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Serafino A, Bertinat YA, Bueno J, Pittaluga JR, Birnberg Weiss F, Milillo MA, Barrionuevo P. Beyond its preferential niche: Brucella abortus RNA down-modulates the IFN-γ-induced MHC-I expression in epithelial and endothelial cells. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0306429. [PMID: 38980867 PMCID: PMC11232970 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0306429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Brucella abortus (Ba) is a pathogen that survives inside macrophages. Despite being its preferential niche, Ba infects other cells, as shown by the multiple signs and symptoms humans present. This pathogen can evade our immune system. Ba displays a mechanism of down-modulating MHC-I on monocytes/macrophages in the presence of IFN-γ (when Th1 response is triggered) without altering the total expression of MHC-I. The retained MHC-I proteins are located within the Golgi Apparatus (GA). The RNA of Ba is one of the PAMPs that trigger this phenomenon. However, we acknowledged whether this event could be triggered in other cells relevant during Ba infection. Here, we demonstrate that Ba RNA reduced the surface expression of MHC-I induced by IFN-γ in the human bronchial epithelium (Calu-6), the human alveolar epithelium (A-549) and the endothelial microvasculature (HMEC) cell lines. In Calu-6 and HMEC cells, Ba RNA induces the retention of MHC-I in the GA. This phenomenon was not observed in A-549 cells. We then evaluated the effect of Ba RNA on the secretion of IL-8, IL-6 and MCP-1, key cytokines in Ba infection. Contrary to our expectations, HMEC, Calu-6 and A-549 cells treated with Ba RNA had higher IL-8 and IL-6 levels compared to untreated cells. In addition, we showed that Ba RNA down-modulates the MHC-I surface expression induced by IFN-γ on human monocytes/macrophages via the pathway of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR). So, cells were stimulated with an EGFR ligand-blocking antibody (Cetuximab) and Ba RNA. Neutralization of the EGFR to some extent reversed the down-modulation of MHC-I mediated by Ba RNA in HMEC and A-549 cells. In conclusion, this is the first study exploring a central immune evasion strategy, such as the downregulation of MHC-I surface expression, beyond monocytes and could shed light on how it persists effectively within the host, enduring unseen and escaping CD8+ T cell surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustina Serafino
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Academia Nacional de Medicina; Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Yasmín A Bertinat
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Academia Nacional de Medicina; Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorgelina Bueno
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Academia Nacional de Medicina; Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - José R Pittaluga
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Academia Nacional de Medicina; Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico Birnberg Weiss
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Academia Nacional de Medicina; Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Ayelén Milillo
- Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Instituto de Estudios en Ciencia, Tecnología, Cultura y Desarrollo. Río Negro, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Argentina
| | - Paula Barrionuevo
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Academia Nacional de Medicina; Buenos Aires, Argentina
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2
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Farris LC, Torres-Odio S, Adams LG, West AP, Hyde JA. Borrelia burgdorferi Engages Mammalian Type I IFN Responses via the cGAS-STING Pathway. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:1761-1770. [PMID: 37067290 PMCID: PMC10192154 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Borrelia burgdorferi, the etiologic agent of Lyme disease, is a spirochete that modulates numerous host pathways to cause a chronic, multisystem inflammatory disease in humans. B. burgdorferi infection can lead to Lyme carditis, neurologic complications, and arthritis because of the ability of specific borrelial strains to disseminate, invade, and drive inflammation. B. burgdorferi elicits type I IFN (IFN-I) responses in mammalian cells and tissues that are associated with the development of severe arthritis or other Lyme-related complications. However, the innate immune sensors and signaling pathways controlling IFN-I induction remain unclear. In this study, we examined whether intracellular nucleic acid sensing is required for the induction of IFN-I to B. burgdorferi. Using fluorescence microscopy, we show that B. burgdorferi associates with mouse and human cells in culture, and we document that internalized spirochetes colocalize with the pattern recognition receptor cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS). Moreover, we report that IFN-I responses in mouse macrophages and murine embryonic fibroblasts are significantly attenuated in the absence of cGAS or its adaptor stimulator of IFN genes (STING), which function to sense and respond to intracellular DNA. Longitudinal in vivo tracking of bioluminescent B. burgdorferi revealed similar dissemination kinetics and borrelial load in C57BL/6J wild-type, cGAS-deficient, or STING-deficient mice. However, infection-associated tibiotarsal joint pathology and inflammation were modestly reduced in cGAS-deficient compared with wild-type mice. Collectively, these results indicate that the cGAS-STING pathway is a critical mediator of mammalian IFN-I signaling and innate immune responses to B. burgdorferi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C. Farris
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Sylvia Torres-Odio
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - L. Garry Adams
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - A. Phillip West
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Jenny A. Hyde
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX, USA
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3
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Satola SW, Schechter MC, Wilde S, Stephens DS. Host Defenses to Extracellular Bacteria Including Spirochetes. Clin Immunol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-8165-1.00027-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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4
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Milillo MA, Velásquez LN, Barrionuevo P. Microbial RNA, the New PAMP of Many Faces. FRONTIERS IN TROPICAL DISEASES 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fitd.2022.924719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) were described as structural molecular motifs shared by different classes of microorganisms. However, it was later discovered that the innate immune system is also capable of distinguishing metabolically active microbes through the detection of a special class of viability-associated PAMPs (vita-PAMPs). Indeed, recognition of vita-PAMPs triggers an extra warning sign not provoked by dead bacteria. Bacterial RNA is classified as a vita-PAMP since it stops being synthesized once the microbes are eliminated. Most of the studies in the literature have focused on the pro-inflammatory capacity of bacterial RNA on macrophages, neutrophils, endothelial cells, among others. However, we, and other authors, have shown that microbial RNA also has down-modulatory properties. More specifically, bacterial RNA can reduce the surface expression of MHC class I and MHC class II on monocytes/macrophages and help evade CD8+ and CD4+ T cell-mediated immune surveillance. This phenomenon has been described for several different bacteria and parasites, suggesting that microbial RNA plays a significant immunoregulatory role in the context of many infectious processes. Thus, beyond the pro-inflammatory capacity of microbial RNA, it seems to be a crucial component in the intricate collection of immune evasion strategies. This review focuses on the different facets of the immune modulating capacity of microbial RNA.
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5
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Campbell GR, Rawat P, Spector SA. Pacritinib Inhibition of IRAK1 Blocks Aberrant TLR8 Signalling by SARS-CoV-2 and HIV-1-Derived RNA. J Innate Immun 2022; 15:96-106. [PMID: 35785771 PMCID: PMC10643889 DOI: 10.1159/000525292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages promote an early host response to infection by releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL) 1β (IL-1β), tumour necrosis factor (TNF), and IL-6. One of the mechanisms through which cells sense pathogenic microorganisms is through Toll-like receptors (TLRs). IL-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) 1, IRAK2, IRAK3, and IRAK4 are integral to TLR and IL-1 receptor signalling pathways. Recent studies suggest a role for aberrant TLR8 and NLRP3 inflammasome activation during both COVID-19 and HIV-1 infection. Here, we show that pacritinib inhibits the TLR8-dependent pro-inflammatory cytokine response elicited by GU-rich single-stranded RNA derived from SARS-CoV-2 and HIV-1. Using genetic and pharmacologic inhibition, we demonstrate that pacritinib inhibits IRAK1 phosphorylation and ubiquitination which then inhibits the recruitment of the TAK1 complex to IRAK1, thus inhibiting the activation of downstream signalling and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant R. Campbell
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Pratima Rawat
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Stephen A. Spector
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California, USA
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6
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Nilsen KE, Skjesol A, Frengen Kojen J, Espevik T, Stenvik J, Yurchenko M. TIRAP/Mal Positively Regulates TLR8-Mediated Signaling via IRF5 in Human Cells. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071476. [PMID: 35884781 PMCID: PMC9312982 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 8 (TLR8) recognizes single-stranded RNA of viral and bacterial origin as well as mediates the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and type I interferons by human monocytes and macrophages. TLR8, as other endosomal TLRs, utilizes the MyD88 adaptor protein for initiation of signaling from endosomes. Here, we addressed the potential role of the Toll-interleukin 1 receptor domain-containing adaptor protein (TIRAP) in the regulation of TLR8 signaling in human primary monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). To accomplish this, we performed TIRAP gene silencing, followed by the stimulation of cells with synthetic ligands or live bacteria. Cytokine-gene expression and secretion were analyzed by quantitative PCR or Bioplex assays, respectively, while nuclear translocation of transcription factors was addressed by immunofluorescence and imaging, as well as by cell fractionation and immunoblotting. Immunoprecipitation and Akt inhibitors were also used to dissect the signaling mechanisms. Overall, we show that TIRAP is recruited to the TLR8 Myddosome signaling complex, where TIRAP contributes to Akt-kinase activation and the nuclear translocation of interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5). Recruitment of TIRAP to the TLR8 signaling complex promotes the expression and secretion of the IRF5-dependent cytokines IFNβ and IL-12p70 as well as, to a lesser degree, TNF. These findings reveal a new and unconventional role of TIRAP in innate immune defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaja Elisabeth Nilsen
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; (K.E.N.); (A.S.); (J.F.K.); (T.E.); (J.S.)
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Astrid Skjesol
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; (K.E.N.); (A.S.); (J.F.K.); (T.E.); (J.S.)
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - June Frengen Kojen
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; (K.E.N.); (A.S.); (J.F.K.); (T.E.); (J.S.)
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Terje Espevik
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; (K.E.N.); (A.S.); (J.F.K.); (T.E.); (J.S.)
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jørgen Stenvik
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; (K.E.N.); (A.S.); (J.F.K.); (T.E.); (J.S.)
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital HF, Trondheim University Hospital, NO-7006 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Maria Yurchenko
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; (K.E.N.); (A.S.); (J.F.K.); (T.E.); (J.S.)
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital HF, Trondheim University Hospital, NO-7006 Trondheim, Norway
- Correspondence:
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7
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Chang SH, Park SH, Cho ML, Choi Y. Why Should We Consider Potential Roles of Oral Bacteria in the Pathogenesis of Sjögren Syndrome? Immune Netw 2022; 22:e32. [PMID: 36081525 PMCID: PMC9433196 DOI: 10.4110/in.2022.22.e32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Sjögren syndrome (SS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that primarily targets the salivary and lacrimal glands. The pathology of these exocrine glands is characterized by periductal focal lymphocytic infiltrates, and both T cell-mediated tissue injury and autoantibodies that interfere with the secretion process underlie glandular hypofunction. In addition to these adaptive mechanisms, multiple innate immune pathways are dysregulated, particularly in the salivary gland epithelium. Our understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms of SS has substantially improved during the past decade. In contrast to viral infection, bacterial infection has never been considered in the pathogenesis of SS. In this review, oral dysbiosis associated with SS and evidence for bacterial infection of the salivary glands in SS were reviewed. In addition, the potential contributions of bacterial infection to innate activation of ductal epithelial cells, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, and B cells and to the breach of tolerance via bystander activation of autoreactive T cells and molecular mimicry were discussed. The added roles of bacteria may extend our understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms and therapeutic approaches for this autoimmune exocrinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Ho Chang
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Park
- Divison of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi-La Cho
- Department of Medical Life Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youngnim Choi
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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8
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Marin A, Van Huss K, Corbett J, Kim S, Mohl J, Hong BY, Cervantes J. Human macrophage polarization in the response to Mycobacterium leprae genomic DNA. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2021; 2:100015. [PMID: 34841308 PMCID: PMC8610329 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2020.100015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with Mycobacterium leprae, the causative organism of leprosy, is still endemic in numerous parts of the world including the southwestern United States. The broad variation of symptoms in the leprosy disease spectrum range from the milder tuberculoid leprosy (paucibacillary) to the more severe and disfiguring lepromatous leprosy (multibacillary). The established thinking in the health community is that host response, rather than M. leprae strain variation, is the reason for the range of disease severity. More recent discoveries suggest that macrophage polarization also plays a significant role in the spectrum of leprosy disease but to what degree it contributes is not fully established. In this study, we aimed to analyze if different strains of M. leprae elicit different transcription responses in human macrophages, and to examine the role of macrophage polarization in these responses. Genomic DNA from three different strains of M. leprae DNA (Strains NHDP, Br4923, and Thai-53) were used to stimulate human macrophages under three polarization conditions (M1, M1-activated, and M2). Transcriptome analysis revealed a large number of differentially expressed (DE) genes upon stimulation with DNA from M. leprae strain Thai-53 compared to strains NHDP and Br4923, independent of the macrophage polarization condition. We also found that macrophage polarization affects the responses to M. leprae DNA, with up-regulation of numerous interferon stimulated genes. These findings provide a deeper understanding of the role of macrophage polarization in the recognition of M. leprae DNA, with the potential to improve leprosy treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Marin
- Paul L Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Kristopher Van Huss
- Paul L Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - John Corbett
- Paul L Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Sangjin Kim
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Jonathon Mohl
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
- Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Bo-young Hong
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA
| | - Jorge Cervantes
- Paul L Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
- Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
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9
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Bobe JR, Jutras BL, Horn EJ, Embers ME, Bailey A, Moritz RL, Zhang Y, Soloski MJ, Ostfeld RS, Marconi RT, Aucott J, Ma'ayan A, Keesing F, Lewis K, Ben Mamoun C, Rebman AW, McClune ME, Breitschwerdt EB, Reddy PJ, Maggi R, Yang F, Nemser B, Ozcan A, Garner O, Di Carlo D, Ballard Z, Joung HA, Garcia-Romeu A, Griffiths RR, Baumgarth N, Fallon BA. Recent Progress in Lyme Disease and Remaining Challenges. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:666554. [PMID: 34485323 PMCID: PMC8416313 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.666554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lyme disease (also known as Lyme borreliosis) is the most common vector-borne disease in the United States with an estimated 476,000 cases per year. While historically, the long-term impact of Lyme disease on patients has been controversial, mounting evidence supports the idea that a substantial number of patients experience persistent symptoms following treatment. The research community has largely lacked the necessary funding to properly advance the scientific and clinical understanding of the disease, or to develop and evaluate innovative approaches for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Given the many outstanding questions raised into the diagnosis, clinical presentation and treatment of Lyme disease, and the underlying molecular mechanisms that trigger persistent disease, there is an urgent need for more support. This review article summarizes progress over the past 5 years in our understanding of Lyme and tick-borne diseases in the United States and highlights remaining challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R. Bobe
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Brandon L. Jutras
- Department of Biochemistry, Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | | | - Monica E. Embers
- Tulane University Health Sciences, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Allison Bailey
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mark J. Soloski
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Lyme Disease Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | - Richard T. Marconi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - John Aucott
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Lyme Disease Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Avi Ma'ayan
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Kim Lewis
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Alison W. Rebman
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Lyme Disease Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Mecaila E. McClune
- Department of Biochemistry, Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Edward B. Breitschwerdt
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | | | - Ricardo Maggi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Frank Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Bennett Nemser
- Steven & Alexandra Cohen Foundation, Stamford, CT, United States
| | - Aydogan Ozcan
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Omai Garner
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Zachary Ballard
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Hyou-Arm Joung
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Albert Garcia-Romeu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Roland R. Griffiths
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Nicole Baumgarth
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases and the Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Brian A. Fallon
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
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10
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Akoolo L, Djokic V, Rocha SC, Parveen N. Pathogenesis of Borrelia burgdorferi and Babesia microti in TLR4-Competent and TLR4-dysfunctional C3H mice. Cell Microbiol 2021; 23:e13350. [PMID: 33938125 PMCID: PMC8459286 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are a class of membrane‐spanning proteins of host cells. TLR2 and TLR4 are displayed on the surface of macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells and recognise structurally conserved microbial signatures defined as Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). C3H mice are susceptible to tick‐borne pathogens; Lyme disease causing Borrelia burgdorferi that manifests arthritis and carditis and Apicomplexan protozoan, Babesia microti (Bm) that causes significant parasitemia associated with erythrocytopenia and haemoglobinuria. B. burgdorferi lacks typical TLR4 ligand lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and Bm TLR ligand(s) remain unknown. Only Borrelia lipoproteins that signal through TLR2 are established as PAMPs of these pathogens for TLR2/TLR4. Infection of C3H mice with each pathogen individually resulted in increase in the percentage of splenic B, T and FcR+ cells while their co‐infection significantly diminished levels of these cells and caused increased B. burgdorferi burden in the specific organs. The most pronounced inflammatory arthritis was observed in co‐infected C3H/HeJ mice. Parasitemia levels and kinetics of resolution of Bm in both mice strains were not significantly different. Transfected HEK293 cells showed pronounced signalling by B. burgdorferi through TLR2 and to some extent by TLR4 while Bm and infected erythrocytes did not show any response confirming our results in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavoisier Akoolo
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Vitomir Djokic
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Sandra C Rocha
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Nikhat Parveen
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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11
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Benjamin SJ, Hawley KL, Vera-Licona P, La Vake CJ, Cervantes JL, Ruan Y, Radolf JD, Salazar JC. Macrophage mediated recognition and clearance of Borrelia burgdorferi elicits MyD88-dependent and -independent phagosomal signals that contribute to phagocytosis and inflammation. BMC Immunol 2021; 22:32. [PMID: 34000990 PMCID: PMC8127205 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-021-00418-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophages play prominent roles in bacteria recognition and clearance, including Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb), the Lyme disease spirochete. To elucidate mechanisms by which MyD88/TLR signaling enhances clearance of Bb by macrophages, we studied wildtype (WT) and MyD88-/- Bb-stimulated bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). RESULTS MyD88-/- BMDMs exhibit impaired uptake of spirochetes but comparable maturation of phagosomes following internalization of spirochetes. RNA-sequencing of infected WT and MyD88-/- BMDMs identified a large cohort of differentially expressed MyD88-dependent genes associated with re-organization of actin and cytoskeleton during phagocytosis along with several MyD88-independent chemokines involved in inflammatory cell recruitment. We computationally generated networks which identified several MyD88-dependent intermediate proteins (Rhoq and Cyfip1) that are known to mediate inflammation and phagocytosis respectively. CONCLUSION Our findings show that MyD88 signaling enhances, but is not required, for bacterial uptake or phagosomal maturation and provide mechanistic insights into how MyD88-mediated phagosomal signaling enhances Bb uptake and clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Benjamin
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Kelly L Hawley
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Connecticut Children's, Hartford, CT, 06106, USA
| | - Paola Vera-Licona
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
- Center for Quantitative Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
- Institute of Systems Genomics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Carson J La Vake
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Jorge L Cervantes
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Connecticut Children's, Hartford, CT, 06106, USA
- Present Address: Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Yijun Ruan
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA
| | - Justin D Radolf
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
- Department of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Juan C Salazar
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Connecticut Children's, Hartford, CT, 06106, USA.
- Department of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Connecticut Children's, 282 Washington Street, Hartford, CT, 06106, USA.
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12
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Ørbæk M, Gynthersen RMM, Mens H, Stenør C, Wiese L, Brandt C, Ostrowski SR, Nielsen SD, Lebech AM. Stimulated Immune Response by TruCulture ® Whole Blood Assay in Patients With European Lyme Neuroborreliosis: A Prospective Cohort Study. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:666037. [PMID: 34041044 PMCID: PMC8141554 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.666037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex (B. burgdorferi) can cause a variety of clinical manifestations including Lyme neuroborreliosis. Following the tick-borne transmission, B. burgdorferi initially evade immune responses, later symptomatic infection is associated with occurrence of specific antibody responses. We hypothesized that B. burgdorferi induce immune hyporesponsiveness or immune suppression and aimed to investigate patients with Lyme neuroborreliosis ability to respond to immune stimulation. Methods An observational cohort study investigating the stimulated immune response by standardized whole blood assay (TruCulture®) in adult patients with Lyme neuroborreliosis included at time of diagnosis from 01.09.2018-31.07.2020. Reference intervals were based on a 5-95% range of cytokine concentrations from healthy individuals (n = 32). Patients with Lyme neuroborreliosis and references were compared using Mann-Whitney U test. Heatmaps of cytokine responses were generated using the webtool Clustvis. Results In total, 22 patients with Lyme neuroborreliosis (19 definite, 3 probable) were included. In the unstimulated samples, the concentrations of cytokines in patients with Lyme neuroborreliosis were comparable with references, except interferon (IFN)-α, interleukin (IL)-17A, IL-1β and IL-8, which were all significantly below the references. Patients with Lyme neuroborreliosis had similar concentrations of most cytokines in all stimulations compared with references. IFN-α, IFN-γ, IL-12 and IL-17A were lower than references in multiple stimulations. Conclusion In this exploratory cohort study, we found lower or similar concentrations of circulating cytokines in blood from patients with Lyme neuroborreliosis at time of diagnosis compared with references. The stimulated cytokine release in blood from patients with Lyme neuroborreliosis was in general slightly lower than in the references. Specific patterns of low IL-12 and IFN-γ indicated low Th1-response and low concentrations of IL-17A did not support a strong Th17 response. Our results suggest that patients with Lyme neuroborreliosis elicit a slightly suppressed or impaired immune response for the investigated stimulations, however, whether the response normalizes remains unanswered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Ørbæk
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Helene Mens
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Stenør
- Department of Neurology, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lothar Wiese
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sjællands University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Christian Brandt
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sjællands University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Sisse Rye Ostrowski
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susanne Dam Nielsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne-Mette Lebech
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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13
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Campbell GR, To RK, Hanna J, Spector SA. SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-1, and HIV-1 derived ssRNA sequences activate the NLRP3 inflammasome in human macrophages through a non-classical pathway. iScience 2021; 24:102295. [PMID: 33718825 PMCID: PMC7939994 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages promote an early host response to infection by releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), TNF, and IL-6. The bioactivity of IL-1β is classically dependent on NLRP3 inflammasome activation, which culminates in caspase-1 activation and pyroptosis. Recent studies suggest a role for NLRP3 inflammasome activation in lung inflammation and fibrosis in both COVID-19 and SARS, and there is evidence of NLRP3 involvement in HIV-1 disease. Here, we show that GU-rich single-stranded RNA (GU-rich RNA) derived from SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-1, and HIV-1 trigger a TLR8-dependent pro-inflammatory cytokine response from human macrophages in the absence of pyroptosis, with GU-rich RNA from the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein triggering the greatest inflammatory response. Using genetic and pharmacological inhibition, we show that the induction of mature IL-1β is through a non-classical pathway dependent on caspase-1, caspase-8, the NLRP3 inflammasome, potassium efflux, and autophagy while being independent of TRIF (TICAM1), vitamin D3, and pyroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant R. Campbell
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Rachel K. To
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jonathan Hanna
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Stephen A. Spector
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
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14
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Joshi B, Singh B, Nadeem A, Askarian F, Wai SN, Johannessen M, Hegstad K. Transcriptome Profiling of Staphylococcus aureus Associated Extracellular Vesicles Reveals Presence of Small RNA-Cargo. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 7:566207. [PMID: 33521050 PMCID: PMC7838569 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.566207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial extracellular vesicles (EVs) have a vital role in bacterial pathogenesis. However, to date, the small RNA-cargo of EVs released by the opportunistic pathogen Staphylococcus aureus has not been characterized. Here, we shed light on the association of small RNAs with EVs secreted by S. aureus MSSA476 cultured in iron-depleted bacteriologic media supplemented with a subinhibitory dosage of vancomycin to mimic infection condition. Confocal microscopy analysis on intact RNase-treated EVs indicated that RNA is associated with EV particles. Transcriptomic followed by bioinformatics analysis of EV-associated RNA revealed the presence of potential gene regulatory small RNAs and high levels of tRNAs. Among the EV-associated enriched small RNAs were SsrA, RsaC and RNAIII. Our finding invites new insights into the potential role of EV-associated RNA as a modulator of host-pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishnu Joshi
- Department of Medical Biology, Research Group for Host-Microbe Interactions, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Bhupender Singh
- Department of Medical Biology, Research Group for Host-Microbe Interactions, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Aftab Nadeem
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Fatemeh Askarian
- Department of Medical Biology, Research Group for Host-Microbe Interactions, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Sun Nyunt Wai
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mona Johannessen
- Department of Medical Biology, Research Group for Host-Microbe Interactions, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kristin Hegstad
- Department of Medical Biology, Research Group for Host-Microbe Interactions, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North-Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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15
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Bockenstedt LK, Wooten RM, Baumgarth N. Immune Response to Borrelia: Lessons from Lyme Disease Spirochetes. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2020; 42:145-190. [PMID: 33289684 PMCID: PMC10842262 DOI: 10.21775/cimb.042.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian host responds to infection with Borrelia spirochetes through a highly orchestrated immune defense involving innate and adaptive effector functions aimed toward limiting pathogen burdens, minimizing tissue injury, and preventing subsequent reinfection. The evolutionary adaptation of Borrelia spirochetes to their reservoir mammalian hosts may allow for its persistence despite this immune defense. This review summarizes our current understanding of the host immune response to B. burgdorferi sensu lato, the most widely studied Borrelia spp. and etiologic agent of Lyme borreliosis. Pertinent literature will be reviewed with emphasis on in vitro, ex vivo and animal studies that influenced our understanding of both the earliest responses to B. burgdorferi as it enters the mammalian host and those that evolve as spirochetes disseminate and establish infection in multiple tissues. Our focus is on the immune response of inbred mice, the most commonly studied animal model of B. burgdorferi infection and surrogate for one of this pathogen's principle natural reservoir hosts, the white-footed deer mouse. Comparison will be made to the immune responses of humans with Lyme borreliosis. Our goal is to provide an understanding of the dynamics of the mammalian immune response during infection with B. burgdorferi and its relation to the outcomes in reservoir (mouse) and non-reservoir (human) hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda K. Bockenstedt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8031, USA
| | - R. Mark Wooten
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Nicole Baumgarth
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases and Dept. Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis CA 95616, USA
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16
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Bhagwani A, Thompson AAR, Farkas L. When Innate Immunity Meets Angiogenesis-The Role of Toll-Like Receptors in Endothelial Cells and Pulmonary Hypertension. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:352. [PMID: 32850883 PMCID: PMC7410919 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors serve a central role in innate immunity, but they can also modulate cell function in various non-immune cell types including endothelial cells. Endothelial cells are necessary for the organized function of the vascular system, and part of their fundamental role is also the regulation of immune function and inflammation. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of how Toll-like receptors contribute to the immune and non-immune functions of the endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneel Bhagwani
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - A. A. Roger Thompson
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Laszlo Farkas
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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17
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Xie K, Kong S, Li F, Zhang Y, Wang J, Zhao W. Bioinformatics-Based Study to Investigate Potential Differentially Expressed Genes and miRNAs in Pediatric Sepsis. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e923881. [PMID: 32575108 PMCID: PMC7331480 DOI: 10.12659/msm.923881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis is an extremely common health issue with a considerable mortality rate in children. Our understanding about the pathogenic mechanisms of sepsis is limited. The aim of this study was to identify the differential expression genes (DEGs) in pediatric sepsis through comprehensive analysis, and to provide specific insights for the clinical sepsis therapies in children. MATERIAL AND METHODS Three pediatric gene expression profiles (GSE25504, GSE26378, GSE26440) were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The difference expression genes (DEGs) between pediatric sepsis and normal control group were screened with the GEO2R online tool. The Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses of the DEGs were performed. Cytoscape with CytoHubba were used to identify the hub genes. Finally, NetworkAnalyst was used to construct the targeted microRNAs (miRNAs) of the hub genes. RESULTS Totally, 160 overlapping upward genes and 61 downward genes were identified. In addition, 5 KEGG pathways, including hematopoietic cell lineage, Staphylococcus aureus infection, starch and sucrose metabolism, osteoclast differentiation, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathway, were significantly enriched using a database for labeling, visualization, and synthetic discovery. In combination with the results of the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and CytoHubba, 9 hub genes including ITGAM, TLR8, IL1ß, MMP9, MPO, FPR2, ELANE, SPI1, and C3AR1 were selected. Combined with DEG-miRNAs visualization, 5 miRNAs, including has-miR-204-5p, has-miR-211-5p, has-miR-590-5p, and has-miR-21-5p, were predicted as possibly the key miRNAs. CONCLUSIONS Our findings will contribute to identification of potential biomarkers and novel strategies for pediatric sepsis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Xie
- Laboratory Department, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China (mainland)
| | - Shan Kong
- Laboratory Department, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China (mainland)
| | - Fuxing Li
- Laboratory Department, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China (mainland)
| | - Yulin Zhang
- Laboratory Department, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China (mainland)
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China (mainland)
| | - Weidong Zhao
- Laboratory Department, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China (mainland)
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18
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RNA Sensing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Its Impact on TB Vaccination Strategies. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8010067. [PMID: 32033104 PMCID: PMC7158685 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is still an important global threat and although the causing organism has been discovered long ago, effective prevention strategies are lacking. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is a unique pathogen with a complex host interaction. Understanding the immune responses upon infection with MTB is crucial for the development of new vaccination strategies and therapeutic targets for TB. Recently, it has been proposed that sensing bacterial nucleic acid in antigen-presenting cells via intracellular pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is a central mechanism for initiating an effective host immune response. Here, we summarize key findings of the impact of mycobacterial RNA sensing for innate and adaptive host immunity after MTB infection, with emphasis on endosomal toll-like receptors (TLRs) and cytosolic sensors such as NLRP3 and RLRs, modulating T-cell differentiation through IL-12, IL-21, and type I interferons. Ultimately, these immunological pathways may impact immune memory and TB vaccine efficacy. The novel findings described here may change our current understanding of the host response to MTB and potentially impact clinical research, as well as future vaccination design. In this review, the current state of the art is summarized, and an outlook is given on how progress can be made.
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19
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Bernard Q, Grillon A, Lenormand C, Ehret-Sabatier L, Boulanger N. Skin Interface, a Key Player for Borrelia Multiplication and Persistence in Lyme Borreliosis. Trends Parasitol 2020; 36:304-314. [PMID: 32007396 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2019.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The skin plays a key role in vector-borne diseases because it is the site where the arthropod coinoculates pathogens and its saliva. Lyme borreliosis, particularly well investigated in this context, is a multisystemic infectious disease caused by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and transmitted by the hard tick Ixodes. Numerous in vitro studies were conducted to better understand the role of specific skin cells and tick saliva in host defense, vector feeding, and pathogen transmission. The skin was also evidenced in various animal models as the site of bacterial multiplication and persistence. We present the achievements in this field as well as the gaps that impede comprehensive knowledge of the disease pathophysiology and the development of efficient diagnostic tools and vaccines in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Bernard
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Institut de Bactériologie, Université de Strasbourg, VBP EA7290, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Antoine Grillon
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Institut de Bactériologie, Université de Strasbourg, VBP EA7290, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Cédric Lenormand
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Institut de Bactériologie, Université de Strasbourg, VBP EA7290, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; Clinique Dermatologique, Hôpital Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurence Ehret-Sabatier
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Nathalie Boulanger
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Institut de Bactériologie, Université de Strasbourg, VBP EA7290, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; French National Reference Center on Lyme Borreliosis, CHRU, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
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20
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Milillo MA, Trotta A, Serafino A, Marin Franco JL, Marinho FV, Alcain J, Genoula M, Balboa L, Oliveira SC, Giambartolomei GH, Barrionuevo P. Bacterial RNA Contributes to the Down-Modulation of MHC-II Expression on Monocytes/Macrophages Diminishing CD4 + T Cell Responses. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2181. [PMID: 31572389 PMCID: PMC6753364 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucella abortus, the causative agent of brucellosis, displays many resources to evade T cell responses conducive to persist inside the host. Our laboratory has previously showed that infection of human monocytes with B. abortus down-modulates the IFN-γ-induced MHC-II expression. Brucella outer membrane lipoproteins are structural components involved in this phenomenon. Moreover, IL-6 is the soluble factor that mediated MHC-II down-regulation. Yet, the MHC-II down-regulation exerted by lipoproteins was less marked than the one observed as consequence of infection. This led us to postulate that there should be other components associated with viable bacteria that may act together with lipoproteins in order to diminish MHC-II. Our group has recently demonstrated that B. abortus RNA (PAMP related to pathogens' viability or vita-PAMP) is involved in MHC-I down-regulation. Therefore, in this study we investigated if B. abortus RNA could be contributing to the down-regulation of MHC-II. This PAMP significantly down-modulated the IFN-γ-induced MHC-II surface expression on THP-1 cells as well as in primary human monocytes and murine bone marrow macrophages. The expression of other molecules up-regulated by IFN-γ (such as co-stimulatory molecules) was stimulated on monocytes treated with B. abortus RNA. This result shows that this PAMP does not alter all IFN-γ-induced molecules globally. We also showed that other bacterial and parasitic RNAs caused MHC-II surface expression down-modulation indicating that this phenomenon is not restricted to B. abortus. Moreover, completely degraded RNA was also able to reproduce the phenomenon. MHC-II down-regulation on monocytes treated with RNA and L-Omp19 (a prototypical lipoprotein of B. abortus) was more pronounced than in monocytes stimulated with both components separately. We also demonstrated that B. abortus RNA along with its lipoproteins decrease MHC-II surface expression predominantly by a mechanism of inhibition of MHC-II expression. Regarding the signaling pathway, we demonstrated that IL-6 is a soluble factor implicated in B. abortus RNA and lipoproteins-triggered MHC-II surface down-regulation. Finally, CD4+ T cells functionality was affected as macrophages treated with these components showed lower antigen presentation capacity. Therefore, B. abortus RNA and lipoproteins are two PAMPs that contribute to MHC-II down-regulation on monocytes/macrophages diminishing CD4+ T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ayelén Milillo
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (CONICET-Academia Nacional de Medicina), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Aldana Trotta
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (CONICET-Academia Nacional de Medicina), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustina Serafino
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (CONICET-Academia Nacional de Medicina), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - José Luis Marin Franco
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (CONICET-Academia Nacional de Medicina), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fábio V Marinho
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Julieta Alcain
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (CONICET-Academia Nacional de Medicina), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Melanie Genoula
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (CONICET-Academia Nacional de Medicina), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciana Balboa
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (CONICET-Academia Nacional de Medicina), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sergio Costa Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Guillermo H Giambartolomei
- Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo, Hospital de Clínicas "José de San Martín" (CONICET-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula Barrionuevo
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (CONICET-Academia Nacional de Medicina), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Cytokine Expression Patterns and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in Patients with Chronic Borreliosis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:antibiotics8030107. [PMID: 31366164 PMCID: PMC6784230 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8030107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Genetically based hyperinflammation may play a role in pathogen defense. We here questioned whether alterations in circulating monocytes/macrophages, inflammatory biomarkers and a functional SNP (single nucleotide polymorphisms) of the Interleukin-6 (IL-6) promotor might play a role in patients with persistent, and treatment resistant borreliosis. (2) Methods: Leukocyte subpopulations were studied by flow cytometry; plasma cytokines were determined by a chemiluminescence based ELISA (Immulite®), and genotypes of the IL-6 promotor SNP rs1800795 were determined by pyrosequencing. (3) Results: In a cohort of n = 107 Lyme borreliosis patients, who concomitantly manifested either malignant diseases (group 1), autoimmune disorders (group 2), neurological diseases (group 3), or morbidities caused by multiple other infectious complications (group 4), we found decreased numbers of anti-inflammatory CD163-positive macrophages, elevated concentrations of inflammatory cytokines, and an imbalance of IL-6 promotor SNP rs1800795 genotypes. The most prominently upregulated cytokines were IL-1β, and IL-8. (4) Conclusions: Increased pro-inflammatory phenotypes identified by monocyte/macrophage subtypes and concomitantly increased cytokines appear to be valid to monitor disease activity in patients with persistent Lyme borreliosis. Patterns may vary by additional co-morbidities. In patients with autoimmune diseases, increased frequencies of a heterozygous IL-6 promotor SNP rs1800795 were identified. This functional SNP may guide chronic inflammation, impacting other cytokines to trigger trigger chronicity and therapeutic resistance in Lyme borreliosis.
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22
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Cervantes JL, Oak E, Garcia J, Liu H, Lorenzini PA, Batra D, Chhabra A, Salazar JC, Roca X. Vitamin D modulates human macrophage response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2019; 116S:S131-S137. [PMID: 31085128 PMCID: PMC6626683 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2019.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a facultative intracellular pathogen that infects macrophages where it avoids elimination by interfering with host defense mechanisms, including phago-lysosome fusion. Endosomal Toll-like receptors (TLRs) generate Type I Interferons (IFNs), which are associated with active tuberculosis (TB). We aimed to explore if DNA from different Mtb lineages lead to differences in the inflammatory response of human monocytic/macrophage cells. THP-1 cells which express two inducible reporter constructs for interferons (IFNs) as well as for NF-κB, were stimulated via endosomal delivery of Mtb DNA as a nanocomplex with PEI. DNA from different Mtb phylogenetic lineages elicited differential inflammatory responses in human macrophages. An initial relatively weak IRF-mediated response to DNA from HN878 and H37Rv increased if the cells were pre-treated with Vitamin D (Vit D) for 72 h. RNAseq of THP-1 under different transformation conditions showed that pre-treatment with Vit D upregulated several TLR9 variants, as well as genes involved in inflammatory immune response to infection, immune cell activation, Type I IFN regulation, and regulation of inflammation. Vit D appears to be important in increasing low IRF responses to DNA from certain lineages of Mtb. Variations in the IRF-mediated response to DNA derived from different Mtb genotypes are potentially important in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis since Type I IFN responses are associated with active disease. The role of Vit D in these responses could also translate into future therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge L Cervantes
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, TX, USA.
| | - Esther Oak
- University of New England, College of Dental Medicine, Portland, ME, USA
| | - John Garcia
- University of Connecticut Health, School of Public Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Hongfei Liu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Paolo A Lorenzini
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Nanyang Institute of Technology in Health and Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Deepika Batra
- Stem Cell Institute, Amity University Haryana, Manesar, Gurugram, Haryana, India
| | - Arvind Chhabra
- Stem Cell Institute, Amity University Haryana, Manesar, Gurugram, Haryana, India
| | - Juan C Salazar
- University of Connecticut Health, Department of Pediatrics, Farmington, CT, USA; Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Xavier Roca
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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23
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Coch C, Hommertgen B, Zillinger T, Daßler-Plenker J, Putschli B, Nastaly M, Kümmerer BM, Scheunemann JF, Schumak B, Specht S, Schlee M, Barchet W, Hoerauf A, Bartok E, Hartmann G. Human TLR8 Senses RNA From Plasmodium falciparum-Infected Red Blood Cells Which Is Uniquely Required for the IFN-γ Response in NK Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:371. [PMID: 30972055 PMCID: PMC6445952 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
During blood-stage malaria, the innate immune system initiates the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IFN-γ, that are critical to host defense and responsible for severe disease. Nonetheless, the innate immune pathways activated during this process in human malaria remain poorly understood. Here, we identify TLR8 as an essential sensor of Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells (iRBC). In human immune cells, iRBC and RNA purified from iRBC were detected by TLR8 but not TLR7 leading to IFN-γ induction in NK cells. While TLR7 and 9 have been shown to lead to IFN-γ in mice, our data demonstrate that TLR8 was the only TLR capable of inducing IFN-γ release in human immune cells. This unique capacity was mediated by the release of IL-12p70 and bioactive IL-18 from monocytes, the latter via a hitherto undescribed pathway. Altogether, our data are the first reported activation of TLR8 by protozoan RNA and demonstrate both the critical role of TLR8 in human blood-stage malaria and its unique functionality in the human immune system. Moreover, our study offers important evidence that mouse models alone may not be sufficient to describe the human innate immune response to malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Coch
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Benjamin Hommertgen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Zillinger
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Juliane Daßler-Plenker
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Bastian Putschli
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Maximilian Nastaly
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Johanna F Scheunemann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Beatrix Schumak
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sabine Specht
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Schlee
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Winfried Barchet
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Eva Bartok
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gunther Hartmann
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
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24
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Cheng Y, Schorey JS. Mycobacterium tuberculosis-induced IFN-β production requires cytosolic DNA and RNA sensing pathways. J Exp Med 2018; 215:2919-2935. [PMID: 30337468 PMCID: PMC6219742 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20180508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cheng and Schorey identified a regulatory mechanism where cytosolic DNA and RNA sensing pathways synergistically regulate type I IFN production in macrophages and mice during a Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and show that activation of mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) promotes M.tb survival in mice. RNA sensing pathways are key elements in a host immune response to viral pathogens, but little is known of their importance during bacterial infections. We found that Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) actively releases RNA into the macrophage cytosol using the mycobacterial SecA2 and ESX-1 secretion systems. The cytosolic M.tb RNA induces IFN-β production through the host RIG-I/MAVS/IRF7 RNA sensing pathway. The inducible expression of IRF7 within infected cells requires an autocrine signaling through IFN-β and its receptor, and this early IFN-β production is dependent on STING and IRF3 activation. M.tb infection studies using Mavs−/− mice support a role for RNA sensors in regulating IFN-β production and bacterial replication in vivo. Together, our data indicate that M.tb RNA is actively released during an infection and promotes IFN-β production through a regulatory mechanism involving cross-talk between DNA and RNA sensor pathways, and our data support the hypothesis that bacterial RNA can drive a host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Cheng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN
| | - Jeffrey S Schorey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN
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25
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do Nascimento NC, Guimaraes AMS, Dos Santos AP, Chu Y, Marques LM, Messick JB. RNA-Seq based transcriptome of whole blood from immunocompetent pigs (Sus scrofa) experimentally infected with Mycoplasma suis strain Illinois. Vet Res 2018; 49:49. [PMID: 29914581 PMCID: PMC6006945 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0546-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigs are popular animal models in biomedical research. RNA-Seq is becoming the predominant tool to investigate transcriptional changes of the pig’s response to infection. The high sensitivity of this tool requires a strict control of the study design beginning with the selection of healthy animals to provide accurate interpretation of research data. Pigs chronically infected with Mycoplasma suis often show no obvious clinical signs, however the infection may affect the validity of animal research. The goal of this study was to investigate whether or not this silent infection is also silent at the host transcriptional level. Therefore, immunocompetent pigs were experimentally infected with M. suis and transcriptional profiles of whole blood, generated by RNA-Seq, were analyzed and compared to non-infected animals. RNA-Seq showed 55 differentially expressed (DE) genes in the M. suis infected pigs. Down-regulation of genes related to innate immunity (tlr8, chemokines, chemokines receptors) and genes containing IFN gamma-activated sequence (gbp1, gbp2, il15, cxcl10, casp1, cd274) suggests a general suppression of the immune response in the infected animals. Sixteen (29.09%) of the DE genes were involved in two protein interaction networks: one involving chemokines, chemokine receptors and interleukin-15 and another involving the complement cascade. Genes related to vascular permeability, blood coagulation, and endothelium integrity were also DE in infected pigs. These findings suggest that M. suis subclinical infection causes significant alterations in blood mRNA levels, which could impact data interpretation of research using pigs. Screening of pigs for M. suis infection before initiating animal studies is strongly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naíla C do Nascimento
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - Ana M S Guimaraes
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrea P Dos Santos
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Yuefeng Chu
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute of CAAS, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lucas M Marques
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Federal University of Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Joanne B Messick
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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26
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Exploiting vita-PAMPs in vaccines. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2018; 41:128-136. [PMID: 29890457 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Live attenuated vaccines elicit stronger protective immunity than dead vaccines. Distinct PAMPs designated as vita-PAMPs signify microbial viability to innate immune cells. Two vita-PAMPs have been characterized: cyclic-di-adenosine-monophosphate (c-di-AMP) and prokaryotic messenger RNA (mRNA). c-di-AMP produced by live Gram-positive bacteria elicits augmented production of STING-dependent type-I interferon, whereas prokaryotic mRNA from live bacteria is detected by TLR8 enabling discrimination of live from dead bacteria. Bacterial mRNA from live Gram-negative bacteria triggers a heightened type-I interferon and NLRP3 inflammasome response. By mobilizing unique viability-associated innate responses, vita-PAMPs mobilize adaptive immunity that best elicits protection, including follicular T helper cell and antibody responses. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms that confer the unique adjuvanticity of vita-PAMPs and discuss their applications in vaccine design.
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27
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Bösl K, Giambelluca M, Haug M, Bugge M, Espevik T, Kandasamy RK, Bergstrøm B. Coactivation of TLR2 and TLR8 in Primary Human Monocytes Triggers a Distinct Inflammatory Signaling Response. Front Physiol 2018; 9:618. [PMID: 29896111 PMCID: PMC5986927 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immune signaling is essential to mount a fast and specific immune response to pathogens. Monocytes and macrophages are essential cells in the early response in their capacity as ubiquitous phagocytic cells. They phagocytose microorganisms or damaged cells and sense pathogen/damage-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/DAMPs) through innate receptors such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs). We investigated a phenomenon where co-signaling from TLR2 and TLR8 in human primary monocytes provides a distinct immune activation profile compared to signaling from either TLR alone. We compare gene signatures induced by either stimulus alone or together and show that co-signaling results in downstream differences in regulation of signaling and gene transcription. We demonstrate that these differences result in altered cytokine profiles between single and multi-receptor signaling, and show how it can influence both T-cell and neutrophil responses. The end response is tailored to combat extracellular pathogens, possibly by modifying the regulation of IFNβ and IL12-family cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korbinian Bösl
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Miriam Giambelluca
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Markus Haug
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Infection, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Marit Bugge
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Terje Espevik
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Richard K Kandasamy
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjarte Bergstrøm
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Infection, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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28
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Abstract
The pathogenesis of systemic autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is based on the loss of self-tolerance against ubiquitous autoantigens involving all mechanisms of adaptive immunity. However, data accumulating over the last decade imply an important role also for numerous elements of innate immunity, namely the Toll-like receptors in the pathogenesis of SLE. Here we discuss their role in the most common organ complication of SLE, i.e. lupus nephritis. We summarize experimental and clinical data on the expression and functional contribution of the Toll-like receptors in immune complex glomerulonephritis, and intrarenal inflammation. Based on these discoveries Toll-like receptors are evolving as therapeutic targets for the treatment of SLE and lupus nephritis.
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29
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Parthasarathy G, Philipp MT. Intracellular TLR7 is activated in human oligodendrocytes in response to Borrelia burgdorferi exposure. Neurosci Lett 2018; 671:38-42. [PMID: 29408631 PMCID: PMC5889718 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Lyme neuroborreliosis, caused by the gram-negative bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi, may affect the central and/or peripheral nervous systems. In previous studies, we showed that human oligodendrocytes exposed to the bacteria undergo apoptosis in an inflammatory environment, and that inflammatory pathways trigger cell-death pathways. We further demonstrated that several receptor tyrosine kinases were involved in triggering downstream effects, leading to inflammation and apoptosis. Toll-like receptors TLR2 and TLR5, which are commonly studied receptors in Lyme disease, only had a minimal role in inflammatory processes. To delineate the role of other TLRs, if any, real-time RT-PCR array experiments were carried out as an initial screen. Along with several inflammatory genes, TLR7 mRNA was upregulated in cells exposed to B. burgdorferi. Further analysis by immunohistochemistry showed that the TLR7 protein is present in readily detectable amounts, although no discernible differences could be seen between medium and B. burgdorferi-exposed cells by this technique. Nevertheless, use of specific inhibitors and siRNA showed that TLR7 is involved in inducing IL-6 and CCL2 in a dose dependent manner, and likely CXCL8. Triggering an intracellular receptor such as TLR7, which senses RNA, in typically non-phagocytic oligodendrocytes indicates either a niche for the bacterium inside the cell or novel uptake of nucleic acids to initiate inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetha Parthasarathy
- Division of Bacteriology and Parasitology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, 18703, Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA, 70433, USA.
| | - Mario T Philipp
- Division of Bacteriology and Parasitology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, 18703, Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA, 70433, USA.
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30
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Keegan C, Krutzik S, Schenk M, Scumpia PO, Lu J, Pang YLJ, Russell BS, Lim KS, Shell S, Prestwich E, Su D, Elashoff D, Hershberg RM, Bloom BR, Belisle JT, Fortune S, Dedon PC, Pellegrini M, Modlin RL. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Transfer RNA Induces IL-12p70 via Synergistic Activation of Pattern Recognition Receptors within a Cell Network. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:3244-3258. [PMID: 29610140 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Upon recognition of a microbial pathogen, the innate and adaptive immune systems are linked to generate a cell-mediated immune response against the foreign invader. The culture filtrate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis contains ligands, such as M. tuberculosis tRNA, that activate the innate immune response and secreted Ags recognized by T cells to drive adaptive immune responses. In this study, bioinformatics analysis of gene-expression profiles derived from human PBMCs treated with distinct microbial ligands identified a mycobacterial tRNA-induced innate immune network resulting in the robust production of IL-12p70, a cytokine required to instruct an adaptive Th1 response for host defense against intracellular bacteria. As validated by functional studies, this pathway contained a feed-forward loop, whereby the early production of IL-18, type I IFNs, and IL-12p70 primed NK cells to respond to IL-18 and produce IFN-γ, enhancing further production of IL-12p70. Mechanistically, tRNA activates TLR3 and TLR8, and this synergistic induction of IL-12p70 was recapitulated by the addition of a specific TLR8 agonist with a TLR3 ligand to PBMCs. These data indicate that M. tuberculosis tRNA activates a gene network involving the integration of multiple innate signals, including types I and II IFNs, as well as distinct cell types to induce IL-12p70.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Keegan
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Stephan Krutzik
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Mirjam Schenk
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Philip O Scumpia
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Jing Lu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Yan Ling Joy Pang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Brandon S Russell
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Kok Seong Lim
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Scarlet Shell
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Erin Prestwich
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Dan Su
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - David Elashoff
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | | | - Barry R Bloom
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115
| | - John T Belisle
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523; and
| | - Sarah Fortune
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Peter C Dedon
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139.,Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Antimicrobial Drug Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095.,Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Robert L Modlin
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095; .,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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31
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Rodríguez Y, Rojas M, Gershwin ME, Anaya JM. Tick-borne diseases and autoimmunity: A comprehensive review. J Autoimmun 2018; 88:21-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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32
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Tang J, Sun M, Shi G, Xu Y, Han Y, Li X, Dong W, Zhan L, Qin C. Toll-Like Receptor 8 Agonist Strengthens the Protective Efficacy of ESAT-6 Immunization to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1972. [PMID: 29416532 PMCID: PMC5787779 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests important functions for human Toll-like receptor 8 in vivo in tuberculosis and autoimmune diseases. However, these studies are limited by the lack of specific agonists and by the fact that the homology of TLR8 in human and mice is not sufficient to rely on mouse models. In this study, we examined the role of human TLR8 in the disease progression of experimental Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, as well as the benefits provided by a TLR8 agonist against Mtb challenge in a human TLR8 transgenic mouse. We found that the expression of human TLR8 in C57BL/6 mice permits higher bacilli load in tissues. A vaccine formulated with ESAT-6, aluminum hydroxide, and TLR8 agonist provided protection against Mtb challenge, with a high percentage of CD44hiCD62Lhi TCM. Using ovalbumin as a model antigen, we demonstrated that the activation of TLR8 enhanced the innate and adaptive immune response, and provided a sustained TCM formation and Th1 type humoral response, which were mainly mediated by type I IFN signaling. Further research is required to optimize the vaccine formulation and seek optimal combinations of different TLR agonists, such as TLR4, for better adjuvanticity in this animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, China.,Tuberculosis Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Mengmeng Sun
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Guiying Shi
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Yanfeng Xu
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Yunlin Han
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Dong
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Lingjun Zhan
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, China.,Tuberculosis Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Chuan Qin
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, China.,Tuberculosis Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
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33
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Paquette JK, Ma Y, Fisher C, Li J, Lee SB, Zachary JF, Kim YS, Teuscher C, Weis JJ. Genetic Control of Lyme Arthritis by Borrelia burgdorferi Arthritis-Associated Locus 1 Is Dependent on Localized Differential Production of IFN-β and Requires Upregulation of Myostatin. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:3525-3534. [PMID: 28986440 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Previously, using a forward genetic approach, we identified differential expression of type I IFN as a positional candidate for an expression quantitative trait locus underlying Borrelia burgdorferi arthritis-associated locus 1 (Bbaa1). In this study, we show that mAb blockade revealed a unique role for IFN-β in Lyme arthritis development in B6.C3-Bbaa1 mice. Genetic control of IFN-β expression was also identified in bone marrow-derived macrophages stimulated with B. burgdorferi, and it was responsible for feed-forward amplification of IFN-stimulated genes. Reciprocal radiation chimeras between B6.C3-Bbaa1 and C57BL/6 mice revealed that arthritis is initiated by radiation-sensitive cells, but orchestrated by radiation-resistant components of joint tissue. Advanced congenic lines were developed to reduce the physical size of the Bbaa1 interval, and confirmed the contribution of type I IFN genes to Lyme arthritis. RNA sequencing of resident CD45- joint cells from advanced interval-specific recombinant congenic lines identified myostatin as uniquely upregulated in association with Bbaa1 arthritis development, and myostatin expression was linked to IFN-β production. Inhibition of myostatin in vivo suppressed Lyme arthritis in the reduced interval Bbaa1 congenic mice, formally implicating myostatin as a novel downstream mediator of the joint-specific inflammatory response to B. burgdorferi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackie K Paquette
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Ying Ma
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Colleen Fisher
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Jinze Li
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Sang Beum Lee
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food, and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822
| | - James F Zachary
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61820; and
| | - Yong Soo Kim
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food, and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822
| | - Cory Teuscher
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Janis J Weis
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112;
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Hawley KL, Cruz AR, Benjamin SJ, La Vake CJ, Cervantes JL, LeDoyt M, Ramirez LG, Mandich D, Fiel-Gan M, Caimano MJ, Radolf JD, Salazar JC. IFNγ Enhances CD64-Potentiated Phagocytosis of Treponema pallidum Opsonized with Human Syphilitic Serum by Human Macrophages. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1227. [PMID: 29051759 PMCID: PMC5633599 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Syphilis is a multi-stage, sexually transmitted disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum (Tp). Considered broadly, syphilis can be conceptualized as a dualistic process in which spirochete-driven inflammation, the cause of clinical manifestations, coexists to varying extents with bacterial persistence. Inflammation is elicited in the tissues, along with the persistence of spirochetes to keep driving a robust immune response while evading host defenses; this duality is best exemplified during the florid, disseminated stage called secondary syphilis (SS). SS lesions typically contain copious amounts of spirochetes along with a mixed cellular infiltrate consisting of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, NK cells, plasma cells, and macrophages. In the rabbit model, Tp are cleared by macrophages via antibody-mediated opsonophagocytosis. Previously, we demonstrated that human syphilitic serum (HSS) promotes efficient uptake of Tp by human monocytes and that opsonophagocytosis of Tp markedly enhances cytokine production. Herein, we used monocyte-derived macrophages to study Tp–macrophage interactions ex vivo. In the absence of HSS, monocyte-derived macrophages internalized low numbers of Tp and secreted little cytokine (e.g., TNF). By contrast, these same macrophages internalized large numbers of unopsonized Borrelia burgdorferi and secreted robust levels of cytokines. Maturation of macrophages with M-CSF and IFNγ resulted in a macrophage phenotype with increased expression of HLA-DR, CD14, inducible nitric oxide synthase, TLR2, TLR8, and the Fcγ receptors (FcγR) CD64 and CD16, even in the absence of LPS. Importantly, IFNγ-polarized macrophages resulted in a statistically significant increase in opsonophagocytosis of Tp accompanied by enhanced production of cytokines, macrophage activation markers (CD40, CD80), TLRs (TLR2, TLR7, TLR8), chemokines (CCL19, CXCL10, CXCL11), and TH1-promoting cytokines (IL-12, IL-15). Finally, the blockade of FcγRs, primarily CD64, significantly diminished spirochetal uptake and proinflammatory cytokine secretion by IFNγ-stimulated macrophages. Our ex vivo studies demonstrate the importance of CD64-potentiated uptake of opsonized Tp and suggest that IFNγ-activated macrophages have an important role in the context of early syphilis. Our study results also provide an ex vivo surrogate system for use in future syphilis vaccine studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Hawley
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, CT, United States
| | - Adriana R Cruz
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Colombia
| | - Sarah J Benjamin
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, CT, United States.,Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Carson J La Vake
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Jorge L Cervantes
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, CT, United States
| | - Morgan LeDoyt
- Department of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Lady G Ramirez
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Colombia
| | - Daniza Mandich
- Department of Pathology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, United States
| | - Mary Fiel-Gan
- Department of Pathology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, United States
| | | | - Justin D Radolf
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, CT, United States.,Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Colombia.,Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States.,Department of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States.,Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Juan C Salazar
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, CT, United States.,Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Colombia.,Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
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35
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Schmitt FCF, Freund I, Weigand MA, Helm M, Dalpke AH, Eigenbrod T. Identification of an optimized 2'- O-methylated trinucleotide RNA motif inhibiting Toll-like receptors 7 and 8. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 23:1344-1351. [PMID: 28576825 PMCID: PMC5558904 DOI: 10.1261/rna.061952.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial RNA serves an important function as activator of the innate immune system. In humans bacterial RNA is sensed by the endosomal receptors TLR7 and TLR8. Differences in the posttranscriptional modification profile of prokaryotic when compared with eukaryotic RNA allow innate immune cells to discriminate between "host" and "foreign" RNA. Ribose 2'-O-methylation is of particular importance and has been reported to antagonize TLR7/8 activation. Yet, the exact sequence context in which 2'-O-methylation has to occur to mediate its inhibitory activity remains largely undefined. On the basis of a naturally occurring 2'-O-methylated RNA sequence, we performed a systematic permutation of the methylated nucleotide as well as adjacent bases and hereby identify two minimal trinucleotide motifs within a 9-mer oligoribonucleotide that are necessary and sufficient to antagonize TLR7 and TLR8 activation, respectively. Given the growing interest in the development of inhibitors of nucleic acid-sensing TLRs for therapeutic purposes, these results will facilitate the rational design of such antagonists in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix C F Schmitt
- Department of Anesthesiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Isabel Freund
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus A Weigand
- Department of Anesthesiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mark Helm
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexander H Dalpke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tatjana Eigenbrod
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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36
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Cervantes J. Doctor says you are cured, but you still feel the pain. Borrelia DNA persistence in Lyme disease. Microbes Infect 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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37
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Milillo MA, Velásquez LN, Trotta A, Delpino MV, Marinho FV, Balboa L, Vermeulen M, Espindola SL, Rodriguez-Rodrigues N, Fernández GC, Oliveira SC, Giambartolomei GH, Barrionuevo P. B. abortus RNA is the component involved in the down-modulation of MHC-I expression on human monocytes via TLR8 and the EGFR pathway. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006527. [PMID: 28767704 PMCID: PMC5540288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite eliciting a potent CD8+ T cell response, Brucella abortus is able to persist and establish a chronic infection inside its host. We have previously reported that the infection of human monocytes/macrophages with B. abortus inhibits the IFN-γ-induced MHC-I cell surface expression down-modulating cytotoxic CD8+ T cell responses. MHC-I down-modulation depends on bacterial viability and results from the capacity of B. abortus to retain the MHC-I molecules within the Golgi apparatus. Furthermore, we recently demonstrated that epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway is involved in this phenomenon and that this is an early event during infection. However, the components and mechanisms whereby B. abortus is able to down-modulate MHC-I remained to be elucidated. In this study we demonstrated that the down-modulation of MHC-I expression is not mediated by well-known Brucella virulence factors but instead by B. abortus RNA, a PAMP associated to viability (vita-PAMP). Surprisingly, completely degraded RNA was also able to inhibit MHC-I expression to the same extent as intact RNA. Accordingly, B. abortus RNA and its degradation products were able to mimic the MHC-I intracellular retention within the Golgi apparatus observed upon infection. We further demonstrated that TLR8, a single-stranded RNA and RNA degradation products sensor, was involved in MHC-I inhibition. On the other hand, neutralization of the EGFR reversed the MHC-I inhibition, suggesting a connection between the TLR8 and EGFR pathways. Finally, B. abortus RNA-treated macrophages display diminished capacity of antigen presentation to CD8+ T cells. Overall, our results indicate that the vita-PAMP RNA as well as its degradation products constitute novel virulence factors whereby B. abortus, by a TLR8-dependent mechanism and through the EGFR pathway, inhibits the IFN-γ-induced MHC-I surface expression on human monocytes/macrophages. Thus, bacteria can hide within infected cells and avoid the immunological surveillance of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. Brucella abortus is one of the intracellular bacterial species that cause brucellosis, a zoonotic worldwide disease. An intricate enigma of Brucella immunity is its long-term persistence inside host despite a vigorous and specific immune response. Our study describes a novel immune evasion strategy exploited by B. abortus: the down-modulation of the IFN-γ-induced expression of the molecules responsible for antigen presentation to CD8+ T cells on the surface of monocytes, Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I (MHC-I) molecules. We found that the bacterial component responsible for this phenomenon is its RNA, a component associated with bacterial viability itself. Specifically, we demonstrated that not only does intact RNA down-modulate MHC-I but also the RNA degradation products. Bacterial RNA is sensed by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), among which TLRs family has gained more attention. In this study, we demonstrated that the receptor involved in this phenomenon is TLR8, a single-stranded RNA and RNA degradation products sensor. By means of this mechanism, Brucella impairs antigen presentation to CD8+ T cells, hiding within infected cells and avoiding the immunological surveillance of cytotoxic cells. On balance, these results provide new evidence to understand how B. abortus can survive inside the host and persist chronically.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Ayelén Milillo
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (CONICET-Academia Nacional de Medicina), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lis N. Velásquez
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (CONICET-Academia Nacional de Medicina), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Aldana Trotta
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (CONICET-Academia Nacional de Medicina), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M. Victoria Delpino
- Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (CONICET-UBA), Laboratorio de Inmunogenética, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fábio V. Marinho
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luciana Balboa
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (CONICET-Academia Nacional de Medicina), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mónica Vermeulen
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (CONICET-Academia Nacional de Medicina), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sonia L. Espindola
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular (INGEBI), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Gabriela C. Fernández
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (CONICET-Academia Nacional de Medicina), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sergio Costa Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Guillermo H. Giambartolomei
- Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (CONICET-UBA), Laboratorio de Inmunogenética, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula Barrionuevo
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (CONICET-Academia Nacional de Medicina), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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38
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MyD88 in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Med Microbiol Immunol 2017; 206:187-193. [PMID: 28220253 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-017-0495-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
MyD88 adaptor protein mediates numerous biologically important signal transduction pathways in innate immunity. MyD88 signaling fosters bacterial containment and is necessary to raise an adequate innate and acquired immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The phagosome is a crucial cellular location not only for Mtb replication, but it is also where components of the Myddosome and inflammasome are recruited. Besides its function as a TLR-adaptor protein, MyD88 may help stabilizing cytosolic receptors that are recruited to the phagosome. MyD88 plays a critical role not only in the generation of an inflammatory response, but also in inducing regulatory signals to prevent excessive inflammation and cellular damage in the lung.
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39
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Simonov D, Swift S, Blenkiron C, Phillips AR. Bacterial RNA as a signal to eukaryotic cells as part of the infection process. Discoveries (Craiova) 2016; 4:e70. [PMID: 32309589 PMCID: PMC7159825 DOI: 10.15190/d.2016.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of regulatory RNA has identified an underappreciated area for microbial subversion of the host. There is increasing evidence that RNA can be delivered from bacteria to host cells associated with membrane vesicles or by direct release from intracellular bacteria. Once inside the host cell, RNA can act by activating sequence-independent receptors of the innate immune system, where recent findings suggest this can be more than simple pathogen detection, and may contribute to the subversion of immune responses. Sequence specific effects are also being proposed, with examples from nematode, plant and human models providing support for the proposition that bacteria-to-human RNA signaling and the subversion of host gene expression may occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Simonov
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Surgery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Simon Swift
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Cherie Blenkiron
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Surgery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anthony R Phillips
- Department of Surgery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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40
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Abstract
Finding better treatments for lupus nephritis requires an understanding of the pathogenesis of the causative systemic disease, how this leads to kidney disease, and how lupus nephritis progresses to end-stage kidney disease. Here, we provide a brief conceptual overview on the related pathomechanisms. As a main focus we discuss in detail the roles of neutrophils, dendritic cells, Toll-like receptors, and interferon-α in the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis by separately reviewing their roles in extrarenal systemic autoimmunity and in intrarenal inflammation and immunopathology.
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41
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Stein K, Brand S, Jenckel A, Sigmund A, Chen ZJ, Kirschning CJ, Kauth M, Heine H. Endosomal recognition of Lactococcus lactis G121 and its RNA by dendritic cells is key to its allergy-protective effects. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 139:667-678.e5. [PMID: 27544739 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial cowshed isolates are allergy protective in mice; however, the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. We examined the ability of Lactococcus lactis G121 to prevent allergic inflammatory reactions. OBJECTIVE We sought to identify the ligands and pattern recognition receptors through which L lactis G121 confers allergy protection. METHODS L lactis G121-induced cytokine release and surface expression of costimulatory molecules by untreated or inhibitor-treated (bafilomycin and cytochalasin D) human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs), bone marrow-derived mouse dendritic cells (BMDCs), and moDC/naive CD4+ T-cell cocultures were analyzed by using ELISA and flow cytometry. The pathology of ovalbumin-induced acute allergic airway inflammation after adoptive transfer of BMDCs was examined by means of microscopy. RESULTS L lactis G121-treated murine BMDCs and human moDCs released TH1-polarizing cytokines and induced TH1 T cells. Inhibiting phagocytosis and endosomal acidification in BMDCs or moDCs impaired the release of TH1-polarizing cytokines, costimulatory molecule expression, and T-cell activation on L lactis G121 challenge. In vivo allergy protection mediated by L lactis G121 was dependent on endosomal acidification in dendritic cells (DCs). Toll-like receptor (Tlr) 13-/- BMDCs showed a weak response to L lactis G121 and were unresponsive to its RNA. The TH1-polarizing activity of L lactis G121-treated human DCs was blocked by TLR8-specific inhibitors, mediated by L lactis G121 RNA, and synergistically enhanced by activation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein (NOD) 2. CONCLUSION Bacterial RNA is the main driver of L lactis G121-mediated protection against experimentally induced allergy and requires both bacterial uptake by DCs and endosomal acidification. In mice L lactis G121 RNA signals through TLR13; however, the most likely intracellular receptor in human subjects is TLR8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Stein
- Division of Innate Immunity, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany
| | | | - André Jenckel
- Division of Innate Immunity, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany
| | - Anna Sigmund
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Zhijian James Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, UT Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Tex
| | | | | | - Holger Heine
- Division of Innate Immunity, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany.
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Lorenz G, Lech M, Anders HJ. Toll-like receptor activation in the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis. Clin Immunol 2016; 185:86-94. [PMID: 27423476 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and lupus nephritis is complex but no longer enigmatic. Much progress has been made to on the polygenetic origin of lupus in identifying gene variants that permit the loss of tolerance against nuclear autoantigens. Along the same line in about 50% of lupus patients additional genetic weaknesses promote immune complex glomerulonephritis and filtration barrier dysfunction. Here we briefly summarize the pathogenesis of SLE with a focus on loss of tolerance and the role of toll-like receptors in the "pseudo"-antiviral immunity concept of systemic lupus. In addition, we discuss the local role of Toll-like receptors in intrarenal inflammation and kidney remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Lorenz
- Abteilung für Nephrologie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Maciej Lech
- Nephrologisches Zentrum, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Anders
- Nephrologisches Zentrum, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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43
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Rahman S, Shering M, Ogden NH, Lindsay R, Badawi A. Toll-like receptor cascade and gene polymorphism in host-pathogen interaction in Lyme disease. J Inflamm Res 2016; 9:91-102. [PMID: 27330321 PMCID: PMC4898433 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s104790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lyme disease (LD) risk occurs in North America and Europe where the tick vectors of the causal agent Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato are found. It is associated with local and systemic manifestations, and has persistent posttreatment health complications in some individuals. The innate immune system likely plays a critical role in both host defense against B. burgdorferi and disease severity. Recognition of B. burgdorferi, activation of the innate immune system, production of proinflammatory cytokines, and modulation of the host adaptive responses are all initiated by Toll-like receptors (TLRs). A number of Borrelia outer-surface proteins (eg, OspA and OspB) are recognized by TLRs. Specifically, TLR1 and TLR2 were identified as the receptors most relevant to LD. Several functional single-nucleotide polymorphisms have been identified in TLR genes, and are associated with varying cytokines types and synthesis levels, altered pathogen recognition, and disruption of the downstream signaling cascade. These single-nucleotide polymorphism-related functional alterations are postulated to be linked to disease development and posttreatment persistent illness. Elucidating the role of TLRs in LD may facilitate a better understanding of disease pathogenesis and can provide an insight into novel therapeutic targets during active disease or postinfection and posttreatment stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusmita Rahman
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maria Shering
- Faculty of Arts and Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nicholas H Ogden
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Robbin Lindsay
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Alaa Badawi
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Borrelia burgdorferi induces a type I interferon response during early stages of disseminated infection in mice. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:29. [PMID: 26957120 PMCID: PMC4784397 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0644-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lyme borrelia genotypes differ in their capacity to cause disseminated disease. Gene array analysis was employed to profile the host transcriptome induced by Borrelia burgdorferi strains with different capacities for causing disseminated disease in the blood of C3H/HeJ mice during early infection. RESULTS B. burgdorferi B515, a clinical isolate that causes disseminated infection in mice, differentially regulated 236 transcripts (P < 0.05 by ANOVA, with fold change of at least 2). The 216 significantly induced transcripts included interferon (IFN)-responsive genes and genes involved in immunity and inflammation. In contrast, B. burgdorferi B331, a clinical isolate that causes transient skin infection but does not disseminate in C3H/HeJ mice, stimulated changes in only a few genes (1 induced, 4 repressed). Transcriptional regulation of type I IFN and IFN-related genes was measured by quantitative RT-PCR in mouse skin biopsies collected from the site of infection 24 h after inoculation with B. burgdorferi. The mean values for transcripts of Ifnb, Cxcl10, Gbp1, Ifit1, Ifit3, Irf7, Mx1, and Stat2 were found to be significantly increased in B. burgdorferi strain B515-infected mice relative to the control group. In contrast, transcription of these genes was not significantly changed in response to B. burgdorferi strain B331 or B31-4, a mutant that is unable to disseminate. CONCLUSIONS These results establish a positive association between the disseminating capacity of B. burgdorferi and early type I IFN induction in a murine model of Lyme disease.
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Microbial pathogenesis and type III interferons. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2016; 29:45-51. [PMID: 26987613 PMCID: PMC4899229 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system possesses a multitude of pathways to sense and respond to microbial pathogens. One such family are the interferons (IFNs), a family of cytokines that are involved in several cellular functions. Type I IFNs are appreciated to be important in several viral and bacterial diseases, while the recently identified type III IFNs (IFNL1, IFNL2, IFNL3, IFNL4) have been studied primarily in the context of viral infection. Viral and bacterial infections however are not mutually exclusive, and often the presence of a viral pathogen increases the pathogenesis of bacterial infection. The role of type III IFN in bacterial and viral-bacterial co-infections has just begun to be explored. In this mini review we discuss type III IFN signaling and its role in microbial pathogenesis with an emphasis on the work that has been conducted with bacterial pathogens.
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Krüger A, Oldenburg M, Chebrolu C, Beisser D, Kolter J, Sigmund AM, Steinmann J, Schäfer S, Hochrein H, Rahmann S, Wagner H, Henneke P, Hornung V, Buer J, Kirschning CJ. Human TLR8 senses UR/URR motifs in bacterial and mitochondrial RNA. EMBO Rep 2015; 16:1656-63. [PMID: 26545385 PMCID: PMC4687425 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201540861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll‐like receptor (TLR) 13 and TLR2 are the major sensors of Gram‐positive bacteria in mice. TLR13 recognizes Sa19, a specific 23S ribosomal (r) RNA‐derived fragment and bacterial modification of Sa19 ablates binding to TLR13, and to antibiotics such as erythromycin. Similarly, RNase A‐treated Staphylococcus aureus activate human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) only via TLR2, implying single‐stranded (ss) RNA as major stimulant. Here, we identify human TLR8 as functional TLR13 equivalent that promiscuously senses ssRNA. Accordingly, Sa19 and mitochondrial (mt) 16S rRNA sequence‐derived oligoribonucleotides (ORNs) stimulate PBMCs in a MyD88‐dependent manner. These ORNs, as well as S. aureus‐, Escherichia coli‐, and mt‐RNA, also activate differentiated human monocytoid THP‐1 cells, provided they express TLR8. Moreover, Unc93b1−/−‐ and Tlr8−/−‐THP‐1 cells are refractory, while endogenous and ectopically expressed TLR8 confers responsiveness in a UR/URR RNA ligand consensus motif‐dependent manner. If TLR8 function is inhibited by suppression of lysosomal function, antibiotic treatment efficiently blocks bacteria‐driven inflammatory responses in infected human whole blood cultures. Sepsis therapy might thus benefit from interfering with TLR8 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Krüger
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Marina Oldenburg
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Daniela Beisser
- Genome Informatics, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Julia Kolter
- Centre of Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anna M Sigmund
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jörg Steinmann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Simon Schäfer
- Clinic of Anesthesia, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Hubertus Hochrein
- Department of Research Immunology, Bavarian Nordic GmbH, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Sven Rahmann
- Genome Informatics, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Hermann Wagner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp Henneke
- Centre of Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Veit Hornung
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan Buer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Abstract
Borrelia burgdorferi is the tick-borne etiologic agent of Lyme disease. The spirochete must negotiate numerous barriers in order to establish a disseminated infection in a mammalian host. These barriers include migration from the feeding tick midgut to the salivary glands, deposition in skin, manipulation or evasion of the localized host immune response, adhesion to and extravasation through an endothelial barrier, hematogenous dissemination, and establishment of infection in distal tissue sites. Borrelia burgdorferi proteins that mediate many of these processes and the nature of the host response to infection are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Petzke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Ira Schwartz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA.
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Eigenbrod T, Keller P, Kaiser S, Rimbach K, Dalpke AH, Helm M. Recognition of Specified RNA Modifications by the Innate Immune System. Methods Enzymol 2015; 560:73-89. [PMID: 26253966 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Microbial nucleic acids have been described as important activators of human innate immune responses by triggering so-called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that are expressed on innate immune cells, including plasmacytoid dendritic cells and monocytes. Although host and microbial nucleic acids share pronounced chemical and structural similarities, they significantly differ in their posttranscriptional modification profile, allowing the host to discriminate between self and nonself. In this regard, ribose 2'-O-methylation has been discovered as suppressor of RNA-induced PRR activation. Although 2'-O-methylation occurs with higher frequencies in eukaryotic than in prokaryotic RNA, the immunosuppressive properties of 2'-O-methylated nucleotides may be misused by certain bacteria as immune evasion mechanism. In the course of identifying inhibitory RNA modifications, our groups have synthesized and comparatively analyzed a series of differentially modified RNAs, so-called modivariants, for their immune stimulatory capacities. In this chapter, we will detail the protocols for the design and synthesis of RNA modivariants by molecular cut-and-paste techniques (referred to as molecular surgery) and describe testing of their immune stimulatory properties upon transfection into peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Eigenbrod
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Keller
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Steffen Kaiser
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Katharina Rimbach
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander H Dalpke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mark Helm
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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Eigenbrod T, Dalpke AH. Bacterial RNA: An Underestimated Stimulus for Innate Immune Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:411-8. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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50
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Bergstrøm B, Aune MH, Awuh JA, Kojen JF, Blix KJ, Ryan L, Flo TH, Mollnes TE, Espevik T, Stenvik J. TLR8 Senses Staphylococcus aureus RNA in Human Primary Monocytes and Macrophages and Induces IFN-β Production via a TAK1–IKKβ–IRF5 Signaling Pathway. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:1100-11. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1403176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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