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Institut of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Susetta Finotto
- Department of Molecular Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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22
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Nesbitt H, Burke C, Haghi M. Manipulation of the Upper Respiratory Microbiota to Reduce Incidence and Severity of Upper Respiratory Viral Infections: A Literature Review. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:713703. [PMID: 34512591 PMCID: PMC8432964 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.713703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a high incidence of upper respiratory viral infections in the human population, with infection severity being unique to each individual. Upper respiratory viruses have been associated previously with secondary bacterial infection, however, several cross-sectional studies analyzed in the literature indicate that an inverse relationship can also occur. Pathobiont abundance and/or bacterial dysbiosis can impair epithelial integrity and predispose an individual to viral infection. In this review we describe common commensal microorganisms that have the capacity to reduce the abundance of pathobionts and maintain bacterial symbiosis in the upper respiratory tract and discuss the potential and limitations of localized probiotic formulations of commensal bacteria to reduce the incidence and severity of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Nesbitt
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Catherine Burke
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mehra Haghi
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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23
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The Molecular Epidemiology and Clinical Phylogenetics of Rhinoviruses Among Paediatric Cases in Sydney, Australia. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 110:69-74. [PMID: 34174431 PMCID: PMC10161873 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Rhinoviruses (RV) represent the most common aetiological agent of all acute respiratory tract infections across all age groups and a significant burden of disease among children. Recent studies have shown that RV-A and RV-C species are associated with increased disease severity. In order to better understand the potential associations between RV species and clinical features among paediatric cases, this study aimed to integrate genetic and epidemiological data using Bayesian phylogenetic methods. METHODS Potential associations between RV species and subtypes, and clinical disease severity using a matched dataset of 52 RV isolates sampled from children (< 18 years) in Sydney, Australia, between 2006 and 2009 were uncovered using epidemiological and phylogenetic methods. RESULTS It was found that RV-C was significantly more likely to be isolated from paediatric cases aged < 2 years compared with RV-A, although no significant differences in recorded symptoms were observed. Significant phylogenetic-trait associations between age and the VP4/VP2 capsid protein phylogeny suggest that age-specific variations in infectivity among subtypes may may be possible. CONCLUSION This study adds to the growing body of epidemiological evidence concerning RV. Improving surveillance and testing for RV, including routine whole genome sequencing, may improve understanding of the varied disease outcomes of RV species and subtypes. Future studies could aim to identify specific genetic markers associated with age-specific infectivity of RV, which could inform treatment practices and public health surveillance of RV.
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24
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Gawrysiak M, Gajewski A, Szewczyk R, Likońska A, Michlewska S, Chmiela M, Kowalski ML, Chałubiński M. Human rhinovirus HRV16 impairs barrier functions and regeneration of human lung vascular endothelium. Allergy 2021; 76:1872-1875. [PMID: 33247950 DOI: 10.1111/all.14671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Gawrysiak
- Department of Immunology and Allergy Medical University of Lodz Lodz Poland
| | - Adrian Gajewski
- Department of Immunology and Allergy Medical University of Lodz Lodz Poland
| | - Robert Szewczyk
- Department of Immunology and Allergy Medical University of Lodz Lodz Poland
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection University of Lodz Lodz Poland
| | | | - Sylwia Michlewska
- Laboratory of Microscopic Imaging and Specialized Biological Techniques Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection University of Lodz Lodz Poland
| | - Magdalena Chmiela
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection University of Lodz Lodz Poland
| | - Marek L. Kowalski
- Department of Immunology and Allergy Medical University of Lodz Lodz Poland
| | - Maciej Chałubiński
- Department of Immunology and Allergy Medical University of Lodz Lodz Poland
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25
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O'Brien B, Goodridge L, Ronholm J, Nasheri N. Exploring the potential of foodborne transmission of respiratory viruses. Food Microbiol 2021; 95:103709. [PMID: 33397626 PMCID: PMC8035669 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing pandemic involving severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has raised the question whether this virus, which is known to be spread primarily though respiratory droplets, could be spread through the fecal-oral route or via contaminated food. In this article, we present a critical review of the literature exploring the potential foodborne transmission of several respiratory viruses including human coronaviruses, avian influenza virus (AVI), parainfluenza viruses, human respiratory syncytial virus, adenoviruses, rhinoviruses, and Nipah virus. Multiple lines of evidence, including documented expression of receptor proteins on gastrointestinal epithelial cells, in vivo viral replication in gastrointestinal epithelial cell lines, extended fecal shedding of respiratory viruses, and the ability to remain infectious in food environments for extended periods of time raises the theoretical ability of some human respiratory viruses, particularly human coronaviruses and AVI, to spread via food. However, to date, neither epidemiological data nor case reports of clear foodborne transmission of either viruses exist. Thus, foodborne transmission of human respiratory viruses remains only a theoretical possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget O'Brien
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Jennifer Ronholm
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, Québec, Canada
| | - Neda Nasheri
- Food Virology Laboratory, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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26
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Chałubiński M, Szulc A, Pawełczyk M, Gajewski A, Gawrysiak M, Likońska A, Kowalski ML. Human rhinovirus 16 induces antiviral and inflammatory response in the human vascular endothelium. APMIS 2021; 129:143-151. [PMID: 33230840 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The effect of rhinovirus on airway epithelium is very well described. However, its influence on the vascular endothelium is unknown. The current study assesses the effect of rhinovirus HRV16 on the antiviral and inflammatory response in the human vascular endothelial cells (ECs). HRV16 increased IFN-β, RANTES, and IP-10 mRNA expression and protein release. HRV16 copy number in ECs reached maximal value 10 h after incubation. Increase in virus copies was accompanied by the enhancement of Toll- and RIG-I-like receptors: TLR3, RIG-I, and MDA5. Additionally, HRV16 increased OAS-1 and PKR mRNA expression, enzymes responsible for virus degradation and inhibition of replication. ICAM-1 blockade decreased HRV16 copy number in ECs and inhibited IFN-β, RANTES, IP-10, OAS1, PKR, TLR3, RIG-I, and MDA5 mRNA expression increase upon subsequent induction with HRV16. The vascular endothelium may be infected by human rhinovirus and generate antiviral and inflammatory innate response. Results of the study indicate the possible involvement of the vascular endothelium in the immunopathology of rhinoviral airway infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Chałubiński
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Szulc
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Adrian Gajewski
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Mateusz Gawrysiak
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Likońska
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marek L Kowalski
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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27
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Mechanisms of Rhinovirus Neutralisation by Antibodies. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030360. [PMID: 33668934 PMCID: PMC7996599 DOI: 10.3390/v13030360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are a critical immune correlate of protection for rhinoviruses, particularly those antibodies found in the secretory compartment. For nonenveloped viruses such as rhinoviruses, antibody binding to regions of the icosahedral capsid can neutralise infections by a number of different mechanisms. The purpose of this review is to address the neutralising mechanisms of antibodies to rhinoviruses that would help progress vaccine development. At least five mechanisms of antibody neutralisation have been identified which depend to some extent on the antibody binding footprints upon the capsid. The most studied mechanisms are virion aggregation, inhibition of attachment to cells, and stabilisation or destabilisation of the capsid structure. Newer mechanisms of degradation inside the cell through cytoplasmic antibody detection or outside by phagocytosis rely on what might have been previously considered as non-neutralising antibodies. We discuss these various approaches of antibody interference of rhinoviruses and offer suggestions as to how these could influence vaccine design.
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28
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Firouzi M, Sherkatolabbasieh H, Shafizadeh S. Clinical Signs, Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections in Infants. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2021; 22:e160921190908. [PMID: 33511936 DOI: 10.2174/1871526521666210129145317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Certain infectious diseases are common in infants than any other age groups and are associated with morbidities in childhood and adulthood, and even mortality in severe cases. Environment, epidemic and maternal immunity are the main causes of these infections. Early diagnosis using molecular methods and treatment is therefore important to prevent future complications. Vaccines are recommended during infancy and childhood to prevent these infections. This review highlights some of the most commonly reported viral infections in children, their clinical signs, prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Firouzi
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khoramabad. Iran
| | | | - Shiva Shafizadeh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khoramabad. Iran
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29
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Yuen E, Gudis DA, Rowan NR, Nguyen SA, Schlosser RJ. Viral Infections of the Upper Airway in the Setting of COVID-19: A Primer for Rhinologists. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2021; 35:122-131. [PMID: 32762250 PMCID: PMC8685738 DOI: 10.1177/1945892420947929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral respiratory tract infections are associated with a significant burden of disease and represent one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. The current Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic highlights the devastating toll that respiratory viruses have on humanity and the desperate need to understand the biological characteristics that define them in order to develop efficacious treatments and vaccines. To date, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected nearly 600 times more people and resulted in 200 times more deaths relative to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) combined. OBJECTIVE Through this review, we aim to summarize the key characteristics of respiratory viruses that hold global significance, with a focus on SARS-CoV-2. Our goal is to disseminate our current knowledge of these infectious agents to otolaryngologists, in particular rhinologists, practicing in the COVID-19 era. METHODS The general and clinical characteristics of selected respiratory viruses along with available viral treatments and vaccines are reviewed. RESULTS There has been significant progress in our understanding of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of various respiratory viruses. However, despite the advancement in knowledge, efficacious vaccines and antiviral treatments remain elusive for most respiratory viruses. The dire need for these scientific discoveries is highlighted by the recent COVID-19 pandemic, which has prompted investigators worldwide to conduct clinical trials at an accelerated timeline in an effort to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Rhinologists will continue to remain on the front-lines of pandemics associated with respiratory viruses. CONCLUSION In light of these unprecedented times, the need to understand the nuances of these viral respiratory pathogens, especially SARS-CoV-2, cannot be overemphasized. This knowledge base is of particular importance to otolaryngologists, whose expertise in the upper airway coincides with the anatomic tropism of these infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick Yuen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - David A Gudis
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Nicholas R Rowan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Shaun A Nguyen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Rodney J Schlosser
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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30
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Bizot E, Bousquet A, Charpié M, Coquelin F, Lefevre S, Le Lorier J, Patin M, Sée P, Sarfati E, Walle S, Visseaux B, Basmaci R. Rhinovirus: A Narrative Review on Its Genetic Characteristics, Pediatric Clinical Presentations, and Pathogenesis. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:643219. [PMID: 33829004 PMCID: PMC8019700 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.643219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are the leading cause of common colds. With the development of new molecular methods since the 2000s, HRVs have been increasingly involved among severe clinical infections. Recent knowledge of the HRV genetic characteristics has also improved the understanding of their pathogenesis. This narrative review aims to provide a current comprehensive knowledge about this virus in the pediatric community. HRVs represent a main cause of upper and lower respiratory tract infections in children. HRV is the second virus involved in bronchiolitis and pneumonia in children, and HRV bronchiolitis has a higher risk of recurrent wheezing episode or asthma. Some recent findings described HRVs in stools, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid, thanks to new molecular techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) by detecting HRVs with high sensibility. However, the high rate of asymptomatic carriage and the prolonged excretion in postsymptomatic patients complicate interpretation. No sufficient data exist to avoid antibiotic therapy in pediatric high-risk population with HRV detection. Severe clinical presentations due to HRVs can be more frequent in specific population with chronic pathology or genetic particularity. Inflammatory response is mediated by the nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B pathway and production of interferon (IFN)-beta and IFN-gamma, interleukin 8 (IL8), and IL1b. No specific treatment or antiviral therapy exists, although research is still ongoing. Nowadays, in addition to benign diseases, HRVs are recognized to be involved in some severe clinical presentations. Recent advances in genetic knowledge or specific inflammatory response may lead to specific treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Bizot
- Department of Microbiology, Robert Debré Hospital, APHP, Paris, France.,Departement of Emergency and Pediatrics, Louis-Mourier Hospital, APHP, Colombes, France
| | - Anais Bousquet
- Departement of Emergency and Pediatrics, Louis-Mourier Hospital, APHP, Colombes, France
| | - Maelle Charpié
- Departement of Emergency and Pediatrics, Louis-Mourier Hospital, APHP, Colombes, France
| | - Florence Coquelin
- Departement of Emergency and Pediatrics, Louis-Mourier Hospital, APHP, Colombes, France
| | - Servane Lefevre
- Departement of Emergency and Pediatrics, Louis-Mourier Hospital, APHP, Colombes, France
| | - Justin Le Lorier
- Departement of Emergency and Pediatrics, Louis-Mourier Hospital, APHP, Colombes, France
| | - Margaux Patin
- Departement of Emergency and Pediatrics, Louis-Mourier Hospital, APHP, Colombes, France
| | - Perrine Sée
- Departement of Emergency and Pediatrics, Louis-Mourier Hospital, APHP, Colombes, France
| | - Eytan Sarfati
- Departement of Emergency and Pediatrics, Louis-Mourier Hospital, APHP, Colombes, France
| | - Servane Walle
- Departement of Emergency and Pediatrics, Louis-Mourier Hospital, APHP, Colombes, France
| | - Benoit Visseaux
- Department of Virology, Bichat Hospital, APHP, Paris, France.,University of Paris, Inserm, IAME, UMR1137, Paris, France
| | - Romain Basmaci
- Departement of Emergency and Pediatrics, Louis-Mourier Hospital, APHP, Colombes, France.,University of Paris, Inserm, IAME, UMR1137, Paris, France
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31
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van der Heide SL, Xi Y, Upham JW. Natural Killer Cells and Host Defense Against Human Rhinoviruses Is Partially Dependent on Type I IFN Signaling. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:510619. [PMID: 33194777 PMCID: PMC7609819 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.510619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhinovirus (RV), the causative agent of the common cold, causes only mild upper respiratory tract infections in healthy individuals, but can cause longer lasting and more severe pulmonary infections in people with chronic lung diseases and in the setting of immune suppression or immune deficiency. RV-infected lung structural cells release type I interferon (IFN-I), initiating the immune response, leading to protection against viruses in conjunction with migratory immune cells. However, IFN-I release is deficient in some people with asthma. Innate immune cells, such as natural killer (NK) cells, are proposed to play major roles in the control of viral infections, and may contribute to exacerbations of chronic lung diseases, such as asthma. In this study, we characterized the NK cell response to RV infection using an in vitro model of infection in healthy individuals, and determined the extent to which IFN-I signaling mediates this response. The results indicate that RV stimulation in vitro induces NK cell activation in healthy donors, leading to degranulation and the release of cytotoxic mediators and cytokines. IFN-I signaling was partly responsible for NK cell activation and functional responses to RV. Overall, our findings suggest the involvement of NK cells in the control of RV infection in healthy individuals. Further understanding of NK cell regulation may deepen our understanding of the mechanisms that contribute to susceptibility to RV infections in asthma and other chronic lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia L van der Heide
- Lung and Allergy Research Centre, Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Yang Xi
- Lung and Allergy Research Centre, Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - John W Upham
- Lung and Allergy Research Centre, Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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32
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Kuek LE, Lee RJ. First contact: the role of respiratory cilia in host-pathogen interactions in the airways. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 319:L603-L619. [PMID: 32783615 PMCID: PMC7516383 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00283.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory cilia are the driving force of the mucociliary escalator, working in conjunction with secreted airway mucus to clear inhaled debris and pathogens from the conducting airways. Respiratory cilia are also one of the first contact points between host and inhaled pathogens. Impaired ciliary function is a common pathological feature in patients with chronic airway diseases, increasing susceptibility to respiratory infections. Common respiratory pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, and fungi, have been shown to target cilia and/or ciliated airway epithelial cells, resulting in a disruption of mucociliary clearance that may facilitate host infection. Despite being an integral component of airway innate immunity, the role of respiratory cilia and their clinical significance during airway infections are still poorly understood. This review examines the expression, structure, and function of respiratory cilia during pathogenic infection of the airways. This review also discusses specific known points of interaction of bacteria, fungi, and viruses with respiratory cilia function. The emerging biological functions of motile cilia relating to intracellular signaling and their potential immunoregulatory roles during infection will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Eon Kuek
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert J Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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33
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Wang Y, Ninaber DK, van Schadewijk A, Hiemstra PS. Tiotropium and Fluticasone Inhibit Rhinovirus-Induced Mucin Production via Multiple Mechanisms in Differentiated Airway Epithelial Cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:278. [PMID: 32637364 PMCID: PMC7318795 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are associated with acute exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma, which are accompanied by mucus hypersecretion. Whereas, various studies have shown that HRVs increase epithelial mucin production and thus may directly contribute to mucus hypersecretion. The effects of drugs used in the treatment of COPD and asthma on HRV-induced mucin production in epithelial cell cultures have not been studied. In the present study, we assessed effects of HRVs on mucin production and secretion in well-differentiated primary human bronchial epithelial cells (PBEC) and studied the effect of the inhaled corticosteroid fluticasone propionate and the long-acting muscarinic antagonist tiotropium bromide on this process. Differentiated PBEC that were cultured at the air-liquid interface (ALI-PBEC) were infected with HRV-A16 and HRV-1B. Quantitative PCR, immunofluorescence staining, ELISA, periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining and immunostaining assays were used to assess the effects of HRV infection. Here we demonstrate that both HRV-A16 and HRV-1B increased mucin (MUC5AC and MUC5B) gene expression and protein release. When exploring this in more detail in HRV-A16-infected epithelial cells, mucin expression was found to be accompanied by increases in expression of SAM-pointed domain-containing Ets-like factor (SPDEF) and SPDEF-regulated genes known to be involved in the regulation of mucin production. We also found that pre-treatment with the purinergic P2R antagonist suramin inhibits HRV-enhanced MUC5AC expression and protein release, implicating involvement of purinergic signaling by extracellular ATP. We furthermore found that both fluticasone and tiotropium decreased HRV-induced mucin production without affecting viral replication, and obtained evidence to suggest that the inhibitory effect of fluticasone involved modulation of SPDEF-regulated genes and extracellular ATP release. These data show that both tiotropium and fluticasone inhibit HRV-induced epithelial mucin production independent of viral clearance, and thus provide insight into the mechanisms underlying beneficial effects of tiotropium and fluticasone in the treatment of COPD, asthma and accompanying exacerbations in these patients. Furthermore, our findings provide additional insight into the mechanisms by which HRV increases epithelial mucin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Dennis K Ninaber
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Pieter S Hiemstra
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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34
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Behzadi MA, Choi A, Duehr J, Feyznezhad R, Upadhyay C, Schotsaert M, Palese P, Nachbagauer R. A cross-reactive mouse monoclonal antibody against rhinovirus mediates phagocytosis in vitro. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9750. [PMID: 32546721 PMCID: PMC7297972 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66600-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhinoviruses (RVs) are the main cause of the common cold worldwide. To date, more than 160 types of the virus have been recognized, categorized into three major species - A, B, and C. There are currently no approved vaccines available to prevent infection with RVs. To elicit antibodies against conserved regions located on capsid proteins of RV A viruses, mice were sequentially vaccinated with DNA plasmids encoding capsid proteins of different RV A types. After a final boost with whole virus, antibody-expressing hybridomas were generated. After isotyping, 11 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) expressing an IgG subtype Fc-domain were selected for further expansion and purification. Three mAbs showed cross-reactivity against multiple strains of RV A viruses by ELISA, including strains A1A, A1B, A15, A16 and A49. Other mAbs had strain-specific binding patterns, with the majority of mAbs showing reactivity to RV-A15, the strain used for the final vaccination. We found that the RV-A15-specific mAbs, but not the cross-reactive mAbs, had neutralizing activity against RV-A15. An antibody dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) assay revealed substantial ADCP activity for one of the cross-reactive mAbs. Epitope mapping of the neutralizing mAbs via escape mutant virus generation revealed a shared binding epitope on VP1 of RV-A15 for several neutralizing mAbs. The epitope of the ADCP-active, non-neutralizing mAb was determined by microarray analysis of peptides generated from the VP1 capsid protein. VP1-specific, cross-reactive antibodies, especially those with ADCP activity, could contribute to protection against RV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amin Behzadi
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Angela Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - James Duehr
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Roya Feyznezhad
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chitra Upadhyay
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael Schotsaert
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter Palese
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Raffael Nachbagauer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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Jubrail J, Africano‐Gomez K, Herit F, Mularski A, Bourdoncle P, Oberg L, Israelsson E, Burgel P, Mayer G, Cunoosamy DM, Kurian N, Niedergang F. Arpin is critical for phagocytosis in macrophages and is targeted by human rhinovirus. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e47963. [PMID: 31721415 PMCID: PMC6945061 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201947963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Human rhinovirus is a causative agent of severe exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). COPD is characterised by an increased number of alveolar macrophages with diminished phagocytic functions, but how rhinovirus infection affects macrophage function is still unknown. Here, we describe that human rhinovirus 16 impairs bacterial uptake and receptor-mediated phagocytosis in macrophages. The stalled phagocytic cups contain accumulated F-actin. Interestingly, we find that human rhinovirus 16 downregulates the expression of Arpin, a negative regulator of the Arp2/3 complex. Importantly, re-expression of the protein rescues defective internalisation in human rhinovirus 16-treated cells, demonstrating that Arpin is a key factor targeted to impair phagocytosis. We further show that Arpin is required for efficient uptake of multiple targets, for F-actin cup formation and for successful phagosome completion in macrophages. Interestingly, Arpin is recruited to sites of membrane extension and phagosome closure. Thus, we identify Arpin as a central actin regulator during phagocytosis that it is targeted by human rhinovirus 16, allowing the virus to perturb bacterial internalisation and phagocytosis in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamil Jubrail
- Université de ParisInstitut CochinINSERM, U1016, CNRSUMR 8104ParisFrance
| | | | - Floriane Herit
- Université de ParisInstitut CochinINSERM, U1016, CNRSUMR 8104ParisFrance
| | - Anna Mularski
- Université de ParisInstitut CochinINSERM, U1016, CNRSUMR 8104ParisFrance
| | - Pierre Bourdoncle
- Université de ParisInstitut CochinINSERM, U1016, CNRSUMR 8104ParisFrance
| | - Lisa Oberg
- Translational Science and Experimental MedicineResearch and Early DevelopmentRespiratory Inflammation and AutoimmunityBioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Elisabeth Israelsson
- Translational Science and Experimental MedicineResearch and Early DevelopmentRespiratory Inflammation and AutoimmunityBioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Pierre‐Regis Burgel
- Université de ParisInstitut CochinINSERM, U1016, CNRSUMR 8104ParisFrance
- Department of PneumologyHospital Cochin, AP‐HPParisFrance
| | - Gaell Mayer
- Late‐stage developmentRespiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity (RIA)BioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Danen M Cunoosamy
- Translational Science and Experimental MedicineResearch and Early DevelopmentRespiratory Inflammation and AutoimmunityBioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Nisha Kurian
- Respiratory Inflammation and Autoimmune Precision Medicine UnitPrecision Medicine, Oncology R&DAstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
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Rodrigues AF, Santos AM, Ferreira AM, Marino R, Barreira ME, Cabeda JM. Year-Long Rhinovirus Infection is Influenced by Atmospheric Conditions, Outdoor Air Virus Presence, and Immune System-Related Genetic Polymorphisms. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2019; 11:340-349. [PMID: 31350695 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-019-09397-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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Parainfluenza virus infection enhances NSAIDs-induced inhibition of PGE2 generation and COX-2 expression in human airway epithelial cells. Adv Med Sci 2019; 64:338-343. [PMID: 31022559 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Respiratory viral infection and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may affect arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism in the airway epithelium, however their joint effect has not been studied. We hypothesized, that alternations of AA metabolism in human airway epithelial cells (ECs) - induced by Parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3) - may be modified by concomitant treatment with NSAIDs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Nasal (RPMI 2650) and bronchial (BEAS-2B) epithelial cells were cultured into confluence and then infected with PIV3. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE) levels in cell supernatants were measured by ELISA and expression of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) and 15-lipoxygenase (15-LO) mRNA in cells was evaluated after reverse transcription with real-time polymerase chain reactions. RESULTS PGE2 generation was decreased by PIV3 infection in the upper airway epithelial cells, and increased in the lower airway epithelial cells. Both naproxen and celecoxib induced significant reduction in PGE2 release in both infected and non-infected upper and lower airway epithelial cells. However, in PIV3-infected epithelial cells celecoxib inhibited PGE2 release and COX-2 expression to significantly higher degree as compared to non-infected cells. 15-HETE generation or COX-1, 5-LO and 15-LO expression were not affected by the virus infection or by NSAIDs. CONCLUSION Virus infection in airway epithelial cells enhances inhibitory effect of NSAIDs on prostaglandin E2 generation.
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Lutter R, Ravanetti L. Cadherin-related family member 3 (CDHR3) drives differentiation of ciliated bronchial epithelial cells and facilitates rhinovirus C infection, although with a little help. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 144:926-927. [PMID: 31376404 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- René Lutter
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Lara Ravanetti
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Ling KM, Garratt LW, Lassmann T, Stick SM, Kicic A. Elucidating the Interaction of CF Airway Epithelial Cells and Rhinovirus: Using the Host-Pathogen Relationship to Identify Future Therapeutic Strategies. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1270. [PMID: 30464745 PMCID: PMC6234657 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lung disease remains the primary cause of mortality in cystic fibrosis (CF). Growing evidence suggests respiratory viral infections are often more severe in CF compared to healthy peers and contributes to pulmonary exacerbations (PEx) and deterioration of lung function. Rhinovirus is the most prevalent respiratory virus detected, particularly during exacerbations in children with CF <5 years old. However, even though rhinoviral infections are likely to be one of the factors initiating the onset of CF lung disease, there is no effective targeted treatment. A better understanding of the innate immune responses by CF airway epithelial cells, the primary site of infection for viruses, is needed to identify why viral infections are more severe in CF. The aim of this review is to present the clinical impact of virus infection in both young children and adults with CF, focusing on rhinovirus infection. Previous in vitro and in vivo investigations looking at the mechanisms behind virus infection will also be summarized. The review will finish on the potential of transcriptomics to elucidate the host-pathogen responses by CF airway cells to viral infection and identify novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kak-Ming Ling
- Paediatrics, Medical School, Faculty of Healthy and Medical Science, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Luke W Garratt
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Timo Lassmann
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Stephen M Stick
- Paediatrics, Medical School, Faculty of Healthy and Medical Science, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, WA, Australia.,Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Anthony Kicic
- Paediatrics, Medical School, Faculty of Healthy and Medical Science, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, WA, Australia.,Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Occupation and Environment, School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
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40
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Abstract
Rhinoviruses are the most common cause of upper respiratory tract infections. However, they can induce exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma, bronchiolitis in infants, and significant lower respiratory tract infections in children, the immunosuppressed, and the elderly. The large number of rhinovirus strains (currently about 160) and their antigenic diversity are significant obstacles in vaccine development. The phenotype of immune responses induced during rhinovirus infection can affect disease severity. Recognition of rhinovirus and a balance of innate responses are important factors in rhinovirus-induced morbidity. Immune responses to rhinovirus infections in healthy individuals are typically of the T helper type 1 (Th1) phenotype. However, rhinovirus-driven asthma exacerbations are additionally characterised by an amplified Th2 immune response and airway neutrophilia. This commentary focuses on recent advances in understanding immunity toward rhinovirus infection and how innate and adaptive immune responses drive rhinovirus-induced asthma exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyridon Makris
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sebastian Johnston
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Imperial College London, London, UK
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25-Hydroxycholesterol Production by the Cholesterol-25-Hydroxylase Interferon-Stimulated Gene Restricts Mammalian Reovirus Infection. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01047-18. [PMID: 29950420 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01047-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the initial detection of viral infection, innate immune responses trigger the induction of numerous interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) to inhibit virus replication and dissemination. One such ISG encodes cholesterol-25-hydroxylase (CH25H), an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of cholesterol to form a soluble product, 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC). Recent studies have found that CH25H is broadly antiviral; it inhibits infection by several viruses. For enveloped viruses, 25HC inhibits membrane fusion, likely by altering membrane characteristics such as hydrophobicity or cholesterol aggregation. However, the mechanisms by which 25HC restricts infection of nonenveloped viruses are unknown. We examined whether 25HC restricts infection by mammalian reovirus. Treatment with 25HC restricted infection by reovirus prototype strains type 1 Lang and type 3 Dearing. In contrast to reovirus virions, 25HC did not restrict infection by reovirus infectious subvirion particles (ISVPs), which can penetrate either directly at the cell surface or in early endosomal membranes. Treatment with 25HC altered trafficking of reovirus particles to late endosomes and delayed the kinetics of reovirus uncoating. These results suggest that 25HC inhibits the efficiency of cellular entry of reovirus virions, which may require specific endosomal membrane dynamics for efficient membrane penetration.IMPORTANCE The innate immune system is crucial for effective responses to viral infection. Type I interferons, central components of innate immunity, induce expression of hundreds of ISGs; however, the mechanisms of action of these antiviral proteins are not well understood. CH25H, encoded by an ISG, represents a significant constituent of these cellular antiviral strategies, as its metabolic product, 25HC, can act in both an autocrine and a paracrine fashion to protect cells from infection and has been shown to limit viral infection in animal models. Further investigation into the mechanism of action of 25HC may inform novel antiviral therapies and influence the use of mammalian reovirus in clinical trials as an oncolytic agent.
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42
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Gualdoni GA, Mayer KA, Kapsch AM, Kreuzberg K, Puck A, Kienzl P, Oberndorfer F, Frühwirth K, Winkler S, Blaas D, Zlabinger GJ, Stöckl J. Rhinovirus induces an anabolic reprogramming in host cell metabolism essential for viral replication. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E7158-E7165. [PMID: 29987044 PMCID: PMC6065033 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1800525115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhinoviruses (RVs) are responsible for the majority of upper airway infections; despite their high prevalence and the resulting economic burden, effective treatment is lacking. We report here that RV induces metabolic alterations in host cells, which offer an efficient target for antiviral intervention. We show that RV-infected cells rapidly up-regulate glucose uptake in a PI3K-dependent manner. In parallel, infected cells enhance the expression of the PI3K-regulated glucose transporter GLUT1. In-depth metabolomic analysis of RV-infected cells revealed a critical role of glucose mobilization from extracellular and intracellular pools via glycogenolysis for viral replication. Infection resulted in a highly anabolic state, including enhanced nucleotide synthesis and lipogenesis. Consistently, we observed that glucose deprivation from medium and via glycolysis inhibition by 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) potently impairs viral replication. Metabolomic analysis showed that 2-DG specifically reverts the RV-induced anabolic reprogramming. In addition, treatment with 2-DG inhibited RV infection and inflammation in a murine model. Thus, we demonstrate that the specific metabolic fingerprint of RV infection can be used to identify new targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido A Gualdoni
- Institute of Immunology, Center of Pathophysiology, Immunology & Infectiology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine 3, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina A Mayer
- Institute of Immunology, Center of Pathophysiology, Immunology & Infectiology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna-Maria Kapsch
- Institute of Immunology, Center of Pathophysiology, Immunology & Infectiology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Global Pathogen Safety, Shire, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Kreuzberg
- Institute of Immunology, Center of Pathophysiology, Immunology & Infectiology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Puck
- Institute of Immunology, Center of Pathophysiology, Immunology & Infectiology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Philip Kienzl
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Karin Frühwirth
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine 1, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Winkler
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine 1, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dieter Blaas
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Vienna Biocenter, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard J Zlabinger
- Institute of Immunology, Center of Pathophysiology, Immunology & Infectiology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Stöckl
- Institute of Immunology, Center of Pathophysiology, Immunology & Infectiology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Tan KS, Ong HH, Yan Y, Liu J, Li C, Ong YK, Thong KT, Choi HW, Wang DY, Chow VT. In Vitro Model of Fully Differentiated Human Nasal Epithelial Cells Infected With Rhinovirus Reveals Epithelium-Initiated Immune Responses. J Infect Dis 2018; 217:906-915. [PMID: 29228279 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are the commonest cause of the common cold. While HRV is less pathogenic than other respiratory viruses, it is frequently associated with exacerbation of chronic respiratory diseases such as rhinosinusitis and asthma. Nasal epithelial cells are the first sites of viral contact, immune initiation, and airway interconnectivity, but there are limited studies on HRV infection of nasal epithelial cells. Hence, we established a model of HRV infection of in vitro-differentiated human nasal epithelial cells (hNECs) derived from multiple individuals. Through HRV infection of hNECs, we found that HRV mainly targeted ciliated cells and preferentially induced type I and III interferon antiviral pathways. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of inflammatory genes suggested predominant type 1 immunity signaling and recruitment, with secreted CXCL9, IP-10, CXCL11, and RANTES as likely initiators of airway inflammatory responses. Additionally, we further explored HRV bidirectional release from the hNECs and identified 11 associated genes. Other HRV interactions were also identified through a systematic comparison with influenza A virus infection of hNECs. Overall, this in vitro hNEC HRV infection model provides a platform for repeatable and controlled studies of different individuals, thus providing novel insights into the roles of human nasal epithelium in HRV interaction and immune initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Sen Tan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore
| | - Hsiao Hui Ong
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore
| | - Chunwei Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore
| | - Yew Kwang Ong
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore
| | - Kim Thye Thong
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore
| | - Hyung Won Choi
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - De-Yun Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore
| | - Vincent T Chow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore
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Moskwa S, Piotrowski W, Marczak J, Pawełczyk M, Lewandowska-Polak A, Jarzębska M, Brauncajs M, Głobińska A, Górski P, Papadopoulos NG, Edwards MR, Johnston SL, Kowalski ML. Innate Immune Response to Viral Infections in Primary Bronchial Epithelial Cells is Modified by the Atopic Status of Asthmatic Patients. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2018; 10:144-154. [PMID: 29411555 PMCID: PMC5809763 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2018.10.2.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose In order to gain an insight into determinants of reported variability in immune responses to respiratory viruses in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) from asthmatics, the responses of HBEC to viral infections were evaluated in HBECs from phenotypically heterogeneous groups of asthmatics and in healthy controls. Methods HBECs were obtained during bronchoscopy from 10 patients with asthma (6 atopic and 4 non-atopic) and from healthy controls (n=9) and grown as undifferentiated cultures. HBECs were infected with parainfluenza virus (PIV)-3 (MOI 0.1) and rhinovirus (RV)-1B (MOI 0.1), or treated with medium alone. The cell supernatants were harvested at 8, 24, and 48 hours. IFN-α, CXCL10 (IP-10), and RANTES (CCL5) were analyzed by using Cytometric Bead Array (CBA), and interferon (IFN)-β and IFN-λ1 by ELISA. Gene expression of IFNs, chemokines, and IFN-regulatory factors (IRF-3 and IRF-7) was determined by using quantitative PCR. Results PIV3 and RV1B infections increased IFN-λ1 mRNA expression in HBECs from asthmatics and healthy controls to a similar extent, and virus-induced IFN-λ1 expression correlated positively with IRF-7 expression. Following PIV3 infection, IP-10 protein release and mRNA expression were significantly higher in asthmatics compared to healthy controls (median 36.03-fold). No differences in the release or expression of RANTES, IFN-λ1 protein and mRNA, or IFN-α and IFN-β mRNA between asthmatics and healthy controls were observed. However, when asthmatics were divided according to their atopic status, HBECs from atopic asthmatics (n=6) generated significantly more IFN-λ1 protein and demonstrated higher IFN-α, IFN-β, and IRF-7 mRNA expressions in response to PIV3 compared to non-atopic asthmatics (n=4) and healthy controls (n=9). In response to RV1B infection, IFN-β mRNA expression was lower (12.39-fold at 24 hours and 19.37-fold at 48 hours) in non-atopic asthmatics compared to atopic asthmatics. Conclusions The immune response of HBECs to virus infections may not be deficient in asthmatics, but seems to be modified by atopic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Moskwa
- Department of Immunology, Rheumatology and Allergy; Healthy Ageing Research Centre, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.,Department of Microbiology and Laboratory Medical Immunology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Wojciech Piotrowski
- Department of Pneumonology and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jerzy Marczak
- Department of Pneumonology and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Pawełczyk
- Department of Immunology, Rheumatology and Allergy; Healthy Ageing Research Centre, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Lewandowska-Polak
- Department of Immunology, Rheumatology and Allergy; Healthy Ageing Research Centre, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.,Department of Rheumatology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marzanna Jarzębska
- Department of Immunology, Rheumatology and Allergy; Healthy Ageing Research Centre, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Brauncajs
- Department of Immunology, Rheumatology and Allergy; Healthy Ageing Research Centre, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Głobińska
- Department of Immunology, Rheumatology and Allergy; Healthy Ageing Research Centre, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Paweł Górski
- Department of Pneumonology and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Nikolaos G Papadopoulos
- Allergy Research Centre, 2nd Pediatric Clinic, National Kapodistrian, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Michael R Edwards
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK; Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma
| | - Sebastian L Johnston
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK; Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma
| | - Marek L Kowalski
- Department of Immunology, Rheumatology and Allergy; Healthy Ageing Research Centre, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
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Roth M, Pasquali C, Stolz D, Tamm M. Broncho Vaxom (OM-85) modulates rhinovirus docking proteins on human airway epithelial cells via Erk1/2 mitogen activated protein kinase and cAMP. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188010. [PMID: 29182620 PMCID: PMC5705076 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bronchial epithelial cells (BEC) are primary target for Rhinovirus infection through attaching to cell membrane proteins. OM-85, a bacterial extract, improves recovery of asthma and COPD patients after viral infections, but only part of the mechanism was addressed, by focusing on defined immune cells. OBJECTIVE We therefore determined the effect of OM-85 on isolated primary human BEC of controls (n = 8), asthma patients (n = 10) and COPD patients (n = 9). METHODS BEC were treated with OM-85 alone (24 hours) or infected with Rhinovirus. BEC survival was monitored by manual cell counting and Rhinovirus replication by lytic activity. Immuno-blotting and ELISA were used to determine the expression of Rhinovirus interacting proteins: intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM), major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-2), complement component C1q receptor (C1q-R), inducible T-Cell co-stimulator (ICOS), its ligand ICOSL, and myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (Myd88); as well as for signal transducers Erk1/2, p38, JNK mitogen activated protein kinases MAPK), and cAMP. RESULTS OM-85 significantly reduced Rhinovirus-induced BEC death and virus replication. OM-85 significantly increased the expression of virus interacting proteins C1q-R and β-defensin in all 3 probes and groups, which was prevented by either Erk1/2 MAPK or cAMP inhibition. In addition, OM-85 significantly reduced Rhinovirus induced expression of ICAM1 involving p38 MAPK. In BEC OM-85 had no significant effect on the expression of ICOS, ICOSL and MHC-2 membrane proteins nor on the adaptor protein MyD88. CONCLUSION The OM-85-induced increased of C1q-R and β-defensin, both important for antigen presentation and phagocytosis, supports its activity in host cell's defence against Rhinovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Roth
- Pulmonary Cell Research, DBM University Basel and Pneumology Clinic, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Daiana Stolz
- Pulmonary Cell Research, DBM University Basel and Pneumology Clinic, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Tamm
- Pulmonary Cell Research, DBM University Basel and Pneumology Clinic, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Lin TH, Su HH, Kang HY, Chang TH. The Interactive Roles of Lipopolysaccharides and dsRNA/Viruses on Respiratory Epithelial Cells and Dendritic Cells in Allergic Respiratory Disorders: The Hygiene Hypothesis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102219. [PMID: 29065558 PMCID: PMC5666898 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The original hygiene hypothesis declares "more infections in early childhood protect against later atopy". According to the hygiene hypothesis, the increased incidence of allergic disorders in developed countries is explained by the decrease of infections. Epithelial cells and dendritic cells play key roles in bridging the innate and adaptive immune systems. Among the various pattern-recognition receptor systems of epithelial cells and dendritic cells, including toll-like receptors (TLRs), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) and others, TLRs are the key systems of immune response regulation. In humans, TLRs consist of TLR1 to TLR10. They regulate cellular responses through engagement with TLR ligands, e.g., lipopolysaccharides (LPS) acts through TLR4 and dsRNA acts through TLR3, but there are certain common components between these two TLR pathways. dsRNA activates epithelial cells and dendritic cells in different directions, resulting in allergy-related Th2-skewing tendency in epithelial cells, and Th1-skewing tendency in dendritic cells. The Th2-skewing effect by stimulation of dsRNA on epithelial cells could be suppressed by the presence of LPS above some threshold. When LPS level decreases, the Th2-skewing effect increases. It may be via these interrelated networks and related factors that LPS modifies the allergic responses and provides a plausible mechanism of the hygiene hypothesis. Several hygiene hypothesis-related phenomena, seemingly conflicting, are also discussed in this review, along with their proposed mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsang-Hsiung Lin
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan.
| | - Hsing-Hao Su
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan.
| | - Hong-Yo Kang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan.
- Hormone Research Center and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan.
| | - Tsung-Hsien Chang
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan 71703, Taiwan.
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Mirabelli C, Scheers E, Neyts J. Novel therapeutic approaches to simultaneously target rhinovirus infection and asthma/COPD pathogenesis. F1000Res 2017; 6:1860. [PMID: 29123648 PMCID: PMC5657016 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.11978.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhinoviruses are exclusive respiratory pathogens and the etiological agents of the common cold. These viruses are increasingly reported to cause exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Here, we review the role of rhinovirus infections in the pathogenesis of asthma and COPD and we discuss the current and potential future treatments. We propose that, in order to prevent exacerbations, the design of novel therapeutics should focus on directly acting antivirals but also include the design of drugs that simultaneously inhibit viral replication and alleviate symptoms of asthma and COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Mirabelli
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Els Scheers
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
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48
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Abstract
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is characterized by irreversible airflow limitation. It is a global disease and expected to be the third leading cause of death. Respiratory exacerbations are associated with increased mortality and morbidity in this patient population. Respiratory viruses were isolated from at least 30 to 50% of the infectious respiratory COPD exacerbations with rhinovirus being most commonly isolated pathogen. Although rhinovirus does not cause airway epithelial damage like influenza and other respiratory viruses, it may further impair innate immunity of airway epithelium, which is the first line of defense in the lungs. This may increase susceptibility to secondary bacterial infections leading to progression of lung disease. Currently, there arc no therapies available to treat rhinovirus infection in COPD and therefore understanding the mechanisms underlying RV pathogenesis in COPD is essential to identify molecular target to develop new therapeutic strategies. Quercetin, a plant polyphenol, which modulates innate immunity and effectively blocks viral replication may be useful in treating rhinovirus associated COPD exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Owuor
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nisha Nalamala
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joao Antonio Gimenes
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Uma S Sajjan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Physiology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Haslwanter D, Blaas D, Heinz FX, Stiasny K. A novel mechanism of antibody-mediated enhancement of flavivirus infection. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006643. [PMID: 28915259 PMCID: PMC5617232 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-dependent enhancement of viral infection is a well-described phenomenon that is based on the cellular uptake of infectious virus-antibody complexes following their interaction with Fcγ receptors expressed on myeloid cells. Here we describe a novel mechanism of antibody-mediated enhancement of infection by a flavivirus (tick-borne encephalitis virus) in transformed and primary human cells, which is independent of the presence of Fcγ receptors. Using chemical cross-linking and immunoassays, we demonstrate that the monoclonal antibody (mab) A5, recognizing an epitope at the interface of the dimeric envelope protein E, causes dimer dissociation and leads to the exposure of the fusion loop (FL). Under normal conditions of infection, this process is triggered only after virus uptake by the acidic pH in endosomes, resulting in the initiation of membrane fusion through the interaction of the FL with the endosomal membrane. Analysis of virus binding and cellular infection, together with inhibition by the FL-specific mab 4G2, indicated that the FL, exposed after mab A5- induced dimer-dissociation, mediated attachment of the virus to the plasma membrane also at neutral pH, thereby increasing viral infectivity. Since antibody-induced enhancement of binding was not only observed with cells but also with liposomes, it is likely that increased infection was due to FL-lipid interactions and not to interactions with cellular plasma membrane proteins. The novel mechanism of antibody-induced infection enhancement adds a new facet to the complexity of antibody interactions with flaviviruses and may have implications for yet unresolved effects of polyclonal antibody responses on biological properties of these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dieter Blaas
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department for Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Franz X. Heinz
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Stiasny
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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50
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Sopel N, Pflaum A, Kölle J, Finotto S. The Unresolved Role of Interferon-λ in Asthma Bronchiale. Front Immunol 2017; 8:989. [PMID: 28861088 PMCID: PMC5559474 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma bronchiale is a disease of the airways with increasing incidence, that often begins during infancy. So far, therapeutic options are mainly symptomatic and thus there is an increasing need for better treatment and/or prevention strategies. Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are a major cause of asthma exacerbations and might cause acute wheezing associated with local production of pro-inflammatory mediators resulting in neutrophilic inflammatory response. Viral infections induce a characteristic activation of immune response, e.g., TLR3, 4, 7, 8, 9 in the endosome and their downstream targets, especially MyD88. Moreover, other cytoplasmic pattern recognition molecules (PRMs) like RIG1 and MDA5 play important roles in the activation of interferons (IFNs) of all types. Depending on the stimulation of the different PRMs, the levels of the IFNs induced might differ. Recent studies focused on Type I IFNs in samples from control and asthma patients. However, the administration of type I IFN-α was accompanied by side-effects, thus this possible therapy was abandoned. Type III IFN-λ acts more specifically, as fewer cells express the IFN-λ receptor chain 1. In addition, it has been shown that asthmatic mice treated with recombinant or adenoviral expressed IFN-λ2 (IL–28A) showed an amelioration of symptoms, indicating that treatment with IFN-λ might be beneficial for asthmatic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Sopel
- Department of Molecular Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Pflaum
- Department of Molecular Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julia Kölle
- Department of Molecular Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Susetta Finotto
- Department of Molecular Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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