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Allsopp GL, Britto FA, Wright CR, Deldicque L. The Effects of Normobaric Hypoxia on the Acute Physiological Responses to Resistance Training: A Narrative Review. J Strength Cond Res 2024:00124278-990000000-00519. [PMID: 39178049 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Allsopp, GL, Britto, FA, Wright, CR, and Deldicque, L. The effects of normobaric hypoxia on the acute physiological responses to resistance training: a narrative review. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2024-Athletes have used altitude training for many years as a strategy to improve endurance performance. The use of resistance training in simulated altitude (normobaric hypoxia) is a growing strategy that aims to improve the hypertrophy and strength adaptations to training. An increasing breadth of research has characterized the acute physiological responses to resistance training in hypoxia, often with the goal to elucidate the mechanisms by which hypoxia may improve the training adaptations. There is currently no consensus on the overall effectiveness of hypoxic resistance training for strength and hypertrophy adaptations, nor the underlying biochemical pathways involved. There are, however, numerous interesting physiological responses that are amplified by performing resistance training in hypoxia. These include potential changes to the energy system contribution to exercise and alterations to the level of metabolic stress, hormone and cytokine production, autonomic regulation, and other hypoxia-induced cellular pathways. This review describes the foundational exercise physiology underpinning the acute responses to resistance training in normobaric hypoxia, potential applications to clinical populations, including training considerations for athletic populations. The review also presents a summary of the ideal training parameters to promote metabolic stress and associated training adaptations. There are currently many gaps in our understanding of the physiological responses to hypoxic resistance training, partly caused by the infancy of the research field and diversity of hypoxic and training parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle L Allsopp
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Craig R Wright
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louise Deldicque
- Institute of Neuroscience, UC Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Benavente C, Padial P, Scott BR, Almeida F, Olcina G, Pérez-Regalado S, Feriche B. Strength and muscle mass development after a resistance-training period at terrestrial and normobaric intermittent hypoxia. Pflugers Arch 2024; 476:1221-1233. [PMID: 38916665 PMCID: PMC11271399 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-024-02978-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of a resistance training (RT) period at terrestrial (HH) and normobaric hypoxia (NH) on both muscle hypertrophy and maximal strength development with respect to the same training in normoxia (N). Thirty-three strength-trained males were assigned to N (FiO2 = 20.9%), HH (2,320 m asl) or NH (FiO2 = 15.9%). The participants completed an 8-week RT program (3 sessions/week) of a full body routine. Muscle thickness of the lower limb and 1RM in back squat were assessed before and after the training program. Blood markers of stress, inflammation (IL-6) and muscle growth (% active mTOR, myostatin and miRNA-206) were measured before and after the first and last session of the program. Findings revealed all groups improved 1RM, though this was most enhanced by RT in NH (p = 0.026). According to the moderate to large excess of the exercise-induced stress response (lactate and Ca2+) in HH and N, results only displayed increases in muscle thickness in these two conditions over NH (ES > 1.22). Compared with the rest of the environmental conditions, small to large increments in % active mTOR were only found in HH, and IL-6, myostatin and miR-206 in NH throughout the training period. In conclusion, the results do not support the expected additional benefit of RT under hypoxia compared to N on muscle growth, although it seems to favour gains in strength. The greater muscle growth achieved in HH over NH confirms the impact of the type of hypoxia on the outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Benavente
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - P Padial
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - B R Scott
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
- PHysical Activity, Sport and Exercise (PHASE) Research Group, School of Allied Health (Exercise Science), Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - F Almeida
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - G Olcina
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - S Pérez-Regalado
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - B Feriche
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
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Hohenauer E, Bianchi G, Wellauer V, Taube W, Clijsen R. Acute physiological responses and muscle recovery in females: a randomised controlled trial of muscle damaging exercise in hypoxia. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2024; 16:70. [PMID: 38520001 PMCID: PMC10960417 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-024-00861-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have investigated the effects of training under hypoxia (HYP) after several weeks in a male population. However, there is still a lack of knowledge on the acute hypoxic effects on physiology and muscle recovery in a female population. METHODS This randomized-controlled trial aimed to investigate the acute effects of muscle damaging exercise, performed in HYP and normoxia (CON), on physiological responses and recovery characteristics in healthy females. Key inclusion criteria were recreationally active female participants between the age of 18 to 35 years without any previous surgeries and injuries, whilst key exclusion criteria were acute pain situations, pregnancy, and medication intake. The females conducted a muscle-damaging protocol, comprising 5 × 20 drop-jumps, in either HYP (FiO2: 12%) or CON (FiO2: 21%). Physiological responses, including capillary oxygenation (SpO2), muscle oxygenation (SmO2), heart rate (HR), core- (Tcore) and skin- (Tskin) temperature were assessed at the end of each exercise set. Recovery characteristics were quantified by taking venous blood samples (serum creatine-kinase [CK], C-reactive protein [CRP] and blood sedimentation rate [BSR]), assessing muscle swelling of the quadriceps femoris muscle, maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) of the knee extensor muscles, countermovement jump (CMJ) performance and muscle soreness ratings (DOMS) at 24-, 48- and 72-hrs post-exercise. RESULTS SpO2 (HYP: 76.7 ± 3.8%, CON: 95.5 ± 1.7%, p < 0.001) and SmO2 (HYP: 60.0 ± 9.3, CON: 73.4 ± 5.8%, p = 0.03) values were lower (p < 0.05) in HYP compared to CON at the end of the exercise-protocol. No physiological differences between HYP and CON were observed for HR, Tcore, and Tskin (all p > 0.05). There were also no differences detected for any recovery variable (CK, CRP, BSR, MVIC, CMJ, and DOMS) during the 72-hrs follow-up period between HYP and CON (all p > 0.05). CONCLUSION In conclusion, our results showed that muscle damaging exercise under HYP leads to reduced capillary and muscle oxygenation levels compared to normoxia with no difference in inflammatory response and muscle recovery during 72 h post-exercise. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT04902924, May 26th 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich Hohenauer
- RESlab, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Weststrasse 8, CH-7302, Landquart, Switzerland.
- International University of Applied Sciences THIM, Landquart, Switzerland.
- University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - G Bianchi
- RESlab, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Weststrasse 8, CH-7302, Landquart, Switzerland
| | - V Wellauer
- RESlab, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Weststrasse 8, CH-7302, Landquart, Switzerland
| | - W Taube
- University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - R Clijsen
- RESlab, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Weststrasse 8, CH-7302, Landquart, Switzerland
- International University of Applied Sciences THIM, Landquart, Switzerland
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Kyun S, Kim J, Hwang D, Jang I, Park HY, Lim K. Lactate administration induces skeletal muscle synthesis by influencing Akt/mTOR and MuRF1 in non-trained mice but not in trained mice. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e15952. [PMID: 38383135 PMCID: PMC10881281 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The perception regarding lactate has changed over the past decades, and some of its physiological roles have gradually been revealed. However, the effects of exogenous lactate on skeletal muscle synthesis remain unclear. This study aimed to confirm the effects of a 5-week lactate administration and post-exercise lactate administration on skeletal muscle synthesis. Thirty-two Institute of Cancer Research mice were randomly assigned to non-trained + placebo, non-trained + lactate, trained + placebo, and trained + lactate groups. Furthermore, 3 g/kg of lactate or an equivalent volume of saline was immediately administered after exercise training (maximum oxygen uptake: 70%). Lactate administration and/or exercise training was performed 5 days/week for 5 weeks. After the experimental period, it was observed that lactate administration tended to elevate skeletal muscle weight, increased protein kinase B (p < 0.05) and mammalian target of rapamycin (p < 0.05) mRNA levels, and decreased muscle ring-finger protein-1 expression (p < 0.05). Lactate administration after exercise training significantly enhanced plantaris muscle weight; however, it had no additional effects on most signaling factors. This study demonstrated that a 5-week lactate administration could stimulate skeletal muscle synthesis, and lactate administration after exercise training may provide additional effects, such as increasing skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghwan Kyun
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science in Graduated School, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jisu Kim
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science in Graduated School, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Deunsol Hwang
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science in Graduated School, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Inkwon Jang
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science in Graduated School, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hun-Young Park
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science in Graduated School, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kiwon Lim
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science in Graduated School, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Physical Education, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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Márquez G, Colomer D, Benavente C, Morenilla L, Alix-Fages C, Padial P, Feriche B. Altitude-induced effects on neuromuscular, metabolic and perceptual responses before, during and after a high-intensity resistance training session. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:2119-2129. [PMID: 37209140 PMCID: PMC10492878 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05195-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We tested if an acute ascending to 2320 m above sea level (asl) affects corticospinal excitability (CSE) and intracortical inhibition (SICI) measured with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) at rest, before, during and after a traditional hypertrophy-oriented resistance training (RT) session. We also explored whether blood lactate concentration (BLa), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), perceived muscular pain and total training volume differed when the RT session was performed at hypoxia (H) or normoxia (N). METHODS Twelve resistance-trained men performed eight sets of 10 repetitions at 70% of one repetition maximum of a bar biceps curl at N (SpO2 = 98.0 ± 0.9%) and H (at 2320 asl, SpO2 = 94.0 ± 1.9%) in random order. Before each session, a subjective well-being questionnaire, the resting motor threshold (rMT) and a single pulse recruitment curve were measured. Before, during and after the RT session, BLa, RPE, muscle pain, CSE and SICI were measured. RESULTS Before the RT session only the rMT differed between H (- 5.3%) and N (ES = 0.38). RPE, muscle pain and BLa increased through the RT session and were greater at H than N (12%, 54% and 15%, respectively) despite a similar training volume (1618 ± 468 kg vs. 1638 ± 509 kg). CSE was reduced during the RT session (~ 27%) but recovered ten minutes after, regardless of the environmental condition. SICI did not change after any RT session. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that acute exposure to moderate hypoxia slightly increased the excitability of the most excitable structures of the corticospinal tract but did not influence intracortical or corticospinal responses to a single RT session.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Márquez
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna, Avda. Ernesto Che Guevara, 121-Pazos-Liáns, 15179, Oleiros, A Coruña, Spain.
| | - David Colomer
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna, Avda. Ernesto Che Guevara, 121-Pazos-Liáns, 15179, Oleiros, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Cristina Benavente
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Luis Morenilla
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna, Avda. Ernesto Che Guevara, 121-Pazos-Liáns, 15179, Oleiros, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Carlos Alix-Fages
- Applied Biomechanics and Sports Technology Research Group, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paulino Padial
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Belén Feriche
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Yu Q, Kong Z, Zou L, Chapman R, Shi Q, Nie J. Comparative efficacy of various hypoxic training paradigms on maximal oxygen consumption: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. J Exerc Sci Fit 2023; 21:366-375. [PMID: 37854170 PMCID: PMC10580050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2023.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Enhancement in maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) induced by hypoxic training is important for both athletes and non-athletes. However, the lack of comparison of multiple paradigms and the exploration of related modulating factors leads to the inability to recommend the optimal regimen in different situations. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of seven common hypoxic training paradigms on VO2max and associated moderators. Methods Electronic (i.e., five databases) and manual searches were performed, and 42 studies involving 1246 healthy adults were included. Pairwise meta-analyses were conducted to compare different hypoxic training paradigms and hypoxic training and control conditions. The Bayesian network meta-analysis model was applied to calculate the standardised mean differences (SMDs) of pre-post VO2max alteration among hypoxic training paradigms in overall, athlete, and non-athlete populations, while meta-regression analyses were employed to explore the relationships between covariates and SMDs. Results All seven hypoxic training paradigms were effective to varying degrees, with SMDs ranging from 1.45 to 7.10. Intermittent hypoxia interval training (IHIT) had the highest probability of being the most efficient hypoxic training paradigm in the overall population and athlete subgroup (42%, 44%), whereas intermittent hypoxic training (IHT) was the most promising hypoxic training paradigm among non-athletes (66%). Meta-regression analysis revealed that saturation hours (coefficient, 0.004; P = 0.038; 95% CI [0.0002, 0.0085]) accounted for variations of VO2max improvement induced by IHT. Conclusion Efficient hypoxic training paradigms for VO2max gains differed between athletes and non-athletes, with IHIT ranking best for athletes and IHT for non-athletes. The practicability of saturation hours is confirmed with respect to dose-response issues in the future hypoxic training and associated scientific research. Registration This study was registered in the PROSPERO international prospective register of systematic reviews (CRD42022333548).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yu
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Zhaowei Kong
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Liye Zou
- Exercise Psychophysiology Laboratory, Institute of KEEP Collaborative Innovation, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Robert Chapman
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Qingde Shi
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sports, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao, China
| | - Jinlei Nie
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sports, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao, China
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Tee CCL, Cooke MB, Chong MC, Yeo WK, Camera DM. Mechanisms for Combined Hypoxic Conditioning and Divergent Exercise Modes to Regulate Inflammation, Body Composition, Appetite, and Blood Glucose Homeostasis in Overweight and Obese Adults: A Narrative Review. Sports Med 2023; 53:327-348. [PMID: 36441492 PMCID: PMC9877079 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01782-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a major global health issue and a primary risk factor for metabolic-related disorders. While physical inactivity is one of the main contributors to obesity, it is a modifiable risk factor with exercise training as an established non-pharmacological treatment to prevent the onset of metabolic-related disorders, including obesity. Exposure to hypoxia via normobaric hypoxia (simulated altitude via reduced inspired oxygen fraction), termed hypoxic conditioning, in combination with exercise has been increasingly shown in the last decade to enhance blood glucose regulation and decrease the body mass index, providing a feasible strategy to treat obesity. However, there is no current consensus in the literature regarding the optimal combination of exercise variables such as the mode, duration, and intensity of exercise, as well as the level of hypoxia to maximize fat loss and overall body compositional changes with hypoxic conditioning. In this narrative review, we discuss the effects of such diverse exercise and hypoxic variables on the systematic and myocellular mechanisms, along with physiological responses, implicated in the development of obesity. These include markers of appetite regulation and inflammation, body conformational changes, and blood glucose regulation. As such, we consolidate findings from human studies to provide greater clarity for implementing hypoxic conditioning with exercise as a safe, practical, and effective treatment strategy for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Chow Li Tee
- Division of Research and Innovation, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Sport and Exercise Medicine Group, Swinburne University, Room SPW224, Mail H21, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Matthew B Cooke
- Sport and Exercise Medicine Group, Swinburne University, Room SPW224, Mail H21, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Mee Chee Chong
- Sport and Exercise Medicine Group, Swinburne University, Room SPW224, Mail H21, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Wee Kian Yeo
- Division of Research and Innovation, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Donny M Camera
- Sport and Exercise Medicine Group, Swinburne University, Room SPW224, Mail H21, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia.
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Behrendt T, Bielitzki R, Behrens M, Herold F, Schega L. Effects of Intermittent Hypoxia-Hyperoxia on Performance- and Health-Related Outcomes in Humans: A Systematic Review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:70. [PMID: 35639211 PMCID: PMC9156652 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00450-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intermittent hypoxia applied at rest or in combination with exercise promotes multiple beneficial adaptations with regard to performance and health in humans. It was hypothesized that replacing normoxia by moderate hyperoxia can increase the adaptive response to the intermittent hypoxic stimulus. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to systematically review the current state of the literature on the effects of chronic intermittent hypoxia-hyperoxia (IHH) on performance- and health-related outcomes in humans. METHODS PubMed, Web of Science™, Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases were searched in accordance with PRISMA guidelines (January 2000 to September 2021) using the following inclusion criteria: (1) original research articles involving humans, (2) investigation of the chronic effect of IHH, (3) inclusion of a control group being not exposed to IHH, and (4) articles published in peer-reviewed journals written in English. RESULTS Of 1085 articles initially found, eight studies were included. IHH was solely performed at rest in different populations including geriatric patients (n = 1), older patients with cardiovascular (n = 3) and metabolic disease (n = 2) or cognitive impairment (n = 1), and young athletes with overtraining syndrome (n = 1). The included studies confirmed the beneficial effects of chronic exposure to IHH, showing improvements in exercise tolerance, peak oxygen uptake, and global cognitive functions, as well as lowered blood glucose levels. A trend was discernible that chronic exposure to IHH can trigger a reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The evidence of whether IHH exerts beneficial effects on blood lipid levels and haematological parameters is currently inconclusive. A meta-analysis was not possible because the reviewed studies had a considerable heterogeneity concerning the investigated populations and outcome parameters. CONCLUSION Based on the published literature, it can be suggested that chronic exposure to IHH might be a promising non-pharmacological intervention strategy for improving peak oxygen consumption, exercise tolerance, and cognitive performance as well as reducing blood glucose levels, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure in older patients with cardiovascular and metabolic diseases or cognitive impairment. However, further randomized controlled trials with adequate sample sizes are needed to confirm and extend the evidence. This systematic review was registered on the international prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO-ID: CRD42021281248) ( https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/ ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Behrendt
- Department of Sport Science, Chair for Health and Physical Activity, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Robert Bielitzki
- Department of Sport Science, Chair for Health and Physical Activity, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Martin Behrens
- Department of Sport Science, Chair for Health and Physical Activity, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Orthopaedics, Rostock University Medical Center, Doberaner Str. 142, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Fabian Herold
- Research Group Degenerative and Chronic Disease, Movement, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Lutz Schega
- Department of Sport Science, Chair for Health and Physical Activity, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany
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Benavente C, Feriche B, Olcina G, Schoenfeld BJ, Camacho-Cardenosa A, Almeida F, Martínez-Guardado I, Timon R, Padial P. Inter-set rest configuration effect on acute physiological and performance-related responses to a resistance training session in terrestrial vs simulated hypoxia. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13469. [PMID: 35607454 PMCID: PMC9123884 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Metabolic stress is considered a key factor in the activation of hypertrophy mechanisms which seems to be potentiated under hypoxic conditions.This study aimed to analyze the combined effect of the type of acute hypoxia (terrestrial vs simulated) and of the inter-set rest configuration (60 vs 120 s) during a hypertrophic resistance training (RT) session on physiological, perceptual and muscle performance markers. Methods Sixteen active men were randomized into two groups based on the type of hypoxia (hypobaric hypoxia, HH: 2,320 m asl; vs normobaric hypoxia, NH: FiO2 of 15.9%). Each participant completed in a randomly counterbalanced order the same RT session in four separated occasions: two under normoxia and two under the corresponding hypoxia condition at each prescribed inter-set rest period. Volume-load (load × set × repetition) was calculated for each training session. Muscle oxygenation (SmO2) of the vastus lateralis was quantified during the back squat exercise. Heart rate (HR) was monitored during training and over the ensuing 30-min post-exercise period. Maximal blood lactate concentration (maxLac) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were determined after the exercise and at the end of the recovery period. Results Volume-load achieved was similar in all environmental conditions and inter-set rest period length did not appreciably affect it. Shorter inter-set rest periods displayed moderate increases in maxLac, HR and RPE responses in all conditions. Compared to HH, NH showed a moderate reduction in the inter-set rest-HR (ES > 0.80), maxLac (ES > 1.01) and SmO2 (ES > 0.79) at both rest intervals. Conclusions Results suggest that the reduction in inter-set rest intervals from 120 s to 60 s provide a more potent perceptual, cardiovascular and metabolic stimulus in all environmental conditions, which could maximize hypertrophic adaptations in longer periods of training. The abrupt exposure to a reduced FiO2 at NH seems to reduce the inter-set recovery capacity during a traditional hypertrophy RT session, at least during a single acute exposition. These results cannot be extrapolated to longer training periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Benavente
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Belén Feriche
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Guillermo Olcina
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Brad J. Schoenfeld
- Department of Health Sciences, CUNY Lehman College, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Filipa Almeida
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ismael Martínez-Guardado
- Faculty of Education, BRABE Group, Department of Psychology. Faculty of Life and Nature Sciences, University of Nebrija, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Timon
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Paulino Padial
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Štirn I, Garcia-Ramos A, Feriche B, Strojnik V, Tomažin K. Influence of an Acute Exposure to a Moderate Real Altitude on Motoneuron Pool Excitability and Jumping Performance. Front Physiol 2022; 13:861927. [PMID: 35547581 PMCID: PMC9081365 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.861927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to test whether ascending to a moderate real altitude affects motoneuron pool excitability at rest, as expressed by a change in the H-reflex amplitude, and also to elucidate whether a possible alteration in the motoneuron pool excitability could be reflected in the execution of lower-body concentric explosive (squat jump; SJ) and fast eccentric-concentric (drop jump; DJ) muscle actions. Fifteen participants performed four experimental sessions that consisted of the combination of two real altitude conditions [low altitude (low altitude, 690 m), high altitude (higher altitude, 2,320 m)] and two testing procedures (H-reflex and vertical jumps). Participants were tested on each testing day at 8, 11, 14 and 17 h. The only significant difference (p < 0.05) detected for the H-reflex was the higher H-reflex response (25.6%) obtained 15 min after arrival at altitude compared to baseline measurement. In terms of motor behavior, DJ height was the only variable that showed a significant interaction between altitude conditions (LA and HA) and time of measurement (8, 11, 14 and 17 h) as DJ height increased more during successive measurements at HA compared to LA. The only significant difference between the LA and HA conditions was observed for DJ height at 17 h which was higher for the HA condition (p = 0.04, ES = 0.41). Although an increased H-reflex response was detected after a brief (15–20 min) exposure to real altitude, the effect on motorneuron pool excitability could not be confirmed since no significant changes in the H-reflex were detected when comparing LA and HA. On the other hand, the positive effect of altitude on DJ performance was accentuated after 6 h of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Štirn
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Amador Garcia-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, Universidad Catolica de la Santisima Concepcion, Concepción, Chile
| | - Belen Feriche
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Vojko Strojnik
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katja Tomažin
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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11
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Effects of Resistance Training in Hypobaric vs. Normobaric Hypoxia on Circulating Ions and Hormones. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19063436. [PMID: 35329124 PMCID: PMC8949299 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hypobaric hypoxia (HH) seems to lead to different responses compared to normobaric hypoxia (NH) during physical conditioning. The aim of the study was to analyze the hormonal and circulating ion responses after performing high-intensity resistance training with different inter-set rest under HH and NH condition. Sixteen male volunteers were randomly divided into two training groups. Each group completed two counterbalanced resistance training sessions (three sets × ten repetitions, remaining two repetitions in reserve), with both one- and two-minute inter-set rest, under HH and NH. Blood samples were obtained to determine hormones and circulating ions (Ca2+, Pi, and HCO3−) at baseline and after training sessions (5, 10, and 30 min). Resistance training with one-minute rest caused greater hormonal stress than with two-minute rest in cortisol and growth hormone, although the hypoxic environmental condition did not cause any significant alterations in these hormones. The short inter-set rest also caused greater alterations in HCO3− and Pi than the longer rest. Additionally, higher levels of Ca2+ and Pi, and lower levels of HCO3−, were observed after training in HH compared to NH. Metabolic and physiological responses after resistance training are mediated by inter-set rest intervals and hypoxic environmental condition. According to the alterations observed in the circulating ions, HH could cause greater muscular fatigue and metabolic stress than NH.
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12
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Effect of Normobaric Hypoxia on Alterations in Redox Homeostasis, Nitrosative Stress, Inflammation, and Lysosomal Function following Acute Physical Exercise. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:4048543. [PMID: 35251471 PMCID: PMC8896919 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4048543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a recognized inducer of oxidative stress during prolonged physical activity. Nevertheless, previous studies have not systematically examined the effects of normoxia and hypoxia during acute physical exercise. The study is aimed at evaluating the relationship between enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant barrier, total antioxidant/oxidant status, oxidative and nitrosative damage, inflammation, and lysosomal function in different acute exercise protocols under normoxia and hypoxia. Fifteen competitive athletes were recruited for the study. They were subjected to two types of acute cycling exercise with different intensities and durations: graded exercise until exhaustion (GE) and simulated 30 km individual time trial (TT). Both exercise protocols were performed under normoxic and hypoxic (
) conditions. The number of subjects was determined based on our previous experiment, assuming the test
and
. We demonstrated enhanced enzymatic antioxidant systems during hypoxic exercise (GE: ↑ catalase (CAT), ↑ superoxide dismutase; TT: ↑ CAT) with a concomitant decrease in plasma reduced glutathione. In athletes exercising in hypoxia, redox status was shifted in favor of oxidation reactions (GE: ↑ total oxidant status, ↓ redox ratio), leading to increased oxidation/nitration of proteins (GE: ↑ advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), ↑ ischemia-modified albumin, ↑ 3-nitrotyrosine, ↑ S-nitrosothiols; TT: ↑ AOPP) and lipids (GE: ↑ malondialdehyde). Concentrations of nitric oxide and its metabolites (peroxynitrite) were significantly higher in the plasma of hypoxic exercisers with an associated increase in inflammatory mediators (GE: ↑ myeloperoxidase, ↑ tumor necrosis factor-alpha) and lysosomal exoglycosidase activity (GE: ↑ N-acetyl-β-hexosaminidase, ↑ β-glucuronidase). Our study indicates that even a single intensive exercise session disrupts the antioxidant barrier and leads to increased oxidative and nitrosative damage at the systemic level. High-intensity exercise until exhaustion (GE) alters redox homeostasis more than the less intense exercise (TT, near the anaerobic threshold) of longer duration (
min vs.
min—normoxia;
min vs.
min—hypoxia), while hypoxia significantly exacerbates oxidative stress, inflammation, and lysosomal dysfunction in athletic subjects.
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13
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Karayigit R, Eser MC, Sahin FN, Sari C, Sanchez-Gomez A, Dominguez R, Koz M. The Acute Effects of Normobaric Hypoxia on Strength, Muscular Endurance and Cognitive Function: Influence of Dose and Sex. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020309. [PMID: 35205175 PMCID: PMC8869765 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the acute effects of different levels of hypoxia on maximal strength, muscular endurance, and cognitive function in males and females. In total, 13 males (mean ± SD: age, 23.6 ± 2.8 years; height, 176.6 ± 3.9 cm; body mass, 76.6 ± 2.1 kg) and 13 females (mean ± SD: age, 22.8 ± 1.4 years; height, 166.4 ± 1.9 cm; body mass, 61.6 ± 3.4 kg) volunteered for a randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Participants completed a one repetition strength and muscular endurance test (60% of one repetition maximum to failure) for squat and bench press following four conditions; (i) normoxia (900 m altitude; FiO2: 21%); (ii) low dose hypoxia (2000 m altitude; FiO2: 16%); (iii) moderate dose hypoxia (3000 m altitude; FiO2: 14%); and (iv) high dose hypoxia (4000 m altitude; FiO2: 12%). Heart rate, blood lactate, rating of perceived exertion, and cognitive function was also determined during each condition. The one repetition maximum squat (p = 0.33) and bench press (p = 0.68) did not differ between conditions or sexes. Furthermore, squat endurance did not differ between conditions (p = 0.34). There was a significant decrease in bench press endurance following moderate (p = 0.02; p = 0.04) and high (p = 0.01; p = 0.01) doses of hypoxia in both males and females compared to normoxia and low dose hypoxia, respectively. Cognitive function, ratings of perceived exertion, and lactate were also significantly different in high and moderate dose hypoxia conditions compared to normoxia (p < 0.05). Heart rate was not different between the conditions (p = 0.30). In conclusion, high and moderate doses of acute normobaric hypoxia decrease upper body muscular endurance and cognitive performance regardless of sex; however, lower body muscular endurance and maximal strength are not altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raci Karayigit
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Gölbaşı, Ankara 06830, Turkey; (M.C.E.); (F.N.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +90-312-600-0100
| | - Mustafa Can Eser
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Gölbaşı, Ankara 06830, Turkey; (M.C.E.); (F.N.S.)
| | - Fatma Nese Sahin
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Gölbaşı, Ankara 06830, Turkey; (M.C.E.); (F.N.S.)
| | - Cengizhan Sari
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Muş Alparslan University, Muş 49001, Turkey;
| | - Angela Sanchez-Gomez
- Department of Nursing Pharmacology and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Córdoba, 14000 Córdoba, Spain;
| | - Raul Dominguez
- Departamento de Motricidad Humana y Rendimiento Deportivo, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain;
| | - Mitat Koz
- Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Eastern Mediterranean University, North Cyprus, Mersin, Famagusta 99628, Turkey;
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14
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Pérez Regalado S, León J, Feriche B. Therapeutic approach for digestive system cancers and potential implications of exercise under hypoxia condition: what little is known? a narrative review. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2022; 148:1107-1121. [PMID: 35157120 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-03918-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer, like other chronic pathologies, is associated with the presence of hypoxic regions due to the uncontrolled cell growth. Under this pathological hypoxic condition, various molecular signaling pathways are activated to ensure cell survival, such as those that govern angiogenesis, erythropoiesis, among others. These molecular processes are very similar to the physiological response caused by exposure to altitude (natural hypobaric systemic hypoxia), the use of artificial hypoxia devices (systemic normobaric simulated hypoxia) or the delivery of vascular occlusion to the extremities (also called local hypoxia by the blood flow restriction technique). "Tumor hypoxia" has gained further clinical importance due to its crucial role in both tumor progression and resistance to treatment. However, the ability to manipulate this pathway through physical exercise and systemic hypoxia-mediated signaling pathways could offer an important range of therapeutic opportunities that should be further investigated. METHODS This review is focused on the potential implications of systemic hypoxia combined with exercise in digestive system neoplasms prognosis. Articles included in the review were retrieved by searching among the three main scientific databases: PubMed, Scopus, and Embase. FINDINGS The findings of this review suggest that exercise performed under systemic hypoxic conditions could have a positive impact in prognosis and quality of life of the population with digestive system cancers. CONCLUSIONS Further studies are needed to consider this paradigm as a new potential intervention in digestive oncological population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Pérez Regalado
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Josefa León
- Clinical Management Unit of Digestive System, San Cecilio Hospital, Ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain.
| | - Belén Feriche
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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15
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Henriksson J. How hypoxia blunts protein synthesis activation after resistance exercise. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2022; 234:e13747. [PMID: 34931453 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Henriksson
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
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16
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Metabolic, Cardiac, and Hemorheological Responses to Submaximal Exercise under Light and Moderate Hypobaric Hypoxia in Healthy Men. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11010144. [PMID: 35053141 PMCID: PMC8772706 DOI: 10.3390/biology11010144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The lower atmospheric partial pressure of oxygen under hypobaric hypoxia decreases oxygen saturation and arteriovenous oxygen difference. Exercise under hypoxia decreases arterial oxygen saturation, which reduces the ability to deliver oxygen to active muscles and consequently worsens aerobic capacity and exercise performance. Previous studies on metabolic and cardiac responses to submaximal exercise under hypoxia have been well documented, but information on hemorheological responses is relatively insufficient. In this regard, a review of hemorheological responses to exercise under hypoxia could provide further information on reduced aerobic capacity and exercise performance caused by acute hypoxia. We conducted a randomized crossover trial to compare the effects of acute exercise under light and moderate hypobaric hypoxia versus normoxia on metabolic parameters, cardiac function, and hemorheological properties in healthy men. The main findings of our study revealed that endurance submaximal exercise under light (596 mmHg, simulated 2000 m) and moderate (526 mmHg, simulated 3000 m) hypoxia induced greater metabolic and cardiac responses than exercise under normoxia. However, exercise under hypobaric hypoxia did not affect hemorheological properties, including erythrocyte deformability and aggregation. These results can be used as basic data for understanding hemorheological responses in light and moderate hypobaric hypoxia. Abstract We compared the effects of metabolic, cardiac, and hemorheological responses to submaximal exercise under light hypoxia (LH) and moderate hypoxia (MH) versus normoxia (N). Ten healthy men (aged 21.3 ± 1.0 years) completed 30 min submaximal exercise corresponding to 60% maximal oxygen uptake at normoxia on a cycle ergometer under normoxia (760 mmHg), light hypoxia (596 mmHg, simulated 2000 m altitude), and moderate hypoxia (526 mmHg, simulated 3000 m altitude) after a 30 min exposure in the respective environments on different days, in a random order. Metabolic parameters (oxygen saturation (SPO2), minute ventilation, oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide excretion, respiratory exchange ratio, and blood lactate), cardiac function (heart rate (HR), stroke volume, cardiac output, and ejection fraction), and hemorheological properties (erythrocyte deformability and aggregation) were measured at rest and 5, 10, 15, and 30 min after exercise. SPO2 significantly reduced as hypoxia became more severe (MH > LH > N), and blood lactate was significantly higher in the MH than in the LH and N groups. HR significantly increased in the MH and LH groups compared to the N group. There was no significant difference in hemorheological properties, including erythrocyte deformability and aggregation. Thus, submaximal exercise under light/moderate hypoxia induced greater metabolic and cardiac responses but did not affect hemorheological properties.
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17
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Coşkun B, Aras D, Akalan C, Kocak S, Hamlin MJ. Plyometric Training in Normobaric Hypoxia improves Jump Performance. Int J Sports Med 2021; 43:519-525. [PMID: 34879398 DOI: 10.1055/a-1656-9677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Strength training in hypoxia has been shown to enhance hypertrophy and function of skeletal muscle, however, the effects of plyometric training in hypoxia is relatively unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effects of plyometric training in hypoxia compared to normoxia on body composition, sprint and jump parameters. Twenty-three male physical education students (20.4±2.0 years, mean±SD) participated in the study and were divided into a plyometric training in hypoxia (PTH, n=8), plyometric training in normoxia (PTN, n=7) or control group (C, n=8). The PTH group trained in normobaric hypoxia (approximately 3536 m) 3 days/week for 8 weeks, while the PTN trained in normoxia. PTH induced significant improvements from baseline to post-testing in countermovement-jump (37.8±6.7 cm, 43.4±5.0 cm, p<0.05), squat-jump (35.4±6.2 cm, 41.1±5.7 cm, p<0.05), drop-jump height (32.8±6 cm, 38.1±6 cm, p<0.05) and 20-m sprint performance (3257.1±109.5 ms, 3145.8±83.6 ms, p<0.05); whereas PTN produced significant improvement only in countermovement-jump (37.3±4.8 cm, 40.5±4.5 cm, p<0.05) and 20-m sprint performance (3209.: 3±76.1 ms, 3126.6±100.4 ms, p<0.05). Plyometric training under hypoxic conditions induces greater improvement in some jump measures (drop-jump and squat-jump) compared to similar training in normoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betül Coşkun
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.,Department of Physical Education and Sports, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Dicle Aras
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cengiz Akalan
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Settar Kocak
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.,Faculty of Sport Sciences, Lokman Hekim University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Michael J Hamlin
- Department of Tourism, Sport and Society, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand
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18
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van Doorslaer de Ten Ryen S, Warnier G, Gnimassou O, Belhaj MR, Benoit N, Naslain D, Brook MS, Smith K, Wilkinson DJ, Nielens H, Atherton PJ, Francaux M, Deldicque L. Higher strength gain after hypoxic vs normoxic resistance training despite no changes in muscle thickness and fractional protein synthetic rate. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21773. [PMID: 34324735 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100654rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Acute hypoxia has previously been suggested to potentiate resistance training-induced hypertrophy by activating satellite cell-dependent myogenesis rather than an improvement in protein balance in human. Here, we tested this hypothesis after a 4-week hypoxic vs normoxic resistance training protocol. For that purpose, 19 physically active male subjects were recruited to perform 6 sets of 10 repetitions of a one-leg knee extension exercise at 80% 1-RM 3 times/week for 4 weeks in normoxia (FiO2 : 0.21; n = 9) or in hypoxia (FiO2 : 0.135, n = 10). Blood and skeletal muscle samples were taken before and after the training period. Muscle fractional protein synthetic rate was measured over the whole period by deuterium incorporation into the protein pool and muscle thickness by ultrasound. At the end of the training protocol, the strength gain was higher in the hypoxic vs the normoxic group despite no changes in muscle thickness and in the fractional protein synthetic rate. Only early myogenesis, as assessed by higher MyoD and Myf5 mRNA levels, appeared to be enhanced by hypoxia compared to normoxia. No effects were found on myosin heavy chain expression, markers of oxidative metabolism and lactate transport in the skeletal muscle. Though the present study failed to unravel clearly the mechanisms by which hypoxic resistance training is particularly potent to increase muscle strength, it is important message to keep in mind that this training strategy could be effective for all athletes looking at developing and optimizing their maximal muscle strength.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mehdi R Belhaj
- Institute of Neuroscience, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Benoit
- Institute of Neuroscience, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Damien Naslain
- Institute of Neuroscience, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Matthew S Brook
- MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Kenneth Smith
- MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Daniel J Wilkinson
- MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Henri Nielens
- Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philip J Atherton
- MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Marc Francaux
- Institute of Neuroscience, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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19
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Almeida F, Padial P, Bonitch-Góngora J, de la Fuente B, Schoenfeld BJ, Morales-Artacho AJ, Benavente C, Feriche B. Effects of Power-Oriented Resistance Training During an Altitude Camp on Strength and Technical Performance of Elite Judokas. Front Physiol 2021; 12:606191. [PMID: 33679430 PMCID: PMC7930574 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.606191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of a 3-week power-oriented resistance training program performed at moderate altitude on leg power output variables in a countermovement jump, a related judo technique (ippon-seoi-nage) and the relationship between them. Twenty-four elite male judokas were randomly assigned to a hypobaric hypoxia or normoxia group. Mechanical outputs from an incremental loaded countermovement jump test and the kinematic variables transferred to a dummy during an ippon-seoi-nage test (time to execution and movement accelerations) were assessed before, after, 1 and 2 weeks after training. Results indicated an increase in explosive leg capacity both at moderate altitude (2320 m.a.s.l.) and sea level. The hypoxia group showed additional benefits when compared to normoxia group for peak velocities with different percentages of the body weight, maximal theoretical velocity and jump height after the training period, and these additional benefits in jump height were maintained 2 weeks after training. The hypoxia group achieved a higher peak performance in peak velocity and jump height than normoxia group (peak velocity: 8.8 vs. 5.6%, jump height: 8.2 vs. 1.4%, respectively) and was achieved earlier in hypoxia (after training) than in normoxia (1 week after training). However, there was a detrimental effect for the hypoxia group on the times of execution and acceleration of the ippon-seoi-nage compared to the normoxia group. These results suggest that altitude training may induce faster and greater improvements in explosive leg extension capacity. Specific technique-oriented training should be included at altitude to prevent technique impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Almeida
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Paulino Padial
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Juan Bonitch-Góngora
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Blanca de la Fuente
- High Performance Center of Sierra Nevada, Spanish Sport Council, Granada, Spain
| | - Brad J Schoenfeld
- Department of Health Sciences, CUNY Lehman College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Antonio J Morales-Artacho
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Research Department, French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Cristina Benavente
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Belén Feriche
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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20
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Resistance Training in Hypoxia as a New Therapeutic Modality for Sarcopenia-A Narrative Review. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11020106. [PMID: 33573198 PMCID: PMC7912455 DOI: 10.3390/life11020106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic training is believed to be generally useful for improving exercise performance in various athletes. Nowadays, exercise intervention in hypoxia is recognized as a new therapeutic modality for health promotion and disease prevention or treatment based on the lower mortality and prevalence of people living in high-altitude environments than those living in low-altitude environments. Recently, resistance training in hypoxia (RTH), a new therapeutic modality combining hypoxia and resistance exercise, has been attempted to improve muscle hypertrophy and muscle function. RTH is known to induce greater muscle size, lean mass, increased muscle strength and endurance, bodily function, and angiogenesis of skeletal muscles than traditional resistance exercise. Therefore, we examined previous studies to understand the clinical and physiological aspects of sarcopenia and RTH for muscular function and hypertrophy. However, few investigations have examined the combined effects of hypoxic stress and resistance exercise, and as such, it is difficult to make recommendations for implementing universal RTH programs for sarcopenia based on current understanding. It should also be acknowledged that a number of mechanisms proposed to facilitate the augmented response to RTH remain poorly understood, particularly the role of metabolic, hormonal, and intracellular signaling pathways. Further RTH intervention studies considering various exercise parameters (e.g., load, recovery time between sets, hypoxic dose, and intervention period) are strongly recommended to reinforce knowledge about the adaptational processes and the effects of this type of resistance training for sarcopenia in older people.
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21
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De Groote E, Deldicque L. Is Physical Exercise in Hypoxia an Interesting Strategy to Prevent the Development of Type 2 Diabetes? A Narrative Review. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2021; 14:3603-3616. [PMID: 34413663 PMCID: PMC8370110 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s322249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired metabolism is becoming one of the main causes of mortality and the identification of strategies to cure those diseases is a major public health concern. A number of therapies are being developed to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but few of them focus on situations prior to diabetes. Obesity, aging and insulin resistance are all risk factors, which fortunately can be reversed to some extent. Non-drug interventions, such as exercise, are interesting strategies to prevent the onset of diabetes, but it remains to determine the optimal dose and conditions. In the search of optimizing the effects of physical exercise to prevent T2DM, hypoxic training has emerged as an interesting and original strategy. Several recent studies have chosen to look at the effects of hypoxic training in people at risk of developing T2DM. Therefore, the purpose of this narrative review is to give an overview of all original articles having tested the effects of a single exercise or exercise training in hypoxia on glucose metabolism and other health-related parameters in people at risk of developing T2DM. Taken together, the data on the effects of hypoxic training on glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity and the health status of people at risk of T2DM are inconclusive. Some studies show that hypoxic training can improve glucose metabolism and the health status to a greater extent than normoxic training, while others do not corroborate the latter. When an additional benefit of hypoxic vs normoxic training is found, it still remains to determine which signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle De Groote
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Louise Deldicque
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Correspondence: Louise Deldicque Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Place Pierre de Coubertin, 1 Box L08.10.01, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, BelgiumTel +32 10 47 44 43 Email
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Gassmann NN, Matthes KL, Eppenberger P, Brabec M, Panczak R, Zwahlen M, Bender N, Wyss T, Rühli FJ, Staub K. Residential Altitude Associates With Endurance but Not Muscle Power in Young Swiss Men. Front Physiol 2020; 11:860. [PMID: 32792981 PMCID: PMC7390881 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Physical fitness benefits health. However, there is a research gap on how physical fitness, particularly aerobic endurance capacity and muscle power, is influenced by residential altitude, blood parameters, weight, and other cofactors in a population living at low to moderate altitudes (300–2100 masl). Materials and Methods We explored how endurance and muscle power performance changes with residential altitude, Body Mass Index (BMI), hemoglobin and creatinine levels among 108,677 Swiss men aged 18–22 years (covering >90% of Swiss birth cohorts) conscripted to the Swiss Armed Forces between 2007 and 2012. The test battery included a blood test of about 65%, a physical evaluation of about 85%, and the BMI of all conscripts. Results Residential altitude was significantly associated with endurance (p < 0.001) but not with muscle power performance (p = 0.858) after adjusting for all available cofactors. Higher BMI showed the greatest negative association with both endurance and muscle power performance. For muscle power performance, the association with creatinine levels was significant. Elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) and hemoglobin levels were stronger contributors in explaining endurance than muscle power performance. Conclusion We found a significant association between low to moderate residential altitude and aerobic endurance capacity even after adjustment for hemoglobin, creatinine, BMI and sociodemographic factors. Non-assessed factors such as vitamin D levels, air pollution, and lifestyle aspects may explain the presented remaining association partially and could also be associated with residential altitude. Monitoring the health and fitness of young people and their determinants is important and of practical concern for disease prevention and public health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norina N Gassmann
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katarina L Matthes
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Eppenberger
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marek Brabec
- Institute of Computer Science of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Radoslav Panczak
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QL, Australia
| | - Marcel Zwahlen
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Bender
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Wyss
- Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM, Magglingen, Switzerland
| | - Frank J Rühli
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kaspar Staub
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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23
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Törpel A, Peter B, Schega L. Effect of Resistance Training Under Normobaric Hypoxia on Physical Performance, Hematological Parameters, and Body Composition in Young and Older People. Front Physiol 2020; 11:335. [PMID: 32411007 PMCID: PMC7198789 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Resistance training (RT) under hypoxic conditions has been used to increase muscular performance under normoxic conditions in young people. However, the effects of RT and thus of RT under hypoxia (RTH) could also be valuable for parameters of physical capacity and body composition across the lifespan. Therefore, we compared the effects of low- to moderate-load RTH with matched designed RT on muscular strength capacity, cardiopulmonary capacity, hematological adaptation, and body composition in young and older people. Methods In a pre–post randomized, blinded, and controlled experiment, 42 young (18 to 30 year) and 42 older (60 to 75 year) participants were randomly assigned to RTH or RT (RTH young, RT young, RTH old, RT old). Both groups performed eight resistance exercises (25–40% of 1RM, 3 × 15 repetitions) four times a week over 5 weeks. The intensity of hypoxic air for the RTH was administered individually in regards to the oxygen saturation of the blood (SpO2): ∼80–85%. Changes and differences in maximal isokinetic strength, cardiopulmonary capacity, total hemoglobin mass (tHb), blood volume (BV), fat free mass (FFM), and fat mass (FM) were determined pre–post, and the acute reaction of erythropoietin (EPO) was tested during the intervention. Results In all parameters, no significant pre–post differences in mean changes (time × group effects p = 0.120 to 1.000) were found between RTH and RT within the age groups. However, within the four groups, isolated significant improvements (p < 0.050) of the single groups were observed regarding the muscular strength of the legs and the cardiopulmonary capacity. Discussion Although the hypoxic dose and the exercise variables of the resistance training in this study were based on the current recommendations of RTH, the RTH design used had no superior effect on the tested parameters in young and older people in comparison to the matched designed RT under normoxia after a 5-week intervention period. Based on previous RTH-studies as well as the knowledge about RT in general, it can be assumed that the expected higher effects of RTH can may be achieved by changing exercise variables (e.g., longer intervention period, higher loads).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Törpel
- Department Health and Physical Activity, Institute III Sport Science, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Beate Peter
- Department Health and Physical Activity, Institute III Sport Science, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Lutz Schega
- Department Health and Physical Activity, Institute III Sport Science, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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24
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Mujika I, Sharma AP, Stellingwerff T. Contemporary Periodization of Altitude Training for Elite Endurance Athletes: A Narrative Review. Sports Med 2020; 49:1651-1669. [PMID: 31452130 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01165-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Since the 1960s there has been an escalation in the purposeful utilization of altitude to enhance endurance athletic performance. This has been mirrored by a parallel intensification in research pursuits to elucidate hypoxia-induced adaptive mechanisms and substantiate optimal altitude protocols (e.g., hypoxic dose, duration, timing, and confounding factors such as training load periodization, health status, individual response, and nutritional considerations). The majority of the research and the field-based rationale for altitude has focused on hematological outcomes, where hypoxia causes an increased erythropoietic response resulting in augmented hemoglobin mass. Hypoxia-induced non-hematological adaptations, such as mitochondrial gene expression and enhanced muscle buffering capacity may also impact athletic performance, but research in elite endurance athletes is limited. However, despite significant scientific progress in our understanding of hypobaric hypoxia (natural altitude) and normobaric hypoxia (simulated altitude), elite endurance athletes and coaches still tend to be trailblazers at the coal face of cutting-edge altitude application to optimize individual performance, and they already implement novel altitude training interventions and progressive periodization and monitoring approaches. Published and field-based data strongly suggest that altitude training in elite endurance athletes should follow a long- and short-term periodized approach, integrating exercise training and recovery manipulation, performance peaking, adaptation monitoring, nutritional approaches, and the use of normobaric hypoxia in conjunction with terrestrial altitude. Future research should focus on the long-term effects of accumulated altitude training through repeated exposures, the interactions between altitude and other components of a periodized approach to elite athletic preparation, and the time course of non-hematological hypoxic adaptation and de-adaptation, and the potential differences in exercise-induced altitude adaptations between different modes of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñigo Mujika
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain. .,Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Avish P Sharma
- Griffith Sports Physiology and Performance, School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.,Triathlon Australia, Burleigh Heads, QLD, Australia
| | - Trent Stellingwerff
- Canadian Sport Institute-Pacific, Victoria, BC, Canada.,Department of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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25
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Honda A, Kon M, Matsubayashi T, Suzuki Y. Short-Term Intermittent Hypoxic Resistance Training Does Not Impair Osteogenic Response in Sea Level Residents. High Alt Med Biol 2020; 21:160-166. [PMID: 32013568 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2019.0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Osteogenic responses induced by training under hypoxia remain unclear. We aimed to investigate whether intermittent hypoxic resistance training affects osteogenic responses. Materials and Methods: Sixteen male participants underwent resistance training under normoxia (NRT; n = 7) or hypoxia (HRT; O2 = 14.4%, n = 9), twice a week for 8 weeks. The HRT group exercised and rested for 30 minutes under hypoxia, with total hypoxic exposure time in one session of ∼60 minutes. At pre- and postexperiment, bone mineral density (BMD) of the whole body and right proximal femur was measured. At the first and last training sessions, bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP), osteocalcin (OC), cross-linked N-telopeptide of type I collagen (NTx), type I collagen cross-linked C-telopeptide (ICTP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and blood lactate (La) concentration were analyzed at rest and postexercise. Results: BMD did not change with training and hypoxia. Although BAP, OC, and ICTP levels at rest significantly increased with training (p < 0.01, 0.05, and 0.05, respectively), they did not change with hypoxia. NTx and IL-6 did not change. Additionally, changing patterns of bone markers and La induced by a single bout of exercise were similar among groups in both training sessions. Conclusions: Short-term resistance training enhanced overall bone metabolism, regardless of the oxygen level. Hypoxia has no effects on osteogenic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Honda
- Department of Health and Sport Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Asahi University, Mizuho, Japan
| | - Michihiro Kon
- School of International Liberal Studies, Chukyo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takeo Matsubayashi
- Department of Sports Sciences, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Kita-ku, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Suzuki
- Department of Sports Sciences, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Kita-ku, Japan
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26
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Feriche B, Schoenfeld BJ, Bonitch-Gongora J, de la Fuente B, Almeida F, Argüelles J, Benavente C, Padial P. Altitude-induced effects on muscular metabolic stress and hypertrophy-related factors after a resistance training session. Eur J Sport Sci 2019; 20:1083-1092. [PMID: 31699003 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1691270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the acute effects of exposure to moderate altitude on factors associated with muscular adaptations following whole-body hypertrophy-oriented resistance training (R T) sessions. Thirteen resistance-trained males completed both counterbalanced standard hypertrophic R T sessions (3 sets × 10RM, 2 min rest) at moderate-altitude (H; 2320 m asl) and under normoxic conditions (N; <700 m asl). Participants rested 72 h between training sessions. Before and after the exercise session, blood samples were obtained for determination of metabolites and ions (lactate, inorganic phosphate, liquid carbon dioxide and calcium) and hormones (testosterone and growth hormone). Session-related performance and perception of effort (s-RPE) were also monitored. Results showed no meaningful differences in performance or s-RPE (8.5 ± 1.4 vs 8.6 ± 0.8 respectively for N and H; p = 0.603). All blood variables displayed statistically significant changes throughout the recovery period compared to basal levels (p < 0.05), except for the testosterone. However, no altitude effect was observed in maximal blood lactate, calcium or anabolic hormones (p > 0.05). The reduction observed in the liquid carbon dioxide concentration in H (21.11 ± 1.46 vs 16.19 ± 1.61 mmol·l-1) seems compatible with an increase in buffering capacity. Compared to N, inorganic phosphate displayed lower recovery values after the R T in H (2.89 ± 0.64 vs 2.23 ± 0.60 mg dl-1; p = 0.007). The results of this study do not support an accentuated effect of acute moderate terrestrial hypoxia on metabolic and hormonal factors linked to muscle growth during hypertrophic resistance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belen Feriche
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Brad J Schoenfeld
- Department of Health Sciences, CUNY Lehman College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Juan Bonitch-Gongora
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Blanca de la Fuente
- High performance Center of Sierra Nevada, Spanish Sport Council, Granada, Spain
| | - Filipa Almeida
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Javier Argüelles
- High performance Center of Sierra Nevada, Spanish Sport Council, Granada, Spain
| | - Cristina Benavente
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Paulino Padial
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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27
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Camacho-Cardenosa M, Camacho-Cardenosa A, Brazo-Sayavera J, Olcina G, Tomas-Carus P, Timón R. Evaluation of 18-Week Whole-Body Vibration Training in Normobaric Hypoxia on Lower Extremity Muscle Strength in an Elderly Population. High Alt Med Biol 2019; 20:157-164. [PMID: 31021265 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2018.0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic benefits of hypoxic training have been suggested for clinical populations, such as elderly who could suffer loss of lower limb muscle strength and higher risk of falling. This study investigated the effects of 18 weeks of whole-body vibration (WBV) training in normobaric hypoxia on the strength parameters of an elderly population. Thirty-one healthy elderly participants were randomly assigned to a hypoxic whole-body vibration group (HWBV; n = 10), normoxic whole-body vibration group (NWBV; n = 11), or control group (n = 10). The experimental groups received the same vibration treatment in a hypoxia chamber (HWBV: 16.1% fraction of inspired oxygen [FiO2]; NWBV: 21.0% FiO2). Isokinetic leg muscle strength was evaluated using a Biodex System-3 isokinetic dynamometer. Body composition was obtained with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. There were no significant differences between groups in either strength or body composition parameters. The NWBV group showed statistically significant improvements in the maximal strength of knee extensors, with a small effect size (p = 0.004; d = 0.54). No significant differences were found in any variable of the HWBV group. The combination of WBV training and exposure to normobaric cyclic hypoxia carried out in the present study did not have an effect on strength parameters in healthy elderly subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Javier Brazo-Sayavera
- 2 Instituto Superior de Educación Física, Universidad de la República, Rivera, Uruguay.,3 Polo de Desarrollo Universitario EFISAL, Rivera, Uruguay
| | - Guillermo Olcina
- 1 Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
| | - Pablo Tomas-Carus
- 4 Departamento de Desporto e Saúde, Escola de Cie^ncia e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal.,5 Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - Rafael Timón
- 1 Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
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28
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Entrenamiento de fuerza y resistencia en hipoxia: efecto en la hipertrofia muscular. BIOMEDICA 2019; 39:212-220. [PMID: 31021559 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.v39i1.4084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
El entrenamiento en altitud y el entrenamiento en hipoxia simulada producen adaptaciones fisiológicas y bioquímicas en el músculo esquelético como la capacidad oxidativa, así como modificaciones de la actividad mitocondrial, en el metabolismo aerobio y en el contenido de mioglobina.El propósito de esta revisión fue analizar las adaptaciones del músculo esquelético en respuesta a la exposición temporal a la hipoxia combinada con ejercicios de fuerza y resistencia. Según los hallazgos de numerosos autores, las adaptaciones estructurales del músculo son similares en la hipoxia y en la ‘normoxia’, con excepción de un aumento en el volumen muscular y en el área de la sección transversal de la fibra muscular, que son mayores en la hipoxia.En conclusión, la sinergia del entrenamiento de fuerza y resistencia y la hipoxia normobárica produce mejores y mayores adaptaciones, ganancias y cambios fisiológicos beneficiosos en el tejido muscular, lo cual genera cambios fenotípicos favorables, como la hipertrofia del músculo esquelético.
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29
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Martínez-Guardado I, Ramos-Campo DJ, Olcina GJ, Rubio-Arias JA, Chung LH, Marín-Cascales E, Alcaraz PE, Timón R. Effects of high-intensity resistance circuit-based training in hypoxia on body composition and strength performance. Eur J Sport Sci 2019; 19:941-951. [PMID: 30638154 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1564796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxic training methods are increasingly being used by researchers in an attempt to improve performance in normoxic ambients. Moreover, previous research suggests that resistance training in hypoxia can cause physiological and muscle adaptations. The primary aim of this study was to compare the effects of 8 weeks of high-intensity resistance circuit-based (HRC) training in hypoxia on body composition and strength performance. The secondary aim was to examine the effects of HRC on metabolic parameters. Twenty-eight male participants were randomly assigned to either hypoxia (Fraction of inspired oxygen [FIO2] = 15%; HRChyp: n = 15; age: 24.6 ± 6.8 years; height: 177.4 ± 5.9 cm; weight: 74.9 ± 11.5 kg) or normoxia [FIO2] = 20.9%; HRCnorm: n = 13; age: 23.2 ± 5.2 years; height: 173.4 ± 6.2 cm; weight: 69.4 ± 7.4 kg) groups. Training sessions consisted of two blocks of three exercises (Block 1: bench press, leg extension and front pull down; Block 2: deadlift, elbow flexion and ankle extension). Each exercise was performed at six repetition maximum. Rest periods lasted for 35-s between exercises, 3-min between sets and 5-min between blocks. Participants exercised twice weekly for 8 weeks, and body composition, strength and blood tests were performed before and after the training program. Lean body mass and bone mineral density significantly increased over time in the HRChyp (p < .005; ES = 0.14 and p < .014; ES = 0.19, respectively) but not in the HRCnorm after training. Both groups improved their strength performance over time (p < .001), but without group effect differences. These results indicate that simulated hypoxia during HRC exercise produced trivial effects on lean body mass and bone mineral density compared to normoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Domingo J Ramos-Campo
- b Department of Physical Activity and Sport Science, Sport Science Faculty , Catholic University of Murcia , Murcia , Spain.,c UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport , Murcia , Spain
| | | | - Jacobo A Rubio-Arias
- b Department of Physical Activity and Sport Science, Sport Science Faculty , Catholic University of Murcia , Murcia , Spain.,c UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport , Murcia , Spain
| | - Linda H Chung
- b Department of Physical Activity and Sport Science, Sport Science Faculty , Catholic University of Murcia , Murcia , Spain.,c UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport , Murcia , Spain
| | | | - Pedro E Alcaraz
- b Department of Physical Activity and Sport Science, Sport Science Faculty , Catholic University of Murcia , Murcia , Spain.,c UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport , Murcia , Spain
| | - Rafael Timón
- a Sport Science Faculty , University of Extremadura , Cáceres , Spain
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30
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Almeida F, Bonitch-Góngora J, Padial P, de la Fuente B, Morales-Artacho AJ, Feriche B. Effect of acute exposure to moderate altitude on kinematic variables of the ippon-seoi-nage and its relationship with the countermovement jump in elite judokas. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206297. [PMID: 30356263 PMCID: PMC6200267 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the effect of acute exposure to moderate altitude on kinematic variables of the ippon-seoi-nage and on the mechanical outputs of the countermovement jump (CMJ). Thirteen elite male judokas from the Spanish Judo Training Centre in Valencia (age: 21.54 ± 2.15 years) participated in the study. All of them performed an incremental CMJ test and an ippon-seoi-nage technique test before (N) and after the ascent to a moderate altitude of 2320 m above the sea level (H). A linear velocity transducer was attached to the bar to assess the mechanical outputs of each loaded CMJ at different percentages of their own body weight (25, 50, 75 and 100%). A wearable sensor was used to assess the kinematic variables (times, accelerations and angular velocities) transferred to a dummy during the technique test. The kinematic variables showed great individual reliability (CV = 8.46% in N; CV = 8.37% in H), which contrasted with low reliability observed when the whole group was considered. The smallest important CV ratio (>1.15) showed that H caused changes in the reliability of the kinematic variables, with some variables becoming more reliable and others losing the reliability they had in N. H also caused small increments in peak velocity across all loads tested in the CMJ (+3.67%; P<0.05). In contrast, no changes in the kinematic variables were verified. In addition, there was no association between leg extension capability and the acceleration (r = -0.16 ± 0.19 in N; r = -0.24 ± 0.19 in H) or angular velocity (r = -0.19 ± 0.24 in N; r = -0.30 ± 0.26 in H) of the ippon-seoi-nage, nor was acute exposure to H found to affect this association (P>0.05). Differences between individual and within-groups CV confirm the individual adaptations that each judoka makes during this technique. Additionally, the CV ratio shows a change in the space-time pattern of the technique in H. Therefore, it would be necessary to include an adaptation period to adapt the technique after the ascent in altitude. Further studies are needed to confirm the relationship and transference from the velocity gains in CMJ during altitude training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Almeida
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada Spain
| | - Juan Bonitch-Góngora
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada Spain
| | - Paulino Padial
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada Spain
| | - Blanca de la Fuente
- High Performance Center of Sierra Nevada, Spanish Sport Council, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Belén Feriche
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada Spain
- * E-mail:
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31
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Mourot L. Limitation of Maximal Heart Rate in Hypoxia: Mechanisms and Clinical Importance. Front Physiol 2018; 9:972. [PMID: 30083108 PMCID: PMC6064954 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of exercise intervention in hypoxia has grown in popularity amongst patients, with encouraging results compared to similar intervention in normoxia. The prescription of exercise for patients largely rely on heart rate recordings (percentage of maximal heart rate (HRmax) or heart rate reserve). It is known that HRmax decreases with high altitude and the duration of the stay (acclimatization). At an altitude typically chosen for training (2,000-3,500 m) conflicting results have been found. Whether or not this decrease exists or not is of importance since the results of previous studies assessing hypoxic training based on HR may be biased due to improper intensity. By pooling the results of 86 studies, this literature review emphasizes that HRmax decreases progressively with increasing hypoxia. The dose–response is roughly linear and starts at a low altitude, but with large inter-study variabilities. Sex or age does not seem to be a major contributor in the HRmax decline with altitude. Rather, it seems that the greater the reduction in arterial oxygen saturation, the greater the reduction in HRmax, due to an over activity of the parasympathetic nervous system. Only a few studies reported HRmax at sea/low level and altitude with patients. Altogether, due to very different experimental design, it is difficult to draw firm conclusions in these different clinical categories of people. Hence, forthcoming studies in specific groups of patients are required to properly evaluate (1) the HRmax change during acute hypoxia and the contributing factors, and (2) the physiological and clinical effects of exercise training in hypoxia with adequate prescription of exercise training intensity if based on heart rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Mourot
- EA 3920 Prognostic Markers and Regulatory Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases and Exercise Performance, Health, Innovation Platform, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France.,Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia
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32
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Morales-Artacho AJ, Padial P, García-Ramos A, Pérez-Castilla A, Argüelles-Cienfuegos J, De la Fuente B, Feriche B. Intermittent Resistance Training at Moderate Altitude: Effects on the Force-Velocity Relationship, Isometric Strength and Muscle Architecture. Front Physiol 2018; 9:594. [PMID: 29882549 PMCID: PMC5976859 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermittent hypoxic resistance training (IHRT) may help to maximize the adaptations following resistance training, although conflicting evidence is available. The aim of this study was to explore the influence of moderate altitude on the functional, neural and muscle architecture responses of the quadriceps muscles following a power-oriented IHRT intervention. Twenty-four active males completed two 4-week consecutive training blocks comprising general strengthening exercises (weeks 1–4) and power-oriented resistance training (weeks 5–8). Training sessions were conducted twice a week at moderate altitude (2320 m; IHRT, n = 13) or normoxia (690 m; NT, n = 11). Training intensity during the second training block was set to the individual load corresponding to a barbell mean propulsive velocity of 1 m·s−1. Pre-post assessments, performed under normoxic conditions, comprised quadriceps muscle architecture (thickness, pennation angle and fascicle length), isometric maximal (MVF) and explosive strength, and voluntary muscle activation. Dynamic strength performance was assessed through the force-velocity relationship (F0, V0, P0) and a repeated CMJ test (CMJ15MP). Region-specific muscle thickness changes were observed in both training groups (p < 0.001, ηG2 = 0.02). A small opposite trend in pennation angle changes was observed (ES [90% CI]: −0.33 [−0.65, −0.01] vs. 0.11 [−0.44, 0.6], in the IHRT and NT group, respectively; p = 0.094, ηG2 = 0.02). Both training groups showed similar improvements in MVF (ES: 0.38 [0.20, 0.56] vs. 0.55 [0.29, 0.80], in the IHRT and NT group, respectively; p = 0.645, ηG2 < 0.01), F0 (ES: 0.41 [−0.03, 0.85] vs. 0.52 [0.04, 0.99], in the IHRT and NT group, respectively; p = 0.569, ηG2 < 0.01) and P0 (ES: 0.53 [0.07, 0.98] vs. 0.19 [−0.06, 0.44], in the IHRT and NT group, respectively; p = 0.320, ηG2 < 0.01). No meaningful changes in explosive strength performance were observed. In conclusion, contrary to earlier adverse associations between altitude and resistance-training muscle adaptations, similar anatomical and functional muscle strength responses can be achieved in both environmental conditions. The observed region-specific muscle thickness changes may encourage further research on the potential influence of IHRT on muscle morphological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J Morales-Artacho
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Paulino Padial
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Alejandro Pérez-Castilla
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Blanca De la Fuente
- High Performance Center of Sierra Nevada, Spanish Sport Council, Granada, Spain
| | - Belén Feriche
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Ramos-Campo DJ, Scott BR, Alcaraz PE, Rubio-Arias JA. The efficacy of resistance training in hypoxia to enhance strength and muscle growth: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Sport Sci 2017; 18:92-103. [PMID: 29045191 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2017.1388850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have reported that resistance training in hypoxia (RTH) may augment muscle size and strength development. However, consensus on the effects of RTH via systematic review and meta-analysis is not yet available. This work aimed to systematically review studies which have investigated using RTH versus normoxic resistance training (NRT) to improve muscular size and strength, and to perform a meta-analysis to determine the effect of RTH on these adaptive parameters. Searches were conducted in PubMed, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library from database inception until 17 June 2017 for original articles assessing the effects of RTH on muscle size and strength versus NRT. The effects on outcomes were expressed as standardized mean differences (SMD). Nine studies (158 participants) reported on the effects of RTH versus NRT for muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) (n = 4) or strength (n = 6). RTH significantly increased CSA (SMD = 0.70, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.05, 1.35; p = .04) and strength (SMD = 1.88; 95% CI = 1.20, 2.56; p < .00001). However, RTH did not produce significant change in CSA (SMD = 0.24, 95% CI -0.19, 0.68, p = .27) or strength (SMD = 0.20; 95% CI = -0.27, 0.78; p = .23) when compared to NRT. Although RTH improved muscle size and strength, this protocol did not provide significant benefit over resistance training in normoxia. Nevertheless, this paper identified marked differences in methodologies for implementing RTH, and future research using standardized protocols is therefore warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domingo J Ramos-Campo
- a Department of Physical Activity and Sport Science, Sport Science Faculty , Catholic University of Murcia , Murcia , Spain.,b UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport , Murcia , Spain
| | - Brendan R Scott
- c School of Psychology and Exercise Science , Murdoch University , Perth , Australia
| | - Pedro E Alcaraz
- a Department of Physical Activity and Sport Science, Sport Science Faculty , Catholic University of Murcia , Murcia , Spain.,b UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport , Murcia , Spain
| | - Jacobo A Rubio-Arias
- a Department of Physical Activity and Sport Science, Sport Science Faculty , Catholic University of Murcia , Murcia , Spain.,b UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport , Murcia , Spain
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