1
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Jeon D, Hill E, McNeel DG. Toll-like receptor agonists as cancer vaccine adjuvants. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2297453. [PMID: 38155525 PMCID: PMC10760790 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2297453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has emerged as a promising strategy to treat cancer patients. Among the wide range of immunological approaches, cancer vaccines have been investigated to activate and expand tumor-reactive T cells. However, most cancer vaccines have not shown significant clinical benefit as monotherapies. This is likely due to the antigen targets of vaccines, "self" proteins to which there is tolerance, as well as to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. To help circumvent immune tolerance and generate effective immune responses, adjuvants for cancer vaccines are necessary. One representative adjuvant family is Toll-Like receptor (TLR) agonists, synthetic molecules that stimulate TLRs. TLRs are the largest family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that serve as the sensors of pathogens or cellular damage. They recognize conserved foreign molecules from pathogens or internal molecules from cellular damage and propel innate immune responses. When used with vaccines, activation of TLRs signals an innate damage response that can facilitate the development of a strong adaptive immune response against the target antigen. The ability of TLR agonists to modulate innate immune responses has positioned them to serve as adjuvants for vaccines targeting infectious diseases and cancers. This review provides a summary of various TLRs, including their expression patterns, their functions in the immune system, as well as their ligands and synthetic molecules developed as TLR agonists. In addition, it presents a comprehensive overview of recent strategies employing different TLR agonists as adjuvants in cancer vaccine development, both in pre-clinical models and ongoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghwan Jeon
- Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ethan Hill
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Douglas G. McNeel
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
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2
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Griesman T, McMillen CM, Negatu SG, Hulahan JJ, Whig K, Dohnalová L, Dittmar M, Thaiss CA, Jurado KA, Schultz DC, Hartman AL, Cherry S. The lipopeptide Pam3CSK4 inhibits Rift Valley fever virus infection and protects from encephalitis. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012343. [PMID: 38935789 PMCID: PMC11236204 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an encephalitic bunyavirus that can infect neurons in the brain. There are no approved therapeutics that can protect from RVFV encephalitis. Innate immunity, the first line of defense against infection, canonically antagonizes viruses through interferon signaling. We found that interferons did not efficiently protect primary cortical neurons from RVFV, unlike other cell types. To identify alternative neuronal antiviral pathways, we screened innate immune ligands and discovered that the TLR2 ligand Pam3CSK4 inhibited RVFV infection, and other bunyaviruses. Mechanistically, we found that Pam3CSK4 blocks viral fusion, independent of TLR2. In a mouse model of RVFV encephalitis, Pam3CSK4 treatment protected animals from infection and mortality. Overall, Pam3CSK4 is a bunyavirus fusion inhibitor active in primary neurons and the brain, representing a new approach toward the development of treatments for encephalitic bunyavirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Griesman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Cynthia M. McMillen
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Seble Getenet Negatu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Pennsylvania, Unites States of America
| | - Jesse J. Hulahan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kanupriya Whig
- High throughput screening core, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lenka Dohnalová
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Pennsylvania, Unites States of America
| | - Mark Dittmar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Christoph A. Thaiss
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Pennsylvania, Unites States of America
| | - Kellie A. Jurado
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Pennsylvania, Unites States of America
| | - David C. Schultz
- High throughput screening core, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Amy L. Hartman
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sara Cherry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Pennsylvania, United States of America
- High throughput screening core, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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3
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Moghaddam MM, Behzadi E, Sedighian H, Goleij Z, Kachuei R, Heiat M, Fooladi AAI. Regulation of immune responses to infection through interaction between stem cell-derived exosomes and toll-like receptors mediated by microRNA cargoes. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1384420. [PMID: 38756232 PMCID: PMC11096519 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1384420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are among the factors that account for a significant proportion of disease-related deaths worldwide. The primary treatment approach to combat microbial infections is the use of antibiotics. However, the widespread use of these drugs over the past two decades has led to the emergence of resistant microbial species, making the control of microbial infections a serious challenge. One of the most important solutions in the field of combating infectious diseases is the regulation of the host's defense system. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a crucial role in the first primary defense against pathogens by identifying harmful endogenous molecules released from dying cells and damaged tissues as well as invading microbial agents. Therefore, they play an important role in communicating and regulating innate and adaptive immunity. Of course, excessive activation of TLRs can lead to disruption of immune homeostasis and increase the risk of inflammatory reactions. Targeting TLR signaling pathways has emerged as a new therapeutic approach for infectious diseases based on host-directed therapy (HDT). In recent years, stem cell-derived exosomes have received significant attention as factors regulating the immune system. The regulation effects of exosomes on the immune system are based on the HDT strategy, which is due to their cargoes. In general, the mechanism of action of stem cell-derived exosomes in HDT is by regulating and modulating immunity, promoting tissue regeneration, and reducing host toxicity. One of their most important cargoes is microRNAs, which have been shown to play a significant role in regulating immunity through TLRs. This review investigates the therapeutic properties of stem cell-derived exosomes in combating infections through the interaction between exosomal microRNAs and Toll-like receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Moosazadeh Moghaddam
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Behzadi
- The Academy of Medical Sciences of I.R. Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Sedighian
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zoleikha Goleij
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Kachuei
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Heiat
- Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases (BRCGL), Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Imani Fooladi
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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4
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Su Q, Chen Y, He H. Molecular evolution of Toll-like receptors in rodents. Integr Zool 2024; 19:371-386. [PMID: 37403417 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs), the key sensor molecules in vertebrates, trigger the innate immunity and prime the adaptive immune system. The TLR family of rodents, the largest order of mammals, typically contains 13 TLR genes. However, a clear picture of the evolution of the rodent TLR family has not yet emerged and the TLR evolutionary patterns are unclear in rodent clades. Here, we analyzed the natural variation and the evolutionary processes acting on the TLR family in rodents at both the interspecific and population levels. Our results showed that rodent TLRs were dominated by purifying selection, but a series of positively selected sites (PSSs) primarily located in the ligand-binding domain was also identified. The numbers of PSSs differed among TLRs, and nonviral-sensing TLRs had more PSSs than those in viral-sensing TLRs. Gene-conversion events were found between TLR1 and TLR6 in most rodent species. Population genetic analyses showed that TLR2, TLR8, and TLR12 were under positive selection in Rattus norvegicus and R. tanezumi, whereas positive selection also acted on TLR5 and TLR9 in the former species, as well as TLR1 and TLR7 in the latter species. Moreover, we found that the proportion of polymorphisms with potentially functional change was much lower in viral-sensing TLRs than in nonviral-sensing TLRs in both of these rat species. Our findings revealed the first thorough insight into the evolution of the rodent TLR genetic variability and provided important novel insights into the evolutionary history of TLRs over long and short timescales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Su
- College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Chen
- College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Hongxuan He
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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5
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Soleiman-Meigooni S, Yarahmadi A, Kheirkhah AH, Afkhami H. Recent advances in different interactions between toll-like receptors and hepatitis B infection: a review. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1363996. [PMID: 38545106 PMCID: PMC10965641 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1363996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) B infections remain a primary global health concern. The immunopathology of the infection, specifically the interactions between HBV and the host immune system, remains somewhat unknown. It has been discovered that innate immune reactions are vital in eliminating HBV. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are an essential category of proteins that detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). They begin pathways of intracellular signals to stimulate pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, thus forming adaptive immune reactions. HBV TLRs include TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR7 and TLR9. Each TLR has its particular molecule to recognize; various TLRs impact HBV and play distinct roles in the pathogenesis of the disease. TLR gene polymorphisms may have an advantageous or disadvantageous efficacy on HBV infection, and some single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can influence the progression or prognosis of infection. Additionally, it has been discovered that similar SNPs in TLR genes might have varied effects on distinct populations due to stress, diet, and external physical variables. In addition, activation of TLR-interceded signaling pathways could suppress HBV replication and increase HBV-particular T-cell and B-cell reactions. By identifying these associated polymorphisms, we can efficiently advance the immune efficacy of vaccines. Additionally, this will enhance our capability to forecast the danger of HBV infection or the threat of dependent liver disease development via several TLR SNPs, thus playing a role in the inhibition, monitoring, and even treatment guidance for HBV infection. This review will show TLR polymorphisms, their influence on TLR signaling, and their associations with HBV diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aref Yarahmadi
- Department of Biology, Khorramabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Amir-Hossein Kheirkhah
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Medicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Hamed Afkhami
- Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
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6
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Meißner R, Mokgokong P, Pretorius C, Winter S, Labuschagne K, Kotze A, Prost S, Horin P, Dalton D, Burger PA. Diversity of selected toll-like receptor genes in cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) and African leopards (Panthera pardus pardus). Sci Rep 2024; 14:3756. [PMID: 38355905 PMCID: PMC10866938 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54076-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The anthropogenic impact on wildlife is ever increasing. With shrinking habitats, wild populations are being pushed to co-exist in proximity to humans leading to an increased threat of infectious diseases. Therefore, understanding the immune system of a species is key to assess its resilience in a changing environment. The innate immune system (IIS) is the body's first line of defense against pathogens. High variability in IIS genes, like toll-like receptor (TLR) genes, appears to be associated with resistance to infectious diseases. However, few studies have investigated diversity in TLR genes in vulnerable species for conservation. Large predators are threatened globally including leopards and cheetahs, both listed as 'vulnerable' by IUCN. To examine IIS diversity in these sympatric species, we used next-generation-sequencing to compare selected TLR genes in African leopards and cheetahs. Despite differences, both species show some TLR haplotype similarity. Historic cheetahs from all subspecies exhibit greater genetic diversity than modern Southern African cheetahs. The diversity in investigated TLR genes is lower in modern Southern African cheetahs than in African leopards. Compared to historic cheetah data and other subspecies, a more recent population decline might explain the observed genetic impoverishment of TLR genes in modern Southern African cheetahs. However, this may not yet impact the health of this cheetah subspecies.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Meißner
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Savoyenstraße 1, 1160, Vienna, Austria
| | - Prudent Mokgokong
- South African National Biodiversity Institute, National Zoological Garden, 232 Boom Street, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | - Chantelle Pretorius
- South African National Biodiversity Institute, National Zoological Garden, 232 Boom Street, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
- WWF South African, Bridge House, Boundary Terraces, Mariendahl Ave, Newlands, 7725, Capetown, South Africa
| | - Sven Winter
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Savoyenstraße 1, 1160, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kim Labuschagne
- South African National Biodiversity Institute, National Zoological Garden, 232 Boom Street, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | - Antoinette Kotze
- South African National Biodiversity Institute, National Zoological Garden, 232 Boom Street, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
- University of the Free State, Bloemfontein Campus, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
| | - Stefan Prost
- South African National Biodiversity Institute, National Zoological Garden, 232 Boom Street, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
- University of Oulu, Pentti Kaiteran Katu 1, 90570, Oulu, Finland
| | - Petr Horin
- Department of Animal Genetics, University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno (CEITEC Vetuni), Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Desire Dalton
- South African National Biodiversity Institute, National Zoological Garden, 232 Boom Street, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa.
- School of Health and Life Science, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, Tees Valley, TS1 3BX, UK.
| | - Pamela A Burger
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Savoyenstraße 1, 1160, Vienna, Austria.
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7
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Hui E. Cis Interactions of Membrane Receptors and Ligands. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2023; 39:391-408. [PMID: 37339682 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-120420-103941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Cell-cell communication is critical for the development and function of multicellular organisms. A crucial means by which cells communicate with one another is physical interactions between receptors on one cell and their ligands on a neighboring cell. Trans ligand:receptor interactions activate the receptor, ultimately leading to changes in the fate of the receptor-expressing cells. Such trans signaling is known to be critical for the functions of cells in the nervous and immune systems, among others. Historically, trans interactions are the primary conceptual framework for understanding cell-cell communication. However, cells often coexpress many receptors and ligands, and a subset of these has been reported to interact in cis and profoundly impact cell functions. Cis interactions likely constitute a fundamental, understudied regulatory mechanism in cell biology. Here, I discuss how cis interactions between membrane receptors and ligands regulate immune cell functions, and I also highlight outstanding questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enfu Hui
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA;
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8
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Meteva D, Vinci R, Seppelt C, Abdelwahed YS, Pedicino D, Nelles G, Skurk C, Haghikia A, Rauch-Kröhnert U, Gerhardt T, Straessler E, Zhao Y, Golla F, Joner M, Rai H, Kratzer A, Arnal HG, Liuzzo G, Klotsche J, Crea F, Landmesser U, Leistner DM, Kränkel N. Toll-like receptor 2, hyaluronan, and neutrophils play a key role in plaque erosion: the OPTICO-ACS study. Eur Heart J 2023; 44:3892-3907. [PMID: 37381760 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehad379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In one-third of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), thrombosis occurs despite an intact fibrous cap (IFC) (IFC-ACS, 'plaque erosion'). Recent studies emphasize neutrophils as the immediate inflammatory response in this pathology, but their exact molecular activation patterns are still poorly understood and may represent future therapeutic targets. METHODS AND RESULTS Thirty-two patients with IFC-ACS and matched patients with ACS with ruptured fibrous cap (RFC) (RFC-ACS) from the OPTICO-ACS study were included, and blood samples were collected from the local site of the culprit lesion and the systemic circulation. Neutrophil surface marker expression was quantified by flow cytometry. Neutrophil cytotoxicity towards endothelial cells was examined in an ex vivo co-culture assay. Secretion of active matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) by neutrophils was evaluated using zymography in supernatants and in plasma samples. Optical coherence tomography (OCT)-embedded thrombi were used for immunofluorescence analysis. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) expression was higher on neutrophils from IFC-ACS than RFC-ACS patients. TLR2 stimulation increased the release of active MMP9 from local IFC-ACS-derived neutrophils, which also aggravated endothelial cell death independently of TLR2. Thrombi of IFC-ACS patients exhibited more hyaluronidase 2 with concomitant increase in local plasma levels of the TLR2 ligand: hyaluronic acid. CONCLUSION The current study provides first in-human evidence for distinct TLR2-mediated neutrophil activation in IFC-ACS, presumably triggered by elevated soluble hyaluronic acid. Together with disturbed flow conditions, neutrophil-released MMP9 might be promoting endothelial cell loss-triggered thrombosis and therefore providing a potential future target for a phenotype-specific secondary therapeutic approach in IFC-ACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denitsa Meteva
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin 12203, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) partner Site Berlin, Berlin 12203, Germany
| | - Ramona Vinci
- Department of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Sciences, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Francesco Vito 1, Rome 00168, Italy
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Largo Francesco Vito 1, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Claudio Seppelt
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin 12203, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) partner Site Berlin, Berlin 12203, Germany
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt am Main 60598, Germany
| | - Youssef S Abdelwahed
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin 12203, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) partner Site Berlin, Berlin 12203, Germany
| | - Daniela Pedicino
- Department of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Sciences, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Francesco Vito 1, Rome 00168, Italy
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Largo Francesco Vito 1, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Gregor Nelles
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin 12203, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Carsten Skurk
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin 12203, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) partner Site Berlin, Berlin 12203, Germany
| | - Arash Haghikia
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin 12203, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) partner Site Berlin, Berlin 12203, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Anna-Louisa-Karsch-Str. 2, Berlin 10178, Germany
| | - Ursula Rauch-Kröhnert
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin 12203, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) partner Site Berlin, Berlin 12203, Germany
| | - Teresa Gerhardt
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin 12203, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) partner Site Berlin, Berlin 12203, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Anna-Louisa-Karsch-Str. 2, Berlin 10178, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Straessler
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin 12203, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) partner Site Berlin, Berlin 12203, Germany
| | - Yingjie Zhao
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin 12203, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Felix Golla
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin 12203, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Michael Joner
- Department of Cardiology and ISAR Research Centre, German Heart Centre Munich, Lazarettstrasse 36, Munich 80636, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) partner Site Munich, Munich 80636, Germany
| | - Himanshu Rai
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Dublin, Mater Private Network, 73 Eccles Street, Dublin D07 YH66, Ireland
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, 123 St. Stephan's Green, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Adelheid Kratzer
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin 12203, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) partner Site Berlin, Berlin 12203, Germany
| | - Hector Giral Arnal
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin 12203, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) partner Site Berlin, Berlin 12203, Germany
| | - Giovanna Liuzzo
- Department of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Sciences, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Francesco Vito 1, Rome 00168, Italy
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Largo Francesco Vito 1, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Jens Klotsche
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
- German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) and Institute for Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economy, Charitė University Medicine Berlin, Campus Charite Mitte, Charitėplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Filippo Crea
- Department of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Sciences, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Francesco Vito 1, Rome 00168, Italy
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Largo Francesco Vito 1, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Ulf Landmesser
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin 12203, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) partner Site Berlin, Berlin 12203, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Anna-Louisa-Karsch-Str. 2, Berlin 10178, Germany
| | - David M Leistner
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin 12203, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) partner Site Berlin, Berlin 12203, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Anna-Louisa-Karsch-Str. 2, Berlin 10178, Germany
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt am Main 60598, Germany
| | - Nicolle Kränkel
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin 12203, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) partner Site Berlin, Berlin 12203, Germany
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9
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Guo S, Zeng M, Chen L, Chen H, Gao W, Wang Z, Shi Q, Song Z. Characterization and expression profiling of fadd gene in response to exogenous Aeromonas hydrophila or Edwardsiella tarda challenge in the hybrid yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco ♀ × P. vachelli ♂). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 141:109021. [PMID: 37633342 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, fas-associated protein with death domain (FADD) is involved in the process of cell apoptosis and plays a key role in innate immune signaling. Nevertheless, its detailed molecular mechanisms underlying apoptosis and immune responses to exogenous bacterial infections in teleosts remain largely unknown. In this study, a group of 60 hybrid yellow catfish (with the body weight of 25 ± 0.5 g) were used in subsequent experiments, we examined the expression profiling of fadd gene through comparative genomics and comparative immunological methods. Our results showed that fadd in the hybrid yellow catfish (hycfadd) exhibited similar gene and spatial structures to those in other vertebrates, and formed an independent clade in phylogeny. An expression pattern analysis revealed that hycfadd widely transcribed in various tissues, with the highest transcription level in the liver. Furthermore, expression profiling of hycfadd when intraperitoneally infected with 50 μL of exogenous Aeromonas hydrophila (2.0 × 107 CFU/mL) or Edwardsiella tarda (2.0 × 107 CFU/mL) within 48 h were significantly up-regulated in the kidney, spleen, liver and intestine. Important genes in the toll like receptor (tlr) 1-tlr2- myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88)-fadd-caspase (casp) 8 cascades of TLR signaling pathway in liver were significantly up-regulated after the A. hydrophila stimulation, suggesting that apoptosis through the TLR signaling pathway may have been triggered and activated, which were further verified in the liver, kidney, spleen, intestine and gill by a TUNEL assay. Overall, this study provides solid evidence for the bacterial induction of fadd-related apoptosis in teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengtao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Mengsha Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Hanxi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Wenxue Gao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Zhongyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Qiong Shi
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen 518083, China.
| | - Zhaobin Song
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
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10
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Kaur R, Mangiafesto J, Pryharski K, Rasam S, Zagursky R, Pichichero M. Expression conditions and characterization of a novelly constructed lipoprotein intended as a vaccine to prevent human Haemophilus influenzae infections. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105031. [PMID: 37437888 PMCID: PMC10407732 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial lipoproteins are structurally divided into two groups, based on their lipid moieties: diacylated (present in Gram-positive bacteria) and triacylated (present in some Gram-positive and most Gram-negative bacteria). Diacylated and triacylated lipid moieties differ by a single amide-linked fatty acid chain. Lipoproteins induce host innate immune responses by the mammalian Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). In this study, we added a lipid moiety to recombinant OMP26, a native nonlipidated (NL) membrane protein of Haemophilus influenzae, and characterized it extensively under different expression conditions using flow cytometry, LC/MS, and MALDI-TOF. We also investigated the ability of NL and lipidated (L) OMP26 to induce in vitro stimulation of HEK Blue-hTLR2-TR1 and hTLR-TLR6 cells. Our L-OMP26 was predominantly expressed in diacylated form, so we employed an additional gene copy of apolipoprotein N-acetyltransferase enzyme (Lnt)-rich Escherichia coli strain that further acylates the diacyl lipoproteins to enhance the production of triacylated L-OMP26. The diacyl and triacyl versions of L-OMP26, intended as a vaccine for use in humans, were characterized and evaluated as protein vaccine components in a mouse model. We found that the diacyl and triacyl L-OMP26 protein formulations differed markedly in their immune-stimulatory activity, with diacylated L-OMP26 stimulating higher adaptive immune responses compared with triacylated L-OMP26 and both stimulating higher adaptive immune response compared to NL-OMP26. We also constructed and characterized an L-OMP26φNL-P6 fusion protein, where NL-P6 protein (a commonly studied H. influenzae vaccine candidate) was recombinantly fused to L-OMP26. We observed a similar pattern of lipidation (predominantly diacylated) in the L-OMP26φNL-P6 fusion protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Kaur
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, Rochester, New York, USA.
| | - Jill Mangiafesto
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Karin Pryharski
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Sailee Rasam
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Robert Zagursky
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Michael Pichichero
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, Rochester, New York, USA.
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11
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Doğan G, Karagenç N, Esmen K, Kul BÇ, Yeşilkaya H, Akgün Ş, Orman MN, Sandıkçı M, Eren Ü, Ünsal H, Karagenç L. Expression of Toll-Like Receptors in the Lung Tissue of Mouse Fetuses Generated by in vitro Embryo Culture and Embryo Transfer. Cells Tissues Organs 2023; 213:181-202. [PMID: 37105136 DOI: 10.1159/000529974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse fetuses generated by in vitro embryo culture and embryo transfer exhibit impaired lung development, altered composition of pulmonary epithelial cells associated with downregulation of several genes involved in lung development and toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway. The aims of the present study were to determine the expression of all TLRs and to examine if the expression of TLRs, along with genes involved in TLR signaling pathway, is altered in the lung tissue of mouse fetuses generated through embryo culture and embryo transfer. Two experimental (EGs) and one control (CG) group were included in the study. Embryos cultured at 5% CO2-95% air for 95 h or less than 24 h were transferred to pseudo-pregnant females to obtain fetuses comprising EGin vitro (n = 18) and EGin vivo (n = 18), respectively. Fetuses obtained from naturally ovulating females on day 18 of pregnancy served as the CG (n = 18). Western blot and immunohistochemistry were used to determine the expression of TLR proteins. The expression of transcripts encoding TLRs, and the genes involved in TLR signaling pathway (Lbp, Pik3r1, Pik3cb, Nfkbia, and Fos), was determined using qRT-PCR. While all TLRs were expressed by cells lining the bronchial/bronchiolar epithelium of lung tissues in all groups, some of the TLRs were expressed in a specific pattern. When compared to CG, the expression of transcripts encoding TLR-2, -3, -4, -5, -7, -8, -9, -12, -13, Lbp, Pik3r1, Pik3cb, Nfkbia, and Fos was significantly downregulated in both EGs. It appears that stress imposed on embryos at preimplantation stages of development is associated with downregulation of TLRs, along with some of the genes involved in TLR signaling pathway, in the lung tissue during the perinatal period. It remains to be determined if downregulation of TLRs, along with the genes involved in TLR signaling pathway, has any functional consequences in the adult lung tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Göksel Doğan
- Department of Histology-Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Nedim Karagenç
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Kerem Esmen
- Department of Medical, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Bengi Çınar Kul
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hasan Yeşilkaya
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Şakir Akgün
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Nurullah Orman
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Sandıkçı
- Department of Histology-Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Ülker Eren
- Department of Histology-Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Hümeyra Ünsal
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Levent Karagenç
- Department of Histology-Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
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12
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Śmiałek-Bartyzel J, Bzowska M, Mężyk-Kopeć R, Kwissa M, Mak P. BacSp222 bacteriocin as a novel ligand for TLR2/TLR6 heterodimer. Inflamm Res 2023; 72:915-928. [PMID: 36964784 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-023-01721-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN BacSp222 bacteriocin is a bactericidal and proinflammatory peptide stimulating immune cells to produce selected cytokines and NO in NF-ĸB dependent manner. This study aims to identify the receptor which mediates this activity. METHODS We applied fluorescently labeled BacSp222 and a confocal microscopy imaging to analyze the direct interaction of the bacteriocin with the cells. Reporter HEK-Blue cells overexpressing human toll-like receptors (TLR2, TLR4, TLR5 or TLR2/TLR1 and TLR2/TLR6 heterodimers) were stimulated with BacSp222, and then the activity of NF-ĸB-dependent secreted embryonic alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) was measured. In turn, formylated peptide receptor (FPR) or TLR2 antagonists were used to verify bacteriocin-stimulated TNF production by murine monocyte-macrophage cell lines. RESULTS BacSp222 undergoes internalization into cells without disturbing the cell membrane. FPR antagonists do not affect TNF produced by BacSp222-stimulated murine macrophage-like cells. In contrast, BacSp222 stimulates NF-ĸB activation in HEK-Blue overexpressing TLR2 or TLR2/TLR6 heterodimer, but not TLR2/TLR1, TLR4 or TLR5 receptors. Moreover, TLR2-specific antagonists inhibit NF-ĸB signaling in BacSp222-stimulated HEK-Blue TLR2/TLR6 cells and reduce TNF release by BacSp222-treated RAW 264.7 and P388.D1. CONCLUSIONS BacSp222 is a novel ligand for TLR2/TLR6 heterodimer. By binding TLR complex the bacteriocin undergoes internalization, inducing proinflammatory signaling that employs MyD88 and NF-ĸB pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Śmiałek-Bartyzel
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11 St., 30-348, Kraków, Poland
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7 St., 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Bzowska
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7 St., 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Renata Mężyk-Kopeć
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7 St., 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Kwissa
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Ave., Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Paweł Mak
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7 St., 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
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13
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Sreedharan SM, Rishi N, Singh R. Microbial Lipopeptides: Properties, Mechanics and Engineering for Novel Lipopeptides. Microbiol Res 2023; 271:127363. [PMID: 36989760 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms produce active surface agents called lipopeptides (LPs) which are amphiphilic in nature. They are cyclic or linear compounds and are predominantly isolated from Bacillus and Pseudomonas species. LPs show antimicrobial activity towards various plant pathogens and act by inhibiting the growth of these organisms. Several mechanisms are exhibited by LPs, such as cell membrane disruption, biofilm production, induced systematic resistance, improving plant growth, inhibition of spores, etc., making them suitable as biocontrol agents and highly advantageous for industrial utilization. The biosynthesis of lipopeptides involves large multimodular enzymes referred to as non-ribosomal peptide synthases. These enzymes unveil a broad range of engineering approaches through which lipopeptides can be overproduced and new LPs can be generated asserting high efficacy. Such approaches involve several synthetic biology systems and metabolic engineering techniques such as promotor engineering, enhanced precursor availability, condensation domain engineering, and adenylation domain engineering. Finally, this review provides an update of the applications of lipopeptides in various fields.
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14
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Rice M, Nicol A, Nuovo GJ. The differential expression of toll like receptors and RIG-1 in the placenta of neonates with in utero infections. Ann Diagn Pathol 2023; 62:152080. [PMID: 36535188 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2022.152080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Novel biomarkers of in utero infections are needed to help guide early therapy. The toll like receptors (TLRs) and retinoic acid-inducible gene 1 (RIG-1) are proteins involved in the initial reaction of the innate immune system to infectious diseases. This study tested the hypothesis that a panel of TLRs and RIG-1 in the placenta could serve as an early biomarker of in utero infections. The TLRs and RIG-1 expression as determined by immunohistochemistry was scored in 10 control placentas (normal delivery or neonatal damage from known non-infectious cause), 8 placentas from documented in utero bacterial infection, and 7 placentas from documented in utero viral infections blinded to the clinical information. The non-infected placentas showed the following profile: no expression (TLR1, TLR3, TLR4, TLR7, TLR8), moderate expression (TLR2), and strong expression (RIG-1). The bacterial and viral infection cases shared the following profile: no to mild expression (TLR 2, TLR7, and RIG1), moderate expression (TLR4), and strong expression (TLR1, TLR3, and TLR8). The histologic findings in the chorionic villi were equivalent in the infected cases and controls, underscoring the need for molecular testing by the surgical pathologist when in utero infection is suspected. The results suggest that a panel of TLRs/RIG-1 analyses can allow the pathologist and/or clinician to diagnose in utero infections soon after birth. Also, treatments to antagonize the effects of TLR1, 3, and 8 may help abrogate in utero neonatal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alcina Nicol
- National Institute of Infectology (INI - FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gerard J Nuovo
- GnomeDX, Powell, OH, USA; Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.
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15
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Han F, Chen Y, Zhu Y, Huang Z. Antigen receptor structure and signaling. Adv Immunol 2023; 157:1-28. [PMID: 37061286 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
The key to mounting an immune response is that the host cells must be coordinated to generate an appropriate immune response against the pathogenic invaders. Antigen receptors recognize specific molecular structures and recruit adaptors through their effector domains, triggering trans-membrane transduction signaling pathway to exert immune response. The T cell antigen receptor (TCR) and B cell antigen receptor (BCR) are the primary determinant of immune responses to antigens. Their structure determines the mode of signaling and signal transduction determines cell fate, leading to changes at the molecular and cellular level. Studies of antigen receptor structure and signaling revealed the basis of immune response triggering, providing clues to antigen receptor priming and a foundation for the rational design of immunotherapies. In recent years, the increased research on the structure of antigen receptors has greatly contributed to the understanding of immune response, different immune-related diseases and even tumors. In this review, we describe in detail the current view and advances of the antigen structure and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Han
- HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Chen
- HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Yuwei Zhu
- HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Zhiwei Huang
- HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China.
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16
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Lu X, Zhang M, Yang S, Deng Y, Jiao Y. Transcriptome analysis reveals the diverse response of pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii after different PAMP stimulation. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 131:881-890. [PMID: 36374639 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Bivalves have evolved effective strategies to combat different pathogens in the environment. They rely on innate immunity to deal with the invasion of various bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the responses remain largely unknown. Herein, we constructed 21 transcriptomes of the hemocytes after lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan (PGN) and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) stimulation to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying adaptations and plastic responses to different pathogen-related molecular patterns (PAMPs) in pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii. Transcriptome analysis revealed 1986-3427 responsive genes enriched in the major immune and cell cycle-related pathways at different times after PAMP stimulation, and the expression patterns of genes under these pathways are complex and diverse. Moreover, "lysosomes" were enriched 6 h after LPS and PGN stimulation, while "peroxisomes" were only enriched in poly(I:C) group. These results suggest different response strategies of pearl oyster to different PAMPs. Furthermore, we identified 261 pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) including 4 retinoic acid-inducible gene I-like receptors, 38 NOD-like receptors, 83 Toll-like receptors, and 136 C-type lectins in the genome of P. f. martensii. The diverse expression patterns of these PRRs after different PAMP stimulation indicated that pearl oyster evolved complex and specific recognition systems due to tandem repeat and diverse domain combination, which may help pearl oyster cope with the different pathogens in the environment. The present study improved our understanding of the molecular response of pearl oyster to different PAMP stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Lu
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524025, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524025, China
| | - Shuai Yang
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524025, China
| | - Yuewen Deng
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524025, China; Pearl Breeding and Processing Engineering Technology Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Science and Innovation Center for Pearl Culture, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Marine Ecology Early Warning and Monitoring Laboratory, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Yu Jiao
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524025, China; Pearl Breeding and Processing Engineering Technology Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Science and Innovation Center for Pearl Culture, Zhanjiang, 524088, China.
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17
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Stephens M. The emerging potential of Aptamers as therapeutic agents in infection and inflammation. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 238:108173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Primary Cortical Cell Tri-Culture-Based Screening of Neuroinflammatory Response in Toll-like Receptor Activation. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092122. [PMID: 36140221 PMCID: PMC9495748 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the central nervous system (CNS) can lead to neuroinflammation and contribute to many neurological disorders, including autoimmune diseases. Cell culture models are powerful tools for studying specific molecular and cellular mechanisms that contribute to these disease states and identifying potential therapeutics. However, most cell culture models have limitations in capturing biologically relevant phenomena, due in part to the non-inclusion of necessary cell types. Neurons, astrocytes, and microglia (critical cell types that play a role in neuroinflammation) all express at least a subset of TLRs. However, the response of each of these cell types to various TLR activation, along with their relative contribution to neuroinflammatory processes, is far from clear. In this study, we demonstrate the screening capabilities of a primary cortical cell tri-culture of neuron, astrocyte, and microglia from neonatal rats. Specifically, we compare the neuroinflammatory response of tri-cultures to that of primary neuron-astrocyte co-cultures to a suite of known TLR agonists. We demonstrate that microglia are required for observation of neurotoxic neuroinflammatory responses, such as increased cell death and apoptosis, in response to TLR2, 3, 4, and 7/8 activation. Additionally, we show that following TLR3 agonist treatment, microglia and astrocytes play opposing roles in the neuroinflammatory response, and that the observed response is dictated by the degree of TLR3 activation. Overall, we demonstrate that microglia play a significant role in the neuroinflammatory response to TLR activation in vitro and, hence, the tri-culture has the potential to serve as a screening platform that better replicates the in vivo responses.
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19
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Redwan EM, Aljadawi AA, Uversky VN. Hepatitis C Virus Infection and Intrinsic Disorder in the Signaling Pathways Induced by Toll-Like Receptors. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:1091. [PMID: 36101469 PMCID: PMC9312352 DOI: 10.3390/biology11071091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the interplay between protein intrinsic disorder, hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, and signaling pathways induced by Toll-like receptors (TLRs). To this end, 10 HCV proteins, 10 human TLRs, and 41 proteins from the TLR-induced downstream pathways were considered from the prevalence of intrinsic disorder. Mapping of the intrinsic disorder to the HCV-TLR interactome and to the TLR-based pathways of human innate immune response to the HCV infection demonstrates that substantial levels of intrinsic disorder are characteristic for proteins involved in the regulation and execution of these innate immunity pathways and in HCV-TLR interaction. Disordered regions, being commonly enriched in sites of various posttranslational modifications, may play important functional roles by promoting protein-protein interactions and support the binding of the analyzed proteins to other partners such as nucleic acids. It seems that this system represents an important illustration of the role of intrinsic disorder in virus-host warfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elrashdy M. Redwan
- Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (E.M.R.); (A.A.A.)
- Therapeutic and Protective Proteins Laboratory, Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City for Scientific Research and Technology Applications, New Borg EL-Arab, Alexandria 21934, Egypt
| | - Abdullah A. Aljadawi
- Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (E.M.R.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (E.M.R.); (A.A.A.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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20
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Garantziotis S, Savani RC. Proteoglycans in Toll-like receptor responses and innate immunity. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C202-C214. [PMID: 35675639 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00088.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is an active and dynamic feature of tissues that not only provides gross structure but also plays key roles in cellular responses. The ever-changing microenvironment responds dynamically to cellular and external signals, and in turn influences cell fate, tissue development, and response to environmental injury or microbial invasion. It is therefore paramount to understand how the ECM components interact with each other, the environment and cells, and how they mediate their effects. Among the ECM components that have recently garnered increased attention, proteoglycans (PGs) deserve special note. Recent evidence strongly suggests that they play a crucial role both in health maintenance and disease development. In particular, proteoglycans dictate whether homeostasis or cell death will result from a given injury, by triggering and modulating activation of the innate immune system, via a conserved array of receptors that recognize exogenous (infectious) or endogenous (tissue damage) molecular patterns. Innate immune activation by proteoglycans has important implications for the understanding of cell-matrix interactions in health and disease. In this review, we will summarize the current state of knowledge of innate immune signaling by proteoglycans, discuss the implications, and explore future directions to define progress in this area of extracellular matrix biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavros Garantziotis
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Rashmin C Savani
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Center for Pulmonary & Vascular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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21
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Girkin JLN, Maltby S, Bartlett NW. Toll-like receptor-agonist-based therapies for respiratory viral diseases: thinking outside the cell. Eur Respir Rev 2022; 31:31/164/210274. [PMID: 35508333 PMCID: PMC9488969 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0274-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory virus infections initiate in the upper respiratory tract (URT). Innate immunity is critical for initial control of infection at this site, particularly in the absence of mucosal virus-neutralising antibodies. If the innate immune response is inadequate, infection can spread to the lower respiratory tract (LRT) causing community-acquired pneumonia (as exemplified by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)/coronavirus disease 2019). Vaccines for respiratory viruses (influenza and SARS-CoV-2) leverage systemic adaptive immunity to protect from severe lung disease. However, the URT remains vulnerable to infection, enabling viral transmission and posing an ongoing risk of severe disease in populations that lack effective adaptive immunity. Innate immunity is triggered by host cell recognition of viral pathogen-associated molecular patterns via molecular sensors such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Here we review the role of TLRs in respiratory viral infections and the potential of TLR-targeted treatments to enhance airway antiviral immunity to limit progression to severe LRT disease and reduce person-to-person viral transmission. By considering cellular localisation and antiviral mechanisms of action and treatment route/timing, we propose that cell surface TLR agonist therapies are a viable strategy for preventing respiratory viral diseases by providing immediate, durable pan-viral protection within the URT. Respiratory virus infections are a significant disease burden and new treatment options are required. Treatments that stimulate innate immunity in the upper respiratory tract by targeting Toll-like receptors may provide rapid, pan-viral protection.https://bit.ly/3BNH2Em
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L N Girkin
- Viral Immunology and Respiratory Disease Group, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Steven Maltby
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Nathan W Bartlett
- Viral Immunology and Respiratory Disease Group, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia .,Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
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22
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Farooq M, Khan AW, Ahmad B, Kim MS, Choi S. Therapeutic Targeting of Innate Immune Receptors Against SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:915565. [PMID: 35847031 PMCID: PMC9280161 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.915565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system is the first line of host's defense against invading pathogens. Multiple cellular sensors that detect viral components can induce innate antiviral immune responses. As a result, interferons and pro-inflammatory cytokines are produced which help in the elimination of invading viruses. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) belongs to Coronaviridae family, and has a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome. It can infect multiple hosts; in humans, it is responsible for the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Successful, timely, and appropriate detection of SARS-CoV-2 can be very important for the early generation of the immune response. Several drugs that target the innate immune receptors as well as other signaling molecules generated during the innate immune response are currently being investigated in clinical trials. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge of the mechanisms underlying host sensing and innate immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as the role of innate immune receptors in terms of their therapeutic potential against SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, we discussed the drugs undergoing clinical trials and the FDA approved drugs against SARS-CoV-2. This review will help in understanding the interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and innate immune receptors and thus will point towards new dimensions for the development of new therapeutics, which can be beneficial in the current pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Farooq
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
- S&K Therapeutics, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Abdul Waheed Khan
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Bilal Ahmad
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
- S&K Therapeutics, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Moon Suk Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Sangdun Choi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
- S&K Therapeutics, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
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23
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Ludwig N, Hilger A, Zarbock A, Rossaint J. Platelets at the Crossroads of Pro-Inflammatory and Resolution Pathways during Inflammation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121957. [PMID: 35741086 PMCID: PMC9221767 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelets are among the most abundant cells in the mammalian circulation. Classical platelet functions in hemostasis and wound healing have been intensively explored and are generally accepted. During the past decades, the research focus broadened towards their participation in immune-modulatory events, including pro-inflammatory and, more recently, inflammatory resolution processes. Platelets are equipped with a variety of abilities enabling active participation in immunological processes. Toll-like receptors mediate the recognition of pathogens, while the release of granule contents and microvesicles promotes direct pathogen defense and an interaction with leukocytes. Platelets communicate and physically interact with neutrophils, monocytes and a subset of lymphocytes via soluble mediators and surface adhesion receptors. This interaction promotes leukocyte recruitment, migration and extravasation, as well as the initiation of effector functions, such as the release of extracellular traps by neutrophils. Platelet-derived prostaglandin E2, C-type lectin-like receptor 2 and transforming growth factor β modulate inflammatory resolution processes by promoting the synthesis of pro-resolving mediators while reducing pro-inflammatory ones. Furthermore, platelets promote the differentiation of CD4+ T cells in T helper and regulatory T cells, which affects macrophage polarization. These abilities make platelets key players in inflammatory diseases such as pneumonia and the acute respiratory distress syndrome, including the pandemic coronavirus disease 2019. This review focuses on recent findings in platelet-mediated immunity during acute inflammation.
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24
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Zhang S, Wang L, Cheng G. The battle between host and SARS-CoV-2: Innate immunity and viral evasion strategies. Mol Ther 2022; 30:1869-1884. [PMID: 35176485 PMCID: PMC8842579 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus, the pathogen causing COVID-19, has caused more than 200 million confirmed cases, resulting in more than 4.5 million deaths worldwide by the end of August, 2021. Upon detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), multiple signaling cascades are activated, which ultimately leads to innate immune response such as induction of type I and III interferons, as well as other antiviral genes that together restrict viral spread by suppressing different steps of the viral life cycle. Our understanding of the contribution of the innate immune system in recognizing and subsequently initiating a host response to an invasion of SARS-CoV-2 has been rapidly expanding from 2020. Simultaneously, SARS-CoV-2 has evolved multiple immune evasion strategies to escape from host immune surveillance for successful replication. In this review, we will address the current knowledge of innate immunity in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection and highlight recent advances in the understanding of the mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 evades a host's innate defense system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilei Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Lulan Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Genhong Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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25
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Chen M, Deng H, Zhao Y, Miao X, Gu H, Bi Y, Zhu Y, Guo Y, Shi S, Xu J, Zhao D, Liu F. Toll-Like Receptor 2 Modulates Pulmonary Inflammation and TNF-α Release Mediated by Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:824027. [PMID: 35372108 PMCID: PMC8968444 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.824027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To investigate the roles that Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play in lung inflammation mediated by Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP). Methods The changes in TLRs and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in peripheral blood of children with M. pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP) were monitored, and the interactions of signaling molecules regulating TNF-α release in A549 cells and neutrophils after M. pneumoniae stimulation were investigated. In TLR2 knockout (TLR2-/-) mice, the levels of TNF-α in bronchial alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and peripheral blood after mycoplasma infection and the pathological changes in the lung tissue of mice were detected. Results TNF-α levels in peripheral blood of children with MPP were higher than those in non-infected children, and children with refractory MPP had the highest levels of TNF-α and TLR2. TNF-α secretion and TLR2, myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) and phospho-p65(p-p65) levels were increased in stimulated cells. TNF-α secretion was suppressed upon siRNA-mediated TLR2 silencing. Pharmacological inhibition of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and MyD88 effectively reduced TNF-α expression. Compared with wild-type mice, the TNF-α in serum and BALF decreased, and lung pro-inflammatory response was partially suppressed in TLR2-/- mice. Conclusion We concluded that TLR2 regulates M. pneumoniae-mediated lung inflammation and TNF-α release through the TLR2-MyD88-NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan Deng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xueqing Miao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haiyan Gu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Bi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yifan Zhu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Guo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Wuxi Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Shuang Shi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiejing Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Deyu Zhao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Deyu Zhao, ; Feng Liu,
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Deyu Zhao, ; Feng Liu,
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26
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Akesolo O, Buey B, Beltrán-Visiedo M, Giraldos D, Marzo I, Latorre E. Toll-like receptors: new targets for multiple myeloma treatment? Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 199:114992. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.114992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) as Therapeutic Targets for Treating SARS-CoV-2: An Immunobiological Perspective. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1352:87-109. [PMID: 35132596 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-85109-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 is presently the biggest threat to mankind throughout the globe. Increasing reports on deaths, cases of new infection, and socioeconomic losses are continuously coming from all parts of the world. Developing an efficacious drug and/or vaccine is currently the major goal to the scientific communities. In this context, toll-like receptors (TLRs) could be the useful targets in adopting effective therapeutic approaches. METHODS This chapter has been written by incorporating the findings on TLR-based therapies against SARS-CoV-2 demonstrated in the recently published research papers/reviews. RESULTS TLRs are the essential components of host immunity and play critical roles in deciding the fate of SARS-CoV-2 by influencing the immunoregulatory circuits governing human immune response to this pathogen. Hitherto, a number of multi-subunit peptide-based vaccines and pharmacological agents developed against SARS-CoV-2 have been found to manipulate TLR function. Therefore, circumventing overt immunopathology of COVID-19 applying TLR-antagonists can effectively reduce the morality caused from "cytokine storm"-induced multiorgan failure. Similarly, pre-administration of TLR- agonists may be used as a prophylaxis to sensitize the immune system of the individuals having risk of infection. A lot of collaborative efforts are required for bench-to-bench transformation of these knowledges. CONCLUSION This chapter enlightens the potentials and promises of TLR-guided therapeutic strategies against COVID-19 by reviewing the major findings and achievements depicted in the literatures published till date.
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28
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Bartens MC, Gibson AJ, Etherington GJ, Di Palma F, Holder A, Werling D, Willcocks S. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Bovine TLR2 Extracellular Domain Contribute to Breed and Species-Specific Innate Immune Functionality. Front Immunol 2022; 12:764390. [PMID: 35003078 PMCID: PMC8732954 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.764390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that several cattle breeds may be more resistant to infection with the zoonotic pathogen Mycobacterium bovis. Our data presented here suggests that the response to mycobacterial antigens varies in macrophages generated from Brown Swiss (BS) and Holstein Friesian (HF) cattle, two breeds belonging to the Bos taurus family. Whole genome sequencing of the Brown Swiss genome identified several potential candidate genes, in particular Toll-like Receptor-2 (TLR2), a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) that has previously been described to be involved in mycobacterial recognition. Further investigation revealed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in TLR2 that were identified between DNA isolated from cells of BS and HF cows. Interestingly, one specific SNP, H326Q, showed a different genotype frequency in two cattle subspecies, Bos (B.) taurus and Bos indicus. Cloning of the TLR2 gene and subsequent gene-reporter and chemokine assays revealed that this SNP, present in BS and Bos indicus breeds, resulted in a significantly higher response to mycobacterial antigens as well as tri-acylated lipopeptide ligands in general. Comparing wild-type and H326Q containing TLR2 responses, wild-type bovine TLR2 response showed clear, diminished mycobacterial antigen responses compared to human TLR2, however bovine TLR2 responses containing H326Q were found to be partially recovered compared to human TLR2. The creation of human:bovine TLR2 chimeras increased the response to mycobacterial antigens compared to the full-length bovine TLR2, but significantly reduced the response compared to the full-length human TLR2. Thus, our data, not only present evidence that TLR2 is a major PRR in the mammalian species-specific response to mycobacterial antigens, but furthermore, that there are clear differences between the response seen in different cattle breeds, which may contribute to their enhanced or reduced susceptibility to mycobacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Christine Bartens
- Molecular Immunology Group, Centre for Vaccinology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pathobiology and Population Science, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom.,Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda J Gibson
- Molecular Immunology Group, Centre for Vaccinology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pathobiology and Population Science, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | | | - Federica Di Palma
- Genome British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Holder
- Molecular Immunology Group, Centre for Vaccinology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pathobiology and Population Science, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Dirk Werling
- Molecular Immunology Group, Centre for Vaccinology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pathobiology and Population Science, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Sam Willcocks
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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29
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Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) and their potential therapeutic applications in diabetic neuropathy. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 102:108398. [PMID: 34863652 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
One of the most common diabetic microvascular complications is diabetic neuropathy (DN). Immune cell infiltration in the peripheral nerve system (PNS), myelin loss, Schwann cell death, and axonal damage are all hallmarks of DN, which is currently believed to be a chronic inflammatory disease. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are found in various types of nervous system cells, including Schwann cells, microglia, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and neurons. Proinflammatory mediators released at the end of TLR signal transduction can trigger an inflammatory response involving the nervous system. Studies on the association between TLRs and DN began as early as 2004. Since then, several studies have been conducted to assess the involvement of TLRs in the pathogenesis of DN. The focus of this review is to give a complete summary of the researches that have been done in this context, as well as an overview of the role of TLRs and their therapeutic applications in DN.
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30
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Khan S, Shafiei MS, Longoria C, Schoggins JW, Savani RC, Zaki H. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein induces inflammation via TLR2-dependent activation of the NF-κB pathway. eLife 2021; 10:68563. [PMID: 34866574 PMCID: PMC8709575 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of COVID-19 is associated with a hyperinflammatory response; however, the precise mechanism of SARS-CoV-2-induced inflammation is poorly understood. Here, we investigated direct inflammatory functions of major structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2. We observed that spike (S) protein potently induced inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including IL-6, IL-1β, TNFα, CXCL1, CXCL2, and CCL2, but not IFNs in human and mouse macrophages. No such inflammatory response was observed in response to membrane (M), envelope (E), and nucleocapsid (N) proteins. When stimulated with extracellular S protein, human and mouse lung epithelial cells also produced inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Interestingly, epithelial cells expressing S protein intracellularly were non-inflammatory, but elicited an inflammatory response in macrophages when co-cultured. Biochemical studies revealed that S protein triggers inflammation via activation of the NF-κB pathway in a MyD88-dependent manner. Further, such an activation of the NF-κB pathway was abrogated in Tlr2-deficient macrophages. Consistently, administration of S protein-induced IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β in wild-type, but not Tlr2-deficient mice. Notably, upon recognition of S protein, TLR2 dimerizes with TLR1 or TLR6 to activate the NF-κB pathway. Taken together, these data reveal a mechanism for the cytokine storm during SARS-CoV-2 infection and suggest that TLR2 could be a potential therapeutic target for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahanshah Khan
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Mahnoush S Shafiei
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Christopher Longoria
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - John W Schoggins
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Rashmin C Savani
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Hasan Zaki
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
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31
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Gao Y, Nepal N, Jin SZ. Toll-like receptors and hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2021; 20:521-529. [PMID: 34419367 DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2021.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a worldwide issue. However, the current treatment for hepatitis C has many shortcomings. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors involved in HCV infection, and an increasing number of studies are focusing on the role of TLRs in the progression of hepatitis C. DATA SOURCES We performed a PubMed search up to January 2021 with the following keywords: hepatitis C, toll-like receptors, interferons, inflammation, and immune evasion. We also used terms such as single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), susceptibility, fibrosis, cirrhosis, direct-acting antiviral agents, agonists, and antagonists to supplement the query results. We reviewed relevant publications analyzing the correlation between hepatitis C and TLRs and the role of TLRs in HCV infection. RESULTS TLRs 1-4 and 6-9 are involved in the process of HCV infection. When the host is exposed to the HCV, TLRs, as important participants in HCV immune evasion, trigger innate immunity to remove the virus and also promote inflammation and liver fibrosis. TLR gene SNPs affect hepatitis C susceptibility, treatment, and prognosis. The contribution of each TLR to HCV is different. Drugs targeting various TLRs are developed and validated, and TLRs can synergize with classic hepatitis C drugs, including interferon and direct-acting antiviral agents, constituting a new direction for the treatment of hepatitis C. CONCLUSIONS TLRs are important receptors in HCV infection. Different TLRs induce different mechanisms of virus clearance and inflammatory response. Although TLR-related antiviral therapy strategies exist, more studies are needed to explore the clinical application of TLR-related drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Narayan Nepal
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Shi-Zhu Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China.
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32
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Layunta E, Buey B, Mesonero JE, Latorre E. Crosstalk Between Intestinal Serotonergic System and Pattern Recognition Receptors on the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:748254. [PMID: 34819919 PMCID: PMC8607755 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.748254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the microbiota-gut-brain axis results in a wide range of pathologies that are affected, from the brain to the intestine. Gut hormones released by enteroendocrine cells to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract are important signaling molecules within this axis. In the search for the language that allows microbiota to communicate with the gut and the brain, serotonin seems to be the most important mediator. In recent years, serotonin has emerged as a key neurotransmitter in the gut-brain axis because it largely contributes to both GI and brain physiology. In addition, intestinal microbiota are crucial in serotonin signaling, which gives more relevance to the role of the serotonin as an important mediator in microbiota-host interactions. Despite the numerous investigations focused on the gut-brain axis and the pathologies associated, little is known regarding how serotonin can mediate in the microbiota-gut-brain axis. In this review, we will mainly discuss serotonergic system modulation by microbiota as a pathway of communication between intestinal microbes and the body on the microbiota-gut-brain axis, and we explore novel therapeutic approaches for GI diseases and mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Layunta
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Berta Buey
- Departamento de Farmacología, Fisiología y Medicina Legal y Forense, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jose Emilio Mesonero
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Farmacología, Fisiología y Medicina Legal y Forense, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón—IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza–CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Eva Latorre
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón—IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza–CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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Nassar A, Ibrahim IM, Amin FG, Magdy M, Elgharib AM, Azzam EB, Nasser F, Yousry K, Shamkh IM, Mahdy SM, Elfiky AA. A Review of Human Coronaviruses' Receptors: The Host-Cell Targets for the Crown Bearing Viruses. Molecules 2021; 26:6455. [PMID: 34770863 PMCID: PMC8587140 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel human coronavirus prompted considerable worry at the end of the year 2019. Now, it represents a significant global health and economic burden. The newly emerged coronavirus disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the primary reason for the COVID-19 global pandemic. According to recent global figures, COVID-19 has caused approximately 243.3 million illnesses and 4.9 million deaths. Several human cell receptors are involved in the virus identification of the host cells and entering them. Hence, understanding how the virus binds to host-cell receptors is crucial for developing antiviral treatments and vaccines. The current work aimed to determine the multiple host-cell receptors that bind with SARS-CoV-2 and other human coronaviruses for the purpose of cell entry. Extensive research is needed using neutralizing antibodies, natural chemicals, and therapeutic peptides to target those host-cell receptors in extremely susceptible individuals. More research is needed to map SARS-CoV-2 cell entry pathways in order to identify potential viral inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaya Nassar
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12511, Egypt; (I.M.I.); (F.G.A.); (M.M.); (A.M.E.)
| | - Ibrahim M. Ibrahim
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12511, Egypt; (I.M.I.); (F.G.A.); (M.M.); (A.M.E.)
| | - Fatma G. Amin
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12511, Egypt; (I.M.I.); (F.G.A.); (M.M.); (A.M.E.)
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21519, Egypt
| | - Merna Magdy
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12511, Egypt; (I.M.I.); (F.G.A.); (M.M.); (A.M.E.)
| | - Ahmed M. Elgharib
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12511, Egypt; (I.M.I.); (F.G.A.); (M.M.); (A.M.E.)
| | - Eman B. Azzam
- Physics Department, Medical Biophysics Division, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo 11511, Egypt;
| | - Filopateer Nasser
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12511, Egypt;
| | - Kirllos Yousry
- Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 11511, Egypt;
| | | | - Samah M. Mahdy
- National Museum of Egyptian Civilization, Ain Elsira-Elfustat, Cairo 11511, Egypt;
| | - Abdo A. Elfiky
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12511, Egypt; (I.M.I.); (F.G.A.); (M.M.); (A.M.E.)
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Venkataranganayaka Abhilasha K, Kedihithlu Marathe G. Bacterial lipoproteins in sepsis. Immunobiology 2021; 226:152128. [PMID: 34488139 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2021.152128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial lipoproteins are membrane proteins derived from both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. They seem to have diverse functions not only on bacterial growth, but also play an important role in host's virulence. Bacterial lipoproteins exert their action on host immune cells via TLR2/1 or TLR2/6. Therefore, bacterial lipoproteins also need to be considered while addressing bacterial pathogenicity besides classical bacterial endotoxin like LPS and other microbial associated molecular patterns such as LTA, and peptidoglycans. In this mini-review, we provide an overview of general bacterial lipoprotein biosynthesis and the need to understand the lipoprotein-mediated pathogenicity in diseases like sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kandahalli Venkataranganayaka Abhilasha
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru 570006, Karnataka, India; Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Gopal Kedihithlu Marathe
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru 570006, Karnataka, India; Department of Studies in Molecular Biology, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru 570006, Karnataka, India.
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Li D, Wu M. Pattern recognition receptors in health and diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:291. [PMID: 34344870 PMCID: PMC8333067 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00687-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 565] [Impact Index Per Article: 188.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are a class of receptors that can directly recognize the specific molecular structures on the surface of pathogens, apoptotic host cells, and damaged senescent cells. PRRs bridge nonspecific immunity and specific immunity. Through the recognition and binding of ligands, PRRs can produce nonspecific anti-infection, antitumor, and other immunoprotective effects. Most PRRs in the innate immune system of vertebrates can be classified into the following five types based on protein domain homology: Toll-like receptors (TLRs), nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs), retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs), C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), and absent in melanoma-2 (AIM2)-like receptors (ALRs). PRRs are basically composed of ligand recognition domains, intermediate domains, and effector domains. PRRs recognize and bind their respective ligands and recruit adaptor molecules with the same structure through their effector domains, initiating downstream signaling pathways to exert effects. In recent years, the increased researches on the recognition and binding of PRRs and their ligands have greatly promoted the understanding of different PRRs signaling pathways and provided ideas for the treatment of immune-related diseases and even tumors. This review describes in detail the history, the structural characteristics, ligand recognition mechanism, the signaling pathway, the related disease, new drugs in clinical trials and clinical therapy of different types of PRRs, and discusses the significance of the research on pattern recognition mechanism for the treatment of PRR-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyang Li
- Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital and the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Minghua Wu
- Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital and the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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Zhang Q, Liu M, Li L, Chen M, Puno PT, Bao W, Zheng H, Wen X, Cheng H, Fung H, Wong T, Zhao Z, Lyu A, Han Q, Sun H. Cordyceps polysaccharide marker CCP modulates immune responses via highly selective TLR4/MyD88/p38 axis. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 271:118443. [PMID: 34364580 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cordyceps, one of the most expensive natural health supplements, is popularly used to modulate immune function. However, little is known regarding the underlying mechanism of its immunomodulatory activity. We newly reported a Cordyceps quality marker CCP (Mw 433.778 kDa) which was characterized as a 1,4-α glucan by chemical and spectral analysis and is able to induce significant immune responses of macrophages. Herein, we further investigated the molecular mechanism of CCP's immunomodulatory effects. The results indicate that CCP modulates the TLR4/MyD88/p38 signaling pathway of macrophages, where TLR4 plays a crucial role as verified on TLR4-deficient (TLR4-/-) bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and TLR4-/- mice. These findings provide a precise understanding of the molecular mechanism of Cordyceps' immunomodulatory benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanwei Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Man Liu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lifeng Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Miaomiao Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pema Tenzin Puno
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Wanrong Bao
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hongming Zheng
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xin Wen
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Huiyuan Cheng
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hauyee Fung
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tinlong Wong
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhongzhen Zhao
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Aiping Lyu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Quanbin Han
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Handong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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Kawahara T, Ito A, Kiso A, Kawamoto F. Inhibitory effect of strawberry geranium (Saxifraga stolonifera) on Toll-like receptor 2-mediated inflammatory response in human skin keratinocytes. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 275:114039. [PMID: 33819504 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Strawberry geranium (Saxifraga stolonifera [L.] Meeb) has traditionally been used as a drug to treat skin disorders in Japan. However, little is known about its physiological effects on skin keratinocytes. AIM OF THE STUDY We investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of a strawberry geranium extract (SGE) on human skin keratinocytes. MATERIALS AND METHODS The human keratinocyte cell line, HaCaT, was treated with SGE, and then stimulated with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. The expression of 207 genes related to the innate immune system was analyzed using DNA microarrays. The effect of SGE on the target proteins in primary human epidermal keratinocytes was confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The mechanisms of action and active components involved in the suppressive effect of SGE were evaluated by fractionation and a transcription assay. RESULTS The microarray analysis revealed that SGE primarily suppressed Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 expression through procyanidin B2 3,3'-di-O-gallate, without TLR2 downregulation, in TNF-α-stimulated HaCaT cells. SGE suppressed TLR2 expression and interleukin (IL)-8 production induced by TLR2 ligands in primary human epidermal keratinocytes and HaCaT cells. Multiple components downregulating TLR2 expression suppressed the Sp1 activity. CONCLUSIONS We identified a novel physiological function of SGE, which suppresses TLR2 expression and TLR2-mediated inflammation in human skin keratinocytes. This study provides significant insights into the anti-inflammatory effect of SGE in human skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kawahara
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, 8304 Minamiminowa, Kamiina, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan.
| | - Ayaka Ito
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, 8304 Minamiminowa, Kamiina, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan
| | - Akinori Kiso
- Research Center, Maruzen Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, 1089-8, Sagata, Shinnichi-cho, Fukuyama-city, Hiroshima, 729-3102, Japan
| | - Fusako Kawamoto
- Research Center, Maruzen Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, 1089-8, Sagata, Shinnichi-cho, Fukuyama-city, Hiroshima, 729-3102, Japan
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Research progress on Toll-like receptor signal transduction and its roles in antimicrobial immune responses. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:5341-5355. [PMID: 34180006 PMCID: PMC8236385 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11406-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
When microorganisms invade a host, the innate immune system first recognizes the pathogen-associated molecular patterns of these microorganisms through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are known transmembrane PRRs existing in both invertebrates and vertebrates. Upon ligand recognition, TLRs initiate a cascade of signaling events; promote the pro-inflammatory cytokine, type I interferon, and chemokine expression; and play an essential role in the modulation of the host’s innate and adaptive immunity. Therefore, it is of great significance to improve our understanding of antimicrobial immune responses by studying the role of TLRs and their signal molecules in the host’s defense against invading microbes. This paper aims to summarize the specificity of TLRs in recognition of conserved microbial components, such as lipoprotein, lipopolysaccharide, flagella, endosomal nucleic acids, and other bioactive metabolites derived from microbes. This set of interactions helps to elucidate the immunomodulatory effect of TLRs and the signal transduction changes involved in the infectious process and provide a novel therapeutic strategy to combat microbial infections.
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Li W, Li M, Anthony SM, Yu Y. Spatial organization of FcγR and TLR2/1 on phagosome membranes differentially regulates their synergistic and inhibitory receptor crosstalk. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13430. [PMID: 34183758 PMCID: PMC8238967 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92910-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Many innate immune receptors function collaboratively to detect and elicit immune responses to pathogens, but the physical mechanisms that govern the interaction and signaling crosstalk between the receptors are unclear. In this study, we report that the signaling crosstalk between Fc gamma receptor (FcγR) and Toll-like receptor (TLR)2/1 can be overall synergistic or inhibitory depending on the spatial proximity between the receptor pair on phagosome membranes. Using a geometric manipulation strategy, we physically altered the spatial distribution of FcγR and TLR2 on single phagosomes. We demonstrate that the signaling synergy between FcγR and TLR2/1 depends on the proximity of the receptors and decreases as spatial separation between them increases. However, the inhibitory effect from FcγRIIb on TLR2-dependent signaling is always present and independent of receptor proximity. The overall cell responses are an integration from these two mechanisms. This study presents quantitative evidence that the nanoscale proximity between FcγR and TLR2 functions as a key regulatory mechanism in their signaling crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqian Li
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Miao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Stephen M Anthony
- Department of Computational Biology and Biophysics, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, 87123, USA
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
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40
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Jiménez M, Cervantes-García D, Córdova-Dávalos LE, Pérez-Rodríguez MJ, Gonzalez-Espinosa C, Salinas E. Responses of Mast Cells to Pathogens: Beneficial and Detrimental Roles. Front Immunol 2021; 12:685865. [PMID: 34211473 PMCID: PMC8240065 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.685865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are strategically located in tissues close to the external environment, being one of the first immune cells to interact with invading pathogens. They are long living effector cells equipped with different receptors that allow microbial recognition. Once activated, MCs release numerous biologically active mediators in the site of pathogen contact, which induce vascular endothelium modification, inflammation development and extracellular matrix remodeling. Efficient and direct antimicrobial mechanisms of MCs involve phagocytosis with oxidative and non-oxidative microbial destruction, extracellular trap formation, and the release of antimicrobial substances. MCs also contribute to host defense through the attraction and activation of phagocytic and inflammatory cells, shaping the innate and adaptive immune responses. However, as part of their response to pathogens and under an impaired, sustained, or systemic activation, MCs may contribute to tissue damage. This review will focus on the current knowledge about direct and indirect contribution of MCs to pathogen clearance. Antimicrobial mechanisms of MCs are addressed with special attention to signaling pathways involved and molecular weapons implicated. The role of MCs in a dysregulated host response that can increase morbidity and mortality is also reviewed and discussed, highlighting the complexity of MCs biology in the context of host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariela Jiménez
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Daniel Cervantes-García
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico.,Cátedras CONACYT, National Council of Science and Technology, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Laura E Córdova-Dávalos
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Marian Jesabel Pérez-Rodríguez
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav), Unidad Sede Sur, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Claudia Gonzalez-Espinosa
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav), Unidad Sede Sur, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Eva Salinas
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
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Yang R, Zhang S, Yu Y, Hong X, Wang D, Jiang Y, Yang W, Huang H, Shi C, Zeng Y, Wang N, Cao X, Wang J, Wang C. Adjuvant effects of bacterium-like particles in the intranasal vaccination of chickens against Newcastle disease. Vet Microbiol 2021; 259:109144. [PMID: 34111627 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Given that the respiratory mucosa is an important site for the initial replication of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), developing intranasal vaccines for chickens is an effective strategy to protect against this disease. The low immunogenicity of inactivated NDV administered by the mucosal route motivated us to identify a safe and potent adjuvant. Previous studies have shown that bacterium-like particles (BLPs), which serve as mucosal adjuvants, induce effective local and systemic immune responses through TLR2 signaling in both mammals and humans. Here, we report that BLPs could activate the innate immune system of chickens in a manner that was dependent on the combination of chicken TLR2 type 1 (chTLR2t1) and chicken TLR1 type 1 (chTLR1t1). The chicken macrophage-like HD11 cell line was stimulated with BLPs, resulting in the production of nitric oxide and the expression of the proinflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, IL-1β and IL-6. Chickens intranasally immunized with inactivated NDV vaccines mixed with BLP adjuvants exhibited significantly increased levels of local SIgA in their tracheal lavage fluid and as well as hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies in serum samples. The strong systemic and local immune responses induced by BLP-adjuvanted vaccines provided 100 % protection against intranasal challenge with a lethal dose of virulent NDV without showing any signs of disease. These results indicate that BLPs should be considered for use as a potential mucosal adjuvant for inactivated NDV vaccines and other vaccines for poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Shubo Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yue Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Xinya Hong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Dan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanlong Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Wentao Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Haibin Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Chunwei Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Nan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianzhong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.
| | - Chunfeng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.
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McSweeney KR, Gadanec LK, Qaradakhi T, Ali BA, Zulli A, Apostolopoulos V. Mechanisms of Cisplatin-Induced Acute Kidney Injury: Pathological Mechanisms, Pharmacological Interventions, and Genetic Mitigations. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1572. [PMID: 33805488 PMCID: PMC8036620 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Administration of the chemotherapeutic agent cisplatin leads to acute kidney injury (AKI). Cisplatin-induced AKI (CIAKI) has a complex pathophysiological map, which has been linked to cellular uptake and efflux, apoptosis, vascular injury, oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress, and inflammation. Despite research efforts, pharmaceutical interventions, and clinical trials spanning over several decades, a consistent and stable pharmacological treatment option to reduce AKI in patients receiving cisplatin remains unavailable. This has been predominately linked to the incomplete understanding of CIAKI pathophysiology and molecular mechanisms involved. Herein, we detail the extensively known pathophysiology of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity that manifests and the variety of pharmacological and genetic alteration studies that target them.
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Cho S, Kim SB, Lee Y, Song EC, Kim U, Kim HY, Suh JH, Goughnour PC, Kim Y, Yoon I, Shin NY, Kim D, Kim IK, Kang CY, Jang SY, Kim MH, Kim S. Endogenous TLR2 ligand embedded in the catalytic region of human cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase 1. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 8:jitc-2019-000277. [PMID: 32461342 PMCID: PMC7254149 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2019-000277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The generation of antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses is required for successful cancer vaccine therapy. In this regard, ligands of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been suggested to activate adaptive immune responses by modulating the function of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Despite their therapeutic potential, the development of TLR ligands for immunotherapy is often hampered due to rapid systemic toxicity. Regarding the safety concerns of currently available TLR ligands, finding a new TLR agonist with potent efficacy and safety is needed. Methods A unique structural domain (UNE-C1) was identified as a novel TLR2/6 in the catalytic region of human cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase 1 (CARS1) using comprehensive approaches, including RNA sequencing, the human embryonic kidney (HEK)-TLR Blue system, pull-down, and ELISA. The potency of its immunoadjuvant properties was analyzed by assessing antigen-specific antibody and CTL responses. In addition, the efficacy of tumor growth inhibition and the presence of the tumor-infiltrating leukocytes were evaluated using E.G7-OVA and TC-1 mouse models. The combined effect of UNE-C1 with an immune checkpoint inhibitor, anti-CTLA-4 antibody, was also evaluated in vivo. The safety of UNE-C1 immunization was determined by monitoring splenomegaly and cytokine production in the blood. Results Here, we report that CARS1 can be secreted from cancer cells to activate immune responses via specific interactions with TLR2/6 of APCs. A unique domain (UNE-C1) inserted into the catalytic region of CARS1 was determined to activate dendritic cells, leading to the stimulation of robust humoral and cellular immune responses in vivo. UNE-C1 also showed synergistic efficacy with cancer antigens and checkpoint inhibitors against different cancer models in vivo. Further, the safety assessment of UNE-C1 showed lower systemic cytokine levels than other known TLR agonists. Conclusions We identified the endogenous TLR2/6 activating domain from human cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase CARS1. This novel TLR2/6 ligand showed potent immune-stimulating activity with little toxicity. Thus, the UNE-C1 domain can be developed as an effective immunoadjuvant with checkpoint inhibitors or cancer antigens to boost antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongmin Cho
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Suwon, South Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang Bum Kim
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Suwon, South Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Youngjin Lee
- Infection and Immunity Research Laboratory, Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Ee Chan Song
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Suwon, South Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Uijoo Kim
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Suwon, South Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyeong Yun Kim
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Suwon, South Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Hun Suh
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Suwon, South Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Peter C Goughnour
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - YounHa Kim
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Ina Yoon
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Na Young Shin
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Doyeun Kim
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Il-Kyu Kim
- Laboratory of Immunology, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chang-Yuil Kang
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Laboratory of Immunology, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Song Yee Jang
- Infection and Immunity Research Laboratory, Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Myung Hee Kim
- Infection and Immunity Research Laboratory, Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Sunghoon Kim
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Suwon, South Korea .,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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44
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Li M, Yu Y. Innate immune receptor clustering and its role in immune regulation. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:134/4/jcs249318. [PMID: 33597156 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.249318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of receptor clustering in the activation of adaptive immune cells has revolutionized our understanding of the physical basis of immune signal transduction. In contrast to the extensive studies of adaptive immune cells, particularly T cells, there is a lesser, but emerging, recognition that the formation of receptor clusters is also a key regulatory mechanism in host-pathogen interactions. Many kinds of innate immune receptors have been found to assemble into nano- or micro-sized domains on the surfaces of cells. The clusters formed between diverse categories of innate immune receptors function as a multi-component apparatus for pathogen detection and immune response regulation. Here, we highlight these pioneering efforts and the outstanding questions that remain to be answered regarding this largely under-explored research topic. We provide a critical analysis of the current literature on the clustering of innate immune receptors. Our emphasis is on studies that draw connections between the phenomenon of receptor clustering and its functional role in innate immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47401, USA
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47401, USA
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45
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Galluzzi L, Vacchelli E, Eggermont A, Fridman WH, Galon J, Sautès-Fridman C, Tartour E, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G. Trial Watch: Experimental Toll-like receptor agonists for cancer therapy. Oncoimmunology 2021; 1:699-716. [PMID: 22934262 PMCID: PMC3429574 DOI: 10.4161/onci.20696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are prototypic pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) best known for their ability to activate the innate immune system in response to conserved microbial components such as lipopolysaccharide and double-stranded RNA. Accumulating evidence indicates that the function of TLRs is not restricted to the elicitation of innate immune responses against invading pathogens. TLRs have indeed been shown to participate in tissue repair and injury-induced regeneration as well as in adaptive immune responses against cancer. In particular, TLR4 signaling appears to be required for the efficient processing and cross-presentation of cell-associated tumor antigens by dendritic cells, which de facto underlie optimal therapeutic responses to some anticancer drugs. Thus, TLRs constitute prominent therapeutic targets for the activation/intensification of anticancer immune responses. In line with this notion, long-used preparations such as the Coley toxin (a mixture of killed Streptococcus pyogenes and Serratia marcescens bacteria) and the bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG, an attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis originally developed as a vaccine against tuberculosis), both of which have been associated with consistent anticancer responses, potently activate TLR2 and TLR4 signaling. Today, besides BCG, only one TLR agonist is FDA-approved for therapeutic use in cancer patients: imiquimod. In this Trial Watch, we will briefly present the role of TLRs in innate and cognate immunity and discuss the progress of clinical studies evaluating the safety and efficacy of experimental TLR agonists as immunostimulatory agents for oncological indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France ; Institut Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France
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46
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Xu Q, Tang Y, Huang G. Innate immune responses in RNA viral infection. Front Med 2020; 15:333-346. [PMID: 33263837 PMCID: PMC7862985 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-020-0776-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
RNA viruses cause a multitude of human diseases, including several pandemic events in the past century. Upon viral invasion, the innate immune system responds rapidly and plays a key role in activating the adaptive immune system. In the innate immune system, the interactions between pathogen-associated molecular patterns and host pattern recognition receptors activate multiple signaling pathways in immune cells and induce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and interferons to elicit antiviral responses. Macrophages, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells are the principal innate immune components that exert antiviral activities. In this review, the current understanding of innate immunity contributing to the restriction of RNA viral infections was briefly summarized. Besides the main role of immune cells in combating viral infection, the intercellular transfer of pathogen and host-derived materials and their epigenetic and metabolic interactions associated with innate immunity was discussed. This knowledge provides an enhanced understanding of the innate immune response to RNA viral infections in general and aids in the preparation for the existing and next emerging viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xu
- Divisions of Pathology and Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.,Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yuting Tang
- Divisions of Pathology and Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Gang Huang
- Divisions of Pathology and Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
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47
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Mertowski S, Lipa P, Morawska I, Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej P, Bębnowska D, Hrynkiewicz R, Grywalska E, Roliński J, Załuska W. Toll-Like Receptor as a Potential Biomarker in Renal Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186712. [PMID: 32933213 PMCID: PMC7554805 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the major challenges faced by modern nephrology is the identification of biomarkers associated with histopathological patterns or defined pathogenic mechanisms that may assist in the non-invasive diagnosis of kidney disease, particularly glomerulopathy. The identification of such molecules may allow prognostic subgroups to be established based on the type of disease, thereby predicting response to treatment or disease relapse. Advances in understanding the pathogenesis of diseases, such as membranous nephropathy, minimal change disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, IgA (immunoglobulin A) nephropathy, and diabetic nephropathy, along with the progressive development and standardization of plasma and urine proteomics techniques, have facilitated the identification of an increasing number of molecules that may be useful for these purposes. The growing number of studies on the role of TLR (toll-like receptor) receptors in the pathogenesis of kidney disease forces contemporary researchers to reflect on these molecules, which may soon join the group of renal biomarkers and become a helpful tool in the diagnosis of glomerulopathy. In this article, we conducted a thorough review of the literature on the role of TLRs in the pathogenesis of glomerulopathy. The role of TLR receptors as potential marker molecules for the development of neoplastic diseases is emphasized more and more often, as prognostic factors in diseases on several epidemiological backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Mertowski
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (I.M.); (J.R.)
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (P.N.-R.); (E.G.)
| | - Paulina Lipa
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Izabela Morawska
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (I.M.); (J.R.)
| | - Paulina Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Felczaka 3c, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland; (D.B.); (R.H.)
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (P.N.-R.); (E.G.)
| | - Dominika Bębnowska
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Felczaka 3c, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland; (D.B.); (R.H.)
| | - Rafał Hrynkiewicz
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Felczaka 3c, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland; (D.B.); (R.H.)
| | - Ewelina Grywalska
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (I.M.); (J.R.)
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (P.N.-R.); (E.G.)
| | - Jacek Roliński
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (I.M.); (J.R.)
| | - Wojciech Załuska
- Department of Nephrology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954 Lublin, Poland;
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48
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Elad O, Uribe-Diaz S, Losada-Medina D, Yitbarek A, Sharif S, Rodriguez-Lecompte JC. Epigenetic effect of folic acid (FA) on the gene proximal promoter area and mRNA expression of chicken B cell as antigen presenting cells. Br Poult Sci 2020; 61:725-733. [PMID: 32705890 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2020.1799332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
1. This study evaluated and characterised the effect of folic acid (FA) on chromosomal DNA methylation and the epigenetic result on gene expression control mechanisms in chicken B cells as a model of antigen presenting cells. 2. After FA supplementation, the methylation pattern on the proximal promoter area and mRNA expression of toll-like receptor (TLR) 2b, TLR4, B cell receptor (BCR) immunoglobulin (Ig) β and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II β chain genes in chicken B cells was observed 3. Chicken B cell line (DT40) cultures were incubated with 0, 1.72 or 3.96 mM of FA for 4 and 8 h and samples were taken at specific time points. After 4 h of incubation, cells were challenged with 0, 1 or 10 µg/ml of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and samples were collected 4 h post-challenge. 4. FA supplementation modified the methylation patterns of the proximal promoter regions of TLR4, Igß, and MHCII ß chain at 4 and 8 hours of incubation; however, the single CpG dinucleotide of TLR2b remained methylated regardless of the treatment. 5. A positive association was found between FA concentration and percentage DNA methylation on the promoter area of Igβ and TLR2b. However, there was a negative association between FA and MHCII β chain. 6. There were downregulatory effects in TLR4, Igß and MHCII ß chain gene expression after 8 h of incubation, nut not at 4 h. Although incubation time did not affect TLR2b gene expression, FA concentration did, whereby it increased TLR2b expression at 1.72 mM FA (P < 0.05). 7. LPS significant downregulated TLR2b expression, while an interaction between FA and LPS concentration affected TLR4 and Igβ gene expression. 8. In conclusion, the results showed that FA can have an immunomodulatory effect on chicken B cells, possibly affecting their ability to both recognise antigens through the TLR and BCR pathways, and to present it via the MHCII presentation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Elad
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College , Charlottetown, Canada
| | - S Uribe-Diaz
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College , Charlottetown, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of Prince Edward Island , Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - D Losada-Medina
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College , Charlottetown, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of Prince Edward Island , Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - A Yitbarek
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph , Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - S Sharif
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph , Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - J C Rodriguez-Lecompte
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College , Charlottetown, Canada
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49
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Oosenbrug T, van de Graaff MJ, Haks MC, van Kasteren S, Ressing ME. An alternative model for type I interferon induction downstream of human TLR2. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:14325-14342. [PMID: 32796029 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface-exposed Toll-like receptors (TLRs) such as TLR2 and TLR4 survey the extracellular environment for pathogens. TLR activation initiates the production of various cytokines and chemokines, including type I interferons (IFN-I). Downstream of TLR4, IFNβ secretion is only vigorously triggered in macrophages when the receptor undergoes endocytosis and switches signaling adaptor; surface TLR4 engagement predominantly induces proinflammatory cytokines via the signaling adaptor MyD88. It is unclear whether this dichotomy is generally applicable to other TLRs, cell types, or differentiation states. Here, we report that diverse TLR2 ligands induce an IFN-I response in human monocyte-like cells, but not in differentiated macrophages. This TLR2-dependent IFN-I signaling originates from the cell surface and depends on MyD88; it involves combined activation of the transcription factors IRF3 and NF-κB, driven by the kinases TBK1 and TAK1-IKKβ, respectively. TLR2-stimulated monocytes produced modest IFNβ levels that caused productive downstream signaling, reflected by STAT1 phosphorylation and expression of numerous interferon-stimulated genes. Our findings reveal that the outcome of TLR2 signaling includes an IFN-I response in human monocytes, which is lost upon macrophage differentiation, and differs mechanistically from IFN-I-induction through TLR4. These findings point to molecular mechanisms tailored to the differentiation state of a cell and the nature of receptors activated to control and limit TLR-triggered IFN-I responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Oosenbrug
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Michel J van de Graaff
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mariëlle C Haks
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sander van Kasteren
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maaike E Ressing
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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50
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Nogieć A, Bzowska M, Demczuk A, Varol C, Guzik K. Phenotype and Response to PAMPs of Human Monocyte-Derived Foam Cells Obtained by Long-Term Culture in the Presence of oxLDLs. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1592. [PMID: 32849539 PMCID: PMC7417357 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol-laden, foam macrophages constitute the most characteristic component of human atherosclerotic plaques. Persistent uptake of oxLDLs results in accumulation of lipid bodies inside the cells and determines their phenotype and subsequent functions. In this work, we describe the phenotype of human monocyte-derived foam cells obtained by differentiation in the constant presence of oxLDLs for 30 days (prolonged-hMDFCs). Although neither the total cellular nor the cell surface expression of Toll-like receptors (TLR) was regulated by oxLDLs, the prolonged-hMDFCs changed dramatically their responsiveness to TLR ligands and inactivated bacteria. Using multiplex technology, we observed an acute decline in cytokine and chemokine production after surface and endosomal TLR stimulation with the exception of TLR2/6 triggering with agonists Pam2CSK4 and MALP-2. We also noted significant reduction of some surface receptors which can have accessory function in recognition of particulate antigens (CD47, CD81, and CD11b). In contrast, the prolonged-hMDFCs responded to inflammasome activation by LPS/nigericin with extensive, necrotic type cell death, which was partially independent of caspase-1. This pyroptosis-like cell death was aggravated by necrostatin-1 and rapamycin. These findings identify a potential contribution of mature foam cells to inflammatory status by increasing the immunogenic cell death burden. The observed cross-talk between foam cell death pathways may lead to recognition of a potential new marker for atherosclerosis disease severity. Overall, our study demonstrates that, in contrast to other cellular models of foam cells, the prolonged-hMDFCs acquire a functional phenotype which may help understanding the role of foam cells in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nogieć
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Bzowska
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Demczuk
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Chen Varol
- The Research Center for Digestive Tract & Liver Diseases, The Tel Aviv Souraski Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Krzysztof Guzik
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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