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Sacramento LA, Lombana C, Scott P. Malnutrition disrupts adaptive immunity during visceral leishmaniasis by enhancing IL-10 production. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.06.597776. [PMID: 38895324 PMCID: PMC11185680 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.06.597776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) is a risk factor for developing visceral leishmaniasis (VL). However, the impact on adaptive immunity during infection is unknown. To study the effect of malnutrition on chronic VL, we used a polynutrient-deficient diet (deficient protein, energy, zinc, and iron), which mimics moderate human malnutrition, followed by Leishmania infantum infection. The polynutrient-deficient diet leads to growth stunting and reduced mass of visceral organs. Malnourished-infected mice harbored more parasites in the spleen and liver, had a reduced number of T lymphocytes, reduced production of IFN-γ by T cells, and exhibited enhanced IL-10 production. To test whether IL-10 blockade would lessen disease in the malnourished mice, we treated infected mice with monoclonal antibody α-IL-10R. α-IL-10R treatment reduced the parasite number of malnourished mice, restored the number of T cells producing IFN-γ, and enhanced hepatic granuloma formation. Our results indicate that malnutrition increases VL susceptibility due to a defective IFN-γ-mediated immunity attributable to increased IL-10 production. Author Summary Malnutrition contributes to the development of VL. Despite the advances regarding this association, how malnutrition affects the adaptive immune mechanisms in VL is still unclear. We found that malnutrition disrupts the ability to control parasite replication in the spleen and liver in VL due to defective IFN-γ-mediated immunity, reduced hepatic granuloma formation, and enhanced IL-10 production. Blocking IL-10R signaling restored the protective mechanisms to control parasite replication in the malnourished mice without interfering with the undernutrition state. Thus, we demonstrate that malnutrition disrupts the adaptive immunity against VL due to an aberrant IL-10 production. Understanding the association between malnutrition and VL will provide insights into therapeutic approaches.
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Widjaja NA, Hamidah A, Purnomo MT, Ardianah E. Effect of lactoferrin in oral nutrition supplement (ONS) towards IL-6 and IL-10 in failure to thrive children with infection. F1000Res 2023; 12:897. [PMID: 38434639 PMCID: PMC10904948 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.130176.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Growth failure due to infection in children is a major health problem throughout the world. It provokes a systemic immune response, with increased interleukin (IL)-6 and reduced IL-10. Lactoferrin (Lf) is a multifunctional iron-binding protein that can be found in whey protein inside formula milk such as oral nutrition supplement (ONS), which is able to upregulate anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10) and modulate pro-inflammatory cytokines. We conducted this study to investigate the effect of Lf supplementation in ONS on IL-6 and IL-10 levels in children with failure to thrive and infection. Methods We performed a quasi-experimental pre- and post-study in children aged 12-60 months old with failure to thrive due to infectious illness. The subjects received 400 ml of oral nutritional supplements (ONS, 1 ml equivalent to 1 kcal) each day for 90 days, and their parents received dietary advice and medication based on the underlying illness. Blood was drawn to measure IL-6 and IL-10 before and after the intervention. Results There were 75 subjects recruited and divided into group-1 and group-2 based on age. The incidence of undernutrition was 37.33%. Lf in ONS intervention improved body weight and body length. Lf also reduced IL-6, although there was not a significant difference before and after the intervention. However, the IL-6 reduction was significantly higher in subjects with undernutrition compared with subjects with weight faltering. Pre-intervention IL-6 levels were higher in children with stunting than in children with normal stature. There was a greater change in IL-6 in children with severe stunting than in children with normal stature or stunting. IL-10 was significantly reduced after the intervention. Conclusions In addition to improving body weight and length, Lf supplementation in ONS improved immune response homeostasis by balancing IL-6 and IL-10 levels and by improving the IL-6/IL-10 ratio.ClinicalTrials.gov number ID: NCT05289674, dated May 3 rd 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Azizah Hamidah
- Child Health, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java, 60286, Indonesia
| | | | - Eva Ardianah
- Child Health, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java, 60286, Indonesia
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Osorio EY, Uscanga-Palomeque A, Patterson GT, Cordova E, Travi BL, Soong L, Melby PC. Malnutrition-related parasite dissemination from the skin in visceral leishmaniasis is driven by PGE2-mediated amplification of CCR7-related trafficking of infected inflammatory monocytes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011040. [PMID: 36630476 PMCID: PMC9873180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
People are infected with Leishmania donovani when the parasite is deposited in the dermis during the blood meal of the sand fly vector. Most infected people develop a subclinical latent infection, but some develop progressive visceral leishmaniasis. Malnutrition is a risk factor for the development of active VL. We previously demonstrated increased parasite dissemination from the skin to visceral organs in a murine model of malnutrition. Here we investigated the mechanism of early parasite dissemination. After delivery of L. donovani to the skin, we found enhanced capture of parasites by inflammatory monocytes and neutrophils in the skin of malnourished mice. However, parasite dissemination in malnourished mice was driven primarily by infected inflammatory monocytes, which showed increased CCR7 expression, greater intrinsic migratory capacity, and increased trafficking from skin to spleen. PGE2 production, which was increased at the site of skin infection, increased monocyte CCR7 expression and promoted CCR7-related monocyte-mediated early parasite dissemination in malnourished mice. Parasite dissemination in monocytes was reduced by inhibition of PGE2, knockdown or silencing of CCR7 in monocytes, and depletion of inflammatory monocytes through administration of diphtheria toxin to CSFR1-DTR transgenic mice that have monocyte-specific DT receptor expression. CCR7-driven trafficking of infected inflammatory monocytes through the lymph node was accompanied by increased expression of its ligands CCL19 and CCL21. These results show that the CCR7/PGE2 axis is responsible for the increased trafficking of L. donovani-infected inflammatory monocytes from the skin to the spleen in the malnourished host. Undernutrition and production of PGE2 are potential targets to reduce the risk of people developing VL. Nutritional interventions that target improved immune function and reduced PGE2 synthesis should be studied in people at risk of developing VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Yaneth Osorio
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PCM); (EYO)
| | - Ashanti Uscanga-Palomeque
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Grace T. Patterson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Erika Cordova
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bruno L. Travi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Tropical Diseases and Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lynn Soong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Tropical Diseases and Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Peter C. Melby
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Tropical Diseases and Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PCM); (EYO)
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Gaitán-Albarracín F, Losada-Barragán M, Pinho N, Azevedo R, Durães J, Arcila-Barrera JS, Menezes RC, Morgado FN, Carvalho VDF, Umaña-Pérez A, Cuervo P. Malnutrition Aggravates Alterations Observed in the Gut Structure and Immune Response of Mice Infected with Leishmania infantum. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061270. [PMID: 34207946 PMCID: PMC8230684 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Malnutrition is a risk factor for developing visceral leishmaniasis and its severe forms. Our group demonstrated that malnourished animals infected with Leishmania infantum had severe atrophies in lymphoid organs and T cell subpopulations as well as altered levels of thymic and splenic chemotactic factors, all of which resulted in dysfunctional lymphoid microenvironments that promoted parasite proliferation. Here, we hypothesize that malnutrition preceding parasite infection leads to structural and immunological changes in the gut mucosae, resulting in a failure in the immune response sensed in the intestine. To evaluate this, we analyzed the immunopathological events resulting from protein malnutrition in the guts of BALB/c mice infected with L. infantum. We observed lymphocytic/lymphoplasmacytic inflammatory infiltrates and lymphoid hyperplasia in the duodenum of well-nourished-infected mice; such alterations were worsened when malnutrition preceded infection. Parasite infection induced a significant increase of duodenal immunoglobulin A (IgA) of well-nourished animals, but those levels were significantly decreased in malnourished-infected mice. In addition, increased levels of Th17-related cytokines in duodenums of malnourished animals supported local inflammation. Together, our results suggest that the gut plays a potential role in responses to L. infantum infection—and that such responses are impaired in malnourished individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Gaitán-Albarracín
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; (F.G.-A.); (N.P.); (R.A.); (J.D.); (F.N.M.)
- Grupo de Investigación en Hormonas, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, 111321 Bogotá, Colombia;
| | - Monica Losada-Barragán
- Grupo de Investigación en Biología Celular y Funcional e Ingeniería de Biomoléculas, Universidad Antonio Nariño, 111511 Bogotá, Colombia;
| | - Nathalia Pinho
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; (F.G.-A.); (N.P.); (R.A.); (J.D.); (F.N.M.)
| | - Renata Azevedo
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; (F.G.-A.); (N.P.); (R.A.); (J.D.); (F.N.M.)
| | - Jonathan Durães
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; (F.G.-A.); (N.P.); (R.A.); (J.D.); (F.N.M.)
| | - Juan Sebastián Arcila-Barrera
- Grupo de Investigación en Hormonas, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, 111321 Bogotá, Colombia;
| | - Rodrigo C. Menezes
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fiocruz, 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;
| | - Fernanda N. Morgado
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; (F.G.-A.); (N.P.); (R.A.); (J.D.); (F.N.M.)
| | | | - Adriana Umaña-Pérez
- Grupo de Investigación en Hormonas, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, 111321 Bogotá, Colombia;
- Correspondence: (A.U.-P.); (P.C.)
| | - Patricia Cuervo
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; (F.G.-A.); (N.P.); (R.A.); (J.D.); (F.N.M.)
- Correspondence: (A.U.-P.); (P.C.)
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Maciel PS, Gonçalves R, Antonelli LRDV, Fonseca CT. Schistosoma mansoni Infection Is Impacted by Malnutrition. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:635843. [PMID: 33815321 PMCID: PMC8017134 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.635843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis remains one of the most important neglected tropical diseases in the world. It mainly affects developing countries, where it often coexists with malnutrition. Despite this, few studies have investigated the relationship between schistosomiasis and malnutrition. Herein, we evaluate the impact of malnutrition on experimental S. mansoni infection. Mice were divided into 5 groups: Control (Ctrl) diet (14% protein and 10% lipids), low-protein 3% (LP 3%), low-protein 8% (LP 8%), low-fat 2.5% (LF 2.5%), and low-fat 5% (LF 5%). Mice were fed with their respective diets and were infected when a difference of approximately 20% in the body weight between mice from any experimental group and mice from the control group was achieved. Nutritional, parasitological, and immunological parameters were assessed either just before infection and/or approximately 50 days later before mice were perfused. Our results showed that the 3% low-protein diet was the only one capable of establishing malnutrition in mice. Mice fed with this diet showed: (i) significant reduction in body weight and serum albumin levels before infection, (ii) decreased levels of all biochemical parameters evaluated before perfusion, (iii) decreased numbers of schistosome eggs trapped in intestines and impaired parasite fecundity, (iv) a delay in the granuloma development with a smaller granuloma area, and (v) reduced levels of IL-4 and IFN-γ in the liver. Our findings demonstrate that low protein supply leads to malnutrition in mice and impacts the cytokine milieu in the liver and granuloma formation. Additionally, the establishment of our murine malnutrition model will enable future studies aiming to better understand the complex relationships between nutrition, immune responses, and infection outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poliane Silva Maciel
- Laboratório de Biologia e Imunologia de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Biologia de Monócitos e Macrófagos, Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lis Ribeiro do Valle Antonelli
- Laboratório de Biologia e Imunologia de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Cristina Toscano Fonseca
- Laboratório de Biologia e Imunologia de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Azizi S, Mahdavi R, Vaghef-Mehrabany E, Maleki V, Karamzad N, Ebrahimi-Mameghani M. Potential roles of Citrulline and watermelon extract on metabolic and inflammatory variables in diabetes mellitus, current evidence and future directions: A systematic review. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2019; 47:187-198. [PMID: 31612510 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diabetes mellitus is a prevalent endocrine disorder worldwide. Citrulline is an α-amino acid, which is abundant in watermelon, and a precursor of arginine and nitric oxide. Decreased bioavailability of nitric oxide is associated with insulin resistance. The present systematic review focused on the existing evidence of citrulline and watermelon extract effects on metabolic and inflammatory parameters in diabetes mellitus. METHODS A systematic search of the databases PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, ProQuest and Google Scholar was conducted for relevant papers published from inception until October 2018. All clinical trials, animal and in vitro studies published in the English language that assessed the role of citrulline and watermelon extract on diabetes mellitus, were eligible. Studies providing inadequate information were excluded. RESULTS Out of 1262 articles we found, only eight articles met the inclusion criteria for analysis. In three studies an increase in the synthesis of nitric oxide was reported with citrulline and watermelon extract supplementation. Four studies showed a significant reduction in blood glucose after supplementation with watermelon extract, and two studies reported a decrease in a number of inflammatory biomarkers following citrulline supplementation. Although citrulline intake caused a significant reduction in HOMA-IR in one study, inconsistent results were revealed on the effects of citrulline and watermelon extract on insulin levels and lipid profile. CONCLUSION Citrulline and watermelon extract could improve nitric oxide synthesis, glycaemic status and inflammation in diabetes mellitus. However, further studies are required to shed light on the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Azizi
- Department of Biochemistry and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Mahdavi
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Biochemistry and Diet Therapy, School of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elnaz Vaghef-Mehrabany
- Department of Biochemistry and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Vahid Maleki
- Department of Biochemistry and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nahid Karamzad
- Department of Biochemistry and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehrangiz Ebrahimi-Mameghani
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Biochemistry and Diet Therapy, School of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Gibson D, Mehler PS. Anorexia Nervosa and the Immune System-A Narrative Review. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8111915. [PMID: 31717370 PMCID: PMC6912362 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8111915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of an increasing number of chronic diseases is being attributed to effects of the immune system. However, its role in the development and maintenance of anorexia nervosa is seemingly under-appreciated. Yet, in examining the available research on the immune system and genetic studies in anorexia nervosa, one becomes increasingly suspicious of the immune system’s potential role in the pathophysiology of anorexia nervosa. Specifically, research is suggestive of increased levels of various pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as the spontaneous production of tumor necrosis factor in anorexia nervosa; genetic studies further support a dysregulated immune system in this disorder. Potential contributors to this dysregulated immune system are discussed including increased oxidative stress, chronic physiological/psychological stress, changes in the intestinal microbiota, and an abnormal bone marrow microenvironment, all of which are present in anorexia nervosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Gibson
- Assistant Medical Director, ACUTE Center for Eating Disorders @ Denver Health; Assistant Professor of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine; 777 Bannock St., Denver, CO 80204, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +303-602-5067; Fax: +303-602-3811
| | - Philip S Mehler
- President, Eating Recovery Center; Founder and Executive Medical Director, ACUTE Center for Eating Disorders @ Denver Health; Glassman Professor of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine; 7351 E Lowry Blvd, Suite 200, Denver, CO 80230, USA;
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Losada-Barragán M, Umaña-Pérez A, Rodriguez-Vega A, Cuervo-Escobar S, Azevedo R, Morgado FN, de Frias Carvalho V, Aquino P, Carvalho PC, Porrozzi R, Sánchez-Gómez M, Padron G, Cuervo P. Proteomic profiling of splenic interstitial fluid of malnourished mice infected with Leishmania infantum reveals defects on cell proliferation and pro-inflammatory response. J Proteomics 2019; 208:103492. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.103492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Finato AC, Fraga-Silva TF, Prati AUC, de Souza Júnior AA, Mazzeu BF, Felippe LG, Pinto RA, Golim MDA, Arruda MSP, Furlan M, Venturini J. Crude leaf extracts of Piperaceae species downmodulate inflammatory responses by human monocytes. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198682. [PMID: 29924840 PMCID: PMC6010286 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of crude leaf extracts from Piper gaudichaudianum Kunth, P. arboreum Aub., P. umbellata L., P. fuligineum Kunth, and Peperomia obtusifolia A. Dietr. on an in vitro model of inflammatory response. The crude extracts were previously obtained by maceration of the leaves. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration was determined by the MTT assay using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Human monocytes were simultaneously challenged with each crude extract and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the major component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, to induce a strong inflammatory response. After 24 h of incubation, cell-free supernatants were used for evaluating the mediators involved in inflammation: H2O2, TNF-α, IL-8, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10, IL-12, FGF-b, and TGF-β1. We also compared the results with the effects of ketoprofen, a well-known anti-inflammatory drug. The P. gaudichaudianum crude extract downmodulated the production of H2O2, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TGF-β1 by LPS-stimulated monocytes; P. arboreum, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α; P. umbellata and P. fuligineum, H2O2, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α; and P. obtusifolia, H2O2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α. In general, the crude leaf extracts amplified the anti-inflammatory response when compared with ketoprofen, particularly reducing the production of IL-8, a mediator involved in neutrophil recruitment during tissue damage. Thus, the crude leaf extracts of P. gaudichaudianum, P. arboreum, P. umbellata, P. fuligineum, and Peperomia obtusifolia elicited an anti-inflammatory response against LPS-challenged monocytes. These findings show the anti-inflammatory properties of these crude leaf extracts and offer new perspectives for their use in the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thais Fernanda Fraga-Silva
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Ciências, Bauru, SP, Brazil
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Instituto de Biociências, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Bruna Fonseca Mazzeu
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Instituto de Química, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Rute Alves Pinto
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Instituto de Química, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Maysa Furlan
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Instituto de Química, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - James Venturini
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Ciências, Bauru, SP, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Faculdade de Medicina, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
The global impact of childhood malnutrition is staggering. The synergism between malnutrition and infection contributes substantially to childhood morbidity and mortality. Anthropometric indicators of malnutrition are associated with the increased risk and severity of infections caused by many pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and helminths. Since childhood malnutrition commonly involves the inadequate intake of protein and calories, with superimposed micronutrient deficiencies, the causal factors involved in impaired host defense are usually not defined. This review focuses on literature related to impaired host defense and the risk of infection in primary childhood malnutrition. Particular attention is given to longitudinal and prospective cohort human studies and studies of experimental animal models that address causal, mechanistic relationships between malnutrition and host defense. Protein and micronutrient deficiencies impact the hematopoietic and lymphoid organs and compromise both innate and adaptive immune functions. Malnutrition-related changes in intestinal microbiota contribute to growth faltering and dysregulated inflammation and immune function. Although substantial progress has been made in understanding the malnutrition-infection synergism, critical gaps in our understanding remain. We highlight the need for mechanistic studies that can lead to targeted interventions to improve host defense and reduce the morbidity and mortality of infectious diseases in this vulnerable population.
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Santos EW, Oliveira DC, Silva GB, Tsujita M, Beltran JO, Hastreiter A, Fock RA, Borelli P. Hematological alterations in protein malnutrition. Nutr Rev 2017; 75:909-919. [DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nux041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Santos EW, de Oliveira DC, Hastreiter A, Beltran JSDO, Rogero MM, Fock RA, Borelli P. High-fat diet or low-protein diet changes peritoneal macrophages function in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1186/s41110-016-0006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Woodward B. Fidelity in Animal Modeling: Prerequisite for a Mechanistic Research Front Relevant to the Inflammatory Incompetence of Acute Pediatric Malnutrition. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:541. [PMID: 27077845 PMCID: PMC4848997 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17040541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory incompetence is characteristic of acute pediatric protein-energy malnutrition, but its underlying mechanisms remain obscure. Perhaps substantially because the research front lacks the driving force of a scholarly unifying hypothesis, it is adrift and research activity is declining. A body of animal-based research points to a unifying paradigm, the Tolerance Model, with some potential to offer coherence and a mechanistic impetus to the field. However, reasonable skepticism prevails regarding the relevance of animal models of acute pediatric malnutrition; consequently, the fundamental contributions of the animal-based component of this research front are largely overlooked. Design-related modifications to improve the relevance of animal modeling in this research front include, most notably, prioritizing essential features of pediatric malnutrition pathology rather than dietary minutiae specific to infants and children, selecting windows of experimental animal development that correspond to targeted stages of pediatric immunological ontogeny, and controlling for ontogeny-related confounders. In addition, important opportunities are presented by newer tools including the immunologically humanized mouse and outbred stocks exhibiting a magnitude of genetic heterogeneity comparable to that of human populations. Sound animal modeling is within our grasp to stimulate and support a mechanistic research front relevant to the immunological problems that accompany acute pediatric malnutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill Woodward
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Role of nutrition on anemia in elderly. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2015; 11:e1-e11. [PMID: 28531420 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Anemia in elderly population have a great incidence and is related to increased mortality risk. The incidence of nutrition in anemia is about one third of the total. Caloric and protein restriction, iron, vitamin B12, folic deficiency are the causes of nutritional anemia. Protein and energy malnutrition stimulate an increased cytokines production with induction of inflammation, immunodeficiency and anemia. Anorexia and obesity can be associated with anemia due to increased cytokines and hepdicin serum level. Macrophages activity is inhibited and a decrease in red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb) concentration due to ineffective erythropoiesis is observed. An adequate energy and protein diet is necessary to reduce inflammation and increase iron absorption. A minimum of 1700 kcal/day and 1.7 gr/kg/day of protein intake are necessary to maintain anabolism in chronic patients to prevent and treat anemia. Iron supplementation by intravenous injection is safe and effective to correct severe iron deficiency. The supplementation of vitamins and oligomineral are useful to reduce oxidative stress and improve RBC longevity. Anemia in elderly could be prevented by an adequate nutrition, a simple and not expensive intervention, and associated to physical exercise reduce the incidence of mortality rate.
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15
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Yu HL, Zhao TF, Wu H, Pan YZ, Zhang Q, Wang KL, Zhang CC, Jin YP. Pinellia ternata lectin exerts a pro-inflammatory effect on macrophages by inducing the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, the activation of the nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway and the overproduction of reactive oxygen species. Int J Mol Med 2015; 36:1127-35. [PMID: 26310942 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Pinellia ternata (PT) is a widely used traditional Chinese medicine. The raw material has a throat-irritating toxicity that is associated with the PT lectin (PTL). PTL is a monocot lectin isolated from the tubers of PT, which exhibits mouse peritoneal acute inflammatory effects in vivo. The present study aimed to investigate the pro-inflammatory effect of PTL on macrophages. PTL (50 µg/ml)‑stimulated macrophages enhanced the chemotactic activity of neutrophils. PTL (50, 100, 200 and 400 µg/ml) significantly elevated the production of cytokines [tumor necrosis factor‑α (TNF-α) , interleukin (IL)‑1β and IL‑6]. PTL (25, 50 and 100 µg/ml) induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction. PTL also caused transfer of p65 from the macrophage cytoplasm to the nucleus and activated the nuclear factor‑κB (NF‑κB) signaling pathway. Scanning electron microscope images revealed severe cell swelling and membrane integrity defection of macrophages following PTL (100 µg/ml) stimulation, which was also associated with inflammation. PTL had pro‑inflammatory activity, involving induced neutrophil migration, cytokine release, ROS overproduction and the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway, which was associated with the activation of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Li Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P.R. China
| | - Teng-Fei Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P.R. China
| | - Hao Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P.R. China
| | - Yao-Zong Pan
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P.R. China
| | - Qian Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P.R. China
| | - Kui-Long Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P.R. China
| | - Chen-Chao Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P.R. China
| | - Yang-Ping Jin
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P.R. China
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16
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Barbosa ASAA, Diório SM, Pedrini SCB, Silva SMUR, Sartori BGC, Calvi SA, Pereira PCM, Vilani-Moreno FR. Nutritional status and immune response in murine experimental Jorge Lobo's disease. Mycoses 2015; 58:522-30. [PMID: 26156007 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
There are no studies investigating the role of nutritional status and immunity associated with Jorge Lobo's disease. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of protein-calorie malnutrition on the immune response of BALB/c mice inoculated with Lacazia loboi. In this study,the animals were divided into four groups: G1: inoculated with restricted diet, G2: not inoculated with restricted diet, G3: inoculated with regular diet, G4: not inoculated with regular diet. The animals of groups G1 and G2 were submitted to malnutrition for 20 days and once installed the animals were inoculated intradermally into the footpad. After 4 months, they were euthanised for the isolation of peritoneal lavage cells and removal of the footpad. The production of IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, IFN-γ, TNF-α, H2 O2 and nitric oxide (NO) was evaluated in the peritoneal lavage cells. The footpad was evaluated regarding the size of macroscopic lesions, number of fungi and viability index. The results showed that the infection did not exert great influence on the body weight of the mice and previous malnutrition was an unfavourable factor for viability index, number of fungi, macroscopic lesion size in the footpad and production of H2 O2 , NO, IL-12, IL-10 and IFN-γ, suggesting that malnutrition significantly altered fungal activity and peritoneal cells. The results suggest considerable interaction between nutrition and immunity in Jorge Lobo's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sueli Aparecida Calvi
- Department of Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
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17
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Cuervo-Escobar S, Losada-Barragán M, Umaña-Pérez A, Porrozzi R, Saboia-Vahia L, Miranda LHM, Morgado FN, Menezes RC, Sánchez-Gómez M, Cuervo P. T-cell populations and cytokine expression are impaired in thymus and spleen of protein malnourished BALB/c mice infected with Leishmania infantum. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114584. [PMID: 25535967 PMCID: PMC4275170 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a parasitic infectious disease that causes significant morbidity and mortality in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Although infections with visceralizing Leishmania may be asymptomatic, factors such as undernutrition increase the likelihood of progressing to clinical disease. Protein malnutrition, the most deleterious cause of malnutrition in developing countries, has been considered as a primary risk factor for the development of clinical VL. However, data regarding the immunological basis of this association are scarce. With the aim to analyze the effects of protein malnutrition on Leishmania infantum infection, we used BALB/c mice subjected to control or low protein isocaloric diets. Each animal group was divided into two subgroups and one was infected with L. infantum resulting in four study groups: animals fed 14% protein diet (CP), animals fed 4% protein diet (LP), animals fed 14% protein diet and infected (CPi), and animals fed 4% protein diet and infected (LPi).The susceptibility to L. infantum infection and immune responses were assessed in terms of body and lymphoid organ weight, parasite load, lymphocyte subpopulations, and cytokine expression. LPi mice had a significant reduction of body and lymphoid organ weight and exhibited a severe decrease of lymphoid follicles in the spleen. Moreover, LPi animals showed a significant decrease in CD4+CD8+ T cells in the thymus, whereas there was an increase of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells percentages in the spleen. Notably, the cytokine mRNA levels in the thymus and spleen of protein malnourished-infected animals were altered compared to the CP mice. Protein malnutrition results in a drastic dysregulation of T cells and cytokine expression in the thymus and spleen of L. infantum-infected BALB/c mice, which may lead to defective regulation of the thymocyte population and an impaired splenic immune response, accelerating the events of a normal course of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Cuervo-Escobar
- Laboratorio de Hormonas, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Monica Losada-Barragán
- Laboratorio de Pesquisa em Leishmaniose, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Adriana Umaña-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Hormonas, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Renato Porrozzi
- Laboratorio de Pesquisa em Leishmaniose, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Leonardo Saboia-Vahia
- Laboratorio de Pesquisa em Leishmaniose, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Luisa H M Miranda
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, IPEC, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Fernanda N Morgado
- Laboratorio de Pesquisa em Leishmaniose, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo C Menezes
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, IPEC, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Myriam Sánchez-Gómez
- Laboratorio de Hormonas, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Patricia Cuervo
- Laboratorio de Pesquisa em Leishmaniose, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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In vitro anti-inflammatory effects of citrulline on peritoneal macrophages in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Br J Nutr 2014; 113:120-4. [PMID: 25391524 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514002086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In type 2 diabetes (T2D) macrophage dysfunction increases susceptibility to infection and mortality. This may result from the associated decreased plasma concentration of arginine, an amino acid that plays an important role in immunity. In vitro, increasing arginine availability leads to an improvement in macrophage function; however, arginine supplementation in diabetic obese patients may be detrimental. The aim of the present study was to assess in vitro whether citrulline, an arginine precursor, could replace arginine in the regulation of macrophage function under a condition of diabetes and obesity. Peritoneal macrophages from diabetic obese or lean rats were incubated for 6 h in an arginine-free medium, in the presence of increasing citrulline concentrations (0·1, 0·5, 1 or 2 mmol/l). Cytokine and NO production was determined. Peritoneal macrophages from either lean or diabetic obese rats produced NO, and at higher levels in the cells from lean rats. In diabetic obese rats, TNF-α production decreased with increasing citrulline concentrations, but was higher than that in the cells from lean rats. In contrast, IL-6 production increased with increasing citrulline concentrations. The present experiment shows that citrulline is effectively used for NO production and regulates cytokine production in macrophages from diabetic obese rats. This effect warrants in vivo evaluation in T2D-related inflammation.
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19
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de Oliveira DC, Hastreiter AA, Mello AS, de Oliveira Beltran JS, Oliveira Santos EWC, Borelli P, Fock RA. The effects of protein malnutrition on the TNF-RI and NF-κB expression via the TNF-α signaling pathway. Cytokine 2014; 69:218-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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He ZX, Sun ZH, Yang WZ, Beauchemin KA, Tang SX, Zhou CS, Han XF, Wang M, Kang JH, Tan ZL. Effects of maternal protein or energy restriction during late gestation on immune status and responses to lipopolysaccharide challenge in postnatal young goats. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:4856-64. [PMID: 25253814 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-7904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of maternal malnutrition of ruminants and effects on development of the immune system of their offspring is lacking. A study was conducted to investigate the effects of maternal protein or energy restriction during late gestation on immune status of their offspring at different ages. Sixty-three pregnant goats (local breed, Liuyang black goat, 22.2 ± 1.5 kg at d 90 of gestation) were fed control (CON, ME = 9.34 MJ/kg and CP = 12.5%, DM basis), 40% protein restricted (PR), or 40% energy restricted (ER) diets from d 91 of gestation to parturition, after which all animals received an adequate diet for nutritional recovery. Plasma concentrations of complement components (C3, C4), C-reactive protein (CRP) and immunoglobulins (IgG and IgM), jejunum cytokines (IL-2, IL-6, and IL-10) expression levels and morphology in the offspring were measured. Additionally, plasma concentration of complement and IL-6, and cytokines expression levels in gastrointestinal tract obtained at 6 wk from young goats were assessed under saline or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenging conditions. Maternal PR or ER decreased (P < 0.05) plasma C3, C4, IgG, and IgM concentrations, and IL-2 and IL-6 mRNA expression in the jejunum from neonatal kids, but did not alter (P > 0.05) plasma CRP concentration. The IL-10 mRNA expression of jejunum from PR kids was also less (P < 0.01) than that from CON kids. Moreover, jejunum villous height (P < 0.10 in PR, P < 0.05 in ER) and crypt depth (P < 0.05 both in PR and ER) were reduced in neonatal kids from malnourished mothers. At 6 wk of age, there were no differences (P > 0.05) in any plasma or tissue immune parameters among the 3 treatments. However, when given a LPS challenge, ER and PR kids had greater (P = 0.02) IL-6 concentration compared with CON kids. Our results suggest that both PR and ER during late gestation induced short-term as well as long-lasting alterations on immune responses in their offspring, which may make the animals more susceptible to a bacterial pathogen challenge. The present findings expand the existing knowledge in immunological mechanisms responsible for the development of disease in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z X He
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Research Center of Livestock & Poultry Sciences, South-Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Z H Sun
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - W Z Yang
- Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - K A Beauchemin
- Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - S X Tang
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Research Center of Livestock & Poultry Sciences, South-Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - C S Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Research Center of Livestock & Poultry Sciences, South-Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - X F Han
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Research Center of Livestock & Poultry Sciences, South-Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - M Wang
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Research Center of Livestock & Poultry Sciences, South-Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - J H Kang
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Research Center of Livestock & Poultry Sciences, South-Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Z L Tan
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Research Center of Livestock & Poultry Sciences, South-Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
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21
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Bonhomme S, Belabed L, Blanc MC, Neveux N, Cynober L, Darquy S. Arginine-supplemented enteral nutrition in critically ill diabetic and obese rats: A dose-ranging study evaluating nutritional status and macrophage function. Nutrition 2013; 29:305-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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22
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Modulation of mesenteric vasoreactivity and inflammatory response by protein undernutrition in cardiopulmonary bypass. Nutrition 2013; 29:318-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2012.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Soong L, Henard CA, Melby PC. Immunopathogenesis of non-healing American cutaneous leishmaniasis and progressive visceral leishmaniasis. Semin Immunopathol 2012; 34:735-51. [PMID: 23053396 PMCID: PMC4111229 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-012-0350-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The outcomes of Leishmania infection are determined by host immune and nutrition status, parasite species, and co-infection with other pathogens. While subclinical infection and self-healing cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) are common, uncontrolled parasite replication can lead to non-healing local lesions or visceral leishmaniasis (VL). It is known that infection control requires Th1-differentiation cytokines (IL-12, IL-18, and IL-27) and Th1 cell and macrophage activation. However, there is no generalized consensus for the mechanisms of host susceptibility. The recent studies on regulatory T cells and IL-17-producing cells help explain the effector T cell responses that occur independently of the known Th1/Th2 cell signaling pathways. This review focuses on the immunopathogenesis of non-healing American CL and progressive VL. We summarize recent evidence from human and animal studies that reveals the mechanisms of dysregulated, hyper-responses to Leishmania braziliensis, as well as the presence of disease-promoting or the absence of protective responses to Leishmania amazonensis and Leishmania donovani. We highlight immune-mediated parasite growth and immunopathogenesis, with an emphasis on the putative roles of IL-17 and its related cytokines as well as arginase. A better understanding of the quality and regulation of innate immunity and T cell responses triggered by Leishmania will aid in the rational control of pathology and the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Soong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1070, USA.
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24
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Breuillard C, Belabed L, Bonhomme S, Blanc-Quintin MC, Neveux N, Couderc R, De Bandt JP, Cynober L, Darquy S. Arginine availability modulates arginine metabolism and TNFα production in peritoneal macrophages from Zucker Diabetic Fatty rats. Clin Nutr 2012; 31:415-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2011.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Revised: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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25
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Ito T, Funamoto K, Sato N, Nakamura A, Tanabe K, Hoshiai T, Suenaga K, Sugawara J, Nagase S, Okamura K, Yaegashi N, Kimura Y. Maternal undernutrition induces the expression of hypoxia-related genes in the fetal brain. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2012; 226:37-44. [PMID: 22186035 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.226.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Maternal undernutrition during pregnancy is a risk factor for cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases in adulthood. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1α) plays an essential role in cellular hypoxic responses, and its increased expression is associated with cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases. However, it is not known whether maternal undernutrition influences HIF1α expression in the fetal brain. We therefore analyzed the expression levels of HIF1α and its downstream genes in the fetal brain (day 17.5 of gestation, 1-2 days before birth). Maternal undernutrition did not noticeably affect the fetal body and brain weights. Both HIF1α mRNA and protein levels were increased in the brain under maternal undernutrition, despite the absence of hypoxia, as judged by the staining profile with hypoxyprobe-1 that identifies hypoxic cells. Importantly, maternal undernutrition caused the accumulation of HIF1α protein in oligodendrocyte precursor cells at the subventricular zone, a site of neurogenesis in the fetal brain. Maternal undernutrition also increased the mRNA level of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which could increase the level of HIF1α protein under normoxia. Furthermore, microarray analysis revealed that expression levels of mRNAs for 10 HIF1α downstream targets, including enolase 1 and hexokinase 1, were increased in the fetal brain under maternal undernutrition. Thus, the biochemical consequence of maternal undernutrition is similar to that of mild hypoxia. In conclusion, maternal undernutrition induces the expression of HIF1α in oligodendrocyte precursor cells at the subventricular zone, and it also induces the expression of hypoxia-related genes in the fetal brain probably via activation of the mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Ito
- Innovation of New Biomedical Engineering Center, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan.
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26
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He Z, Tan Z, Sun Z, Beauchemin KA, Tang S, Zhou C, Han X, Wang M, Wu D. Unchanged interleukin 6 level of protein and energy restricted goats during late gestation: the role of elevated blood nitric oxide. J Endocrinol 2012; 213:59-65. [PMID: 22271775 DOI: 10.1530/joe-11-0442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Twelve pregnant goats were assigned to three dietary treatments during late gestation, namely control (C: metabolizable energy, 5.75 MJ/kg; crude protein, 12.6% and dry matter basis), 40% protein restricted (PR) and 40% energy restricted (ER), to examine the effects of nutrient restriction on the immune status of pregnant goats. Plasma was sampled on day 90, 125 and 145 from pregnant goats to determine cytokine production (interleukin 2 (IL2), IL6) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were obtained on day 145 and activated by lipopolysaccharide to determine cytokine production, and then exposed (PR and ER) to sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a nitric oxide (NO) donor, or control to NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (l-NAME), an NO synthase inhibitor to explore the role of NO in regulating cytokine production. Plasma IL2, IL6 and TNFα were not altered during gestation, but NO was increased (P<0.05) at gestation day 145 for PR and ER. In vitro, compared with control, NO was lower for PR and ER (P<0.001), but IL6 was higher for PR (P<0.001) and ER (P=0.11). The addition of SNP decreased IL6 (P<0.001, PR; P=0.12, ER) in the malnourished group, and l-NAME increased (P<0.001) IL6 in control compared to those treatments without SNP or l-NAME. The results indicate that plasma NO acted as a regulator of cytokine function exhibiting negative feedback to maintain steady plasma IL6 concentration in PR or ER goats during late gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiong He
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, People's Republic of China
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27
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Malafaia G, Talvani A. Nutritional Status Driving Infection by Trypanosoma cruzi: Lessons from Experimental Animals. J Trop Med 2011; 2011:981879. [PMID: 21577255 PMCID: PMC3090609 DOI: 10.1155/2011/981879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper reviews the scientific knowledge about protein-energy and micronutrient malnutrition in the context of Chagas disease, especially in experimental models. The search of articles was conducted using the electronic databases of SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online), PubMed and MEDLINE published between 1960 and March 2010. It was possible to verify that nutritional deficiencies (protein-energy malnutrition and micronutrient malnutrition) exert a direct effect on the infection by T. cruzi. However, little is known about the immunological mechanisms involved in the relationship "nutritional deficiencies and infection by T. cruzi". A hundred years after the discovery of Chagas disease many aspects of this illness still require clarification, including the effects of nutritional deficiencies on immune and pathological mechanisms of T. cruzi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Malafaia
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Núcleo de Pesquisas e Estudos Ambientais e Biológicos, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano—Campus Urutaí, Rodovia Geraldo Silva Nascimento km 2.5, 75790-000 Urutaí, GO, Brazil
| | - André Talvani
- Laboratório de Doença de Chagas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas (NUPEB), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), 35400-000 Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
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28
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Ito T, Tanabe K, Nakamura A, Funamoto K, Aoyagi A, Sato K, Hoshiai T, Suenaga K, Sugawara J, Nagase S, Okamura K, Yaegashi N, Kimura Y. Aberrant Expression of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1.ALPHA. in the Fetal Heart Is Associated with Maternal Undernutrition. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2011; 224:163-71. [DOI: 10.1620/tjem.224.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Ito
- Innovation of New Biomedical Engineering Center, Tohoku University
| | - Kaori Tanabe
- International Advanced research and Education Organization, Tohoku University
| | - Ai Nakamura
- International Advanced research and Education Organization, Tohoku University
| | - Kiyoe Funamoto
- International Advanced research and Education Organization, Tohoku University
| | - Ayako Aoyagi
- International Advanced research and Education Organization, Tohoku University
| | - Kazuyo Sato
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Tetsuro Hoshiai
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Kaori Suenaga
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Junichi Sugawara
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Satoru Nagase
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
| | | | - Nobuo Yaegashi
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yoshitaka Kimura
- International Advanced research and Education Organization, Tohoku University
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29
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Malafaia G. Protein-energy malnutrition as a risk factor for visceral leishmaniasis: a review. Parasite Immunol 2009; 31:587-96. [PMID: 19751470 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2009.01117.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) and visceral leishmaniasis (VL) are important problems of public health, which affect millions of people worldwide. Currently, it has been accepted that the immunity or susceptibility to infect-parasitic diseases are directly related to the nutritional status of the host. However, the mechanisms that govern the relationship between the PEM and the course of the VL are multiple and little explained. In this study the current most important aspects and the synergism between these two illnesses were presented. Bibliographic search includes empirical reports, reviews, commentaries, reports from professional associations, books, editorials and annals of congress published in diverse languages between 1960 and January 2009. As much the PEM as the infections caused by parasites of the Leishmania genus are frequent problems in the current days. As new studies are developed on the subject, it becomes essential that the society knows them.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Malafaia
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas (NUPEB), Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas (ICEB), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto - MG, Brazil.
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30
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He Z, Sun Z, Liu S, Zhang Q, Tan Z. Effects of early malnutrition on mental system, metabolic syndrome, immunity and the gastrointestinal tract. J Vet Med Sci 2009; 71:1143-50. [PMID: 19801893 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.71.1143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The notion of how malnutrition early in life affects ontogenesis has evolved considerably since the mid-1960s. Since then, there have been many studies on the effects of early malnutrition. Nutritional and metabolic exposure during critical periods in early human and animal development may have long-term programming effects in adulthood. This is supported by evidence from epidemiological studies, numerous animal models and clinical intervention trials. In this paper, we review the effects of early malnutrition on cognitive function, metabolic syndrome, immunity and the gastrointestinal tract, as well as possible underlying mechanisms, and consider diarrhoeal disease and poor cognitive function as examples for understanding the interrelation of the harmful effects caused by early malnutrition. Previous studies on early malnutrition have mainly concentrated on humans and rats. Therefore, the main aim of the present review was to give animal scientists a clear understanding of the harmful effects of early malnutrition on animal growth and animal production, and to help identify appropriate feeding techniques to prevent early malnutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiong He
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, CAS, Hunan, P.R. China
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31
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Anstead GM, Zhang Q, Melby PC. Malnutrition promotes prostaglandin over leukotriene production and dysregulates eicosanoid-cytokine crosstalk in activated resident macrophages. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2009; 81:41-51. [PMID: 19541468 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2009.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2008] [Revised: 12/17/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We previously described a murine model of malnutrition that mimicked features of moderate human malnutrition, and led to increased dissemination of Leishmania donovani. In this study, we investigated the effect of malnutrition on macrophage production of cytokines, prostaglandins (PGs), and leukotrienes (LTs). Using either LPS or calcium ionophore A23187 as a stimulus, macrophages from the malnourished mice produced a 3-fold higher PG/LT ((PGE(2)+6-keto-PGF(1alpha))/(LTB(4)+cysteinyl leukotrienes)) ratio than macrophages from well-nourished mice. LPS-stimulated macrophages from the malnourished mice produced decreased levels of TNF-alpha, GM-CSF, and IL-10, but similar levels of IL-6 and NO compared to well-nourished mice. A complex crosstalk between the eicosanoids and cytokines in the LPS-stimulated macrophages from the malnourished mice was evident by the following: (1) high levels of PG secretion despite low levels of TNF-alpha; (2) supplemental IL-10 modulated the excessive PG production; (3) GM-CSF rectified the PG/LT ratio, but did not correct the abnormal cytokine profile; and (4) inhibitors of cyclooxygenase decreased the PG/LT ratio, but did not affect TNF-alpha. Thus, in this model of malnutrition, there is a relative increase in anti-inflammatory PGs compared to pro-inflammatory LTs, which may contribute to immunodeficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Anstead
- Research Service, Audie L. Murphy Memorial Veterans Hospital, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, USA.
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32
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Mise-Omata S, Kuroda E, Sugiura T, Yamashita U, Obata Y, Doi TS. The NF-κB RelA Subunit Confers Resistance toLeishmania majorby Inducing Nitric Oxide Synthase 2 and Fas Expression but Not Th1 Differentiation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:4910-6. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0800967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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33
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Guerrant RL, Oriá RB, Moore SR, Oriá MOB, Lima AAM. Malnutrition as an enteric infectious disease with long-term effects on child development. Nutr Rev 2009; 66:487-505. [PMID: 18752473 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2008.00082.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Malnutrition is a major contributor to mortality and is increasingly recognized as a cause of potentially lifelong functional disability. Yet, a rate-limiting step in achieving normal nutrition may be impaired absorptive function due to multiple repeated enteric infections. This is especially problematic in children whose diets are marginal. In malnourished individuals, the infections are even more devastating. This review documents the evidence that intestinal infections lead to malnutrition and that malnutrition worsens intestinal infections. The clinical data presented here derive largely from long-term cohort studies that are supported by controlled animal studies. Also reviewed are the mechanisms by which enteric infections lead to undernutrition and by which malnutrition worsens enteric infections, with implications for potential novel interventions. Further intervention studies are needed to document the relevance of these mechanisms and, most importantly, to interrupt the vicious diarrhea-malnutrition cycle so children may develop their full potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Guerrant
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22901, USA.
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34
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Flamand N, Luo M, Peters-Golden M, Brock TG. Phosphorylation of serine 271 on 5-lipoxygenase and its role in nuclear export. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:306-313. [PMID: 18978352 PMCID: PMC2610501 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m805593200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Revised: 10/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzyme 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) initiates the biosynthesis of leukotrienes, inflammatory mediators involved in immune diseases and defense. The subcellular localization of 5-LO is regulated, with nuclear import commonly leading to increased leukotriene production. We report here that 5-LO is constitutively phosphorylated on Ser-271 in transfected NIH 3T3 cells. This residue is nested in a classical nuclear export sequence, and phosphorylated Ser-271 5-LO was exclusively found in the nucleus by immunofluorescence and by fractionation techniques. Mutation of Ser-271 to Ala allowed nuclear export of 5-LO that was blocked by the specific nuclear export inhibitor leptomycin b, suggesting that phosphorylation of Ser-271 serves to interfere with exportin-1-mediated nuclear export. Consistent with previous reports that purified 5-LO can be phosphorylated on Ser-271 in vitro by MAPK-activated protein kinase 2, the nuclear export of 5-LO was increased by either treatment with the p38 inhibitor SB 203,580 or co-expression of a kinase-deficient p38 MAPK. Nuclear export of 5-LO can also be induced by KN-93, an inhibitor of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II, and the effects of SB 203,580 plus KN-93 are additive. Finally, HeLa cells, which lack nuclear 5-LO, also lack constitutive phosphorylation of Ser-271. Taken together, these results indicate that the phosphorylation of Ser-271 serves to inhibit the nuclear export of 5-LO. This action works in concert with nuclear import, which is regulated by phosphorylation on Ser-523, to determine the subcellular distribution of 5-LO, which in turn regulates leukotriene biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Flamand
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 and Centre de recherche de l'Hôpital Laval, Universitá Laval, Quábec City, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 and Centre de recherche de l'Hôpital Laval, Universitá Laval, Quábec City, QC G1V 4G5, Canada.
| | - Ming Luo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 and Centre de recherche de l'Hôpital Laval, Universitá Laval, Quábec City, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Marc Peters-Golden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 and Centre de recherche de l'Hôpital Laval, Universitá Laval, Quábec City, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Thomas G Brock
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 and Centre de recherche de l'Hôpital Laval, Universitá Laval, Quábec City, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
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35
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MALAFAIA G, SERAFIM TD, SILVA ME, PEDROSA ML, REZENDE SA. Protein-energy malnutrition decreases immune response toLeishmania chagasivaccine in BALB/c mice. Parasite Immunol 2009; 31:41-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2008.01069.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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36
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Prestes-Carneiro LE, Laraya RD, Silva PRC, Moliterno RA, Felipe I, Mathias PC. Long-term effect of early protein malnutrition on growth curve, hematological parameters and macrophage function of rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2007; 52:414-20. [PMID: 17330504 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.52.414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the long-term effect of mild-early maternal protein malnutrition on weight gain, hematological parameters and macrophage function in rats at adult age, we compared rats whose dams were fed diets containing either 9.5% (low protein-LPD) or 23% protein (normal-NPD) for the first 12 d of lactation. At 80 d of age, the functions of spreading, phagocytosis and killing Candida albicans were determined in resident peritoneal macrophages, whereas leukocytes and red blood cells were counted in peripheral blood. The number of resident peritoneal macrophages from LPD was the same as from NPD, but the ability of spreading and phagocytosing opsonised yeast was impaired. Besides, they were not able to block the germ tube formation or kill C. albicans to the same extent as in the control group. The low protein diet produced a significant reduction in the pups' growth and in hematological parameters although no difference was found in leukocyte counts. Taken together the data suggest that protein malnutrition during early lactation induces permanent alterations in macrophage function, body composition and hematological status, which are not restored completely even after a normal protein diet is supplied.
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37
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Hillyer LM, Maliwichi HE, Woodward B. Blood serum interferon-gamma bioactivity is low in weanling mice subjected to acute deficits of energy or both protein and energy. Br J Nutr 2007; 97:528-34. [PMID: 17313715 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114507352409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of the present study was to determine the influence of acute deficits of protein and energy on the blood serum level of interferon-gamma, a signature type 1 polarising inflammatory cytokine. In two 14 d experiments, male and female C57BL/6J mice, initial age 19 d, consumed a complete purified diet ad libitum or in restricted daily quantities, or had free access to an isoenergetic purified low-protein diet. A zero-time control group (age 19 d) was included in the second experiment. Serum interferon-gamma was assessed in both experiments by sandwich ELISA and, in the second experiment, also by a bioassay based on inhibition of proliferation by WEHI-279 B lymphoma cells. The immunoassay detected interferon-gamma inconsistently in all groups (range 0-14 pg/ml; detection limits 1 x 5 and 0 x 7 pg/ml in experiments 1 and 2, respectively). By contrast, interferon-gamma bioactivity was found in all animals of each group (means 339, 499, 124 and 200 pg/ml in zero-time controls, age-matched controls, low-protein and restricted intake groups, respectively; detection limit, 12 pg/ml), and the mean serum bioactivity of each malnourished group was low compared with the age-matched control (P <or=0 x 05). The present study defines the physiological serum interferon-gamma bioactivity of the adolescent mouse. Moreover, to the extent achievable by way of the blood, the results reflect the influence of metabolically diverse forms of acute malnutrition on the polarising type 1 cytokine profile within lymphoid microenvironments wherein immune responses arise. Therefore, the results suggest a mechanism underlying the cell-mediated inflammatory incompetence that characterises acute, prepubescent malnutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyn M Hillyer
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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38
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Cano NJM, Saingra Y, Dupuy AM, Lorec-Penet AM, Portugal H, Lairon D, Cristol JP, Come A, Le Brun A, Atlan P, Leverve XM. Intradialytic parenteral nutrition: comparison of olive oil versus soybean oilbasedlipid emulsions. Br J Nutr 2007; 95:152-9. [PMID: 16441928 DOI: 10.1079/bjn20051595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Lipid, oxidative and inflammatory parameters are frequently altered in dialysis patients and may be worsened by intravenous lipid emulsions (ILE). We assessed the efficacy and tolerance of olive as compared with standard soybean oil-based ILE during intradialytic parenteral nutrition (IDPN). IDPN mixtures containing amino acids, glucose, and either olive oil (OO group,n17) or soybean oil-based ILE (SO group,n18) were administered in a 5-week randomized, double-blind study. On days 0 and 35, patients' nutritional status was assessed by BMI, normalized protein catabolic rate, predialytic creatinine, serum albumin and transthyretin; lipid metabolism by plasma LDL- and HDL-cholesterol, triacylglycerols, phospholipids, apo A-I, A-II, B, C-II, C-III, E and lipoprotein (a); oxidative status by α-tocopherol, retinol, selenium, glutathione peroxidase, malondialdehyde and advanced oxidized protein products; inflammatory status by serum C-reactive protein, orosomucoid, IL-2 and IL-6. No serious adverse event was observed. Significant changes were observed from day 0 to day 35 (P<0·05): nutritional criteria improved (albumin in OO; albumin, transthyretin and creatinine in SO); LDL-cholesterol, apo B, C-II, C-III and apo A-I/A-II ratio increased in both groups. HDL-cholesterol decreased in OO; apo E increased and lipoprotein (a) decreased in SO; α-tocopherol/cholesterol ratio increased in OO; malondialdehyde decreased in both groups; IL-2 increased in both groups. The between-group comparison only showed the following differences: α-tocopherol/cholesterol increased in OO; lipoprotein (a) decreased in SO. From these data, it was concluded that OO- and SO-based IDPNs similarly improved nutritional status and influenced plasma lipid, oxidative, inflammatory and immune parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noël J M Cano
- Service d'Hépatogastroentérologie et Nutrition, Clinique Résidence du Parc, Rue Gaston Berger, 13362, Marseille cedex 10, France.
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39
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Abstract
Leishmania are digenetic protozoa which inhabit two highly specific hosts, the sandfly where they grow as motile, flagellated promastigotes in the gut, and the mammalian macrophage where they grow intracellularly as non-flagellated amastigotes. Leishmaniasis is the outcome of an evolutionary 'arms race' between the host's immune system and the parasite's evasion mechanisms which ensure survival and transmission in the population. The spectrum of disease manifestations and severity reflects the interaction between the genome of the host and that of the parasite, and the pathology is caused by a combination of host and parasite molecules. This chapter examines the genetic basis of host susceptibility to disease in humans and animal models. It describes the genetic tools used to map and identify susceptibility genes, and the lessons learned from murine and human cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Handman
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Post Office, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria 3050, Australia
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