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Peeters A, Leduc C, Piscione J, Lacome M, Carling C, Babault N. Anthropometric and physical characteristics in U16, U18 and U20 elite French youth rugby union players. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0295623. [PMID: 38117784 PMCID: PMC10732359 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study in elite youth French players were to 1) describe the anthropometric and physical characteristics of international and non-international players from U16 to U20, and 2) compare these characteristics across age categories and playing standard (international or non-international). Altogether, 1423 players from the French Rugby Federation's academies participated in a physical testing battery, part of its national young player development pathway. From seasons 2010 to 2020, players were assessed for anthropometric (body mass and height), off-field (bench press; isometric squat, vertical jump) and on-field physical characteristics (aerobic capacity: maximal aerobic speed [MAS]; speed: 10-m, 50-m sprint). A 2-way mixed model analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare physical characteristics across age categories and playing standards. Two separate models were used for forwards and backs. A main statistical effect was observed for age category and playing standard (range p < 0.05 -p < 0.001). Pair-wise category comparisons showed that older players were generally taller, heavier, stronger, faster and demonstrated better aerobic qualities than younger peers. The same results were observed for INT compared with NI players while INT forwards were also taller and heavier than NI peers (range p < 0.01 -p < 0.001). Findings revealed a clear progression in anthropometric characteristics and physical qualities throughout the age development pathway in elite young French rugby players. Findings also identified certain physical qualities (strength, power and speed) necessary at younger levels to achieve international standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Peeters
- Sport Science Faculty, INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comte, Dijon, France
- Performance Department, French Rugby Federation (FFR), Marcoussis, France
| | - Cedric Leduc
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Center, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Sport Science and Medicine Department, Crystal Palace Football Club, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julien Piscione
- Performance Department, French Rugby Federation (FFR), Marcoussis, France
- University of Evry, University of Paris Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Mathieu Lacome
- Performance and Analytics Department, Parma Calcio 1913, Parma, Italy
- FFF Research Center, Fédération Française de Football, Centre National du Football, Clairefontaine-en-Yvelines, France
| | - Christopher Carling
- FFF Research Center, Fédération Française de Football, Centre National du Football, Clairefontaine-en-Yvelines, France
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Babault
- Sport Science Faculty, INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comte, Dijon, France
- Centre for Performance and Expertise, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comte, Sport Science Faculty, Dijon, France
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2
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Menzies FA, Walsh J, Boyd AJ, Turner AP. Assessment of contact involvements and scrums in international rugby union match-play using video analysis and microsensor technology methods. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:2129-2137. [PMID: 38329895 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2313837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
This study sought to assess the validity of contact involvement (CI) detection using microsensor technology (MST, Catapult Vector) within the context of a Tier One national rugby union (RU) squad, consisting of 44 players. Sensitivity of MST units to detect CI and scrums was assessed in eight test matches, by comparison with match data obtained by video analysis. This paper is the first to assess the sensitivity of MST to the full range of skilled CI which occur in RU, including evaluating "non-performance" collisions, such as incidental collisions or foul play. Sensitivity to tackles made (52.9-84.9%) and ruck hits (53.3-87.2%) was lower than previous research, although ball carries (71.9-93.5%) showed broadly similar sensitivity to established results. The sensitivity of the MST to detect scrums was substantially lower than previous findings, with large positional variation evident (51.4-91.5%). Further refinement of MST software should be considered in order to facilitate valid monitoring of RU performance and injury risk. An additional finding was that video analysis generally demonstrated satisfactory intrarater reliability. This result supports the use of video analysis as a reliable method of assessing RU performance, including CI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraser A Menzies
- Institute for Sport, Physical Education and Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- High Performance Department, Scottish Rugby Union, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jack Walsh
- High Performance Department, Scottish Rugby Union, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andy J Boyd
- High Performance Department, Scottish Rugby Union, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anthony P Turner
- Institute for Sport, Physical Education and Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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3
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Dimundo F, Cole M, Blagrove RC, Herbison JD, Turnnidge J, Till K, Vitali F, Kelly AL. Talent identification and development in an English Premiership rugby union club: the perspectives of players and coaches. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1120033. [PMID: 38022777 PMCID: PMC10657882 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1120033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathway towards senior professional status in sport is affected by a multitude of factors. An abductive examination of the talent identification and development processes at an English Premiership rugby union (RU) club was undertaken for the present study. Part one examined the perspectives on the selection and development processes of senior academy male players (n = 8), whereas part two explored the perceptions of male coaches (n = 7). A total of three focus groups were used. Three main themes were confirmed by players and coaches: (a) task constraints, (b) performer constraints, and (c) environmental constraints. Specifically, although athletes and coaches believed that performer constraints were highly impactful on players' career in RU, there were inconsistencies surrounding the task and environmental constraints. Despite an indication that three common themes impacted an players path, this preliminary study shows an imbalance in the understanding of some of the key factors perceived to be important for talent progression in the present rugby academy. More research using similar qualitative methods is recommended to better understand the differences in opinions between players and coaches. Meanwhile, practitioners should consider implementing objective and holistic strategies to improve the talent pathway in English RU academies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Dimundo
- Department of Sport and Exercise, Research Centre for Life and Sport Sciences (CLaSS), School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Sport Science, Worcester Warriors Rugby Football Club, Worcester, United Kingdom
- Department of Research and Innovation, Italian Strength & Conditioning Society (ITASCS), Roma, Italy
| | - Matthew Cole
- Department of Sport and Exercise, Research Centre for Life and Sport Sciences (CLaSS), School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Richard C. Blagrove
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Jordan D. Herbison
- Department of Kinesiology & Physical Education, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jennifer Turnnidge
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Kevin Till
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Vitali
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Adam L. Kelly
- Department of Sport and Exercise, Research Centre for Life and Sport Sciences (CLaSS), School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Edwards T, Weakley J, Banyard HG, Cripps A, Piggott B, Haff GG, Joyce C. Longitudinal Development of Sprint Performance and Force-Velocity-Power Characteristics: Influence of Biological Maturation. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:2178-2184. [PMID: 37639654 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Edwards, T, Weakley, J, Banyard, HG, Cripps, A, Piggott, B, Haff, GG, and Joyce, C. Longitudinal development of sprint performance and force-velocity-power characteristics: influence of biological maturation. J Strength Cond Res 37(11): 2178-2184, 2023-This study was designed to investigate the influence of biological maturation on the longitudinal development of sprint performance. Thirty-two subjects performed 2 assessments of maximal sprint performance that were separated by 18 months. Each sprint assessment was measured through a radar gun that collected instantaneous velocity with the velocity-time data used to derive sprint times and force-velocity-power characteristics. The biological maturity of each subject was assessed using a predictive equation, and subjects were grouped according to predicted years from peak height velocity (circa-PHV: -1.0 to 1.0; post-PHV: >1.0). A 2 × 2 mixed model analysis of variance was used to assess group × time interactions, and paired t -tests were used to assess the longitudinal changes for each maturity group. No significant group × time interactions were observed for any sprint time or force-velocity-power characteristic. The circa-PHV group experienced significant within-group changes in maximal theoretical velocity (6.35 vs. 5.47%; effect size [ES] = 1.26 vs. 0.52) and 5-m sprint time (-3.63% vs. -2.94%; ES = -0.64 vs. -0.52) compared with the post-PHV group. There was no significant change in the magnitude of relative theoretical maximum force in either group; however, both the circa-PHV and post-PHV groups significantly improved the orientation of force production at the start of the sprint (RFmax [4.91 vs. 4.46%; ES = 0.79 vs. 0.74, respectively]). Considering these findings, it is recommended that practitioners adopt training methods aimed to improve relative lower-limb force production, such as traditional strength training and sled pulling and pushing, to improve sprint performance and relative theoretical maximum force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby Edwards
- School of Nursing, Midwifery, Health Sciences & Physiotherapy, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Australia
| | - Jonathon Weakley
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Harry G Banyard
- Department of Health and Biostatistics, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ashley Cripps
- School of Nursing, Midwifery, Health Sciences & Physiotherapy, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Australia
| | - Benjamin Piggott
- School of Nursing, Midwifery, Health Sciences & Physiotherapy, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Australia
| | - G Gregory Haff
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia; and
- Directorate of Sport, Exercise, and Physiotherapy, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Joyce
- School of Nursing, Midwifery, Health Sciences & Physiotherapy, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Australia
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Curtis C, Mitchell S, Russell M. Match-Play Demands and Anthropometric Characteristics of National and International Women's Fifteen-a-side Rugby Union: A Systematic Scoping Review. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:e569-e580. [PMID: 37235209 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Curtis, C, Mitchell, S, and Russell, M. Match-play demands and anthropometric characteristics of national and international women's, fifteen-a-side rugby union: a systematic scoping review. J Strength Cond Res 37(10): e569-e580, 2023-An increased professionalization within women's 15-a-side rugby union (R15s) has prompted greater sports science support and a need to better understand demands of the sport. Online database (PubMed, MEDLINE, and SPORTDiscus) searches were performed according to the PRISMA Scoping Review protocol. Studies were eligible if match-play demands or anthropometric characteristics of women's R15s players were investigated. After calibration exercises, the lead and senior authors independently quality assessed each study. A total of 1,068 studies were identified; 15 of which met the study criteria. The mean total match-play distance covered was 5,378 ± 626 m (forwards: 5,188 ± 667 m and backs: 5,604 ± 609 m), with first half values exceeding second half (2,922 ± 87 m vs. 2,876 ± 115 m). The mean relative distance (RD) (72.0 m·min -1 ) was greater than their male counterparts (64.2 m·min -1 -68.2 m·min -1 ). Backs were exposed to more severe collisions compared with forwards (6 ± 1 vs. 5 ± 4). Work:rest ratios ranged between 1.0:0.7-1.0:0.9. Regarding anthropometric characteristics, the mean lean and fat mass was reported as 51.9 ± 5.2 kg and 18.6 ± 4.6 kg, respectively. The mean body fat percentage was 24.7 ± 5.4%. The mean bone mineral density and bone mineral content was 1.27 ± 0.04 g·cm -2 and 3.07 ± 0.2 kg, respectively. This scoping review summarizes the current evidence base and key findings relating to the match-play demands and anthropometric characteristics that can be used in practice to inform player welfare and sport science support to women's R15s players at a national and international standard. Numerous gaps in our understanding of how best to develop and optimize performance, physical demands, and anthropometric characteristics of women's R15s players remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Curtis
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; and
| | - Scott Mitchell
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Saracens Rugby Club, Greenlands Lane, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Russell
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Hu X, Baba NT, Philippe K, Jiang D, Boisbluche S, Maurelli O, Prioux J. Effects of preseason training on body composition, running performance, biochemical markers and workload variation in professional rugby union players. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16250. [PMID: 37265613 PMCID: PMC10230214 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Few studies have examined the impact of a preseason training intervention through systematic measures in Pro D2 rugby union (RU). Therefore, this study aimed to describe the effects of 12 weeks of preseason training (three blocks) on body composition, running performance, biochemical markers, and workload (WL) variation in professional RU players. Physiological (physical and biochemical) responses to preseason WL were analyzed by examining changes in anthropometric characteristics, Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1) test, blood samples (BS), Hooper index (1-7), the 10-Hz global positioning system (GPS), and session rating of perceived exertion (s-RPE) in nineteen elite male players. Changes throughout the preseason were analyzed using the one-way and mixed-model analysis of variance. Significant (p < 0.01) improvements occurred in anthropometry and Yo-Yo IR1 running performance in forwards and backs. Total distance (p < 0.01) and impact (p < 0.05) during the second block were meaningfully higher than the other two blocks, with backs showing higher values than forwards. As expected, WL decreased significantly (p < 0.01) during the last training block. The WL variations were correlated with changes in biochemical markers over the preseason period. The collected data can be used for i) profiling French Pro D2 rugby championships players, ii) establishing effective training strategies, and iii) setting preseason WL expectations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopan Hu
- Sino-French Joint Research Center of Sport Science, Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, China
- Movement, Sport, Health Laboratory, Rennes 2 University, 35170 Bruz, France
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, École Normale Supérieure de Rennes, 35170 Bruz, France
| | - Noe Thierry Baba
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Limerick, V94 XD21 Limerick, Ireland
| | - Kilian Philippe
- Movement, Sport, Health Laboratory, Rennes 2 University, 35170 Bruz, France
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, École Normale Supérieure de Rennes, 35170 Bruz, France
- Laboratory of Movement, Balance, Performance and Health, University of Pau and Pays de l’Adour, 65000 Tarbes, France
| | - Danyang Jiang
- Ersha Sports Training Center of Guangdong Province, 510105 Guangdong, China
| | - Simon Boisbluche
- Rugby Club Vannes, French Rugby Federation, 56000 Vannes, France
| | - Olivier Maurelli
- Muscle Dynamics and Metabolism Laboratory, University of Montpellier, 34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Jacques Prioux
- Sino-French Joint Research Center of Sport Science, Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, China
- Movement, Sport, Health Laboratory, Rennes 2 University, 35170 Bruz, France
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, École Normale Supérieure de Rennes, 35170 Bruz, France
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Wintershoven K, Beaven CM, Gill ND, McMaster DT. New Zealand Youth Rugby Sevens: A Comparative Match Demands Study. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:jfmk8020041. [PMID: 37092373 PMCID: PMC10123691 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8020041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Rugby sevens has established itself on the world stage since its inclusion in the 2016 Olympics. Participation among New Zealand (NZ) youth has surged. Sevens games have specific high demands, but little is known about these competitive demands in regards to youth. Two NZ male youth squads (U15, n = 13; U19, n = 14) were monitored during a national sevens tournament. Microsensor technology captured heart rate (HR) and kinematic performance. The rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was collected for U15 matches only. U19 and U15 players ran 108 ± 11 and 116 ± 13 m·min-1 at an average speed (VAVG) of 6.5 ± 0.6 and 6.9 ± 0.8 km·h-1. Peak speeds (VPEAK) reached 33.7 km·h-1, and high-intensity running distance (HIRD) averaged 252 ± 102 m. U15 (44.3 ± 9.2 game-1) and U19 (39.4 ± 6.1 game-1) showed different sprint rates. U15 covered more moderate-velocity distance (20-80% VMAX) and less low-velocity distance (<20% VMAX). RPE was 13 ± 1 (U15). An average HR of 90.0 ± 3.9% HRMAX was recorded. Upwards of 57% of game time was played at >95% HRMAX. Youth sevens competition is specifically demanding. U15 can experience greater loads than older peers in rugby. Coaches can use this information to optimize players' physical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen Wintershoven
- Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, University of Waikato, Adams Centre for High Performance, Mount Maunganui, Tauranga 3116, New Zealand
| | - Christopher Martyn Beaven
- Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, University of Waikato, Adams Centre for High Performance, Mount Maunganui, Tauranga 3116, New Zealand
| | - Nicholas David Gill
- Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, University of Waikato, Adams Centre for High Performance, Mount Maunganui, Tauranga 3116, New Zealand
- All Blacks, New Zealand Rugby Union, Wellington 6011, New Zealand
| | - Daniel Travis McMaster
- Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, University of Waikato, Adams Centre for High Performance, Mount Maunganui, Tauranga 3116, New Zealand
- All Blacks & Black Ferns Sevens, New Zealand Rugby Union, Wellington 6011, New Zealand
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8
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Till K, Hendricks S, Scantlebury S, Dalton-Barron N, Gill N, den Hollander S, Kemp S, Kilding AE, Lambert M, Mackreth P, O'Reilly J, Owen C, Spencer K, Stokes K, Tee J, Tucker R, Vaz L, Weaving D, Jones B. A global perspective on collision and non-collision match characteristics in male rugby union: Comparisons by age and playing standard. Eur J Sport Sci 2023:1-15. [PMID: 36803563 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2160938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
This study quantified and compared the collision and non-collision match characteristics across age categories (i.e. U12, U14, U16, U18, Senior) for both amateur and elite playing standards from Tier 1 rugby union nations (i.e. England, South Africa, New Zealand). Two-hundred and one male matches (5911 min ball-in-play) were coded using computerised notational analysis, including 193,708 match characteristics (e.g. 83,688 collisions, 33,052 tackles, 13,299 rucks, 1006 mauls, 2681 scrums, 2923 lineouts, 44,879 passes, 5568 kicks). Generalised linear mixed models with post-hoc comparisons and cluster analysis compared the match characteristics by age category and playing standard. Overall significant differences (p < 0.001) between age category and playing standard were found for the frequency of match characteristics, and tackle and ruck activity. The frequency of characteristics increased with age category and playing standard except for scrums and tries that were the lowest at the senior level. For the tackle, the percentage of successful tackles, frequency of active shoulder, sequential and simultaneous tackles increased with age and playing standard. For ruck activity, the number of attackers and defenders were lower in U18 and senior than younger age categories. Cluster analysis demonstrated clear differences in all and collision match characteristics and activity by age category and playing standard. These findings provide the most comprehensive quantification and comparison of collision and non-collision activity in rugby union demonstrating increased frequency and type of collision activity with increasing age and playing standard. These findings have implications for policy to ensure the safe development of rugby union players throughout the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Till
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.,Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, UK
| | - Sharief Hendricks
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.,Division of Physiological Sciences, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sean Scantlebury
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.,England Performance Unit, Rugby Football League, Red Hall, Leeds, UK
| | - Nick Dalton-Barron
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.,Football Association, London, UK
| | - Nicholas Gill
- Division of Health, Engineering, Computing & Science, Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, University of Waikato, Tauranga, New Zealand
| | - Steve den Hollander
- Division of Physiological Sciences, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Simon Kemp
- Rugby Football Union, London, UK.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Andrew E Kilding
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mike Lambert
- Division of Physiological Sciences, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Peter Mackreth
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - John O'Reilly
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Cameron Owen
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.,England Performance Unit, Rugby Football League, Red Hall, Leeds, UK.,British Swimming, Loughborough, UK
| | - Kirsten Spencer
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Keith Stokes
- Rugby Football Union, London, UK.,Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Jason Tee
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Luis Vaz
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Dan Weaving
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Ben Jones
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.,Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, UK.,Division of Physiological Sciences, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,England Performance Unit, Rugby Football League, Red Hall, Leeds, UK.,Research and Rugby Development, Premier Rugby Ltd, Twickenham, UK
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9
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A comparison of running and contact loads in U18 and U20 international rugby union competition. Biol Sport 2023; 40:149-160. [PMID: 36636198 PMCID: PMC9806746 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2022.112086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to characterize and compare locomotor and contact loads in U18 and U20 international rugby union competition during matches, and specifically during peak match-play phases using short rolling epochs and continuous ball-in-play (BIP) sequences. 20 international matches from French national teams were analysed in the U18 and U20 Six Nations Tournament respectively and World Rugby U20 Championship. Running loads were quantified using global positioning devices (16 Hz) and contact loads via video match analysis software. Players were split into forward (U18, n = 29; U20, n = 32) and back positional groups (U18, n = 20; U20, n = 24). Compared with U20 peers, U18 players covered a higher total distance (effect size (ES) = -0.76 ± 0.25) and at high-speeds per minute (> 4 m · s-1; ES = -0.55 ± 0.25) and performed more accelerations (ES = -0.71 ± 0.25). While a greater frequency of BIP sequences > 90 s duration was observed in U20s versus U18s match-play, U18s covered more total distance and high-speed distance (ES = -0.42 ± 0.13 and -0.33 ± 0.13 respectively) per minute during these longer sequences. During peak rolling phases shorter than 4 minutes, no clear differences existed between age categories in running activity, while U20 forwards performed more contact actions than U18 peers. The match-play loads observed in the present international U18 players suggest that they are ready to respond to the overall and peak demands observed in U20 competition. Moreover, the present information on peak activity phases can aid design of overload high-intensity conditioning sessions to respond to the running- and contact-demands identified in those competitions.
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10
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McCormack S, Till K, Wenlock J, Whitehead S, Stokes KA, Bitcon M, Brown J, Cross M, Davies P, Falvey ÉC, Flahive S, Gardner A, Hendricks S, Johnston R, Mellalieu SD, Parmley J, Phillips G, Ramirez C, Stein J, Scantlebury S, West SW, Jones B. Contributors to negative biopsychosocial health or performance outcomes in rugby players (CoNBO): a systematic review and Delphi study protocol. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2022; 8:e001440. [PMID: 36249486 PMCID: PMC9557262 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2022-001440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of contributors that can result in negative player outcomes in sport and the feasibility and barriers to modifying these to optimise player health and well-being have yet to be established. Within rugby codes (rugby league, rugby union and rugby sevens), within male and female cohorts across playing levels (full-time senior, part-time senior, age grade), this project aims to develop a consensus on contributors to negative biopsychosocial outcomes in rugby players (known as the CoNBO study) and establish stakeholder perceived importance of the identified contributors and barriers to their management. This project will consist of three parts; part 1: a systematic review, part 2: a three-round expert Delphi study and part 3: stakeholder rating of feasibility and barriers to management. Within part 1, systematic searches of electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL) will be performed. The systematic review protocol is registered with PROSPERO. Studies will be searched to identify physical, psychological and/or social factors resulting in negative player outcomes in rugby. Part 2 will consist of a three-round expert Delphi consensus study to establish additional physical, psychological and/or social factors that result in negative player outcomes in rugby and their importance. In part 3, stakeholders (eg, coaches, chief executive officers and players) will provide perceptions of the feasibility and barriers to modifying the identified factors within their setting. On completion, several manuscripts will be submitted for publication in peer-reviewed journals. The findings of this project have worldwide relevance for stakeholders in the rugby codes. PROSPERO registration number CRD42022346751.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam McCormack
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) centre, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK,England Performance Unit, Rugby Football League, Manchester, UK
| | - Kevin Till
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) centre, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK,Leeds Rhinos Rugby League club, Leeds, UK
| | - Jessica Wenlock
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) centre, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK,Leeds Rhinos Rugby League club, Leeds, UK
| | - Sarah Whitehead
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) centre, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Keith A Stokes
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK,Rugby Football Union, Twickenham, UK
| | | | - James Brown
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) centre, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK,Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | | | - Éanna C Falvey
- World Rugby Limited, Dublin, Ireland,College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Andrew Gardner
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) centre, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK,Sydney School of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sharief Hendricks
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) centre, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK,Division of Physiological Sciences, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Rich Johnston
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) centre, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK,School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australia Catholic University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephen D Mellalieu
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University—Cyncoed Campus, Cardiff, Cardiff, UK
| | - James Parmley
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) centre, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Gemma Phillips
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) centre, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK,England Performance Unit, Rugby Football League, Manchester, UK,Hull Kingston Rovers Rugby League club, Hull, UK
| | - Carlos Ramirez
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) centre, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK,Scottich Rugby Union, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Joshua Stein
- National Rugby League, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sean Scantlebury
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) centre, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK,England Performance Unit, Rugby Football League, Manchester, UK
| | - Stephen W West
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK,Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ben Jones
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) centre, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK,England Performance Unit, Rugby Football League, Manchester, UK,Leeds Rhinos Rugby League club, Leeds, UK,Division of Physiological Sciences, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa,School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
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11
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Heyward O, Emmonds S, Roe G, Scantlebury S, Stokes K, Jones B. Applied sports science and sports medicine in women’s rugby: systematic scoping review and Delphi study to establish future research priorities. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2022; 8:e001287. [PMID: 35979431 PMCID: PMC9310180 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2021-001287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectivesIn part 1, the objective was to undertake a systematic scoping review of applied sports science and sports medicine in women’s rugby, and in part 2 to develop a consensus statement on future research priorities.DesignIn part 1, a systematic search of PubMed (MEDLINE), Scopus and SPORTDiscus (EBSCOhost) was undertaken from the earliest records to January 2021. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020, the PRISMA extension for Scoping Reviews, and the PRISMA extension protocols were followed. In part 2, 31 international experts in women’s rugby (ie, elite players, sports scientists, medical clinicians, sports administrators) participated in a three-round Delphi consensus method. These experts reviewed the findings from part 1 and subsequently provided a list of priority research topics in women’s rugby. Research topics were grouped into expert-based themes and expert-based subthemes via content analysis. Expert-based themes and expert-based subthemes were ranked from very low to very high research priority on a 1–5 Likert scale. Consensus was defined by ≥70% agreement. The median research priority agreement and IQR were calculated for each expert-based theme and subtheme.Data sourcesPubMed (MEDLINE), Scopus and SPORTDiscus (EBSCOhost).Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesStudies were eligible for inclusion if they investigated applied sports science or sports medicine in women’s rugby.ResultsIn part 1, the systematic scoping review identified 123 studies, which were categorised into six sports science and sports medicine evidence-based themes: injury (n=48), physical performance (n=32), match characteristics (n=26), fatigue and recovery (n=6), nutrition (n=6), and psychology (n=5). In part 2, the Delphi method resulted in three expert-based themes achieving consensus on future research priority in women’s rugby: injury (5.0 (1.0)), female health (4.0 (1.0)) and physical performance (4.0 (1.0)).Summary/ConclusionThis two-part systematic scoping review and Delphi consensus is the first study to summarise the applied sports science and sports medicine evidence base in women’s rugby and establish future research priorities. The summary tables from part 1 provide valuable reference information for researchers and practitioners. The three expert-based themes that achieved consensus in part 2 (injury, female health and physical performance) provide clear direction and guidance on future research priorities in women’s rugby. The findings of this two-part study facilitate efficient and coordinated use of scientific resources towards high-priority research themes relevant to a wide range of stakeholders in women’s rugby.
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12
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Bevan T, Chew S, Godsland I, Oliver NS, Hill NE. A game for all shapes and sizes? Changes in anthropometric and performance measures of elite professional rugby union players 1999–2018. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2022; 8:e001235. [PMID: 35295371 PMCID: PMC8867314 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2021-001235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rugby union player size has increased since the game turned professional in 1995. Changes in physical and performance capability over this period have yet to be fully described. Hypothesis Increases in player momentum would result from changes in body mass. Methods Within-player rates of change in anthropometric and kinetic variables with season played were sampled in three successively studied professional rugby union club cohorts playing at the highest level of European competition between 1999 and 2019. Data comprised 910 seasons of observation for 291 elite male players. Most players had 2, 3 or 4 seasons of observation. Mixed-effects modelling distinguished changes independent of position played, club and international status. Results With each season played, player body mass, fat-free mass and maximum speed increased significantly, while per cent fat decreased. The mean maximal velocity of a rugby player in 1999 was 8.2 (±0.18) m/s, which in 2019 had risen to 9.1 (±0.10) m/s. Player’s momentum in 2019 was 14% more than those playing in 1999. In the Front Five, momentum increased in this period by >25%, mainly driven by greater running speed, disproving our hypothesis. Conclusions The momentum of players, particularly forwards, increased markedly over 20 seasons of professional rugby. The resulting forces generated in collisions are thus significantly greater, although these may be mitigated by better player conditioning. Proactive regulation to address player safety may be required to address the changing nature of anthropometric measures and physical performance, minimising injury rates and potential long-term sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen Chew
- Endocrinology & Diabetes, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Ian Godsland
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nick S Oliver
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Neil E Hill
- Endocrinology & Diabetes, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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13
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Dimundo F, Cole M, Blagrove RC, Till K, Kelly AL. A Multidisciplinary Investigation into the Talent Development Processes in an English Premiership Rugby Union Academy: A Preliminary Study through an Ecological Lens. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10020013. [PMID: 35202053 PMCID: PMC8874485 DOI: 10.3390/sports10020013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The progression of youth rugby union (RU) players towards senior professional levels can be the result of various different constraints. The aim of this study was to examine characteristics that differentiated playing positions and player rankings in an English Premiership RU academy. (2) Methods: Thirty players (mean age = 18.5 ± 2.8 years) were divided by playing positions (forwards = 18, backs = 12) and ranked (one to thirty) by coaches based on their potential to achieve senior professional status. Players were analysed across 32 characteristics from eight overreaching factors based on task, environmental, and performer constraints. MANOVA and ANOVA were used to calculate differences among variables in players’ positions (i.e., forwards vs. backs) and ranks (i.e., top 10 vs. bottom 10), with a Welch’s t-test applied to identify individual differences amongst groups and effect sizes calculated. (3) Results: Large effect sizes were found between groups for socioeconomic, sport activity, anthropometric, physical, and psychological factors. Moreover, environmental and performer constraints differentiated playing positions, whereas task and environmental constraints discriminated player ranks. (4) Conclusion: Present findings showed that playing positions and player ranks can be distinguished according to specific constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Dimundo
- Research Centre for Life and Sport Sciences (CLaSS), Department of Sport and Exercise, School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham B15 3TN, UK; (M.C.); (A.L.K.)
- Worcester Warriors Rugby Football Club, Sixways Stadium, Worcester WR3 8ZE, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Matthew Cole
- Research Centre for Life and Sport Sciences (CLaSS), Department of Sport and Exercise, School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham B15 3TN, UK; (M.C.); (A.L.K.)
| | - Richard C. Blagrove
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK;
| | - Kevin Till
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds LS1 3HE, UK;
| | - Adam L. Kelly
- Research Centre for Life and Sport Sciences (CLaSS), Department of Sport and Exercise, School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham B15 3TN, UK; (M.C.); (A.L.K.)
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14
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Naughton M, McLean S, Scott TJ, Weaving D, Solomon C. Quantifying Fatigue in the Rugby Codes: The Interplay Between Collision Characteristics and Neuromuscular Performance, Biochemical Measures, and Self-Reported Assessments of Fatigue. Front Physiol 2021; 12:711634. [PMID: 34776996 PMCID: PMC8586499 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.711634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Locomotor and collision actions that rugby players complete during match-play often lead to substantial fatigue, and in turn, delays in recovery. The methods used to quantify post-match fatigue and recovery can be categorised as subjective and objective, with match-related collision characteristics thought to have a primary role in modulating these recovery measures. The aim of this review was to (1) evaluate how post-match recovery has been quantified in the rugby football codes (i.e., rugby league, rugby union, and rugby sevens), (2) to explore the time-course of commonly used measures of fatigue post-match, and (3) to investigate the relationships between game-related collisions and fatigue metrics. The available evidence suggests that upper-, and lower-body neuromuscular performance are negatively affected, and biomarkers of muscular damage and inflammation increase in the hours and days following match-play, with the largest differences being at 12–36 h post-match. The magnitude of such responses varies within and between neuromuscular performance (Δ ≤ 36%, n = 13 studies) and tissue biomarker (Δ ≤ 585%, n = 18 studies) measures, but nevertheless appears strongly related to collision frequency and intensity. Likewise, the increase in perceived soreness in the hours and days post-match strongly correlate to collision characteristics across the rugby football codes. Within these findings, there are specific differences in positional groups and recovery trajectories between the codes which relate to athlete characteristics, and/or locomotor and collision characteristics. Finally, based on these findings, we offer a conceptual model of fatigue which details the multidimensional latent structure of the load to fatigue relationship contextualised to rugby. Research to date has been limited to univariate associations to explore relationships between collision characteristics and recovery, and multivariate methods are necessary and recommended to account for the latent structures of match-play external load and post-match fatigue constructs. Practitioners should be aware of the typical time windows of fatigue recovery and utilise both subjective and objective metrics to holistically quantify post-match recovery in rugby.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell Naughton
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Human Factors and Sociotechnical Systems, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
| | - Scott McLean
- Centre for Human Factors and Sociotechnical Systems, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
| | - Tannath J Scott
- New South Wales Rugby League, Sydney Olympic Park, NSW, Australia.,Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Dan Weaving
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Solomon
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Human Factors and Sociotechnical Systems, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
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15
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Abstract
Context: The assumed risks of early specialization in sport are well known, with several international consensus statements advising against specialization in early athlete development. However, there have been recent calls for more focused research in this area. Evidence Acquisition: Research evidence from several scientific disciplines (eg, sport psychology, sports medicine, human development) were synthesized to develop a framework for practitioners working with adolescent athletes. Study Design: Narrative review. Level of Evidence: Level 4. Results: There appear to be risks associated with a highly specialized approach to athlete training, but the mechanisms driving these effects are largely unknown. Greater attention to understanding these mechanisms would help mitigate risk and develop stronger policy for athlete development. Recommendations for program modifications are provided. Conclusion: Early specialization remains an important topic for researchers and practitioners working with youth and adolescent athletes. However, more work needs to be done to provide truly evidence-based recommendations for youth athlete training.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin Till
- Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, England, UK
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16
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Kelly AL, Jackson DT, Barrell D, Burke K, Till K. The relative age effect in male and female English age-grade rugby union: Exploring the gender-specific mechanisms that underpin participation. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2021; 6:277-284. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2021.1955145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam L. Kelly
- Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK
| | - Daniel T. Jackson
- Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK
| | - Donald Barrell
- Rugby Football Union, Rugby House, Twickenham Stadium, Twickenham, London, UK
| | - Kate Burke
- Rugby Football Union, Rugby House, Twickenham Stadium, Twickenham, London, UK
| | - Kevin Till
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, Yorkshire, UK
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17
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Heyward O, Emmonds S, Roe G, Scantlebury S, Stokes K, Jones B. Applied sport science and medicine of women's rugby codes: a systematic-scoping review and consensus on future research priorities protocol. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2021; 7:e001108. [PMID: 34394953 PMCID: PMC8317073 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2021-001108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Women's rugby (rugby league, rugby union and rugby sevens) has recently grown in participation and professionalisation. There is under-representation of women-only cohorts within applied sport science and medicine research and within the women's rugby evidence base. The aims of this article are: Part 1: to undertake a systematic-scoping review of the applied sport science and medicine of women's rugby, and Part 2: to develop a consensus statement on future research priorities. This article will be designed in two parts: Part 1: a systematic-scoping review, and Part 2: a three-round Delphi consensus method. For Part 1, systematic searches of three electronic databases (PubMed (MEDLINE), Scopus, SPORTDiscus (EBSCOhost)) will be performed from the earliest record. These databases will be searched to identify any sport science and medicine themed studies within women's rugby. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses extension for Scoping Reviews will be adhered to. Part 2 involves a three-round Delphi consensus method to identify future research priorities. Identified experts in women's rugby will be provided with overall findings from Part 1 to inform decision-making. Participants will then be asked to provide a list of research priority areas. Over the three rounds, priority areas achieving consensus (≥70% agreement) will be identified. This study has received institutional ethical approval. When complete, the manuscript will be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal. The findings of this article will have relevance for a wide range of stakeholders in women's rugby, including policymakers and governing bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Heyward
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Rugby Football Union, Twickenham, UK
- Leeds Rhinos Rugby League club, Leeds, UK
| | - Stacey Emmonds
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- England Performance Unit, Rugby Football League, Leeds, UK
| | - Gregory Roe
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Bath Rugby, Bath, UK
| | - Sean Scantlebury
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- England Performance Unit, Rugby Football League, Leeds, UK
| | - Keith Stokes
- Rugby Football Union, Twickenham, UK
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Ben Jones
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Leeds Rhinos Rugby League club, Leeds, UK
- England Performance Unit, Rugby Football League, Leeds, UK
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town and the Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
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18
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Murton J, Eager R, Drury B. Comparison of flywheel versus traditional resistance training in elite academy male Rugby union players. Res Sports Med 2021; 31:214-227. [PMID: 34293975 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2021.1954518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of flywheel inertia training (FIT) vs traditional resistance training (TRT) over four weeks in academy male rugby union (RU) players. Sixteen elite male academy RU players (age = 18.0 ± 1.0 years, body mass = 93.0 ± 13.1 kg) were allocated into either FIT (n = 8) or TRT (n = 8) groups. Pre and post measures of countermovement jump (CMJ), squat jump (SJ) and drop jump (DJ) were completed. Relative peak force (PF), relative peak power (PP) and jump height (H) were measured for CMJ and SJ with reactive strength index measured for the DJ. Both groups showed improvements in all measures, except for SJ peak power, following TRT. Within-group analysis showed significant increases following TRT in CMJ-H (2.79 cm, 90% CI = -0.70, 4.89 cm; p = 0.002; ES = 0.51) and SJ-H (3.68 cm, 90% CI = 1.25, 6.11 cm; p = 0.002; ES = 0.88) with a significant improvement following FIT for CMJ-PP (1.96Wkg-1, 90% CI = -0.89, 4.80 Wkg-1; p = 0.022; ES = 0.55). No significant between-group differences (p > 0.05) were evident. These findings suggest both FIT and TRT are effective for developing lower-body strength and power qualities in male academy RU players.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robin Eager
- Rugby Football Union, Twickenham Stadium, Twickenham, UK
| | - Ben Drury
- Department of Applied Sport Sciences, Hartpury University, Gloucestershire, UK
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19
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Dimundo F, Cole M, Blagrove RC, McAuley ABT, Till K, Kelly AL. Talent Identification in an English Premiership Rugby Union Academy: Multidisciplinary Characteristics of Selected and Non-selected Male Under-15 Players. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:688143. [PMID: 34179777 PMCID: PMC8225930 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.688143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Entry into an academy can be a defining moment for a promising young player. The aim of this study was to explore the multidimensional characteristics that differentiated selected and non-selected male under-15 rugby union players at an English Premiership academy. Seventy-four players (mean age 14.6 ± 0.3 years: selected n = 29; non-selected n = 45) were measured across nine characteristics from four overarching factors: (a) anthropometric (n = 2), (b) physiological (n = 5), (c) cognitive (n = 1), and (d) birth quartile. An ANOVA compared differences between groups (selected vs. non-selected), whilst a Welch's t-test and Cohen's d were used for further comparisons. A multivariate logistic regression was also used to predict selection. Results showed significant differences between selected and non-selected players for anthropometric (P = 0.021) and physiological factors (P < 0.001). Moreover, relatively older players were overrepresented with 65% born in the first half of the year, whereas no significant differences were apparent for the cognitive test. More specifically, selected players possessed greater body mass (P = 0.022, d = 0.5) and handgrip strength (P = 0.020, d = 0.5) compared to non-selected players, whilst multivariate analysis showed the 20 m sprint explained 25.4% of the variance (P = 0.001). Overall, it appears selection into an English Premiership rugby union academy may be due to enhanced physical attributes rather than cognitive abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Dimundo
- Department of Sport and Exercise, Research Centre for Life and Sport Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Worcester Warriors Rugby Football Club, Sixways Stadium, Worcester, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Cole
- Department of Sport and Exercise, Research Centre for Life and Sport Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Richard C Blagrove
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander B T McAuley
- Department of Sport and Exercise, Research Centre for Life and Sport Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Till
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Adam L Kelly
- Department of Sport and Exercise, Research Centre for Life and Sport Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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20
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Alonso-Aubin DA, Picón-Martínez M, Chulvi-Medrano I. Strength and Power Characteristics in National Amateur Rugby Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18115615. [PMID: 34074013 PMCID: PMC8197353 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18115615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rugby players need muscular strength and power to meet the demands of the sport; therefore, a proper assessment of the performance in rugby players should include both variables. The purpose of this study was to examine the strength and power characteristics (SPC) during the squat (SQ) and bench press (BP) in national amateur rugby players and to analyze gender- and position-related differences. A total of 47 players (30 males and 17 females; age: 25.56 ± 1.14 and 23.16 ± 1.38 years, respectively) participated in the study. The one repetition-maximum (1-RM) and SPC in SQ and BP were obtained using a Smith Machine. Then, subjects performed one set of five repetitions on the SQ and BP against six relative loads (30-40-50-60-70-80% 1-RM) using a linear transducer. Differences between genders were found in 1-RM for maximal power, kilograms lifted at maximal power, maximal power, maximal strength and maximal speed in BP (p < 0.00) and 1-RM, kilograms lifted at maximal power, maximal power, maximal strength and maximal speed in SQ (p < 0.00). Comparisons between variables in SQ and BP present a significant relationship (p < 0.01) in SQ and BP 1-RM with kilograms lifted at maximal power (r = 0.86 and r = 0.84), maximal strength (r = 0.53 and r = 0.92) and maximal power (r = 0.76 and r = 0.93). This study confirms the importance of the SPC assessment for training prescription in rugby amateur players.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Iván Chulvi-Medrano
- UIRFIDE (Sport Performance and Physical Fitness Research Group), Department of Physical and Sports Education, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
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21
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Kelly AL, Till K, Jackson D, Barrell D, Burke K, Turnnidge J. Talent Identification and Relative Age Effects in English Male Rugby Union Pathways: From Entry to Expertise. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:640607. [PMID: 33681762 PMCID: PMC7933505 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.640607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A common practice in youth rugby union is to group players based on (bi)annual age with fixed cut-off dates. The overrepresentation of players born at the start of the cut-off date and the underrepresentation of players born toward the end of the cut-off date are termed relative age effects (RAEs). The aim of this study was to examine RAEs during entry into professional and international rugby union pathways in England, as well as comparing them to their respective senior cohort: U15 Regional Academy Player (n = 1,114) vs. Senior Professional Player (n = 281) and U16-23 England Academy Player (n = 849) vs. Senior International Player (n = 48). Chi-square (χ2) analysis compared birth quarter (BQ) distributions against expected distributions. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals compared the likelihood of a BQ being selected. Findings revealed a significant overrepresentation of relatively older players compared with their relatively younger peers within both youth cohorts (P < 0.001; BQ1 = 42.5% vs. BQ4 = 9.6%; BQ1 = 36.5% vs. BQ4 = 15.2%). In comparison, there was no significant difference in the BQ distributions within both senior cohorts. Further, BQ4s were 3.86 and 3.9 times more likely to achieve senior professional and international levels than BQ1s and BQ2s, respectively. It is suggested that relatively younger players may have a greater likelihood of achieving expertise following entry into a rugby union talent pathway due to benefitting from more competitive play against relatively older counterparts during their development (e.g., reversal effects; the underdog hypothesis). Moreover, possible solutions (e.g., age and anthropometric banding; playing-up and playing-down) are discussed to encourage practitioners and policy makers to create the most appropriate learning environment for every player.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam L. Kelly
- Department of Sport and Exercise, Research Centre for Life and Sport Sciences (CLaSS), School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Till
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Jackson
- Department of Sport and Exercise, Research Centre for Life and Sport Sciences (CLaSS), School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kate Burke
- Rugby Football Union, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Turnnidge
- PLAYS Research Group, School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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22
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Geeson-Brown T, Jones B, Till K, Chantler S, Deighton K. Body composition differences by age and playing standard in male rugby union and rugby league: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:2161-2176. [PMID: 32546054 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1775990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine differences in body compositionn between playing standard and age in male rugby union and rugby league athletes. The MOOSE (Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) guidelines for design, implementation, and reporting were followed. Studies were required to be in male rugby union or league and have body composition as the primary or secondary outcome. Data was required to be presented separately for positional groups and body composition presented as whole-body. A systematic search was performed in PubMed, Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, and CINHAHL via EBSCOhost. 57 studies were included for meta-analysis. Results highlighted significantly higher fat-free mass in senior elite than senior sub-elite or junior elite athletes for all RU and RL forwards. Small and non-significant differences were found in fat mass between rugby union playing standards and age categories. Rugby league senior elite forwards had less fat mass than junior elite forwards. Practitioners should prioritise training and nutritional strategies that maximise fat-free mass development, especially in junior elite cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Geeson-Brown
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University , Leeds, UK.,Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club , Leeds, UK
| | - Ben Jones
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University , Leeds, UK.,Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club , Leeds, UK.,England Performance Unit, The Rugby Football League , Leeds, UK.,School of Science and Technology, University of New England , Armidale, Australia.,Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Cape Town and the Sports Science Institute of South Africa , Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kevin Till
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University , Leeds, UK.,Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club , Leeds, UK
| | - Sarah Chantler
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University , Leeds, UK.,Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Club , Leeds, UK
| | - Kevin Deighton
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University , Leeds, UK
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