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O'Connor FK, Doering TM, Chapman ND, Ritchie DM, Bartlett JD. A two-year examination of the relation between internal and external load and heart rate variability in Australian Rules Football. J Sports Sci 2024; 42:1400-1409. [PMID: 39206749 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2390238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The relationship between heart rate variability (HRV) and training load in team-sport is unknown. We therefore assessed relations between completed training-load in the previous 1-, 3- and 7-days and waking HRV in professional Australian Rules Football. Linear-mixed models analysed changes in HRV, considering training load from the previous 1-, 3- and 7-days. Total Distance (TD), distance >14.4 km ‧ h-1 (HSR) and >24.9 km ‧ h-1 (Sprint-Distance), duration >85% max heart rate and Rating of Perceived Exertion were included as independent variables. Sub-group analysis of season-phase and years of professional experience was also conducted. Increased three-day Sprint-Distance reduced HRV in the first 8-weeks of pre-season (-13.1 ms, p = 0.03) and across the data collection period (-3.75 ms, p = 0.01). In first-year players, higher previous-day (-63.3 ms, p=0.04) and seven-day TD (-38.2 ms, p = 0.02) reduced HRV, whilst higher seven-day HSR increased HRV (34.5 ms, p = 0.01). In players with five-to-seven years of professional experience, higher three-day (-14.4 ms, p = 0.02) and seven-day TD (-15.7 ms, p = 0.01) reduced HRV, while higher three-day HSR increased HRV (12.5 ms, p = 0.04). In players with greater than eight years of professional experience, higher previous-day Sprint-Distance reduced HRV (-13.1 ms, p < 0.008). Completed training load across the previous 7-days influences HRV, but the relation between variables is complex and influenced by professional experience and season-phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fergus K O'Connor
- Bond Institute of Health and Sport, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thomas M Doering
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD, Australia
| | - Neil D Chapman
- Bond Institute of Health and Sport, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dean M Ritchie
- Bond Institute of Health and Sport, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Queensland, Australia
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Kerpe G, Zuoza AK, Conte D. Effect of Level of Competition and Drill Typology on Internal and External Load in Male Volleyball Players During the Preseason Period. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:533-544. [PMID: 38561004 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed at evaluating the effect of level of competition and drill typology on loads during the preseason period in male volleyball players. METHODS Internal (percentage of peak heart rate [HR] and summated HR zone) and external (PlayerLoad per minute, total and high accelerations per minute [tACCmin and hACCmin], decelerations per minute [tDECmin and hDECmin], and jumps per minute [tJUMPmin and hJUMPmin]) loads were monitored across a 5-week preseason period in 12 Division 1 (age: 22.5 [3.9] y; stature: 188 [6.2] cm; body mass: 85 [11.6] kg; training experience: 9.4 [4.2] y) and 12 Division 2 (age: 20.7 [2.9] y; stature: 186 [6.2] cm; body mass: 77.8 [9.6] kg; training experience: 5.6 [2.3] y) male volleyball players. Furthermore, differences in load were assessed for each drill typology (warm-up, conditioning, technical, tactical, and integral). RESULTS No effects (P > .05) of level of competition on the internal (except for summated HR zone, P = .05) and external loads (except for tJUMPmin, P = .002) were found. Differently, drill typologies showed an effect (P < .001) on all the investigated internal- and external-load measures. The main post hoc results revealed higher (P < .05) percentage of peak HR, summated HR zone, PlayerLoad per minute, and tACCmin in warm-up and conditioning drills, while higher (P < .05) hDECmin and hJUMPmin were found in tactical and integral drills. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that volleyball coaches use warm-up and conditioning drills when aiming at increasing the internal loads, PlayerLoad per minute, and tACCmin, while tactical and integral drills should be preferred to enhance the number of hDECmin and hJUMPmin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbertas Kerpe
- Department of Coaching Science, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | | | - Daniele Conte
- Department of Coaching Science, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
- Department of Movement Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico," Rome, Italy
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Mallardo M, Daniele A, Musumeci G, Nigro E. A Narrative Review on Adipose Tissue and Overtraining: Shedding Light on the Interplay among Adipokines, Exercise and Overtraining. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4089. [PMID: 38612899 PMCID: PMC11012884 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25074089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Lifestyle factors, particularly physical inactivity, are closely linked to the onset of numerous metabolic diseases. Adipose tissue (AT) has been extensively studied for various metabolic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and immune system dysregulation due to its role in energy metabolism and regulation of inflammation. Physical activity is increasingly recognized as a powerful non-pharmacological tool for the treatment of various disorders, as it helps to improve metabolic, immune, and inflammatory functions. However, chronic excessive training has been associated with increased inflammatory markers and oxidative stress, so much so that excessive training overload, combined with inadequate recovery, can lead to the development of overtraining syndrome (OTS). OTS negatively impacts an athlete's performance capabilities and significantly affects both physical health and mental well-being. However, diagnosing OTS remains challenging as the contributing factors, signs/symptoms, and underlying maladaptive mechanisms are individualized, sport-specific, and unclear. Therefore, identifying potential biomarkers that could assist in preventing and/or diagnosing OTS is an important objective. In this review, we focus on the possibility that the endocrine functions of AT may have significant implications in the etiopathogenesis of OTS. During physical exercise, AT responds dynamically, undergoing remodeling of endocrine functions that influence the production of adipokines involved in regulating major energy and inflammatory processes. In this scenario, we will discuss exercise about its effects on AT activity and metabolism and its relevance to the prevention and/or development of OTS. Furthermore, we will highlight adipokines as potential markers for diagnosing OTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Mallardo
- Department of Molecular and Biotechnological Medicine, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy;
- CEINGE-Biotechnologies Advances S.c.a r.l., Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy;
| | - Aurora Daniele
- Department of Molecular and Biotechnological Medicine, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy;
- CEINGE-Biotechnologies Advances S.c.a r.l., Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Musumeci
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Anatomy, Histology and Movement Sciences Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 87, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Research Center on Motor Activities (CRAM), University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Ersilia Nigro
- CEINGE-Biotechnologies Advances S.c.a r.l., Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy;
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Biological, Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via G. Vivaldi 42, 81100 Caserta, Italy
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Rebelo A, Pereira JR, Cunha P, Coelho-E-Silva MJ, Valente-Dos-Santos J. Training stress, neuromuscular fatigue and well-being in volleyball: a systematic review. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2024; 16:17. [PMID: 38218879 PMCID: PMC10788005 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-024-00807-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Volleyball, with its unique calendar structure, presents distinct challenges in training and competition scheduling. Like many team sports, volleyball features an unconventional schedule with brief off-season and pre-season phases, juxtaposed against an extensive in-season phase characterized by a high density of matches and training. This compact calendar necessitates careful management of training loads and recovery periods. The effectiveness of this management is a critical factor, influencing the overall performance and success of volleyball teams. In this review, we explore the associations between training stress measures, fatigue, and well-being assessments within this context, to better inform future research and practice. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted in databases including PsycINFO, MEDLINE/PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, and Scopus. Inclusion criteria were original research papers published in peer-reviewed journals involving volleyball athletes. RESULTS Of the 2535 studies identified, 31 were thoroughly analysed. From these 31 articles, 22 included professional athletes, seven included collegiate-level volleyball athletes, and two included young athletes. Nine studies had female volleyball players, while the remaining 22 had male volleyball athletes. CONCLUSIONS Internal training load should be collected daily after training sessions and matches with the session rating of perceived exertion method. External training load should also be measured daily according to the methods based on jump height, jump count, and kinetic energy. If force platforms are available, neuromuscular fatigue can be assessed weekly using the FT:CT ratio of a countermovement jump or, in cases where force platforms are not available, the average jump height can also be used. Finally, the Hooper Index has been shown to be a measure of overall wellness, fatigue, stress, muscle soreness, mood, and sleep quality in volleyball when used daily.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Rebelo
- CIDEFES, Centro de Investigação Em Desporto, Educação Física E Exercício E Saúde, Universidade Lusófona, 1749-024, Lisbon, Portugal.
- COD, Center of Sports Optimization, Sporting Clube de Portugal, 1600-464, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - João R Pereira
- CIDEFES, Centro de Investigação Em Desporto, Educação Física E Exercício E Saúde, Universidade Lusófona, 1749-024, Lisbon, Portugal
- COD, Center of Sports Optimization, Sporting Clube de Portugal, 1600-464, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paulo Cunha
- CIDEFES, Centro de Investigação Em Desporto, Educação Física E Exercício E Saúde, Universidade Lusófona, 1749-024, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Manuel J Coelho-E-Silva
- FCDEF, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CIDAF, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Valente-Dos-Santos
- CIDEFES, Centro de Investigação Em Desporto, Educação Física E Exercício E Saúde, Universidade Lusófona, 1749-024, Lisbon, Portugal
- COD, Center of Sports Optimization, Sporting Clube de Portugal, 1600-464, Lisbon, Portugal
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Nirmal S, Olatunde OO, Medhe S, Vitti S, Khemtong C, Nirmal NP. Betalains Alleviate Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Fatigue and Improve Sports Performance: an Update on Recent Advancement. Curr Nutr Rep 2023; 12:778-787. [PMID: 37824059 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-023-00500-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Beetroot juice is a popular natural food supplement commonly consumed for its health and ergogenic benefits. It contains an abundance of phytochemical compounds, which have been shown to enhance sports endurance and recovery. Among them, nitrate is well-studied and known for improving performance during exercise. On the other hand, betalains, the bioactive pigment, have shown various biological activities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-hypertensive, which may improve exercise performance and post-exercise recovery. Additionally, free radical scavenging activities of betalains could increase nitric oxide availability in the blood, thereby improving blood flow and oxygen supply during strenuous exercise. This review article provides a critical discussion of the non-pathological conditions induced by prolonged or strenuous exercise and betalains' potential in reducing such conditions including muscle damage, inflammation, and fatigue. Additionally, the real-time application of betalains as an ergogenic compound in competitive athletes has been discussed. Finally, future directions and conclusions on the potential of betalains as a natural ergogenic aid in sport endurance are outlined. RECENT FINDINGS Betalains in beetroot are the major water-soluble nitrogen-containing pigment possessing high antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fatigue activities. Betalain supplementation could alleviate exercise-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and fatigue in competitive athletes. Betalains have the potential to become a natural ergogenic aid or nutraceutical compound for sports people during exercise and competitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siriwan Nirmal
- Department of Adult Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Burapha University, 169 Long Had Bangsaen Road, Saen Suk, Chonburi, 20131, Thailand
| | - Oladipupo Odunayo Olatunde
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Seema Medhe
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Steven Vitti
- Department of Health Sciences, Health Sciences Building, Drexel University, 3601 Filbert Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chutimon Khemtong
- College of Sports Science and Technology, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Nilesh Prakash Nirmal
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand.
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Fortes LS, Berriel GP, Faro H, Freitas-Júnior CG, Peyré-Tartaruga LA. Can Prolongate Use of Social Media Immediately Before Training Worsen High Level Male Volleyball Players' Visuomotor Skills? Percept Mot Skills 2022; 129:1790-1803. [PMID: 36028977 DOI: 10.1177/00315125221123635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Our aim was to analyze the effect of mental fatigue caused by prolonged social media use on high-level volleyball players' visuomotor skills. Eighteen high-level male young volleyball players participated in this randomized, counterbalanced, crossover design. All participants underwent a 2-week experiment in which we measured their response times when performing a visuomotor task with and without mental fatigue inducement through repeated use of social media immediately before training sessions. In the control condition, participants watched TV for 30-minutes, and in the social media condition, they used a social media app (Instagram®) on smartphones for 30-minutes. We found a significant Condition x Time interaction on visuomotor task response time (p = 0.03), but there was no significant main effect of either Time or Condition. Mental fatigue, induced by repeated app-based social media use for 30-minutes immediately before training sessions, affected elite male volleyball players' visuomotor skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo S Fortes
- 28116Associate Graduate Program of Physical Education of the Federal University of Paraíba, Joao Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Guilherme P Berriel
- 28124Graduate Program of Human Movement Science of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Heloiana Faro
- 28116Associate Graduate Program of Physical Education of the Federal University of Paraíba, Joao Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Carlos G Freitas-Júnior
- 28116Associate Graduate Program of Physical Education of the Federal University of Paraíba, Joao Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Leonardo A Peyré-Tartaruga
- 28124Graduate Program of Human Movement Science of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Haller N, Blumkaitis JC, Strepp T, Schmuttermair A, Aglas L, Simon P, Neuberger E, Kranzinger C, Kranzinger S, O’Brien J, Ergoth B, Raffetseder S, Fail C, Düring M, Stöggl T. Comprehensive training load monitoring with biomarkers, performance testing, local positioning data, and questionnaires - first results from elite youth soccer. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1000898. [PMID: 36262260 PMCID: PMC9573975 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1000898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Load management, i.e., prescribing, monitoring, and adjusting training load, is primarily aimed at preventing injury and maximizing performance. The search for objective monitoring tools to assess the external and internal load of athletes is of great interest for sports science research. In this 4-week pilot study, we assessed the feasibility and acceptance of an extensive monitoring approach using biomarkers, neuromuscular performance, and questionnaires in an elite youth soccer setting. Eight male players (mean ± SD: age: 17.0 ± 0.6 years, weight: 69.6 ± 8.2 kg, height: 177 ± 7 cm, VO2max: 62.2 ± 3.8 ml/min/kg) were monitored with a local positioning system (e.g., distance covered, sprints), biomarkers (cell-free DNA, creatine kinase), questionnaires, neuromuscular performance testing (counter-movement jump) and further strength testing (Nordic hamstring exercise, hip abduction and adduction). Feasibility was high with no substantial impact on the training routine and no adverse events such as injuries during monitoring. Adherence to the performance tests was high, but adherence to the daily questionnaires was low, and decreased across the study period. Occasional significant correlations were observed between questionnaire scores and training load data, as well as between questionnaire scores and neuromuscular performance. However, due to the small sample size, these findings should be treated with caution. These preliminary results highlight the feasibility of the approach in elite soccer, but also indicate that modifications are needed in further large-scale studies, particularly in relation to the length of the questionnaire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Haller
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Department of Sports Medicine, Rehabilitation and Disease Prevention, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Julia C. Blumkaitis
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Tilmann Strepp
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Lorenz Aglas
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | - James O’Brien
- Red Bull Athlete Performance Center, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Bernd Ergoth
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Stefan Raffetseder
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | | | - Thomas Stöggl
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Red Bull Athlete Performance Center, Salzburg, Austria
- *Correspondence: Thomas Stöggl,
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Effects of Postactivation Performance Enhancement on the Vertical Jump in High-Level Volleyball Athletes. J Hum Kinet 2022; 82:145-153. [PMID: 36157004 PMCID: PMC9465719 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2022-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a training session with and without an intervention of postactivation performance enhancement (PAPE) on countermovement jump (CMJ) height, perceived recovery status (PRS), and ratings of perceived exertion (RPEs), followed by a specific volleyball training session. The sample consisted of sixteen professional male volleyball players, with an average age of 26.8±6.1 years and average height of 195.9±6.7 cm, randomly divided into a group with PAPE intervention (GPAPE) (n=8), and a control group (CTRL) without PAPE intervention (n=8). The control group carried out the training session with plyometric exercises, and the GPAPE added conditioning protocols for PAPE to plyometric training, followed by a technical tactical volleyball session. At the end of the training session, there was an increase of 16.3% in the height of the CMJ in the GPAPE, while the CTRL showed a decrease of 5% in the height of the CMJ. PRS and RPE variables did not differ between the groups. It was concluded that PAPE had a positive effect on the height of the vertical jump after plyometric training, which was maintained until the end of the technical and tactical volleyball session.
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Silva AF, González-Fernández FT, Ceylan HI, Silva R, Younesi S, Chen YS, Badicu G, Wolański P, Murawska-Ciałowicz E, Clemente FM. Relationships between Fitness Status and Blood Biomarkers in Professional Soccer Players. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2022; 2022:5135817. [PMID: 35449856 PMCID: PMC9017447 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5135817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Physical conditions are recognized to be optimal after the pre-season (PS) phase in professional sports. Given that blood measures may also reveal variations, which in turn, may present associations with fitness changes. Objective The aim of this study is to test the changes of blood markers and physical fitness outcomes at the beginning and following the PS phase. Additionally, we aimed also to analyze the associations of training adaptations between blood markers and the physical fitness measures. Methodology. 25 professional male soccer players (28.1 ± 4.6 years old, 2.0 ± 7.8 kg, and 176.7 ± 4.9 cm) were assessed for hematological and biochemical parameters, and physical fitness measures in the baseline and after the phase of PS. Results Increases in platelets were observed after the PS phase (p = 0.001, η2 = 0.39). Regarding the biochemical parameters, significant increases between PS were found for creatinine (Cre) (p = 0.001, η2 = 0.66), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (p = 0.001, η2 = 0.79), C-Reactive Protein (CRP) (p = 0.001, η2 = 0.74), cortisol (C) (p = 0.001, η2 = 0.63), and testosterone (T) (p = 0.001, η2 = 0.76), whereas significant decreases were found for albumin (Alb) (p = 0.004, η2 = 0.29), and calcium corrected (Ca Corr.) (p = 0.002, η2 = 0.32). Moderate correlations were found between albumin and the 5-meter linear sprint split (r = -0.44 (95%CI: -0.71; -0.05)) and CRP (r = -0.48 (95%CI: -0.74; -0.10)). Moderate correlations were found between VAMEVAL and hemoglobin (r = 0.44 (95%CI: 0.05; 0.71)). Conclusions The overall physical fitness measures improved after the PS phase. Also, significant variations (decreases/increases) were observed for the case of biomchemical and hematological outcomes. Coaches should carefully consider the adaptative changes observed in blood parameters as the changes in whole organism and metabolism after specific critical phases as the PS in professional players. Thus, optimal management of stimulus/recovery can be warranted to minimize illness and injury rate and to follow the direction and dynamics of adaptative changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Filipa Silva
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana Do Castelo, Viana do castelo, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), Melgaço 4960-320, Portugal
- The Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real 5001-801, Portugal
| | - Francisco Tomás González-Fernández
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, Campus of Melilla, University of Granada, 52006 Melilla, Spain
| | - Halil Ibrahim Ceylan
- Physical Education and Sports Teaching Department, Kazim Karabekir Faculty of Education, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Rui Silva
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana Do Castelo, Viana do castelo, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), Melgaço 4960-320, Portugal
| | - Saeid Younesi
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra 3004-531, Portugal
| | - Yung-Sheng Chen
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei 11153, Taiwan
| | - Georgian Badicu
- Department of Physical Education and Special Motricity, Transilvania University of Brasov, Brasov 500068, Romania
| | - Paweł Wolański
- Department of Physiology, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk 80-336, Poland
| | - Eugenia Murawska-Ciałowicz
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University School of Physical Education, Wrocław 51-612, Poland
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana Do Castelo, Viana do castelo, Portugal
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, Lisboa 1049-001, Portugal
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10
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Jeffries AC, Marcora SM, Coutts AJ, Wallace L, McCall A, Impellizzeri FM. Development of a Revised Conceptual Framework of Physical Training for Use in Research and Practice. Sports Med 2021; 52:709-724. [PMID: 34519982 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01551-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A conceptual framework has a central role in the scientific process. Its purpose is to synthesize evidence, assist in understanding phenomena, inform future research and act as a reference operational guide in practical settings. We propose an updated conceptual framework intended to facilitate the validation and interpretation of physical training measures. This revised conceptual framework was constructed through a process of qualitative analysis involving a synthesis of the literature, analysis and integration with existing frameworks (Banister and PerPot models). We identified, expanded, and integrated four constructs that are important in the conceptualization of the process and outcomes of physical training. These are: (1) formal introduction of a new measurable component 'training effects', a higher-order construct resulting from the combined effect of four possible responses (acute and chronic, positive and negative); (2) explanation, clarification and examples of training effect measures such as performance, physiological, subjective and other measures (cognitive, biomechanical, etc.); (3) integration of the sport performance outcome continuum (from performance improvements to overtraining); (4) extension and definition of the network of linkages (uni and bidirectional) between individual and contextual factors and other constructs. Additionally, we provided constitutive and operational definitions, and examples of theoretical and practical applications of the framework. These include validation and conceptualization of constructs (e.g., performance readiness), and understanding of higher-order constructs, such as training tolerance, when monitoring training to adapt it to individual responses and effects. This proposed conceptual framework provides an overarching model that may help understand and guide the development, validation, implementation and interpretation of measures used for athlete monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie C Jeffries
- Faculty of Health, Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Samuele M Marcora
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK.,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Aaron J Coutts
- Faculty of Health, Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lee Wallace
- Faculty of Health, Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alan McCall
- Faculty of Health, Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Arsenal Performance and Research Team, Arsenal Football Club, London, UK
| | - Franco M Impellizzeri
- Faculty of Health, Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Ben Ayed K, Ben Saad H, Ali Hammami M, Latiri I. Relationships of the 5-Jump Test (5JT) Performance of Youth Players With Volleyball Specific' Laboratory Tests for Explosive Power. Am J Mens Health 2020; 14:1557988320977686. [PMID: 33300390 PMCID: PMC7734521 DOI: 10.1177/1557988320977686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Volleyball involves movements with and/or without horizontal approaches (i.e., spike jumps, jump setting, blocking). The 5-jump test (5JT) was suggested to assess lower limb explosive power of athletes competing in some disciplines (e.g., soccer, judo, running). It appears that no previous study has investigated the 5JT performance components in volleyball players. This study aimed to test the relationship between 5JT performance and two specific laboratory tests for explosive power (i.e., countermovement jump [CMJ] and squat jump [SJ]). Forty volleyball players (boys, mean age: 12.4 ± 0.8 years) were tested for 5JT, CMJ, and SJ tests. 5JT performance was expressed in absolute terms (m), and relative to leg length (5JTLL) and body mass (5JTBM). The SJ and CMJ tests were evaluated using the optojump photoelectric cells and the following data were collected: peak power (Pp) of jump (W, W.kg-0.67), peak jumping force (Fpeak, N), peak jumping velocity (Vpeak, m/s), peak heights of CMJ and SJ (CMJH and SJH, respectively, cm). Only significant (p < .05) Pearson product-moment correlations (r) > 0.30 were considered. 5JT performance was significantly correlated with SJ, Vpeak (r = 0.90), SJH (r = 0.88), Pp [W.kg-0.67 (r = 0.86), W (r = 0.72)], Fpeak (r = 0.45); and CMJ, Vpeak (r = 0.82), CMJH (r = 0.80), Pp [W.kg-0.67 (r = 0.89), W (r = 0.85)], Fpeak (r = 0.73). 5JTLL values were significantly related to SJ, Pp [W (r = 0.81), W.kg-0.67 (r = 0.74)], Vpeak (r = 0.82); and CMJ, Pp [W (r = 0.73), W.kg-0.67 (r = 0.84)], Vpeak (r = 0.75), Fpeak (r = 0.67)]. 5JTBM values were significantly related to SJ, Pp (W, r = −0.43). To conclude, in youth volleyball players, the 5JT may be viewed as an explosive strength diagnostic instrument under field circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Ben Ayed
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education. Kef. University of Jendouba, El Kef, Tunisia.,Sport Sciences, Health and Movement (2SHM) Laboratory, Tunisia
| | - Helmi Ben Saad
- Heart Failure (LR12SP09) Research Laboratory, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia.,Université de Sousse, Faculté de Médicine de Sousse, Laboratoire de Physiologie, Sousse, Tunisie.,Department of Physiology and Functional Exploration, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Ali Hammami
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education. Kef. University of Jendouba, El Kef, Tunisia.,Sport Sciences, Health and Movement (2SHM) Laboratory, Tunisia
| | - Imed Latiri
- Heart Failure (LR12SP09) Research Laboratory, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia.,Université de Sousse, Faculté de Médicine de Sousse, Laboratoire de Physiologie, Sousse, Tunisie
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