1
|
Ferrari V, Tedesco B, Cozzi M, Chierichetti M, Casarotto E, Pramaggiore P, Cornaggia L, Mohamed A, Patelli G, Piccolella M, Cristofani R, Crippa V, Galbiati M, Poletti A, Rusmini P. Lysosome quality control in health and neurodegenerative diseases. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2024; 29:116. [PMID: 39237893 PMCID: PMC11378602 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-024-00633-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are acidic organelles involved in crucial intracellular functions, including the degradation of organelles and protein, membrane repair, phagocytosis, endocytosis, and nutrient sensing. Given these key roles of lysosomes, maintaining their homeostasis is essential for cell viability. Thus, to preserve lysosome integrity and functionality, cells have developed a complex intracellular system, called lysosome quality control (LQC). Several stressors may affect the integrity of lysosomes, causing Lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP), in which membrane rupture results in the leakage of luminal hydrolase enzymes into the cytosol. After sensing the damage, LQC either activates lysosome repair, or induces the degradation of the ruptured lysosomes through autophagy. In addition, LQC stimulates the de novo biogenesis of functional lysosomes and lysosome exocytosis. Alterations in LQC give rise to deleterious consequences for cellular homeostasis. Specifically, the persistence of impaired lysosomes or the malfunctioning of lysosomal processes leads to cellular toxicity and death, thereby contributing to the pathogenesis of different disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). Recently, several pieces of evidence have underlined the importance of the role of lysosomes in NDs. In this review, we describe the elements of the LQC system, how they cooperate to maintain lysosome homeostasis, and their implication in the pathogenesis of different NDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Ferrari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento Di Eccellenza, 2018-2027, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Tedesco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento Di Eccellenza, 2018-2027, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Cozzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento Di Eccellenza, 2018-2027, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Chierichetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento Di Eccellenza, 2018-2027, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Casarotto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento Di Eccellenza, 2018-2027, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Pramaggiore
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento Di Eccellenza, 2018-2027, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Cornaggia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento Di Eccellenza, 2018-2027, Milan, Italy
| | - Ali Mohamed
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento Di Eccellenza, 2018-2027, Milan, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Patelli
- Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Margherita Piccolella
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento Di Eccellenza, 2018-2027, Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo Cristofani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento Di Eccellenza, 2018-2027, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Crippa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento Di Eccellenza, 2018-2027, Milan, Italy
| | - Mariarita Galbiati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento Di Eccellenza, 2018-2027, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo Poletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento Di Eccellenza, 2018-2027, Milan, Italy.
| | - Paola Rusmini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento Di Eccellenza, 2018-2027, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhou X, Dai N, Yu D, Niu T, Wang S. Exploring galectin-3's role in predicting mild cognitive impairment in type 2 diabetes and its regulation by miRNAs. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1443133. [PMID: 39144658 PMCID: PMC11322075 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1443133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to investigate the role of galectin-3 (Gal-3; coded by LGALS3 gene), as a biomarker for MCI in T2DM patients and to develop and validate a predictive nomogram integrating galectin-3 with clinical risk factors for MCI prediction. Additionally, microRNA regulation of LGALS3 was explored. Methods The study employed a cross-sectional design. A total of 329 hospitalized T2DM patients were recruited and randomly allocated into a training cohort (n = 231) and a validation cohort (n = 98) using 7:3 ratio. Demographic data and neuropsychological assessments were recorded for all participants. Plasma levels of galectin-3 were measured using ELISA assay. We employed Spearman's correlation and multivariable linear regression to analyze the relationship between galectin-3 levels and cognitive performance. Furthermore, univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify independent risk factors for MCI in T2DM patients. Based on these analyses, a predictive nomogram incorporating galectin-3 and clinical predictors was developed. The model's performance was evaluated in terms of discrimination, calibration, and clinical utility. Regulatory miRNAs were identified using bioinformatics and their interactions with LGALS3 were confirmed through qRT-PCR and luciferase reporter assays. Results Galectin-3 was identified as an independent risk factor for MCI, with significant correlations to cognitive decline in T2DM patients. The developed nomogram, incorporating Gal-3, age, and education levels, demonstrated excellent predictive performance with an AUC of 0.813 in the training cohort and 0.775 in the validation cohort. The model outperformed the baseline galectin-3 model and showed a higher net benefit in clinical decision-making. Hsa-miR-128-3p was significantly downregulated in MCI patients, correlating with increased Gal-3 levels, while Luciferase assays confirmed miR-128-3p's specific binding and influence on LGALS3. Conclusion Our findings emphasize the utility of Gal-3 as a viable biomarker for early detection of MCI in T2DM patients. The validated nomogram offers a practical tool for clinical decision-making, facilitating early interventions to potentially delay the progression of cognitive impairment. Additionally, further research on miRNA128's regulation of Gal-3 levels is essential to substantiate our results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueling Zhou
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ning Dai
- Department of ENT, Maanshan People’s Hospital, Maanshan, China
| | - Dandan Yu
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tong Niu
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shaohua Wang
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
De Paula GC, Aldana BI, Battistella R, Fernández-Calle R, Bjure A, Lundgaard I, Deierborg T, Duarte JMN. Extracellular vesicles released from microglia after palmitate exposure impact brain function. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:173. [PMID: 39014461 PMCID: PMC11253458 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03168-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Dietary patterns that include an excess of foods rich in saturated fat are associated with brain dysfunction. Although microgliosis has been proposed to play a key role in the development of brain dysfunction in diet-induced obesity (DIO), neuroinflammation with cytokine over-expression is not always observed. Thus, mechanisms by which microglia contribute to brain impairment in DIO are uncertain. Using the BV2 cell model, we investigated the gliosis profile of microglia exposed to palmitate (200 µmol/L), a saturated fatty acid abundant in high-fat diet and in the brain of obese individuals. We observed that microglia respond to a 24-hour palmitate exposure with increased proliferation, and with a metabolic network rearrangement that favors energy production from glycolysis rather than oxidative metabolism, despite stimulated mitochondria biogenesis. In addition, while palmitate did not induce increased cytokine expression, it modified the protein cargo of released extracellular vesicles (EVs). When administered intra-cerebroventricularly to mice, EVs secreted from palmitate-exposed microglia in vitro led to memory impairment, depression-like behavior, and glucose intolerance, when compared to mice receiving EVs from vehicle-treated microglia. We conclude that microglia exposed to palmitate can mediate brain dysfunction through the cargo of shed EVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela C De Paula
- Department of Experimental Medical Science (EMV), Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Sölvegatan 19, BMC C11, Lund, 221 84, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Blanca I Aldana
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Roberta Battistella
- Department of Experimental Medical Science (EMV), Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Sölvegatan 19, BMC C11, Lund, 221 84, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Rosalía Fernández-Calle
- Department of Experimental Medical Science (EMV), Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Sölvegatan 19, BMC C11, Lund, 221 84, Sweden
| | - Andreas Bjure
- Department of Experimental Medical Science (EMV), Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Sölvegatan 19, BMC C11, Lund, 221 84, Sweden
| | - Iben Lundgaard
- Department of Experimental Medical Science (EMV), Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Sölvegatan 19, BMC C11, Lund, 221 84, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tomas Deierborg
- Department of Experimental Medical Science (EMV), Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Sölvegatan 19, BMC C11, Lund, 221 84, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - João M N Duarte
- Department of Experimental Medical Science (EMV), Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Sölvegatan 19, BMC C11, Lund, 221 84, Sweden.
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang Y, Shi X, Yin Y, Yang F, Zhang Y, He X, Wen D, Li BX, Ma K. Association Between Neuroinflammation and Parkinson's Disease: A Comprehensive Mendelian Randomization Study. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04197-2. [PMID: 38709392 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04197-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
The objective of the study is to determine the causal relationship and potential mechanisms between Parkinson's disease (PD) and neuroinflammatory and neurotoxic mediators. We conducted two-sample Mendelian randomization (2SMR) study and multivariable Mendelian randomization (MVMR) analysis to investigate the causality between PD and neuroinflammatory and neurotoxic mediators. The mediation analysis with MR was also conducted to determine the potential mediating effect of neuroinflammatory and neurotoxic mediators between asthma and PD. Genetically predicted levels of nine neuroinflammation were associated with changes in PD risk. The associations of PD with CCL24, galectin-3 levels, haptoglobin, and Holo-Transcobalamin-2 remained significant in multivariable analyses. The mediation analysis with MR revealed that asthma affects PD through CCL24 and galectin-3. The results showed neuroinflammation could affect the pathogenesis of PD. In the combined analysis of these nine variables, CCL24, galectin-3 levels, HP, and Holo-Transcobalamin-2 alone were found to be significant. Asthma plays an intermediary role through CCL24 and galectin-3 levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- YiNi Wang
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, NanGang District, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - XinYu Shi
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, NanGang District, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - YaPing Yin
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, NanGang District, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Yang
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, NanGang District, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - YiNan Zhang
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, NanGang District, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin He
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, NanGang District, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Da Wen
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, NanGang District, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Bai-Xiang Li
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, NanGang District, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kun Ma
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, NanGang District, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang G, Li R, Feng C, Li K, Liu S, Fu Q. Galectin-3 is involved in inflammation and fibrosis in arteriogenic erectile dysfunction via the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:92. [PMID: 38378809 PMCID: PMC10879531 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-01859-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a multifunctional protein that has been linked to fibrosis and inflammation in the cardiovascular system. In this study, we examined the impact of Gal-3 on inflammation and fibrosis in patients with arteriogenic erectile dysfunction (A-ED) and the underlying mechanisms involved. To induce arterial injury, we utilized cuffs on the periaqueductal common iliac arteries of Sprague‒Dawley (SD) rats and administered a high-fat diet to co-induce local atherosclerosis. Our results showed that we successfully developed a novel A-ED model that was validated based on histological evidence. In vivo, the vascular lumen of rats subjected to a high-fat diet and cuff placement exhibited significant narrowing, accompanied by the upregulation of Gal-3, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 (MyD88) expression in the penile cavernosa. This led to the activation of nuclear factor kappa B 65 (NF-κB-p65), resulting in reduced intracavernosal pressure, endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression, and smooth muscle content, promoting inflammation and fibrosis. However, treatment with Gal-3 inhibitor-modified citrus pectin (MCP) significantly normalized those effects. In vitro, knocking down Gal-3 led to a significant reduction in TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κB-p65 expression in corpus cavernosum smooth muscle cells (CCSMCs), decreasing inflammation levels. In conclusion, inhibiting Gal-3 may improve A-ED by reducing inflammation, endothelial injury, and fibrosis in the penile corpus cavernosum through the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway. These findings highlight the potential therapeutic target of Gal-3 in A-ED.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guanbo Wang
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Ruiyu Li
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chen Feng
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Kefan Li
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China.
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
- Engineering Laboratory of Urinary Organ and Functional Reconstruction of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China.
| | - Qiang Fu
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China.
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
- Engineering Laboratory of Urinary Organ and Functional Reconstruction of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
García-Revilla J, Boza-Serrano A, Jin Y, Vadukul DM, Soldán-Hidalgo J, Camprubí-Ferrer L, García-Cruzado M, Martinsson I, Klementieva O, Ruiz R, Aprile FA, Deierborg T, Venero JL. Galectin-3 shapes toxic alpha-synuclein strains in Parkinson's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2023:10.1007/s00401-023-02585-x. [PMID: 37202527 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-023-02585-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative and progressive disorder characterised by intracytoplasmic inclusions called Lewy bodies (LB) and degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN). Aggregated α-synuclein (αSYN) is known to be the main component of the LB. It has also been reported to interact with several proteins and organelles. Galectin-3 (GAL3) is known to have a detrimental function in neurodegenerative diseases. It is a galactose-binding protein without known catalytic activity and is expressed mainly by activated microglial cells in the central nervous system (CNS). GAL3 has been previously found in the outer layer of the LB in post-mortem brains. However, the role of GAL3 in PD is yet to be elucidated. In post-mortem samples, we identified an association between GAL3 and LB in all the PD subjects studied. GAL3 was linked to less αSYN in the LB outer layer and other αSYN deposits, including pale bodies. GAL3 was also associated with disrupted lysosomes. In vitro studies demonstrate that exogenous recombinant Gal3 is internalised by neuronal cell lines and primary neurons where it interacts with endogenous αSyn fibrils. In addition, aggregation experiments show that Gal3 affects spatial propagation and the stability of pre-formed αSyn fibrils resulting in short, amorphous toxic strains. To further investigate these observations in vivo, we take advantage of WT and Gal3KO mice subjected to intranigral injection of adenovirus overexpressing human αSyn as a PD model. In line with our in vitro studies, under these conditions, genetic deletion of GAL3 leads to increased intracellular αSyn accumulation within dopaminergic neurons and remarkably preserved dopaminergic integrity and motor function. Overall, our data suggest a prominent role for GAL3 in the aggregation process of αSYN and LB formation, leading to the production of short species to the detriment of larger strains which triggers neuronal degeneration in a mouse model of PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan García-Revilla
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC B11, 221 84, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Antonio Boza-Serrano
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Yiyun Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Devkee M Vadukul
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Jesús Soldán-Hidalgo
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Lluís Camprubí-Ferrer
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC B11, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Marta García-Cruzado
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC B11, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Isak Martinsson
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC B11, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Oxana Klementieva
- Medical Microspecroscopy Lab, Department of Experimental Medical Science, SRA: NanoLund, Multipark, Lund University, BMC B10, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Rocío Ruiz
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Francesco A Aprile
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Tomas Deierborg
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC B11, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - José Luis Venero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ge MM, Chen N, Zhou YQ, Yang H, Tian YK, Ye DW. Galectin-3 in Microglia-Mediated Neuroinflammation: Implications for Central Nervous System Diseases. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:2066-2080. [PMID: 35105290 PMCID: PMC9886847 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220201094547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial activation is one of the common hallmarks shared by various central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Based on surrounding circumstances, activated microglia play either detrimental or neuroprotective effects. Galectin-3 (Gal-3), a group of β-galactoside-binding proteins, has been cumulatively revealed to be a crucial biomarker for microglial activation after injuries or diseases. In consideration of the important role of Gal-3 in the regulation of microglial activation, it might be a potential target for the treatment of CNS diseases. Recently, Gal-3 expression has been extensively investigated in numerous pathological processes as a mediator of neuroinflammation, as well as in cell proliferation. However, the underlying mechanisms of Gal-3 involved in microgliamediated neuroinflammation in various CNS diseases remain to be further investigated. Moreover, several clinical studies support that the levels of Gal-3 are increased in the serum or cerebrospinal fluid of patients with CNS diseases. Thus, we summarized the roles and underlying mechanisms of Gal-3 in activated microglia, thus providing a better insight into its complexity expression pattern, and contrasting functions in CNS diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Meng Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China;
| | - Nan Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China;
| | - Ya-Qun Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China;
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China;
| | - Yu-Ke Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; ,Address correspondence to these authors at the Department of Neurosurgery, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, China. E-mail: ., Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. E-mail:
| | - Da-Wei Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, China; ,Cancer Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China,Address correspondence to these authors at the Department of Neurosurgery, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, China. E-mail: ., Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mijailović NR, Vesic K, Arsenijevic D, Milojević-Rakić M, Borovcanin MM. Galectin-3 Involvement in Cognitive Processes for New Therapeutic Considerations. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:923811. [PMID: 35875353 PMCID: PMC9296991 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.923811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment may be a consequence of the normal aging process, but it may also be the hallmark of various neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. Early identification of individuals at particular risk for cognitive decline is critical, as it is imperative to maintain a cognitive reserve in these neuropsychiatric entities. In recent years, galectin-3 (Gal-3), a member of the galectin family, has received considerable attention with respect to aspects of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. The mechanisms behind the putative relationship between Gal-3 and cognitive impairment are not yet clear. Intrigued by this versatile molecule and its unique modular architecture, the latest data on this relationship are presented here. This mini-review summarizes recent findings on the mechanisms by which Gal-3 affects cognitive functioning in both animal and human models. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of Gal-3 in modulating the inflammatory response as a fine-tuner of microglia morphology and phenotype. A review of recent literature on the utility of Gal-3 as a biomarker is provided, and approaches to strategically exploit Gal-3 activities with therapeutic intentions in neuropsychiatric diseases are outlined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nataša R. Mijailović
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
- *Correspondence: Nataša R. Mijailović,
| | - Katarina Vesic
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Dragana Arsenijevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | | | - Milica M. Borovcanin
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder which affects 6.1 million people worldwide. The neuropathological hallmarks include the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, the presence of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites caused by α-synuclein aggregation, and neuroinflammation in the brain. The prodromal phase happens years before the onset of PD during which time many patients show gastro-intestinal symptoms. These symptoms are in support of Braak’s theory and model where pathological α‐synuclein propagates from the gut to the brain. Importantly, immune responses play a determinant role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. The innate immune responses triggered by microglia can cause neuronal death and disease progression. In addition, T cells infiltrate into the brains of PD patients and become involved in the adaptive immune responses. Interestingly, α‐synuclein is associated with both innate and adaptive immune responses by directly interacting with microglia and T cells. Here, we give a detailed review of the immunobiology of Parkinson’s disease, focusing on the role α-synuclein in the gut-brain axis hypothesis, the innate and adaptive immune responses involved in the disease, and current treatments.
Collapse
|
10
|
Ramírez Hernández E, Alanis Olvera B, Carmona González D, Guerrero Marín O, Pantoja Mercado D, Valencia Gil L, Hernández-Zimbrón LF, Sánchez Salgado JL, Limón ID, Zenteno E. Neuroinflammation and galectins: a key relationship in neurodegenerative diseases. Glycoconj J 2022; 39:685-699. [PMID: 35653015 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-022-10064-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is a pathological condition that is associated with the loss of neuronal function and structure. In neurodegenerative diseases, mounting evidence indicates that neuroinflammation is a common factor that contributes to neuronal damage and neurodegeneration. Neuroinflammation is characterized by the activation of microglia, the neuroimmune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), which have been implicated as active contributors to neuronal damage. Glycan structure modification is defining the outcome of neuroinflammation and neuronal regeneration; moreover, the expression of galectins, a group of lectins that specifically recognize β-galactosides, has been proposed as a key factor in neuronal regeneration and modulation of the inflammatory response. Of the different galectins identified, galectin-1 stimulates the secretion of neurotrophic factors in astrocytes and promotes neuronal regeneration, whereas galectin-3 induces the proliferation of microglial cells and modulates cell apoptosis. Galectin-8 emerged as a neuroprotective factor, which, in addition to its immunosuppressive function, could generate a neuroprotective environment in the brain. This review describes the role of galectins in the activation and modulation of astrocytes and microglia and their anti- and proinflammatory functions within the context of neuroinflammation. Furthermore, it discusses the potential use of galectins as a therapeutic target for the inflammatory response and remodeling in damaged tissues in the central nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleazar Ramírez Hernández
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Beatriz Alanis Olvera
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daniela Carmona González
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Oscar Guerrero Marín
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Denisse Pantoja Mercado
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lucero Valencia Gil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis F Hernández-Zimbrón
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Luis Sánchez Salgado
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - I Daniel Limón
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Edgar Zenteno
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gal3 Plays a Deleterious Role in a Mouse Model of Endotoxemia. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031170. [PMID: 35163089 PMCID: PMC8835800 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endotoxemia induces an acute systemic inflammatory response that mimics some important features of sepsis, the disease with the highest mortality rate worldwide. In this work, we have analyzed a murine model of endotoxemia based on a single intraperitoneal injection of 5 mg/kg of LPS. We took advantage of galectin-3 (Gal3) knockout mice and found that the absence of Gal3 decreased the mortality rate oflethal endotoxemia in the first 80 h after the administration of LPS, along with a reduction in the tissular damage in several organs measured by electron microscopy. Using flow cytometry, we demonstrated that, in control conditions, peripheral immune cells, especially monocytes, exhibited high levels of Gal3, which were early depleted in response to LPS injection, thus suggesting Gal3 release under endotoxemia conditions. However, serum levels of Gal3 early decreased in response to LPS challenge (1 h), an indication that Gal3 may be extravasated to peripheral organs. Indeed, analysis of Gal3 in peripheral organs revealed a robust up-regulation of Gal3 36 h after LPS injection. Taken together, these results demonstrate the important role that Gal3 could play in the development of systemic inflammation, a well-established feature of sepsis, thus opening new and promising therapeutic options for these harmful conditions.
Collapse
|
12
|
Jaffa AA, Jaffa MA, Moussa M, Ahmed IA, Karam M, Aldeen KS, Al Sayegh R, El-Achkar GA, Nasrallah L, Yehya Y, Habib A, Ziyadeh FN, Eid AH, Kobeissy FH, Jaffa AA. Modulation of Neuro-Inflammatory Signals in Microglia by Plasma Prekallikrein and Neuronal Cell Debris. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:743059. [PMID: 34867349 PMCID: PMC8636058 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.743059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the resident phagocytes of the central nervous system and one of the key modulators of the innate immune system, have been shown to play a major role in brain insults. Upon activation in response to neuroinflammation, microglia promote the release of inflammatory mediators as well as promote phagocytosis. Plasma prekallikrein (PKall) has been recently implicated as a mediator of neuroinflammation; nevertheless, its role in mediating microglial activation has not been investigated yet. In the current study, we evaluate the mechanisms through which PKall contributes to microglial activation and release of inflammatory cytokines assessing PKall-related receptors and their dynamics. Murine N9-microglial cells were exposed to PKall (2.5 ng/ml), lipopolysaccharide (100 ng/ml), bradykinin (BK, 0.1 μM), and neuronal cell debris (16.5 μg protein/ml). Gene expression of bradykinin 2 receptor (B2KR), protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2), along with cytokines and fibrotic mediators were studied. Bioinformatic analysis was conducted to correlate altered protein changes with microglial activation. To assess receptor dynamics, HOE-140 (1 μM) and GB-83 (2 μM) were used to antagonize the B2KR and PAR-2 receptors, respectively. Also, the role of autophagy in modulating microglial response was evaluated. Data from our work indicate that PKall, LPS, BK, and neuronal cell debris resulted in the activation of microglia and enhanced expression/secretion of inflammatory mediators. Elevated increase in inflammatory mediators was attenuated in the presence of HOE-140 and GB-83, implicating the engagement of these receptors in the activation process coupled with an increase in the expression of B2KR and PAR-2. Finally, the inhibition of autophagy significantly enhanced the release of the cytokine IL-6 which were validated via bioinformatics analysis demonstrating the role of PKall in systematic and brain inflammatory processes. Taken together, we demonstrated that PKall can modulate microglial activation via the engagement of PAR-2 and B2KR where PKall acts as a neuromodulator of inflammatory processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aneese A Jaffa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Miran A Jaffa
- Epidemiology and Population Health Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mayssam Moussa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ibrahim A Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mia Karam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Kawthar Sharaf Aldeen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rola Al Sayegh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,INSERM-UMR1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, and Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Universite de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Ghewa A El-Achkar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Leila Nasrallah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Yara Yehya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Aida Habib
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,INSERM-UMR1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, and Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Universite de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Fuad N Ziyadeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Firas H Kobeissy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ayad A Jaffa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Nio-Kobayashi J, Itabashi T. Galectins and Their Ligand Glycoconjugates in the Central Nervous System Under Physiological and Pathological Conditions. Front Neuroanat 2021; 15:767330. [PMID: 34720894 PMCID: PMC8554236 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2021.767330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins are β-galactoside-binding lectins consisting of 15 members in mammals. Galectin-1,-3,-4,-8, and -9 are predominantly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) and regulate various physiological and pathological events. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the cellular expression and role of galectins in the CNS, and discusses their functions in neurite outgrowth, myelination, and neural stem/progenitor cell niches, as well as in ischemic/hypoxic/traumatic injuries and neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Galectins are expressed in both neurons and glial cells. Galectin-1 is mainly expressed in motoneurons, whereas galectin-3-positive neurons are broadly distributed throughout the brain, especially in the hypothalamus, indicating its function in the regulation of homeostasis, stress response, and the endocrine/autonomic system. Astrocytes predominantly contain galectin-1, and galectin-3 and−9 are upregulated along with its activation. Activated, but not resting, microglia contain galectin-3, supporting its phagocytic activity. Galectin-1,−3, and -4 are characteristically expressed during oligodendrocyte differentiation. Galectin-3 from microglia promotes oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination, while galectin-1 and axonal galectin-4 suppress its differentiation and myelination. Galectin-1- and- 3-positive cells are involved in neural stem cell niche formation in the subventricular zone and hippocampal dentate gyrus, and the migration of newly generated neurons and glial cells to the olfactory bulb or damaged lesions. In neurodegenerative diseases, galectin-1,-8, and -9 have neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory activities. Galectin-3 facilitates pro-inflammatory action; however, it also plays an important role during the recovery period. Several ligand glycoconjugates have been identified so far such as laminin, integrins, neural cell adhesion molecule L1, sulfatide, neuropilin-1/plexinA4 receptor complex, triggering receptor on myeloid cells 2, and T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain. N-glycan branching on lymphocytes and oligodendroglial progenitors mediated by β1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (Mgat5/GnTV) influences galectin-binding, modulating inflammatory responses and remyelination in neurodegenerative diseases. De-sulfated galactosaminoglycans such as keratan sulfate are potential ligands for galectins, especially galectin-3, regulating neural regeneration. Galectins have multitudinous functions depending on cell type and context as well as post-translational modifications, including oxidization, phosphorylation, S-nitrosylation, and cleavage, but there should be certain rules in the expression patterns of galectins and their ligand glycoconjugates, possibly related to glucose metabolism in cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junko Nio-Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Itabashi
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Espinosa-Oliva AM, García-Miranda P, Alonso-Bellido IM, Carvajal AE, González-Rodríguez M, Carrillo-Jiménez A, Temblador AJ, Felices-Navarro M, García-Domínguez I, Roca-Ceballos MA, Vázquez-Carretero MD, García-Revilla J, Santiago M, Peral MJ, Venero JL, de Pablos RM. Galectin-3 Deletion Reduces LPS and Acute Colitis-Induced Pro-Inflammatory Microglial Activation in the Ventral Mesencephalon. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:706439. [PMID: 34483912 PMCID: PMC8416309 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.706439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease is a highly prevalent neurological disorder for which there is currently no cure. Therefore, the knowledge of risk factors as well as the development of new putative molecular targets is mandatory. In this sense, peripheral inflammation, especially the originated in the colon, is emerging as a predisposing factor for suffering this disease. We have largely studied the pleiotropic roles of galectin-3 in driving microglia-associated immune responses. However, studies aimed at elucidating the role of galectin-3 in peripheral inflammation in terms of microglia polarization are lacking. To achieve this, we have evaluated the effect of galectin-3 deletion in two different models of acute peripheral inflammation: intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide or gut inflammation induced by oral administration of dextran sodium sulfate. We found that under peripheral inflammation the number of microglial cells and the expression levels of pro-inflammatory mediators take place specifically in the dopaminergic system, thus supporting causative links between Parkinson’s disease and peripheral inflammation. Absence of galectin-3 highly reduced neuroinflammation in both models, suggesting an important central regulatory role of galectin-3 in driving microglial activation provoked by the peripheral inflammation. Thus, modulation of galectin-3 function emerges as a promising strategy to minimize undesired microglia polarization states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Espinosa-Oliva
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Pablo García-Miranda
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Isabel María Alonso-Bellido
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ana E Carvajal
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Melania González-Rodríguez
- Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Ciudad Real Medical School, CRIB, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Alejandro Carrillo-Jiménez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Arturo J Temblador
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Manuel Felices-Navarro
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Irene García-Domínguez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de, Sevilla, Spain
| | - María Angustias Roca-Ceballos
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Juan García-Revilla
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Marti Santiago
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de, Sevilla, Spain
| | - María J Peral
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - José Luis Venero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Rocío M de Pablos
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de, Sevilla, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yazar T, Olgun Yazar H, Cihan M. Evaluation of serum galectin-3 levels at Alzheimer patients by stages: a preliminary report. Acta Neurol Belg 2021; 121:949-954. [PMID: 32852752 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-020-01477-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Neuroinflammation has a critic role in the pathophysiology of neurological diseases. The activation of microglia is the main actor in this process. The aim of this study to collect data on the role of microglial activation in the etiology, and the possible continuum at the stage of disease through the evaluation of serum galectin-3 levels in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS This was a prospective and cross-sectional study conducted on patients who were diagnosed as having AD using the criteria of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke-Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association (NINCDS-ADRDA) and stages determined with the scales of Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) with healthy controls. RESULTS In our study, we studied 118 people, 57 with AD and 61 healthy people as a control group. In the AD patient group, serum galectin-3 levels were higher compared with the control group (p = 0.003). There were no significant differences in either group in other collected parameters (p > 0.05). It was observed that in all patients with AD, parallel to the stage of the disease, serum galectin-3 levels, patience's age, and duration of disease were statically and significantly increased (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION In conclusion, serum galactin-3 levels may be associated with AD and maybe a potential biomarker for the identification of disease in the early stages. In future years, serum galectin-3 levels may become an important biomarker and therapeutic agent for chronic neurodegenerative diseases such as AD.
Collapse
|
16
|
Samidurai M, Palanisamy BN, Bargues-Carot A, Hepker M, Kondru N, Manne S, Zenitsky G, Jin H, Anantharam V, Kanthasamy AG, Kanthasamy A. PKC Delta Activation Promotes Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress (ERS) and NLR Family Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 (NLRP3) Inflammasome Activation Subsequent to Asynuclein-Induced Microglial Activation: Involvement of Thioredoxin-Interacting Protein (TXNIP)/Thioredoxin (Trx) Redoxisome Pathway. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:661505. [PMID: 34276337 PMCID: PMC8283807 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.661505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A classical hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis is the accumulation of misfolded alpha-synuclein (αSyn) within Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, although its role in microglial dysfunction and resultant dopaminergic (DAergic) neurotoxicity is still elusive. Previously, we identified that protein kinase C delta (PKCδ) is activated in post mortem PD brains and experimental Parkinsonism and that it participates in reactive microgliosis; however, the relationship between PKCδ activation, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and the reactive microglial activation state in the context of α-synucleinopathy is largely unknown. Herein, we show that oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation, and PKCδ activation increased concomitantly with ERS markers, including the activating transcription factor 4 (ATF-4), serine/threonine-protein kinase/endoribonuclease inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (p-IRE1α), p-eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2α) as well as increased generation of neurotoxic cytokines, including IL-1β in aggregated αSynagg-stimulated primary microglia. Importantly, in mouse primary microglia-treated with αSynagg we observed increased expression of Thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP), an endogenous inhibitor of the thioredoxin (Trx) pathway, a major antioxidant protein system. Additionally, αSynagg promoted interaction between NLRP3 and TXNIP in these cells. In vitro knockdown of PKCδ using siRNA reduced ERS and led to reduced expression of TXNIP and the NLRP3 activation response in αSynagg-stimulated mouse microglial cells (MMCs). Additionally, attenuation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mitoROS) via mito-apocynin and amelioration of ERS via the eIF2α inhibitor salubrinal (SAL) reduced the induction of the ERS/TXNIP/NLRP3 signaling axis, suggesting that mitochondrial dysfunction and ERS may act in concert to promote the αSynagg-induced microglial activation response. Likewise, knockdown of TXNIP by siRNA attenuated the αSynagg-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation response. Finally, unilateral injection of αSyn preformed fibrils (αSynPFF) into the striatum of wild-type mice induced a significant increase in the expression of nigral p-PKCδ, ERS markers, and upregulation of the TXNIP/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling axis prior to delayed loss of TH+ neurons. Together, our results suggest that inhibition of ERS and its downstream signaling mediators TXNIP and NLRP3 might represent novel therapeutic avenues for ameliorating microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in PD and other synucleinopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manikandan Samidurai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Bharathi N Palanisamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Alejandra Bargues-Carot
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Monica Hepker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Naveen Kondru
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Sireesha Manne
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Gary Zenitsky
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Huajun Jin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Vellareddy Anantharam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Anumantha G Kanthasamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Arthi Kanthasamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yim J, Lim HH, Kwon Y. COVID-19 and pulmonary fibrosis: therapeutics in clinical trials, repurposing, and potential development. Arch Pharm Res 2021; 44:499-513. [PMID: 34047940 PMCID: PMC8161353 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-021-01331-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In 2019, an unprecedented disease named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged and spread across the globe. Although the rapid transmission of COVID-19 has resulted in thousands of deaths and severe lung damage, conclusive treatment is not available. However, three COVID-19 vaccines have been authorized, and two more will be approved soon, according to a World Health Organization report on December 12, 2020. Many COVID-19 patients show symptoms of acute lung injury that eventually leads to pulmonary fibrosis. Our aim in this article is to present the relationship between pulmonary fibrosis and COVID-19, with a focus on angiotensin converting enzyme-2. We also evaluate the radiological imaging methods computed tomography (CT) and chest X-ray (CXR) for visualization of patient lung condition. Moreover, we review possible therapeutics for COVID-19 using four categories: treatments related and unrelated to lung disease and treatments that have and have not entered clinical trials. Although many treatments have started clinical trials, they have some drawbacks, such as short-term and small-group testing, that need to be addressed as soon as possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joowon Yim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, 120-750, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Hyun Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, 120-750, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjoo Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, 120-750, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tan Y, Zheng Y, Xu D, Sun Z, Yang H, Yin Q. Galectin-3: a key player in microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and Alzheimer's disease. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:78. [PMID: 33906678 PMCID: PMC8077955 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00592-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia and is characterized by the deposition of extracellular aggregates of amyloid-β (Aβ), the formation of intraneuronal tau neurofibrillary tangles and microglial activation-mediated neuroinflammation. One of the key molecules involved in microglial activation is galectin-3 (Gal-3). In recent years, extensive studies have dissected the mechanisms by which Gal-3 modulates microglial activation, impacting Aβ deposition, in both animal models and human studies. In this review article, we focus on the emerging role of Gal-3 in biology and pathobiology, including its origin, its functions in regulating microglial activation and neuroinflammation, and its emergence as a biomarker in AD and other neurodegenerative diseases. These aspects are important to elucidate the involvement of Gal-3 in AD pathogenesis and may provide novel insights into the use of Gal-3 for AD diagnosis and therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinyin Tan
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Yanqun Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The Dongshan Hospital of Linyi, Linyi, 276017, Shandong, China
| | - Daiwen Xu
- Department of Neurology, The People Hospital of Huaiyin Jinan, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Zhanfang Sun
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Huan Yang
- Department of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Qingqing Yin
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Argyrofthalmidou M, Spathis AD, Maniati M, Poula A, Katsianou MA, Sotiriou E, Manousaki M, Perier C, Papapanagiotou I, Papadopoulou-Daifoti Z, Pitychoutis PM, Alexakos P, Vila M, Stefanis L, Vassilatis DK. Nurr1 repression mediates cardinal features of Parkinson's disease in α-synuclein transgenic mice. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 30:1469-1483. [PMID: 33902111 PMCID: PMC8330896 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Duplication/triplication mutations of the SNCA locus, encoding alpha-synuclein (ASYN), and loss of function mutations in Nurr1, a nuclear receptor guiding midbrain dopaminergic neuron development, are associated with familial Parkinson’s disease (PD). As we age, the expression levels of these two genes in midbrain dopaminergic neurons follow opposite directions and ASYN expression increases while the expression of Nurr1 decreases. We investigated the effect of ASYN and Nurr1 age-related expression alterations in the pathogenesis of PD by coupling Nurr1 hemizygous with ASYN(s) (heterozygote) or ASYN(d) (homozygote) transgenic mice. ASYN(d)/Nurr1+/− (2-hit) mice, contrary to the individual genetic traits, developed phenotypes consistent with dopaminergic dysfunction. Aging ‘2-hit’ mice manifested kyphosis, severe rigid paralysis, L-DOPA responsive movement impairment and cachexia and died prematurely. Pathological abnormalities of phenotypic mice included SN neuron degeneration, extensive neuroinflammation and enhanced ASYN aggregation. Mice with two wt Nurr1 alleles [ASYN(d)/Nurr1+/+] or with reduced ASYN load [ASYN(s)/Nurr1+/−] did not develop the phenotype or pathology. Critically, we found that aging ASYN(d), in contrast to ASYN(s), mice suppress Nurr1-protein levels in a brain region–specific manner, which in addition to Nurr1 hemizygosity is necessary to instigate PD pathogenesis. Our experiments demonstrate that ASYN-dependent PD-related pathophysiology is mediated at least in part by Nurr1 down-regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Argyrofthalmidou
- Center for Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Athanasios D Spathis
- Center for Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Matina Maniati
- Center for Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Amalia Poula
- Center for Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Maira A Katsianou
- Center for Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Evangelos Sotiriou
- Center for Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Maria Manousaki
- Center for Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Celine Perier
- Research Institute, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Ioanna Papapanagiotou
- Center for Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | | | - Pothitos M Pitychoutis
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece.,Department of Biology & Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton (TREND), University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469-2320, USA
| | - Pavlos Alexakos
- Center for Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Miquel Vila
- Research Institute, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Leonidas Stefanis
- Center for Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece.,Second Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Demetrios K Vassilatis
- Center for Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Soluble α-synuclein-antibody complexes activate the NLRP3 inflammasome in hiPSC-derived microglia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2025847118. [PMID: 33833060 PMCID: PMC8054017 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2025847118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is characterized by accumulation of α-synuclein (αSyn). Release of oligomeric/fibrillar αSyn from damaged neurons may potentiate neuronal death in part via microglial activation. Heretofore, it remained unknown if oligomeric/fibrillar αSyn could activate the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor (NLR) family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in human microglia and whether anti-αSyn antibodies could prevent this effect. Here, we show that αSyn activates the NLRP3 inflammasome in human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived microglia (hiMG) via dual stimulation involving Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) engagement and mitochondrial damage. In vitro, hiMG can be activated by mutant (A53T) αSyn secreted from hiPSC-derived A9-dopaminergic neurons. Surprisingly, αSyn-antibody complexes enhanced rather than suppressed inflammasome-mediated interleukin-1β (IL-1β) secretion, indicating these complexes are neuroinflammatory in a human context. A further increase in inflammation was observed with addition of oligomerized amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) and its cognate antibody. In vivo, engraftment of hiMG with αSyn in humanized mouse brain resulted in caspase-1 activation and neurotoxicity, which was exacerbated by αSyn antibody. These findings may have important implications for antibody therapies aimed at depleting misfolded/aggregated proteins from the human brain, as they may paradoxically trigger inflammation in human microglia.
Collapse
|
21
|
Du T, Wang L, Liu W, Zhu G, Chen Y, Zhang J. Biomarkers and the Role of α-Synuclein in Parkinson's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:645996. [PMID: 33833675 PMCID: PMC8021696 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.645996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the presence of α-synuclein (α-Syn)-rich Lewy bodies (LBs) and the preferential loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) pars compacta (SNpc). However, the widespread involvement of other central nervous systems (CNS) structures and peripheral tissues is now widely documented. The onset of the molecular and cellular neuropathology of PD likely occurs decades before the onset of the motor symptoms characteristic of PD, so early diagnosis of PD and adequate tracking of disease progression could significantly improve outcomes for patients. Because the clinical diagnosis of PD is challenging, misdiagnosis is common, which highlights the need for disease-specific and early-stage biomarkers. This review article aims to summarize useful biomarkers for the diagnosis of PD, as well as the biomarkers used to monitor disease progression. This review article describes the role of α-Syn in PD and how it could potentially be used as a biomarker for PD. Also, preclinical and clinical investigations encompassing genetics, immunology, fluid and tissue, imaging, as well as neurophysiology biomarkers are discussed. Knowledge of the novel biomarkers for preclinical detection and clinical evaluation will contribute to a deeper understanding of the disease mechanism, which should more effectively guide clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Du
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Le Wang
- Molecular Biology Laboratory for Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Weijin Liu
- Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Key Laboratory on Parkinson’s Disease, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guanyu Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingchuan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neurostimulation, Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Morini R, Bizzotto M, Perrucci F, Filipello F, Matteoli M. Strategies and Tools for Studying Microglial-Mediated Synapse Elimination and Refinement. Front Immunol 2021; 12:640937. [PMID: 33708226 PMCID: PMC7940197 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.640937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of microglia in controlling synapse homeostasis is becoming increasingly recognized by the scientific community. In particular, the microglia-mediated elimination of supernumerary synapses during development lays the basis for the correct formation of neuronal circuits in adulthood, while the possible reactivation of this process in pathological conditions, such as schizophrenia or Alzheimer's Disease, provides a promising target for future therapeutic strategies. The methodological approaches to investigate microglial synaptic engulfment include different in vitro and in vivo settings. Basic in vitro assays, employing isolated microglia and microbeads, apoptotic membranes, liposomes or synaptosomes allow the quantification of the microglia phagocytic abilities, while co-cultures of microglia and neurons, deriving from either WT or genetically modified mice models, provide a relatively manageable setting to investigate the involvement of specific molecular pathways. Further detailed analysis in mice brain is then mandatory to validate the in vitro assays as representative for the in vivo situation. The present review aims to dissect the main technical approaches to investigate microglia-mediated phagocytosis of neuronal and synaptic substrates in critical developmental time windows.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Morini
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Pathology, Neurocenter, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Matteo Bizzotto
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Pathology, Neurocenter, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | - Fabio Perrucci
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Pathology, Neurocenter, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | - Fabia Filipello
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Pathology, Neurocenter, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy.,Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Michela Matteoli
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Pathology, Neurocenter, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy.,Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR), Institute of Neuroscience - URT Humanitas, Rozzano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Garcia-Revilla J, Deierborg T, Venero JL, Boza-Serrano A. Hyperinflammation and Fibrosis in Severe COVID-19 Patients: Galectin-3, a Target Molecule to Consider. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2069. [PMID: 32973815 PMCID: PMC7461806 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 disease have become so far the most important sanitary crisis in the XXI century. In light of the events, any clinical resource should be considered to alleviate this crisis. Severe COVID-19 cases present a so-called cytokine storm as the most life-threatening symptom accompanied by lung fibrosis. Galectin-3 has been widely described as regulator of both processes. Hereby, we present compelling evidences on the potential role of galectin-3 in COVID-19 in the regulation of the inflammatory response, fibrosis and infection progression. Moreover, we provide a strong rationale of the utility of measuring plasma galectin-3 as a prognosis biomarker for COVID-19 patients and propose that inhibition of galectin-3 represents a feasible and promising new therapeutical approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Garcia-Revilla
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Tomas Deierborg
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, BMC, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jose Luis Venero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Antonio Boza-Serrano
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Experimental Dementia Research Laboratory, BMC, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Rodríguez-Gómez JA, Kavanagh E, Engskog-Vlachos P, Engskog MK, Herrera AJ, Espinosa-Oliva AM, Joseph B, Hajji N, Venero JL, Burguillos MA. Microglia: Agents of the CNS Pro-Inflammatory Response. Cells 2020; 9:E1717. [PMID: 32709045 PMCID: PMC7407646 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The pro-inflammatory immune response driven by microglia is a key contributor to the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases. Though the research of microglia spans over a century, the last two decades have increased our understanding exponentially. Here, we discuss the phenotypic transformation from homeostatic microglia towards reactive microglia, initiated by specific ligand binding to pattern recognition receptors including toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) or triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM2), as well as pro-inflammatory signaling pathways triggered such as the caspase-mediated immune response. Additionally, new research disciplines such as epigenetics and immunometabolism have provided us with a more holistic view of how changes in DNA methylation, microRNAs, and the metabolome may influence the pro-inflammatory response. This review aimed to discuss our current knowledge of pro-inflammatory microglia from different angles, including recent research highlights such as the role of exosomes in spreading neuroinflammation and emerging techniques in microglia research including positron emission tomography (PET) scanning and the use of human microglia generated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Finally, we also discuss current thoughts on the impact of pro-inflammatory microglia in neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José A. Rodríguez-Gómez
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain; (J.A.R.-G.); (A.J.H.); (A.M.E.-O.); (J.L.V.)
- Department of Medical Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Seville, 41009 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Edel Kavanagh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain;
| | - Pinelopi Engskog-Vlachos
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Toxicology Unit, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (P.E.-V.); (B.J.)
| | - Mikael K.R. Engskog
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Antonio J. Herrera
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain; (J.A.R.-G.); (A.J.H.); (A.M.E.-O.); (J.L.V.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain;
| | - Ana M. Espinosa-Oliva
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain; (J.A.R.-G.); (A.J.H.); (A.M.E.-O.); (J.L.V.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain;
| | - Bertrand Joseph
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Toxicology Unit, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (P.E.-V.); (B.J.)
| | - Nabil Hajji
- Division of Brain Sciences, The John Fulcher Molecular Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Imperial College London, London W12 ONN, UK;
| | - José L. Venero
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain; (J.A.R.-G.); (A.J.H.); (A.M.E.-O.); (J.L.V.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain;
| | - Miguel A. Burguillos
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain; (J.A.R.-G.); (A.J.H.); (A.M.E.-O.); (J.L.V.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain;
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Srejovic I, Selakovic D, Jovicic N, Jakovljević V, Lukic ML, Rosic G. Galectin-3: Roles in Neurodevelopment, Neuroinflammation, and Behavior. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10050798. [PMID: 32455781 PMCID: PMC7277476 DOI: 10.3390/biom10050798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/1970] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a plethora of evidence to suggest that Galectin-3 plays an important role in normal functions of mammalian cells, as well as in different pathogenic conditions. This review highlights recent data published by researchers, including our own team, on roles of Galectin-3 in the nervous system. Here, we discuss the roles of Galectin-3 in brain development, its roles in glial cells, as well as the interactions of glial cells with other neural and invading cells in pathological conditions. Galectin-3 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders, such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and Huntington’s disease. On the other hand, there is also evidence of the protective role of Galectin-3 due to its anti-apoptotic effect in target cells. Interestingly, genetic deletion of Galectin-3 affects behavioral patterns in maturing and adult mice. The results reviewed in this paper and recent development of highly specific inhibitors suggests that Galectin-3 may be an important therapeutic target in pathological conditions including the disorders of the central nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Srejovic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac Serbia; (I.S.); (D.S.); (V.J.)
| | - Dragica Selakovic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac Serbia; (I.S.); (D.S.); (V.J.)
| | - Nemanja Jovicic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
| | - Vladimir Jakovljević
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac Serbia; (I.S.); (D.S.); (V.J.)
- Department of Human Pathology, 1st Moscow State Medical University IM Sechenov, 119146 Moscow, Russia
| | - Miodrag L. Lukic
- Department of Physiology—Molecular Medicine Unit, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
- Correspondence: (M.L.L.); (G.R.)
| | - Gvozden Rosic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac Serbia; (I.S.); (D.S.); (V.J.)
- Correspondence: (M.L.L.); (G.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Correlation between Galectin-3 and Early Herpes Zoster Neuralgia and Postherpetic Neuralgia: A Retrospective Clinical Observation. Pain Res Manag 2020; 2020:8730918. [PMID: 32351643 PMCID: PMC7178466 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8730918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to explore the value of serum galectin-3 in patients with herpes zoster neuralgia (HZN) and postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) and other factors influencing HZN and PHN occurrence. Samples from forty patients with herpes zoster neuralgia (HZN) (Group H), 40 patients with nonherpes zoster neuralgia (Group N), and 20 cases of health check-up were collected. Patients were divided into PHN group (Group A) and non-PHN group (Group B) according to the occurrence of PHN in Group H. Galectin-3, T-lymphocyte subsets, and IL-6 were recorded in all patients. The changes of galectin-3 in patients with early HZN and PHN were analyzed by single-factor analysis and multifactor analysis. The age (P=0.012) and NRS scores (P < 0.001) of PHN patients were significantly higher than those of non-PHN patients and other neuralgia patients. The ratio of CD3+ (F = 80.336, P < 0.001), CD4+ (F = 12.459, P < 0.001) lymphocyte subsets, and CD4+/CD8+ (F = 15.311, P < 0.001) decreased significantly in PHN patients. The level of blood IL-6 (F = 139.446, P < 0.001) in PHN patients was significantly increased. Serum galectin-3 was significantly higher in HZN patients than in PHN patients (P < 0.05); IL-6 (OR = 10.002, 95% CI: 3.313-30.196, P < 0.001) and galectin-3 (OR = 3.719, 95% CI: 1.261-10.966, P=0.017) were the risk factors for HZN; galectin-3 (OR = 17.646, 95% CI: 2.795-111.428, P=0.002) was also the risk factor for PHN. ROC curve analysis also showed that serum galectin-3 was a better predictor of poor prognosis (AUC = 0.934, P < 0.001). Therefore, as an independent risk factor of HZN and PHN, serum galectin-3 may be used as a new biochemical marker in clinical practice.
Collapse
|
27
|
Lymphocyte-Activation Gene 3 (LAG3) Protein as a Possible Therapeutic Target for Parkinson's Disease: Molecular Mechanisms Connecting Neuroinflammation to α-Synuclein Spreading Pathology. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9040086. [PMID: 32340360 PMCID: PMC7235703 DOI: 10.3390/biology9040086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder without any objective biomarker available to date. Increasing evidence highlights the critical role of neuroinflammation, including T cell responses, and spreading of aggregated α-synuclein in PD progression. Lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG3) belongs to the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily expressed by peripheral immune cells, microglia and neurons and plays a key role in T cell regulation. The role of LAG3 has been extensively investigated in several human cancers, whereas until recently, the role of LAG3 in the central nervous system (CNS) has been largely unknown. Accumulating evidence highlights the potential role of LAG3 in PD pathogenesis, mainly by binding to α-synuclein fibrils and affecting its endocytosis and intercellular transmission, which sheds more light on the connection between immune dysregulation and α-synuclein spreading pathology. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) soluble LAG3 (sLAG3) levels have been demonstrated to be potentially associated with PD development and clinical phenotype, suggesting that sLAG3 could represent an emerging PD biomarker. Specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the LAG3 gene have been also related to PD occurrence especially in the female population, enlightening the pathophysiological background of gender-related PD clinical differences. Given also the ongoing clinical trials investigating various LAG3-targeting strategies in human diseases, new opportunities are being developed for PD treatment research. In this review, we discuss recent preclinical and clinical evidence on the role of LAG3 in PD pathogenesis and biomarker potential, aiming to elucidate its underlying molecular mechanisms.
Collapse
|
28
|
Kiliç F, Işik Ü, Demirdaş A, Usta A. Serum galectin-3 levels are decreased in schizophrenia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 42:398-402. [PMID: 32159713 PMCID: PMC7430395 DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2019-0699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To determine whether changes in serum galectin-3 (gal-3) concentrations in schizophrenia patients have etiopathogenetic importance. Since very little research has assessed the connection between galectins and schizophrenia, we wanted to examine alterations in the inflammatory marker gal-3 in schizophrenia and investigate possible correlations between clinical symptomatology and serum concentrations. Methods: Forty-eight schizophrenia patients and 44 healthy controls were included in this study. The Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS) and the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) were administered to determine symptom severity. Venous blood samples were collected, and serum gal-3 levels were measured. Results: Mean serum gal-3 levels were significantly lower in schizophrenia patients, and there were no significant differences in age or sex with the control group. There was also a significant positive correlation between serum gal-3 concentrations and negative schizophrenia symptoms according to the SANS. Conclusion: The results indicate that gal-3 is decreased in schizophrenia patients, which could contribute to inflammation in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faruk Kiliç
- Department of Psychiatry, Süleyman Demirel University Medicine Faculty, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Ümit Işik
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Süleyman Demirel University Medicine Faculty, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Arif Demirdaş
- Department of Psychiatry, Süleyman Demirel University Medicine Faculty, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Usta
- Department of Psychiatry, Süleyman Demirel University Medicine Faculty, Isparta, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Zhang J, Park ES, Park HJ, Yan R, Grudniewska M, Zhang X, Oh S, Yang X, Baum J, Mouradian MM. Apoptosis signal regulating kinase 1 deletion mitigates α-synuclein pre-formed fibril propagation in mice. Neurobiol Aging 2020; 85:49-57. [PMID: 31734439 PMCID: PMC7064162 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
α-Synuclein (α-Syn) is a key pathogenic protein in α-synucleinopathies including Parkinson disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. Accumulating evidence has shown that misfolded fibrillar α-Syn is transmitted from cell-to-cell, a phenomenon that correlates with clinical progression of the disease. We previously showed that deleting the MAP3 kinase apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1), which is a central player linking oxidative stress with neuroinflammation, mitigates the phenotype of α-Syn transgenic mice. However, whether ASK1 impacts pathology and disease progression induced by recombinant α-Syn pre-formed fibrils (PFF) remains unknown. Here, we compared the neuropathological and behavioral phenotype of ASK1 knock-out mice with that of wild-type mice following intrastriatal injections of α-Syn PFF. At 6 months post-injections, ASK1 null mice exhibited reduced amount of phosphorylated α-Syn aggregates in the striatum and cortex, and less pronounced degeneration of the nigrostriatal pathway. Additionally, the neuroinflammatory reaction to α-Syn PFF injection and propagation seen in wild-type mice was attenuated in ASK1 knock-out animals. These neuropathological markers were associated with better behavioral performance. These data suggest that ASK1 plays an important role in pathological α-Syn fibril transmission and, consequently, may impact disease progression. These findings collectively support inhibiting ASK1 as a disease modifying therapeutic strategy for Parkinson disease and related α-synucleinopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School Institute for Neurological Therapeutics, and Department of Neurology, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Eun S Park
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School Institute for Neurological Therapeutics, and Department of Neurology, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Hye-Jin Park
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School Institute for Neurological Therapeutics, and Department of Neurology, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Run Yan
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School Institute for Neurological Therapeutics, and Department of Neurology, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Magda Grudniewska
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School Institute for Neurological Therapeutics, and Department of Neurology, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Xiaopei Zhang
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School Institute for Neurological Therapeutics, and Department of Neurology, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Stephanie Oh
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School Institute for Neurological Therapeutics, and Department of Neurology, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Xue Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Jean Baum
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - M Maral Mouradian
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School Institute for Neurological Therapeutics, and Department of Neurology, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Discovering genetic interactions bridging pathways in genome-wide association studies. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4274. [PMID: 31537791 PMCID: PMC6753138 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12131-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic interactions have been reported to underlie phenotypes in a variety of systems, but the extent to which they contribute to complex disease in humans remains unclear. In principle, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) provide a platform for detecting genetic interactions, but existing methods for identifying them from GWAS data tend to focus on testing individual locus pairs, which undermines statistical power. Importantly, a global genetic network mapped for a model eukaryotic organism revealed that genetic interactions often connect genes between compensatory functional modules in a highly coherent manner. Taking advantage of this expected structure, we developed a computational approach called BridGE that identifies pathways connected by genetic interactions from GWAS data. Applying BridGE broadly, we discover significant interactions in Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, hypertension, prostate cancer, breast cancer, and type 2 diabetes. Our novel approach provides a general framework for mapping complex genetic networks underlying human disease from genome-wide genotype data.
Collapse
|
31
|
Panicker N, Sarkar S, Harischandra DS, Neal M, Kam TI, Jin H, Saminathan H, Langley M, Charli A, Samidurai M, Rokad D, Ghaisas S, Pletnikova O, Dawson VL, Dawson TM, Anantharam V, Kanthasamy AG, Kanthasamy A. Fyn kinase regulates misfolded α-synuclein uptake and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in microglia. J Exp Med 2019; 216:1411-1430. [PMID: 31036561 PMCID: PMC6547864 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20182191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent microglia-mediated neuroinflammation is a major pathophysiological contributor to the progression of Parkinson's disease (PD), but the cell-signaling mechanisms governing chronic neuroinflammation are not well understood. Here, we show that Fyn kinase, in conjunction with the class B scavenger receptor CD36, regulates the microglial uptake of aggregated human α-synuclein (αSyn), which is the major component of PD-associated Lewy bodies. αSyn can effectively mediate LPS-independent priming and activation of the microglial NLRP3 inflammasome. Fyn kinase regulates both of these processes; it mediates PKCδ-dependent NF-κB-p65 nuclear translocation, leading to inflammasome priming, and facilitates αSyn import into microglia, contributing to the generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and consequently to inflammasome activation. In vivo experiments using A53T and viral-αSyn overexpression mouse models as well as human PD neuropathological results further confirm the role of Fyn in NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Collectively, our study identifies a novel Fyn-mediated signaling mechanism that amplifies neuroinflammation in PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Panicker
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Souvarish Sarkar
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Dilshan S Harischandra
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Matthew Neal
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Tae-In Kam
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Huajun Jin
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Hariharan Saminathan
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Monica Langley
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Adhithiya Charli
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Manikandan Samidurai
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Dharmin Rokad
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Shivani Ghaisas
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Olga Pletnikova
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Valina L Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ted M Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Vellareddy Anantharam
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Anumantha G Kanthasamy
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Arthi Kanthasamy
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Tao CC, Cheng KM, Ma YL, Hsu WL, Chen YC, Fuh JL, Lee WJ, Chao CC, Lee EHY. Galectin-3 promotes Aβ oligomerization and Aβ toxicity in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Cell Death Differ 2019; 27:192-209. [PMID: 31127200 PMCID: PMC7206130 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0348-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomers largely initiate the cascade underlying the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Galectin-3 (Gal-3), which is a member of the galectin protein family, promotes inflammatory responses and enhances the homotypic aggregation of cancer cells. Here, we examined the role and action mechanism of Gal-3 in Aβ oligomerization and Aβ toxicities. Wild-type (WT) and Gal-3-knockout (KO) mice, APP/PS1;WT mice, APP/PS1;Gal-3+/- mice and brain tissues from normal subjects and AD patients were used. We found that Aβ oligomerization is reduced in Gal-3 KO mice injected with Aβ, whereas overexpression of Gal-3 enhances Aβ oligomerization in the hippocampi of Aβ-injected mice. Gal-3 expression shows an age-dependent increase that parallels endogenous Aβ oligomerization in APP/PS1 mice. Moreover, Aβ oligomerization, Iba1 expression, GFAP expression and amyloid plaque accumulation are reduced in APP/PS1;Gal-3+/- mice compared with APP/PS1;WT mice. APP/PS1;Gal-3+/- mice also show better acquisition and retention performance compared to APP/PS1;WT mice. In studying the mechanism underlying Gal-3-promoted Aβ oligomerization, we found that Gal-3 primarily co-localizes with Iba1, and that microglia-secreted Gal-3 directly interacts with Aβ. Gal-3 also interacts with triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2, which then mediates the ability of Gal-3 to activate microglia for further Gal-3 expression. Immunohistochemical analyses show that the distribution of Gal-3 overlaps with that of endogenous Aβ in APP/PS1 mice and partially overlaps with that of amyloid plaque. Moreover, the expression of the Aβ-degrading enzyme, neprilysin, is increased in Gal-3 KO mice and this is associated with enhanced integrin-mediated signaling. Consistently, Gal-3 expression is also increased in the frontal lobe of AD patients, in parallel with Aβ oligomerization. Because Gal-3 expression is dramatically increased as early as 3 months of age in APP/PS1 mice and anti-Aβ oligomerization is believed to protect against Aβ toxicity, Gal-3 could be considered a novel therapeutic target in efforts to combat AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chieh Tao
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Min Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Neuroscience, National Cheng-chi University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Li Ma
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Lun Hsu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Chu Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jong-Ling Fuh
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ju Lee
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Neurological Institute, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chang Chao
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Cheng-chi University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Eminy H Y Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Institute of Neuroscience, National Cheng-chi University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Qiao J, Chen Y, Dong C, Li J. Clinical significance of galectin-3 expression in malformed hepatic venous tissue. Indian J Med Res 2019; 148:728-733. [PMID: 30778007 PMCID: PMC6396557 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_500_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: Hepatic venous malformation gradually develops over time and exhibits the malignant biological behaviours of being locally invasive, causing morphological and functional damage to local tissue, and may even cause systemic coagulopathy. Studies show that galectin-3(Gal-3) expression is closely associated with local invasion of malignant tumours. In this study an attempt was made to assess the clinical significance of Gal-3 in local invasion during hepatic venous malformation in patients. Methods: Gal-3 protein and its mRNA expression were examined using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization in a total of 126 patients with hepatic venous malformation. For control tissue, 20 cases of normal tissue distal to surgical margins were also examined. In addition, the association between Gal-3 expression and pathological parameters was analyzed in hepatic venous malformation patients. Results: Gal-3 mRNA positivity was observed in 65.08 per cent (82/126) of hepatic venous malformation tissue samples, which was higher than the rate of 20 per cent (4/20) (P<0.05) seen in control tissues. Gal-3 protein positivity was observed in 58.73 per cent (74/126) of hepatic venous malformation tissue samples, which was higher than the rate of 15 per cent (3/20) (P<0.05) seen in the normal tissue. Gal-3 expression was not significantly associated with age or gender. However, there was a significant association between Gal-3 positivity and lesion size, local invasion depth, and involvement with the hepatic vein and the portal system. Interpretation & conclusions: Local tissue invasion and destruction by hepatic venous malformation may be related to the upregulation of Gal-3. Gal-3 expression and the development of venous malformation may be related and needs to be studied further.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junbo Qiao
- Department of Hemangioma Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Yongwei Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Liberation Army General 301 Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Changxian Dong
- Department of Hemangioma Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Henan Eye Institute & Henan Provincial Eye Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Synergistic neuroprotection by coffee components eicosanoyl-5-hydroxytryptamide and caffeine in models of Parkinson's disease and DLB. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E12053-E12062. [PMID: 30509990 PMCID: PMC6304960 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1813365115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperphosphorylated α-synuclein in Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites is a characteristic neuropathological feature of Parkinson's disease (PD) and Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). The catalytic subunit of the specific phosphatase, protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) that dephosphorylates α-synuclein, is hypomethylated in these brains, thereby impeding the assembly of the active trimeric holoenzyme and reducing phosphatase activity. This phosphatase deficiency contributes to the accumulation of hyperphosphorylated α-synuclein, which tends to fibrillize more than unmodified α-synuclein. Eicosanoyl-5-hydroxytryptamide (EHT), a fatty acid derivative of serotonin found in coffee, inhibits the PP2A methylesterase so as to maintain PP2A in a highly active methylated state and mitigates the phenotype of α-synuclein transgenic (SynTg) mice. Considering epidemiologic and experimental evidence suggesting protective effects of caffeine in PD, we sought, in the present study, to test whether there is synergy between EHT and caffeine in models of α-synucleinopathy. Coadministration of these two compounds orally for 6 mo at doses that were individually ineffective in SynTg mice and in a striatal α-synuclein preformed fibril inoculation model resulted in reduced accumulation of phosphorylated α-synuclein, preserved neuronal integrity and function, diminished neuroinflammation, and improved behavioral performance. These indices were associated with increased levels of methylated PP2A in brain tissue. A similar profile of greater PP2A methylation and cytoprotection was found in SH-SY5Y cells cotreated with EHT and caffeine, but not with each compound alone. These findings suggest that these two components of coffee have synergistic effects in protecting the brain against α-synuclein-mediated toxicity through maintenance of PP2A in an active state.
Collapse
|
35
|
García-Domínguez I, Veselá K, García-Revilla J, Carrillo-Jiménez A, Roca-Ceballos MA, Santiago M, de Pablos RM, Venero JL. Peripheral Inflammation Enhances Microglia Response and Nigral Dopaminergic Cell Death in an in vivo MPTP Model of Parkinson's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:398. [PMID: 30459561 PMCID: PMC6232526 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of systemic inflammation in nigral dopaminergic cell loss remains unclear. Here, we have investigated the role of peripheral inflammation induced by systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration in the MPTP-based model of Parkinson’s disease. Brain inflammation, microglia and astroglia activation, disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and integrity of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system were evaluated in response to i.p. injection of LPS, MPTP or the combination of both. Our results showed that combinative treatment exacerbates microglia activation and enhances (i) the appearance of galectin-3-positive microglia, recently identified as microglial disease-associated phenotypic marker, (ii) the up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, (iii) the occurrence of A1 neurotoxic astrocytes, (iv) the breakdown of the BBB, and (v) the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Microglia activation was triggered earlier than other degenerative events, suggesting that over-activation of microglia (including different polarization states) may induce dopaminergic neuron loss by itself, initiating the endless cycle of inflammation/degeneration. Our study revitalizes the importance of peripheral inflammation as a potential risk factor for Parkinson’s disease and raises the possibility of using new anti-inflammatory therapies to improve the course of neurodegenerative diseases, including those directly aimed at modulating the deleterious activity of disease-associated microglia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene García-Domínguez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Karolina Veselá
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Juan García-Revilla
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Alejandro Carrillo-Jiménez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - María Angustias Roca-Ceballos
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Marti Santiago
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Rocío M de Pablos
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - José L Venero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Thomas L, Pasquini LA. Galectin-3-Mediated Glial Crosstalk Drives Oligodendrocyte Differentiation and (Re)myelination. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:297. [PMID: 30258354 PMCID: PMC6143789 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is the only chimeric protein in the galectin family. Gal-3 structure comprises unusual tandem repeats of proline and glycine-rich short stretches bound to a carbohydrate-recognition domain (CRD). The present review summarizes Gal-3 functions in the extracellular and intracellular space, its regulation and its internalization and secretion, with a focus on the current knowledge of Gal-3 role in central nervous system (CNS) health and disease, particularly oligodendrocyte (OLG) differentiation, myelination and remyelination in experimental models of multiple sclerosis (MS). During myelination, microglia-expressed Gal-3 promotes OLG differentiation by binding glycoconjugates present only on the cell surface of OLG precursor cells (OPC). During remyelination, microglia-expressed Gal-3 favors an M2 microglial phenotype, hence fostering myelin debris phagocytosis through TREM-2b phagocytic receptor and OLG differentiation. Gal-3 is necessary for myelin integrity and function, as evidenced by myelin ultrastructural and behavioral studies from LGALS3-/- mice. Mechanistically, Gal-3 enhances actin assembly and reduces Erk 1/2 activation, leading to early OLG branching. Gal-3 later induces Akt activation and increases MBP expression, promoting gelsolin release and actin disassembly and thus regulating OLG final differentiation. Altogether, findings indicate that Gal-3 mediates the glial crosstalk driving OLG differentiation and (re)myelination and may be regarded as a target in the design of future therapies for a variety of demyelinating diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Thomas
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Institute of Chemistry and Biological Physicochemistry (IQUIFIB), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura Andrea Pasquini
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Institute of Chemistry and Biological Physicochemistry (IQUIFIB), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Timmerman R, Burm SM, Bajramovic JJ. An Overview of in vitro Methods to Study Microglia. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:242. [PMID: 30127723 PMCID: PMC6087748 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a common feature in neurodegenerative diseases and strategies to modulate neuroinflammatory processes are increasingly considered as therapeutic options. In such strategies, glia cells rather than neurons represent the cellular targets. Microglia, the resident macrophages of the central nervous system, are principal players in neuroinflammation and detailed cellular biological knowledge of this particular cell type is therefore of pivotal importance. The last decade has shed new light on the origin, characteristics and functions of microglia, underlining the need for specific in vitro methodology to study these cells in detail. In this review we provide a comprehensive overview of existing methodology such as cell lines, stem cell-derived microglia and primary dissociated cell cultures, as well as discuss recent developments. As there is no in vitro method available yet that recapitulates all hallmarks of adult homeostatic microglia, we also discuss the advantages and limitations of existing models across different species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raissa Timmerman
- Alternatives Unit, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Ferreira SA, Romero-Ramos M. Microglia Response During Parkinson's Disease: Alpha-Synuclein Intervention. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:247. [PMID: 30127724 PMCID: PMC6087878 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of the central role played by the protein alpha-synuclein in Parkinson's disease and other Lewy body brain disorders has had a great relevance in the understanding of the degenerative process occurring in these diseases. In addition, during the last two decades, the evidence suggesting an immune response in Parkinson's disease patients have multiplied. The role of the immune system in the disease is supported by data from genetic studies and patients, as well as from laboratory animal models and cell cultures. In the immune response, the microglia, the immune cell of the brain, will have a determinant role. Interestingly, alpha-synuclein is suggested to have a central function not only in the neuronal events occurring in Parkinson's disease, but also in the immune response during the disease. Numerous studies have shown that alpha-synuclein can act directly on immune cells, such as microglia in brain, initiating a sterile response that will have consequences for the neuronal health and that could also translate in a peripheral immune response. In parallel, microglia should also act clearing alpha-synuclein thus avoiding an overabundance of the protein, which is crucial to the disease progression. Therefore, the microglia response in each moment will have significant consequences for the neuronal fate. Here we will review the literature addressing the microglia response in Parkinson's disease with an especial focus on the protein alpha-synuclein. We will also reflect upon the limitations of the studies carried so far and in the therapeutic possibilities opened based on these recent findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara A Ferreira
- AU IDEAS center NEURODIN, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marina Romero-Ramos
- AU IDEAS center NEURODIN, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Wu ZS, Lo JJ, Wu SH, Wang CZ, Chen RF, Lee SS, Chai CY, Huang SH. Early Hyperbaric Oxygen Treatment Attenuates Burn-Induced Neuroinflammation by Inhibiting the Galectin-3-Dependent Toll-Like Receptor-4 Pathway in a Rat Model. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082195. [PMID: 30060489 PMCID: PMC6121430 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) treatment has been proven to decrease neuroinflammation in rats. This study aimed to determine the potential mechanism underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of HBO treatment on burn-induced neuroinflammation in rats. Thirty-six adult male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly assigned to the following six groups (n = 6 per group): (1) sham burn with sham HBO treatment; (2) sham burn with HBO treatment; (3) burn with one-week sham HBO treatment; (4) burn with two-week sham HBO treatment; (5) burn with one-week HBO treatment; and (6) burn with two-week HBO treatment. SD rats that received third-degree burn injury were used as a full-thickness burn injury model. Subsequently, we analyzed the expression of proteins involved in the galectin-3 (Gal-3)-dependent Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) pathway through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis, and Western blotting. A behavior test was also conducted, which revealed that HBO treatment significantly suppressed mechanical hypersensitivity in the burn with HBO treatment group compared to the burn with sham HBO treatment group (p < 0.05). ELISA results showed that tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) levels in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and the skin significantly decreased in the burn with HBO treatment group compared with the burn with sham HBO treatment group (p < 0.05). Western blotting results demonstrated that HBO treatment significantly reduced the expression of Gal-3 and TLR-4 in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord in the burn with HBO treatment group compared with the burn with sham HBO treatment group (p < 0.05). IHC analysis showed that the expression of Gal-3, TLR-4, CD68 and CD45 in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord was significantly lower in the burn with HBO treatment group than in the burn with sham HBO treatment group (p < 0.05), and the expression of CD68 and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in the right hind paw skin was significantly lower. The expression of vimentin and fibroblast growth factor in the right hind paw skin was significantly higher after HBO treatment (p < 0.05). This study proved that early HBO treatment relieves neuropathic pain, inhibits the Gal-3-dependent TLR-4 pathway, and suppresses microglia and macrophage activation in a rat model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Sheng Wu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, 807 Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Jing-Jou Lo
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 807 Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Sheng-Hua Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, 807 Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, 807 Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Chau-Zen Wang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 807 Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 807 Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, 807 Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Orthopaedic Research Center, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 807 Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Rong-Fu Chen
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, 807 Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Su-Shin Lee
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, 807 Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 807 Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Chee-Yin Chai
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, 807 Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Shu-Hung Huang
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, 807 Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 807 Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Room, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, 807 Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Ashraf GM, Baeesa SS. Investigation of Gal-3 Expression Pattern in Serum and Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients Suffering From Neurodegenerative Disorders. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:430. [PMID: 30008660 PMCID: PMC6033997 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed this study to investigate the possibility of a definitive pattern of Galectin-3 (Gal-3) expression in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) patients. In our study, we collected the CSF and serum samples of 31 AD patients, 19 ALS patients and 50 normal healthy subjects (controls). Quantitative ELISA measured Gal-3 concentrations in CSF and serum samples. A comparative analysis was performed to analyze and understand the Gal-3 expression pattern. A number of neuropsychological assessments and statistical analyses were carried out to validate our findings. Recent researches have established the role of galectins in various neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs), but a definitive pattern of galectin expression is still elusive. A significant difference was observed in serum and CSF Gal-3 concentrations between AD patients and healthy controls. The difference in serum and CSF Gal-3 concentrations between ALS patients vs. controls was lesser as compared to AD patients vs. controls. The difference in serum and CSF Gal-3 concentrations of AD vs. ALS patients was not significant. The MMSE score and serum and CSF Gal-3 concentrations in AD and ALS patients, and controls exhibited a significant positive correlation. The findings of the present study are expected to provide an insight into the definitive pattern of Gal-3 expression in AD and ALS patients, and might thus establish Gal-3 as a strong biomarker. This in turn will open up new and promising research avenues targeting the expression of galectins to modulate the progression of NDDs, and pave the way for novel therapeutic options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam M Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh S Baeesa
- Division of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Siew JJ, Chern Y. Microglial Lectins in Health and Neurological Diseases. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:158. [PMID: 29867350 PMCID: PMC5960708 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the innate sentinels of the central nervous system (CNS) and are responsible for the homeostasis and immune defense of the CNS. Under the influence of the local environment and cell-cell interaction, microglia exhibit a multidimensional and context-dependent phenotypes that can be cytotoxic and neuroprotective. Recent studies suggest that microglia express multitudinous types of lectins, including galectins, Siglecs, mannose-binding lectins (MBLs) and other glycan binding proteins. Because most studies that examine lectins focus on the peripheral system, the functions of lectins have not been critically investigated in the CNS. In addition, the types of brain cells that contribute to the altered levels of lectins present in diseases are often unclear. In this review, we will discuss how galectins, Siglecs, selectins and MBLs contribute to the dynamic functions of microglia. The interacting ligands of these lectins are complex glycoconjugates, which consist of glycoproteins and glycolipids that are expressed on microglia or surrounding cells. The current understanding of the heterogeneity and functions of glycans in the brain is limited. Galectins are a group of pleotropic proteins that recognize both β-galactoside-containing glycans and non- β-galactoside-containing proteins. The function and regulation of galectins have been implicated in immunomodulation, neuroinflammation, apoptosis, phagocytosis and oxidative bursts. Most Siglecs are expressed at a low level on the plasma membrane and bind to sialic acid residues for immunosurveillance and cell-cell communication. Siglecs are classified based on their inhibitory and activatory downstream signaling properties. Inhibitory Siglecs negatively regulate microglia activation upon recognizing the intact sialic acid patterns and vice versa. MBLs are expressed upon infection in cytoplasm and can be secreted in order to recognize molecules containing terminal mannose as an innate immune defense machinery. Most importantly, multiple studies have reported dysregulation of lectins in neurological disorders. Here, we reviewed recent studies on microglial lectins and their functions in CNS health and disease, and suggest that these lectin families are novel, potent therapeutic targets for neurological diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Jing Siew
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yijuang Chern
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Innate immune alterations are elicited in microglial cells before plaque deposition in the Alzheimer's disease mouse model 5xFAD. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1550. [PMID: 29367720 PMCID: PMC5784016 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19699-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia characterized by the formation of amyloid plaques (Aβ). Over the last decade, the important role of the innate immune system for the disease development has been established. Chronic activation of microglial cells creates a proinflammatory environment, which is believed to be central for the development of the disease as well as its progression. We used the AD mouse model 5xFAD to investigate if inflammatory alterations are present in microglial cells before plaque deposition. We applied mass spectrometry and bioinformation analysis to elucidate early microglial alterations. Interestingly, we found the cytokines IL1β and IL10 to be elevated in the 5xFAD brain after the formation of Aβ plaque at 10 weeks only. Using mass spectrometry analysis of microglial cells with bioinformation analysis, we found JAK/STAT, p38 MAPK and Interleukin pathways affected in microglial cells before plaque deposition at 6 weeks. At 10 weeks, GO analysis showed affected pathways related to interferon-gamma regulation and MAPK pathways. Our study points toward early inflammatory changes in microglial cells even before the accumulation of Aβ.
Collapse
|
43
|
Segura-Aguilar J. Neurotoxins as Preclinical Models for Parkinson's Disease. Neurotox Res 2018; 34:870-877. [PMID: 29313219 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9856-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Translational medicine is one of the major concerns in this century. While significant advances have been made with scientific knowledge, the translation of their promising results has not led to any new therapies. In Parkinson's disease, a long list of clinical studies, based on preclinical models with exogenous neurotoxins, has failed. Therefore, the aim of this opinion paper is to open discussion about preclinical models for Parkinson's disease based on neurotoxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Flavin WP, Bousset L, Green ZC, Chu Y, Skarpathiotis S, Chaney MJ, Kordower JH, Melki R, Campbell EM. Endocytic vesicle rupture is a conserved mechanism of cellular invasion by amyloid proteins. Acta Neuropathol 2017; 134:629-653. [PMID: 28527044 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-017-1722-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Numerous pathological amyloid proteins spread from cell to cell during neurodegenerative disease, facilitating the propagation of cellular pathology and disease progression. Understanding the mechanism by which disease-associated amyloid protein assemblies enter target cells and induce cellular dysfunction is, therefore, key to understanding the progressive nature of such neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we utilized an imaging-based assay to monitor the ability of disease-associated amyloid assemblies to rupture intracellular vesicles following endocytosis. We observe that the ability to induce vesicle rupture is a common feature of α-synuclein (α-syn) assemblies, as assemblies derived from WT or familial disease-associated mutant α-syn all exhibited the ability to induce vesicle rupture. Similarly, different conformational strains of WT α-syn assemblies, but not monomeric or oligomeric forms, efficiently induced vesicle rupture following endocytosis. The ability to induce vesicle rupture was not specific to α-syn, as amyloid assemblies of tau and huntingtin Exon1 with pathologic polyglutamine repeats also exhibited the ability to induce vesicle rupture. We also observe that vesicles ruptured by α-syn are positive for the autophagic marker LC3 and can accumulate and fuse into large, intracellular structures resembling Lewy bodies in vitro. Finally, we show that the same markers of vesicle rupture surround Lewy bodies in brain sections from PD patients. These data underscore the importance of this conserved endocytic vesicle rupture event as a damaging mechanism of cellular invasion by amyloid assemblies of multiple neurodegenerative disease-associated proteins, and suggest that proteinaceous inclusions such as Lewy bodies form as a consequence of continued fusion of autophagic vesicles in cells unable to degrade ruptured vesicles and their amyloid contents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William P Flavin
- Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
- Integrative Cell Biology Program, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Luc Bousset
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91198, France
| | - Zachary C Green
- Neuroscience Program, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Yaping Chu
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | | | - Michael J Chaney
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Jeffrey H Kordower
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Ronald Melki
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91198, France
| | - Edward M Campbell
- Integrative Cell Biology Program, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA.
- Neuroscience Program, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA.
- Loyola University Chicago, Health Sciences Campus, CTRE Building 115, Room 235, 2160 S. First Ave, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Li J, Qiao JB, Liu QY. Pingyangmycin Pretreatment Influences the Biological Behavior of Ocular Venous Malformation and Relates with Galectin-3 Expression. Chin Med J (Engl) 2017; 130:1804-1809. [PMID: 28748853 PMCID: PMC5547832 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.211537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Galectin-3 (Gal-3) plays a role in the mechanisms underlying ocular venous malformation. We conducted this study to investigate the effect of pingyangmycin pretreatment on the Gal-3 expressions and biological behavior of ocular venous malformation. METHODS Tissue samples were collected from 136 patients with ocular venous malformation. Patients were randomly divided into pingyangmycin (n = 69) and nonpingyangmycin group (n = 67). Patients in the pingyangmycin group received a local injection of 0.02% pingyangmycin once every 2 days for 2 weeks (7 doses) before removal surgery, whereas patients in the nonpingyangmycin group underwent removal surgery without local injection. The protein and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of Gal-3 were detected by using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. RESULTS Gal-3 protein was expressed in 35 (52%) of 67 samples in the nonpingyangmycin group and in 19 (28%) of 69 samples in the pingyangmycin group (P < 0.05). Gal-3 mRNA expression was detected in 39 (58%) of 67 samples in the nonpingyangmycin group and 22 (32%) of 69 samples in the pingyangmycin group (P < 0.05). The higher Gal-3 expressions were detected in samples with deeper invasiveness than those with superficial invasiveness before (χ2 = 12.720 and 13.369, respectively, both P < 0.05) and after pingyangmycin treatment (χ2 = 8.429 and 4.590, respectively, both P < 0.05). It was more frequently detected in mesh-like lesions with unclear boundary than round lesions with clear boundary before (χ2 = 30.291 and 41.466, respectively, both P < 0.05) and after pingyangmycin treatment (χ2 = 14.619 and 15.130, respectively, both P < 0.05). Pingyangmycin treatment led to a significant difference in Gal-3 expressions at both protein and mRNA levels (χ2 = 8.664 and 9.524, respectively, both P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Gal-3 expression may be involved in the development and invasiveness of ocular venous malformation, and pingyangmycin can inhibit Gal-3 expression, indicating a role of pingyangmycin treatment before the removal of ocular venous malformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan Eye Institute and Henan Eye Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Jun-Bo Qiao
- Department of Hemangioma Surgery, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Qiu-Yu Liu
- Department of Pathology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Zhu Y, Hu W, Zhu ML, Yin T, Su J, Wang JR. Serum galectin-3 levels and delirium among postpartum intensive care unit women. Brain Behav 2017; 7:e00773. [PMID: 28828226 PMCID: PMC5561326 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inflammation correlates with delirium. Galectin-3 is a proinflammatory protein. This study aimed to determine relation of serum galectin-3 levels to delirium of postpartum intensive care unit (ICU) women. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this prospective observational study, serum galectin-3, S100B, and C-reactive protein levels of 412 postpartum ICU women and 412 healthy women were measured. Delirium and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Care Evaluation II (APCHCE II) scores were recorded. RESULTS Serum levels of galectin-3, S100B, and C-reactive protein were significantly elevated in the postpartum women than in the healthy women. Galectin-3 levels were highly associated with APCHCE II scores and S100B and C-reactive protein levels. Galectin-3, C-reactive protein, and S100B levels and APCHCE II scores were identified as independent predictors for delirium. Area under the curve (AUC) of serum galectin-3 levels was similar to that of S100B levels, and significantly exceeded those of C-reactive protein levels and APCHCE II scores. Moreover, galectin-3 significantly improved the AUCs of APCHCE II scores, S100B levels, and C-reactive protein levels. CONCLUSIONS Galectin-3, involved in inflammatory process underlying delirium-related brain injury, might be a potential biomarker to predict delirium of postpartum ICU women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit The Hangzhou First People's Hospital Nanjing Medical University Hangzhou China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit The Hangzhou First People's Hospital Nanjing Medical University Hangzhou China
| | - Ming-Li Zhu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit The Hangzhou First People's Hospital Nanjing Medical University Hangzhou China
| | - Ting Yin
- Department of Intensive Care Unit The Hangzhou First People's Hospital Nanjing Medical University Hangzhou China
| | - Jun Su
- Department of Intensive Care Unit The Hangzhou First People's Hospital Nanjing Medical University Hangzhou China
| | - Jian-Rong Wang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit The Hangzhou First People's Hospital Nanjing Medical University Hangzhou China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Potent pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic molecules, osteopontin and galectin-3, are not major disease modulators of laminin α2 chain-deficient muscular dystrophy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44059. [PMID: 28281577 PMCID: PMC5345027 DOI: 10.1038/srep44059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A large number of human diseases are caused by chronic tissue injury with fibrosis potentially leading to organ failure. There is a need for more effective anti-fibrotic therapies. Congenital muscular dystrophy type 1A (MDC1A) is a devastating form of muscular dystrophy caused by laminin α2 chain-deficiency. It is characterized with early inflammation and build-up of fibrotic lesions, both in patients and MDC1A mouse models (e.g. dy3K/dy3K). Despite the enormous impact of inflammation on tissue remodelling in disease, the inflammatory response in MDC1A has been poorly described. Consequently, a comprehensive understanding of secondary mechanisms (impaired regeneration, enhanced fibrosis) leading to deterioration of muscle phenotype in MDC1A is missing. We have monitored inflammatory processes in dy3K/dy3K muscle and created mice deficient in laminin α2 chain and osteopontin or galectin-3, two pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic molecules drastically increased in dystrophic muscle. Surprisingly, deletion of osteopontin worsened the phenotype of dy3K/dy3K mice and loss of galectin-3 did not reduce muscle pathology. Our results indicate that osteopontin could even be a beneficial immunomodulator in MDC1A. This knowledge is essential for the design of future therapeutic interventions for muscular dystrophies that aim at targeting inflammation, especially that osteopontin inhibition has been suggested for Duchenne muscular dystrophy therapy.
Collapse
|
48
|
Galectin-3 released in response to traumatic brain injury acts as an alarmin orchestrating brain immune response and promoting neurodegeneration. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41689. [PMID: 28128358 PMCID: PMC5269662 DOI: 10.1038/srep41689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is currently a major cause of morbidity and poor quality of life in Western society, with an estimate of 2.5 million people affected per year in Europe, indicating the need for advances in TBI treatment. Within the first 24 h after TBI, several inflammatory response factors become upregulated, including the lectin galectin-3. In this study, using a controlled cortical impact (CCI) model of head injury, we show a large increase in the expression of galectin-3 in microglia and also an increase in the released form of galectin-3 in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 24 h after head injury. We report that galectin-3 can bind to TLR-4, and that administration of a neutralizing antibody against galectin-3 decreases the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα and NOS2 and promotes neuroprotection in the cortical and hippocampal cell populations after head injury. Long-term analysis demonstrated a significant neuroprotection in the cortical region in the galectin-3 knockout animals in response to TBI. These results suggest that following head trauma, released galectin-3 may act as an alarmin, binding, among other proteins, to TLR-4 and promoting inflammation and neuronal loss. Taking all together, galectin-3 emerges as a clinically relevant target for TBI therapy.
Collapse
|
49
|
Bennett NK, Chmielowski R, Abdelhamid DS, Faig JJ, Francis N, Baum J, Pang ZP, Uhrich KE, Moghe PV. Polymer brain-nanotherapeutics for multipronged inhibition of microglial α-synuclein aggregation, activation, and neurotoxicity. Biomaterials 2016; 111:179-189. [PMID: 27736702 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation, a common neuropathologic feature of neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson disease (PD), is frequently exacerbated by microglial activation. The extracellular protein α-synuclein (ASYN), whose aggregation is characteristic of PD, remains a key therapeutic target, but the control of synuclein trafficking and aggregation within microglia has been challenging. First, we established that microglial internalization of monomeric ASYN was mediated by scavenger receptors (SR), CD36 and SRA1, and was rapidly accompanied by the formation of ASYN oligomers. Next, we designed a nanotechnology approach to regulate SR-mediated intracellular ASYN trafficking within microglia. We synthesized mucic acid-derivatized sugar-based amphiphilic molecules (AM) with optimal stereochemistry, rigidity, and charge for enhanced dual binding affinity to SRs and fabricated serum-stable nanoparticles via flash nanoprecipitation comprising hydrophobe cores and amphiphile shells. Treatment of microglia with AM nanoparticles decreased monomeric ASYN internalization and intracellular ASYN oligomer formation. We then engineered composite deactivating NPs with dual character, namely shell-based SR-binding amphiphiles, and core-based antioxidant poly (ferrulic acid), to investigate concerted inhibition of oxidative activation. In ASYN-challenged microglia treated with NPs, we observed decreased ASYN-mediated acute microglial activation and diminished microglial neurotoxicity caused by exposure to aggregated ASYN. When the composite NPs were administered in vivo within the substantia nigra of fibrillar ASYN-challenged wild type mice, there was marked attenuation of activated microglia. Overall, SR-targeting AM nanotechnology represents a novel paradigm in alleviating microglial activation in the context of synucleinopathies like PD and other neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neal K Bennett
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 8854, USA
| | - Rebecca Chmielowski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 8854, USA
| | - Dalia S Abdelhamid
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minya, Egypt
| | - Jonathan J Faig
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Nicola Francis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 8854, USA; Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 89 French Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Jean Baum
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Zhiping P Pang
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 89 French Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Kathryn E Uhrich
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Prabhas V Moghe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 8854, USA; Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Galectin-3 causes enteric neuronal loss in mice after left sided permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion, a model of stroke. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32893. [PMID: 27612206 PMCID: PMC5017186 DOI: 10.1038/srep32893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to brain injury stroke patients often suffer gastrointestinal complications. Neuroimmune interactions involving galectin-3, released from microglia in the brain, mediates the post-stroke pro-inflammatory response. We investigated possible consequences of stroke on the enteric nervous system and the involvement of galectin-3. We show that permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) induces loss of enteric neurons in ileum and colon in galectin-3(+/+), but not in galectin-3(-/-), mice. In vitro we show that serum from galectin-3(+/+), but not from galectin-3(-/-), mice subjected to pMCAO, caused loss of C57BL/6J myenteric neurons, while myenteric neurons derived from TLR4(-/-) mice were unaffected. Further purified galectin-3 (10(-6) M) caused loss of cultured C57BL/6J myenteric neurons. Inhibitors of transforming growth factor β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) or AMP activated kinase (AMPK) counteracted both the purified galectin-3 and the galectin-3(+/+) pMCAO serum-induced loss in vitro. Combined we show that stroke (pMCAO) triggers central and peripheral galectin-3 release causing enteric neuronal loss through a TLR4 mediated mechanism involving TAK1 and AMPK. Galectin-3 is suggested a target for treatment of post-stroke complications.
Collapse
|