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Chandramouli A, Kamat SS. A Facile LC-MS Method for Profiling Cholesterol and Cholesteryl Esters in Mammalian Cells and Tissues. Biochemistry 2024. [PMID: 38986142 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.4c00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Cholesterol is central to mammalian lipid metabolism and serves many critical functions in the regulation of diverse physiological processes. Dysregulation in cholesterol metabolism is causally linked to numerous human diseases, and therefore, in vivo, the concentrations and flux of cholesterol and cholesteryl esters (fatty acid esters of cholesterol) are tightly regulated. While mass spectrometry has been an analytical method of choice for detecting cholesterol and cholesteryl esters in biological samples, the hydrophobicity, chemically inert nature, and poor ionization of these neutral lipids have often proved a challenge in developing lipidomics compatible liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) methods to study them. To overcome this problem, here, we report a reverse-phase LC-MS method that is compatible with existing high-throughput lipidomics strategies and capable of identifying and quantifying cholesterol and cholesteryl esters from mammalian cells and tissues. Using this sensitive yet robust LC-MS method, we profiled different mammalian cell lines and tissues and provide a comprehensive picture of cholesterol and cholesteryl esters content in them. Specifically, among cholesteryl esters, we find that mammalian cells and tissues largely possess monounsaturated and polyunsaturated variants. Taken together, our lipidomics compatible LC-MS method to study this lipid class opens new avenues in understanding systemic and tissue-level cholesterol metabolism under various physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aakash Chandramouli
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India
| | - Siddhesh S Kamat
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India
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2
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Parchem K, Letsiou S, Petan T, Oskolkova O, Medina I, Kuda O, O'Donnell VB, Nicolaou A, Fedorova M, Bochkov V, Gladine C. Oxylipin profiling for clinical research: Current status and future perspectives. Prog Lipid Res 2024; 95:101276. [PMID: 38697517 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2024.101276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Oxylipins are potent lipid mediators with increasing interest in clinical research. They are usually measured in systemic circulation and can provide a wealth of information regarding key biological processes such as inflammation, vascular tone, or blood coagulation. Although procedures still require harmonization to generate comparable oxylipin datasets, performing comprehensive profiling of circulating oxylipins in large studies is feasible and no longer restricted by technical barriers. However, it is essential to improve and facilitate the biological interpretation of complex oxylipin profiles to truly leverage their potential in clinical research. This requires regular updating of our knowledge about the metabolism and the mode of action of oxylipins, and consideration of all factors that may influence circulating oxylipin profiles independently of the studied disease or condition. This review aims to provide the readers with updated and necessary information regarding oxylipin metabolism, their different forms in systemic circulation, the current limitations in deducing oxylipin cellular effects from in vitro bioactivity studies, the biological and technical confounding factors needed to consider for a proper interpretation of oxylipin profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Parchem
- Department of Food Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Gabriela Narutowicza St., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic.
| | - Sophia Letsiou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, Ag. Spiridonos St. Egaleo, 12243 Athens, Greece.
| | - Toni Petan
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Olga Oskolkova
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 46/III, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Isabel Medina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, E-36208 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Ondrej Kuda
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14200 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Valerie B O'Donnell
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - Anna Nicolaou
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9NT, UK.
| | - Maria Fedorova
- Center of Membrane Biochemistry and Lipid Research, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus of TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Valery Bochkov
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 46/III, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Cécile Gladine
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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3
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Liang N, Harsch BA, Zhou S, Borkowska A, Shearer GC, Kaddurah-Daouk R, Newman JW, Borkowski K. Oxylipin transport by lipoprotein particles and its functional implications for cardiometabolic and neurological disorders. Prog Lipid Res 2024; 93:101265. [PMID: 37979798 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2023.101265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Lipoprotein metabolism is critical to inflammation. While the periphery and central nervous system (CNS) have separate yet connected lipoprotein systems, impaired lipoprotein metabolism is implicated in both cardiometabolic and neurological disorders. Despite the substantial investigation into the composition, structure and function of lipoproteins, the lipoprotein oxylipin profiles, their influence on lipoprotein functions, and their potential biological implications are unclear. Lipoproteins carry most of the circulating oxylipins. Importantly, lipoprotein-mediated oxylipin transport allows for endocrine signaling by these lipid mediators, long considered to have only autocrine and paracrine functions. Alterations in plasma lipoprotein oxylipin composition can directly impact inflammatory responses of lipoprotein metabolizing cells. Similar investigations of CNS lipoprotein oxylipins are non-existent to date. However, as APOE4 is associated with Alzheimer's disease-related microglia dysfunction and oxylipin dysregulation, ApoE4-dependent lipoprotein oxylipin modulation in neurological pathologies is suggested. Such investigations are crucial to bridge knowledge gaps linking oxylipin- and lipoprotein-related disorders in both periphery and CNS. Here, after providing a summary of existent literatures on lipoprotein oxylipin analysis methods, we emphasize the importance of lipoproteins in oxylipin transport and argue that understanding the compartmentalization and distribution of lipoprotein oxylipins may fundamentally alter our consideration of the roles of lipoprotein in cardiometabolic and neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuanyi Liang
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Brian A Harsch
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Sitong Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Alison Borkowska
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Gregory C Shearer
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Rima Kaddurah-Daouk
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke Institute for Brain Sciences and Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA; Duke Institute of Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - John W Newman
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Nutrition, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Western Human Nutrition Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture - Agriculture Research Service, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kamil Borkowski
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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4
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Negi C, Gadara D, Kohoutek J, Bajard L, Spáčil Z, Blaha L. Replacement Flame-Retardant 2-Ethylhexyldiphenyl Phosphate (EHDPP) Disrupts Hepatic Lipidome: Evidence from Human 3D Hepatospheroid Cell Culture. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:2006-2018. [PMID: 36693630 PMCID: PMC9910051 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims to evaluate the effects of repeated exposure to 2-ethylhexyldiphenyl phosphate (EHDPP) on human liver cells. In vitro three-dimensional (3D) hepatospheroid cell culture was utilized to explore the potential mechanisms of EHDPP-mediated metabolic disruption through morphological, transcriptional, and biochemical assays. Lipidomics analysis was performed on the individual hepatospheroids to investigate the effects on intracellular lipid profiles, followed by hepatospheroid morphology, growth, functional parameters, and cytotoxicity evaluation. The possible mechanisms were delineated using the gene-level analysis by assessing the expression of key genes encoding for hepatic lipid metabolism. We revealed that exposure to EHDPP at 1 and 10 μM for 7 days alters the lipid profile of human 3D hepatospheroids. Dysregulation in several lipid classes, including sterol lipids (cholesterol esters), sphingolipids (dihydroceramide, hexosylceramide, ceramide, sphingomyelin), glycerolipids (triglycerides), glycerophospholipids, and fatty acyls, was noted along with alteration in genes including ACAT1, ACAT2, CYP27A1, ABCA1, GPAT2, PNPLA2, PGC1α, and Nrf2. Our study brings a novel insight into the metabolic disrupting effects of EHDPP and demonstrates the utility of hepatospheroids as an in vitro cell culture model complemented with omics technology (e.g., lipidomics) for mechanistic toxicity studies.
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Genetic and Epigenetic Regulation of Lipoxygenase Pathways and Reverse Cholesterol Transport in Atherogenesis. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13081474. [PMID: 36011386 PMCID: PMC9408222 DOI: 10.3390/genes13081474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is one of the most important medical and social problems of modern society. Atherosclerosis causes a large number of hospitalizations, disability, and mortality. A considerable amount of evidence suggests that inflammation is one of the key links in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Inflammation in the vascular wall has extensive cross-linkages with lipid metabolism, and lipid mediators act as a central link in the regulation of inflammation in the vascular wall. Data on the role of genetics and epigenetic factors in the development of atherosclerosis are of great interest. A growing body of evidence is strengthening the understanding of the significance of gene polymorphism, as well as gene expression dysregulation involved in cross-links between lipid metabolism and the innate immune system. A better understanding of the genetic basis and molecular mechanisms of disease pathogenesis is an important step towards solving the problems of its early diagnosis and treatment.
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Ferreira HB, Barros C, Melo T, Paiva A, Domingues MR. Looking in Depth at Oxidized Cholesteryl Esters by LC-MS/MS: Reporting Specific Fragmentation Fingerprints and Isomer Discrimination. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:793-802. [PMID: 35438496 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cholesteryl esters (CE) are prone to oxidation under increased oxidative stress conditions, but little is known about oxidized CE species (oxCE). To date, only a few oxCE have been identified, however, mainly based on the detection of molecular ions by mass spectrometry (MS) or target approaches for specific oxCE. The study of oxCE occurring from radical oxidation is still scarcely addressed. In this work, we made a comprehensive assessment of oxCE derivatives and their specific fragmentation patterns to identify detailed structural features and isomer differentiation using high-resolution C18 HPLC-MS- and MS/MS-based lipidomic approaches. The LC-MS/MS analysis allowed us to pinpoint oxCE structural isomers of long-chain and short-chain species, eluting at different retention times (tR). Data analysis revealed that oxCE can be modified either in the fatty acyl moiety or in the cholesterol ring. The location of the hydroxy/hydroperoxy group originates characteristic fragment ions, namely the unmodified cholestenyl cation (m/z 369) for the isomer with oxidation in the fatty acyl chain or ions at m/z 367 and m/z 385 (369 + 16) when oxygenation occurs in the cholesterol ring. Additionally, we identified CE 18:2 and 20:4 aldehydic and carboxylic short-chain products that showed a clear fragmentation pattern that confirmed the modification in the fatty acyl chain. Specific fragmentation fingerprinting allowed discrimination of the isobaric short-chain species, namely carboxylic short-chain products, from hydroxy aldehyde short-chain products, with a hydroxycholesterol moiety. This new information is important to identify different oxCE in biological samples and will contribute to unraveling their role in biological conditions and diseases such as cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Beatriz Ferreira
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Cristina Barros
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Tânia Melo
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Artur Paiva
- Unidade de Gestão Operacional em Citometria, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-370 Coimbra, Portugal
- Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra, ESTESC - Coimbra Health School, Ciências Biomédicas Laboratoriais, 3046-854 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M Rosário Domingues
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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7
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O'Donnell VB. New appreciation for an old pathway: the Lands Cycle moves into new arenas in health and disease. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:1-11. [PMID: 35225335 PMCID: PMC9022965 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The Lands Pathway is a fundamental biochemical process named for its discovery by William EM Lands and revealed in a series of seminal papers published in the Journal of Biological Chemistry between 1958-65. It describes the selective placement in phospholipids of acyl chains, by phospholipid acyltransferases. This pathway has formed a core component of our knowledge of phospholipid and also diglyceride metabolism in mammalian tissues for over 60 years now. Our understanding of how the Lands pathways are enzymatically mediated via large families of related gene products that display both substrate and tissue specificity has grown exponentially since. Recent studies building on this are starting to reveal key roles for the Lands pathway in specific scenarios, in particular inflammation, immunity and inflammation. This review will cover the Lands cycle from historical perspectives first, then present new information on how this important cycle forms a central regulatory node connecting fatty acyl and phospholipid metabolism and how its altered regulation may present new opportunities for therapeutic intervention in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie B. O'Donnell
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4SN, U.K
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8
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Kotlyarov S, Kotlyarova A. Involvement of Fatty Acids and Their Metabolites in the Development of Inflammation in Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031308. [PMID: 35163232 PMCID: PMC8835729 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite all the advances of modern medicine, atherosclerosis continues to be one of the most important medical and social problems. Atherosclerosis is the cause of several cardiovascular diseases, which are associated with high rates of disability and mortality. The development of atherosclerosis is associated with the accumulation of lipids in the arterial intima and the disruption of mechanisms that maintain the balance between the development and resolution of inflammation. Fatty acids are involved in many mechanisms of inflammation development and maintenance. Endothelial cells demonstrate multiple cross-linkages between lipid metabolism and innate immunity. In addition, these processes are linked to hemodynamics and the function of other cells in the vascular wall, highlighting the central role of the endothelium in vascular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Kotlyarov
- Department of Nursing, Ryazan State Medical University, 390026 Ryazan, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Anna Kotlyarova
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Ryazan State Medical University, 390026 Ryazan, Russia;
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Wang X, Li H, Zou X, Yan X, Cong P, Li H, Wang H, Xue C, Xu J. Deep mining and quantification of oxidized cholesteryl esters discovers potential biomarkers involved in breast cancer by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1663:462764. [PMID: 34954533 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Oxidized cholesteryl ester (OxCE) is produced by the oxidation of cholesteryl ester (CE) in the cores of lipoproteins. OxCE production and oxidative stress have been largely associated with breast cancer. Herein, we developed a novel reverse-phase liquid chromatography coupling quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (RPLC‒Q-TOF‒MS) method based on the iterative acquisition mode and used the MS/MS mode for deep mining and simultaneous quantification of cholesterol (Chol), CEs and OxCEs in human serum. A mathematical model was used to globally profile 57 molecular species of both CEs and OxCEs in the serum of both healthy volunteers and patients with breast cancer, and the qualitative results were verified based on the retention regularity. An abnormal elevation of OxCEs was found in serum samples of breast cancer patients, where OxCEs were produced by the oxidation of the fatty acyl chain of CE (20:4), such as CE (20:1)+3O, CE (20:2)+2O and CE (20:3)+O, which could be regarded as biomarkers. This comprehensive method for the global profiling of Chol, OxCEs and CEs sheds light on the role OxCEs and CEs play in breast cancer and has enabled the discovery of breast cancer biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xincen Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5, Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - He Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5, Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Xiao Zou
- Qingdao Central Hospital, No. 127, Siliu Nan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266500, China
| | - Xiong Yan
- Qingdao Central Hospital, No. 127, Siliu Nan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266500, China
| | - Peixu Cong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5, Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Hongyan Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5, Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China; College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Agilent Technologies Co. Ltd., No. 9 Hongkong Zhong Road, Qingdao Shandong 266071, China
| | - Changhu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5, Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China; Laboratory of Marine Drugs and Biological Products, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1, Wenhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.
| | - Jie Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5, Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China.
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Barker-Tejeda TC, Villaseñor A, Gonzalez-Riano C, López-López Á, Gradillas A, Barbas C. In vitro generation of oxidized standards for lipidomics. Application to major membrane lipid components. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1651:462254. [PMID: 34118530 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Membrane lipids (sphingolipids, glycerophospholipids, cardiolipins, and cholesteryl esters) are critical in cellular functions. Alterations in the levels of oxidized counterparts of some of these lipids have been linked to the onset and development of many pathologies. Unfortunately, the scarce commercial availability of chemically defined oxidized lipids is a limitation for accurate quantitative analysis, characterization of oxidized composition, or testing their biological effects in lipidomic studies. To address this dearth of standards, several approaches rely on in-house prepared mixtures of oxidized species generated under in vitro conditions from different sources - non-oxidized commercial standards, liposomes, micelles, cells, yeasts, and human preparations - and using different oxidant systems - UVA radiation, air exposure, enzymatic or chemical oxidant systems, among others. Moreover, high-throughput analytical techniques such as liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) have provided evidence of their capabilities to study oxidized lipids both in in vitro models and complex biological samples. In this review, we describe the commercial resources currently available, the in vitro strategies carried out for obtaining oxidized lipids as standards for LC-MS analysis, and their applications in lipidomics studies, specifically for lipids found in cell and mitochondria membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Clive Barker-Tejeda
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660 Boadilla del Monte, Madrid. Spain; Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine (IMMA), Department of Basic Medical Science, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660 Boadilla del Monte, Madrid. Spain.
| | - Alma Villaseñor
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660 Boadilla del Monte, Madrid. Spain; Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine (IMMA), Department of Basic Medical Science, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660 Boadilla del Monte, Madrid. Spain.
| | - Carolina Gonzalez-Riano
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660 Boadilla del Monte, Madrid. Spain.
| | - Ángeles López-López
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660 Boadilla del Monte, Madrid. Spain.
| | - Ana Gradillas
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660 Boadilla del Monte, Madrid. Spain.
| | - Coral Barbas
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660 Boadilla del Monte, Madrid. Spain.
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11
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Gianazza E, Brioschi M, Martinez Fernandez A, Casalnuovo F, Altomare A, Aldini G, Banfi C. Lipid Peroxidation in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 34:49-98. [PMID: 32640910 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ACVDs) continue to be a primary cause of mortality worldwide in adults aged 35-70 years, occurring more often in countries with lower economic development, and they constitute an ever-growing global burden that has a considerable socioeconomic impact on society. The ACVDs encompass diverse pathologies such as coronary artery disease and heart failure (HF), among others. Recent Advances: It is known that oxidative stress plays a relevant role in ACVDs and some of its effects are mediated by lipid oxidation. In particular, lipid peroxidation (LPO) is a process under which oxidants such as reactive oxygen species attack unsaturated lipids, generating a wide array of oxidation products. These molecules can interact with circulating lipoproteins, to diffuse inside the cell and even to cross biological membranes, modifying target nucleophilic sites within biomolecules such as DNA, lipids, and proteins, and resulting in a plethora of biological effects. Critical Issues: This review summarizes the evidence of the effect of LPO in the development and progression of atherosclerosis-based diseases, HF, and other cardiovascular diseases, highlighting the role of protein adduct formation. Moreover, potential therapeutic strategies targeted at lipoxidation in ACVDs are also discussed. Future Directions: The identification of valid biomarkers for the detection of lipoxidation products and adducts may provide insights into the improvement of the cardiovascular risk stratification of patients and the development of therapeutic strategies against the oxidative effects that can then be applied within a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Gianazza
- Proteomics Unit, Monzino Cardiology Center IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Maura Brioschi
- Proteomics Unit, Monzino Cardiology Center IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Giancarlo Aldini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Banfi
- Proteomics Unit, Monzino Cardiology Center IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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12
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Shen L, Yamamoto T, Tan XW, Ogata K, Ando E, Ozeki E, Matsuura E. Identification and visualization of oxidized lipids in atherosclerotic plaques by microscopic imaging mass spectrometry-based metabolomics. Atherosclerosis 2020; 311:1-12. [PMID: 32911376 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Dysregulated lipid metabolism has emerged as one of the major risk factors of atherosclerosis. Presently, there is a consensus that oxidized LDL (oxLDL) promotes development of atherosclerosis and downstream chronic inflammatory responses. Due to the dynamic metabolic disposition of lipoprotein, conventional approach to purify bioactive lipids for subsequent comprehensive analysis has proven to be inadequate for elucidation of the oxidized lipids species accountable for pathophysiology of atherosclerotic lesions. Herein, we aimed to utilize a novel mass microscopic imaging technology, coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) to characterize oxidized lipids in atherosclerotic lesions. METHODS We attempted to use MALDI-TOF-MS and iMScope to identify selected oxidized lipid targets and visualize their respective localizations in study models of atherosclerosis. RESULTS Based on the MS analysis, detection of 7-K under positive ionization through product ion peak at m/z 383 [M + H-H2O] indicated the distinctive presence of targeted lipid within Cu2+-oxLDL and Cu2+-oxLDL loaded macrophage-like J774A.1 cells, along with other cholesterol oxidation products. Moreover, the application of two-dimensional iMScope has successfully visualized the localization of lipids in aortic atherosclerotic plaques of the Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic (WHHL) rabbit. Distinctive lipid distribution profiles were observed in atherosclerotic lesions of different sizes, especially the localizations of lysoPCs in atherosclerotic plaques. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, we believe that both MALDI-TOF-MS and iMScope metabolomics technology may offer a novel proposition for future pathophysiological studies of lipid metabolism in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianhua Shen
- Collaborative Research Center (OMIC), 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan; Department of Pathophysiology, Zunyi Medical University, 6 West Xuefu Road, Xinpu District, Zunyi City, Guizhou, 563003, China; Technology Research Laboratory, Shimadzu Corporation, 3-9-4 Hikaridai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto, 619-0237, Japan
| | - Takushi Yamamoto
- Analytical & Measuring Instruments Division, Shimadzu Corporation, 1 Nishinokyo, Kuwabara-cho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto, 604-8511, Japan
| | - Xian Wen Tan
- Department of Cell Chemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Koretsugu Ogata
- Analytical & Measuring Instruments Division, Shimadzu Corporation, 1 Nishinokyo, Kuwabara-cho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto, 604-8511, Japan
| | - Eiji Ando
- Analytical & Measuring Instruments Division, Shimadzu Corporation, 1 Nishinokyo, Kuwabara-cho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto, 604-8511, Japan
| | - Eiichi Ozeki
- Technology Research Laboratory, Shimadzu Corporation, 3-9-4 Hikaridai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto, 619-0237, Japan
| | - Eiji Matsuura
- Collaborative Research Center (OMIC), 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan; Department of Cell Chemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan; Neutron Therapy Research Center, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
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13
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Zheng X, Xie X, Liu Y, Cong J, Fan J, Fang Y, Liu N, He Z, Liu J. Deciphering the mechanism of carbon sources inhibiting recolorization in the removal of refractory dye: Based on an untargeted LC-MS metabolomics approach. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 307:123248. [PMID: 32248066 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the biological decolorization of reactive black 5 (RB5) by Klebsiella sp. KL-1 in yeast extract (YE) medium was captured the recolorization after exposure to O2, which induced a 15.82% reduction in decolorization efficiency. Similar result was also observed in YE + lactose medium, but not in YE + glucose/xylose media (groups YE + Glu/Xyl). Through biodegradation studies, several degradation intermediates without quinoid structure were produced in groups YE + Glu/Xyl and differential degradation pathways were deduced in diverse groups. Metabolomics analysis revealed significant variations in up-/down-regulated metabolites using RB5 and different carbon sources. Moreover, the underlying mechanism of recolorization inhibition was proposed. Elevated reducing power associated with variable metabolites (2-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid, 9(R)-HODE cholesteryl ester, linoleamide, oleamide) rendered additional reductive cleavage of C-N bond on naphthalene ring. This study provided a new orientation to inhibit recolorization and deepened the understanding of the molecular mechanism of carbon sources inhibiting recolorization in the removal of refractory dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiulin Zheng
- Textile Pollution Controlling Engineering Center of Ministry of Environmental Protection, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xuehui Xie
- Textile Pollution Controlling Engineering Center of Ministry of Environmental Protection, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Yanbiao Liu
- Textile Pollution Controlling Engineering Center of Ministry of Environmental Protection, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Junhao Cong
- Textile Pollution Controlling Engineering Center of Ministry of Environmental Protection, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Jiao Fan
- Textile Pollution Controlling Engineering Center of Ministry of Environmental Protection, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yingrong Fang
- Textile Pollution Controlling Engineering Center of Ministry of Environmental Protection, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Na Liu
- School of Environment and Surveying Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou, Anhui 234000, China
| | - Zhenjiang He
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Jianshe Liu
- Textile Pollution Controlling Engineering Center of Ministry of Environmental Protection, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
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14
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Gonen A, Miller YI. From Inert Storage to Biological Activity-In Search of Identity for Oxidized Cholesteryl Esters. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:602252. [PMID: 33329402 PMCID: PMC7715012 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.602252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Esterification of cholesterol is a universal mechanism to store and transport large quantities of cholesterol between organs and tissues and to avoid toxicity of the excess of cellular cholesterol. Intended for transport and storage and thus to be inert, cholesteryl esters (CEs) reside in hydrophobic cores of circulating lipoproteins and intracellular lipid droplets. However, the inert identity of CEs is dramatically changed if cholesterol is esterified to a polyunsaturated fatty acid and subjected to oxidative modification. Post-synthetic, or epilipidomic, oxidative modifications of CEs are mediated by specialized enzymes, chief among them are lipoxygenases, and by free radical oxidation. The complex repertoire of oxidized CE (OxCE) products exhibit various, context-dependent biological activities, surveyed in this review. Oxidized fatty acyl chains in OxCE can be hydrolyzed and re-esterified, thus seeding oxidized moieties into phospholipids (PLs), with OxPLs having different from OxCEs biological activities. Technological advances in mass spectrometry and the development of new anti-OxCE antibodies make it possible to validate the presence and quantify the levels of OxCEs in human atherosclerotic lesions and plasma. The article discusses the prospects of measuring OxCE levels in plasma as a novel biomarker assay to evaluate risk of developing cardiovascular disease and efficacy of treatment.
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15
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Hajeyah AA, Griffiths WJ, Wang Y, Finch AJ, O’Donnell VB. The Biosynthesis of Enzymatically Oxidized Lipids. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:591819. [PMID: 33329396 PMCID: PMC7711093 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.591819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymatically oxidized lipids are a specific group of biomolecules that function as key signaling mediators and hormones, regulating various cellular and physiological processes from metabolism and cell death to inflammation and the immune response. They are broadly categorized as either polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) containing (free acid oxygenated PUFA "oxylipins", endocannabinoids, oxidized phospholipids) or cholesterol derivatives (oxysterols, steroid hormones, and bile acids). Their biosynthesis is accomplished by families of enzymes that include lipoxygenases (LOX), cyclooxygenases (COX), cytochrome P450s (CYP), and aldo-keto reductases (AKR). In contrast, non-enzymatically oxidized lipids are produced by uncontrolled oxidation and are broadly considered to be harmful. Here, we provide an overview of the biochemistry and enzymology of LOXs, COXs, CYPs, and AKRs in humans. Next, we present biosynthetic pathways for oxylipins, oxidized phospholipids, oxysterols, bile acids and steroid hormones. Last, we address gaps in knowledge and suggest directions for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A. Hajeyah
- Systems Immunity Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Ali A. Hajeyah,
| | - William J. Griffiths
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Finch
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie B. O’Donnell
- Systems Immunity Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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16
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Snodgrass RG, Brüne B. Regulation and Functions of 15-Lipoxygenases in Human Macrophages. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:719. [PMID: 31333453 PMCID: PMC6620526 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoxygenases (LOXs) catalyze the stereo-specific peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) to their corresponding hydroperoxy derivatives. Human macrophages express two arachidonic acid (AA) 15-lipoxygenating enzymes classified as ALOX15 and ALOX15B. ALOX15, which was first described in 1975, has been extensively characterized and its biological functions have been investigated in a number of cellular systems and animal models. In macrophages, ALOX15 functions to generate specific phospholipid (PL) oxidation products crucial for orchestrating the nonimmunogenic removal of apoptotic cells (ACs) as well as synthesizing precursor lipids required for production of specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) that facilitate inflammation resolution. The discovery of ALOX15B in 1997 was followed by comprehensive analyses of its structural properties and reaction specificities with PUFA substrates. Although its enzymatic properties are well described, the biological functions of ALOX15B are not fully understood. In contrast to ALOX15 whose expression in human monocyte-derived macrophages is strictly dependent on Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13, ALOX15B is constitutively expressed. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge on the regulation and functions of ALOX15 and ALOX15B in human macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan G Snodgrass
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Bernhard Brüne
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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17
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Liu GY, Moon SH, Jenkins CM, Sims HF, Guan S, Gross RW. Synthesis of oxidized phospholipids by sn-1 acyltransferase using 2-15-HETE lysophospholipids. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:10146-10159. [PMID: 31080170 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, oxidized phospholipid species have emerged as important signaling lipids in activated immune cells and platelets. The canonical pathway for the synthesis of oxidized phospholipids is through the release of arachidonic acid by cytosolic phospholipase A2α (cPLA2α) followed by its enzymatic oxidation, activation of the carboxylate anion by acyl-CoA synthetase(s), and re-esterification to the sn-2 position by sn-2 acyltransferase activity (i.e. the Lands cycle). However, recent studies have demonstrated the unanticipated significance of sn-1 hydrolysis of arachidonoyl-containing choline and ethanolamine glycerophospholipids by other phospholipases to generate the corresponding 2-arachidonoyl-lysolipids. Herein, we identified a pathway for oxidized phospholipid synthesis comprising sequential sn-1 hydrolysis by a phospholipase A1 (e.g. by patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 8 (PNPLA8)), direct enzymatic oxidation of the resultant 2-arachidonoyl-lysophospholipids, and the esterification of oxidized 2-arachidonoyl-lysophospholipids by acyl-CoA-dependent sn-1 acyltransferase(s). To circumvent ambiguities associated with acyl migration or hydrolysis, we developed a synthesis for optically active (d- and l-enantiomers) nonhydrolyzable analogs of 2-arachidonoyl-lysophosphatidylcholine (2-AA-LPC). sn-1 acyltransferase activity in murine liver microsomes stereospecifically and preferentially utilized the naturally occurring l-enantiomer of the ether analog of lysophosphatidylcholine. Next, we demonstrated the high selectivity of the sn-1 acyltransferase activity for saturated acyl-CoA species. Importantly, we established that 2-15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE) ether-LPC sn-1 esterification is markedly activated by thrombin treatment of murine platelets to generate oxidized PC. Collectively, these findings demonstrate the enantiomeric specificity and saturated acyl-CoA selectivity of microsomal sn-1 acyltransferase(s) and reveal its participation in a previously uncharacterized pathway for the synthesis of oxidized phospholipids with cell-signaling properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Yuan Liu
- From the Department of Chemistry, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130 and.,Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Medicine
| | - Sung Ho Moon
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Medicine
| | | | - Harold F Sims
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Medicine
| | - Shaoping Guan
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Medicine
| | - Richard W Gross
- From the Department of Chemistry, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130 and .,Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Medicine.,Developmental Biology, and.,Center for Cardiovascular Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110
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18
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Gonen A, Choi SH, Miu P, Agatisa-Boyle C, Acks D, Taylor AM, McNamara CA, Tsimikas S, Witztum JL, Miller YI. A monoclonal antibody to assess oxidized cholesteryl esters associated with apoAI and apoB-100 lipoproteins in human plasma. J Lipid Res 2018; 60:436-445. [PMID: 30563909 PMCID: PMC6358287 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d090852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is associated with increased lipid peroxidation, leading to generation of multiple oxidation-specific epitopes (OSEs), contributing to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and its clinical manifestation. Oxidized cholesteryl esters (OxCEs) are a major class of OSEs found in human plasma and atherosclerotic tissue. To evaluate OxCEs as a candidate biomarker, we generated a novel mouse monoclonal Ab (mAb) specific to an OxCE modification of proteins. The mAb AG23 (IgG1) was raised in C57BL6 mice immunized with OxCE-modified keyhole limpet hemocyanin, and hybridomas were screened against OxCE-modified BSA. This method ensures mAb specificity to the OxCE modification, independent of a carrier protein. AG23 specifically stained human carotid artery atherosclerotic lesions. An ELISA method, with AG23 as a capture and either anti-apoAI or anti-apoB-100 as the detection Abs, was developed to assay apoAI and apoB-100 lipoproteins that have one or more OxCE epitopes. OxCE-apoA or OxCE-apoB did not correlate with the well-established oxidized phospholipid-apoB biomarker. In a cohort of subjects treated with atorvastatin, OxCE-apoA was significantly lower than in the placebo group, independent of the apoAI levels. These results suggest the potential diagnostic utility of a new biomarker assay to measure OxCE-modified lipoproteins in patients with CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelet Gonen
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Soo-Ho Choi
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Phuong Miu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Colin Agatisa-Boyle
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Daniel Acks
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Angela M Taylor
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Coleen A McNamara
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Sotirios Tsimikas
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Joseph L Witztum
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Yury I Miller
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
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19
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Snodgrass RG, Zezina E, Namgaladze D, Gupta S, Angioni C, Geisslinger G, Lütjohann D, Brüne B. A Novel Function for 15-Lipoxygenases in Cholesterol Homeostasis and CCL17 Production in Human Macrophages. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1906. [PMID: 30197642 PMCID: PMC6117383 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase (ALOX15) and arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase, type B (ALOX15B) catalyze the dioxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids and are upregulated in human alternatively activated macrophages (AAMs) induced by Th2 cytokine interleukin-4 (IL-4) and/or interleukin-13. Known primarily for roles in bioactive lipid mediator synthesis, 15-lipoxygenases (15-LOXs) have been implicated in various macrophage functions including efferocytosis and ferroptosis. Using a combination of inhibitors and siRNAs to suppress 15-LOX isoforms, we studied the role of 15-LOXs in cellular cholesterol homeostasis and immune function in naïve and AAMs. Silencing or inhibiting the 15-LOX isoforms impaired sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP)-2 signaling by inhibiting SREBP-2 processing into mature transcription factor and reduced SREBP-2 binding to sterol regulatory elements and subsequent target gene expression. Silencing ALOX15B reduced cellular cholesterol and the cholesterol intermediates desmosterol, lanosterol, 24,25-dihydrolanosterol, and lathosterol as well as oxysterols in IL-4-stimulated macrophages. In addition, attenuating both 15-LOX isoforms did not generally affect IL-4 gene expression but rather uniquely impacted IL-4-induced CCL17 production in an SREBP-2-dependent manner resulting in reduced T cell migration to macrophage conditioned media. In conclusion, we identified a novel role for ALOX15B, and to a lesser extent ALOX15, in cholesterol homeostasis and CCL17 production in human macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan G Snodgrass
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ekaterina Zezina
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dmitry Namgaladze
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sahil Gupta
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Carlo Angioni
- ZAFES/Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- ZAFES/Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dieter Lütjohann
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Bernhard Brüne
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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20
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Droege KD, Keithly ME, Sanders CR, Armstrong RN, Thompson MK. Structural Dynamics of 15-Lipoxygenase-2 via Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange. Biochemistry 2017; 56:5065-5074. [PMID: 28809482 PMCID: PMC5619234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Eicosanoids are inflammatory signaling lipids that are biosynthesized in response to cellular injury or threat. They were originally thought to be pro-inflammatory molecules, but members of at least one subclass, the lipoxins, are able to resolve inflammation. One step in lipoxin synthesis is the oxygenation of arachidonic acid by 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX). 15-LOX contains two domains: a Ca2+ binding PLAT domain and a catalytic domain. 15-LOX is a soluble cytosolic protein until binding of Ca2+ to the PLAT domain promotes translocation to the membrane surface. The role of 15-LOX structural dynamics in this translocation has remained unclear. We investigated the dynamics of 15-LOX isoform B (15-LOX-2) upon binding of Ca2+ and ligands, as well as upon membrane association using hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS). We used HDX-MS to probe the solvent accessibility and backbone flexibility of 15-LOX-2, revealing significant differences in deuterium incorporation between the PLAT and catalytic domains, with the PLAT domain demonstrating higher flexibility. Comparison of HDX for 15-LOX-2 in the presence and absence of Ca2+ indicates there are few differences in structural dynamics. Furthermore, our HDX results involving nanodisc-associated 15-LOX-2 suggest that significant structural and dynamic changes in 15-LOX-2 are not required for membrane association. Our results also show that a substrate lipid binding to the active site in the catalytic domain does induce changes in incorporation of deuterium into the PLAT domain. Overall, our results challenge the previous hypothesis that Ca2+ binding induces major structural changes in the PLAT domain and support the hypothesis that is interdomain communication in 15-LOX-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin D Droege
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Mary E Keithly
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Missouri Southern State University , Joplin, Missouri 64801, United States
| | - Charles R Sanders
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
| | - Richard N Armstrong
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
| | - Matthew K Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
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21
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Ocaña-Morgner C, Sales S, Rothe M, Shevchenko A, Jessberger R. Tolerogenic versus Immunogenic Lipidomic Profiles of CD11c + Immune Cells and Control of Immunogenic Dendritic Cell Ceramide Dynamics. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:4360-4372. [PMID: 28468968 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lipids affect the membrane properties determining essential biological processes. Earlier studies have suggested a role of switch-activated protein 70 (SWAP-70) in lipid raft formation of dendritic cells. We used lipidomics combined with genetic and biochemical assays to analyze the role of SWAP-70 in lipid dynamics. TLR activation using LPS as a ligand represented a pathogenic immunogenic stimulus, physical disruption of cell-cell contacts a tolerogenic stimulus. Physical disruption, but not LPS, caused an increase of phosphatidylcholine ether and cholesteryl esters in CD11c+ immune cells. An increase of ceramide (Cer) was a hallmark for LPS activation. SWAP-70 was required for regulating the increase and localization of Cers in the cell membrane. SWAP-70 controls Cer accumulation through the regulation of pH-dependent acid-sphingomyelinase activity and of RhoA-dependent transport of endosomal contents to the plasma membrane. Poor accumulation of Cers in Swap70-/- cells caused decreased apoptosis. This shows that two different pathways of activation, immunogenic and tolerogenic, induce different changes in the lipid composition of cultured CD11c+ cells, and highlights the important role of SWAP-70 in Cer dynamics in dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Ocaña-Morgner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden 01307, Germany; and
| | - Susanne Sales
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Manuela Rothe
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden 01307, Germany; and
| | - Andrej Shevchenko
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Rolf Jessberger
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden 01307, Germany; and
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22
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Moreno-Navarrete JM, Jové M, Padró T, Boada J, Ortega F, Ricart W, Pamplona R, Badimón L, Portero-Otín M, Fernández-Real JM. Adipocyte lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) is linked to a specific lipidomic signature. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2017; 25:391-400. [PMID: 28001010 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) is part of a family of structurally and functionally related lipid transfer proteins. This study aimed to investigate the associations of LBP with the lipid composition of human adipose tissue. METHODS Lipidomic analysis was performed in whole adipose tissue. To validate the associations found, LBP was knocked down (KD) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, and lipidomic profile was evaluated by nontargeted lipidomics. RESULTS LBP gene expression was negatively associated with phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, and sphingomyelin relative abundance in vivo. LBP expression was also decreased in those samples with the highest docosahexanoic content, implicated in the resolution of inflammation. The KD of LBP (by ∼70%) led to sharp changes in the lipidome of adipocytes. Of note, specific plasmalogen species PE(O-16:0/22:5), PE(38:2), odd chain glycerolipids, and cholesteryl linoleate were upregulated by LBP KD. In contrast, GM3 gangliosides, several ceramides, a triacylglycerol potentially containing arachidonate, and cholesteryl palmitate were downregulated by LBP KD. CONCLUSIONS LBP seems to play a role in the regulation of lipid composition of adipose tissue linked to resilience to inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- José María Moreno-Navarrete
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi), CIBEROBN (CB06/03/010) and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Girona, Spain
| | - Mariona Jové
- NUTREN-Nutrigenomics, PCiTAL-IRBLLEIDA-Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Teresa Padró
- Cardiovascular Research Center, CSIC-ICCC, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Boada
- NUTREN-Nutrigenomics, PCiTAL-IRBLLEIDA-Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Francisco Ortega
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi), CIBEROBN (CB06/03/010) and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Girona, Spain
| | - Wifredo Ricart
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi), CIBEROBN (CB06/03/010) and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Girona, Spain
| | - Reinald Pamplona
- NUTREN-Nutrigenomics, PCiTAL-IRBLLEIDA-Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Lina Badimón
- Cardiovascular Research Center, CSIC-ICCC, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - José Manuel Fernández-Real
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi), CIBEROBN (CB06/03/010) and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Girona, Spain
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Ackermann JA, Hofheinz K, Zaiss MM, Krönke G. The double-edged role of 12/15-lipoxygenase during inflammation and immunity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1862:371-381. [PMID: 27480217 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
12/15-Lipoxygenase (12/15-LOX) mediates the enzymatic oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, thereby contributing to the generation of various bioactive lipid mediators. Although 12/15-LOX has been implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple chronic inflammatory diseases, its physiologic functions seem to include potent immune modulatory properties that physiologically contribute to the resolution of inflammation and the clearance of inflammation-associated tissue damage. This review aims to give a comprehensive overview about our current knowledge on the role of this enzyme during the regulation of inflammation and immunity. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Lipid modification and lipid peroxidation products in innate immunity and inflammation edited by Christoph J. Binder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen A Ackermann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 and Institute for Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany; Nikolaus Fiebiger Center of Molecular Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katharina Hofheinz
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 and Institute for Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany; Nikolaus Fiebiger Center of Molecular Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mario M Zaiss
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 and Institute for Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Krönke
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 and Institute for Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany; Nikolaus Fiebiger Center of Molecular Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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24
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Bender G, Schexnaydre EE, Murphy RC, Uhlson C, Newcomer ME. Membrane-dependent Activities of Human 15-LOX-2 and Its Murine Counterpart: IMPLICATIONS FOR MURINE MODELS OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:19413-24. [PMID: 27435673 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.741454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzyme encoded by the ALOX15B gene has been linked to the development of atherosclerotic plaques in humans and in a mouse model of hypercholesterolemia. In vitro, these enzymes, which share 78% sequence identity, generate distinct products from their substrate arachidonic acid: the human enzyme, a 15-S-hydroperoxy product; and the murine enzyme, an 8-S-product. We probed the activities of these enzymes with nanodiscs as membrane mimics to determine whether they can access substrate esterified in a bilayer and characterized their activities at the membrane interface. We observed that both enzymes transform phospholipid-esterified arachidonic acid to a 15-S-product. Moreover, when expressed in transfected HEK cells, both enzymes result in significant increases in the amounts of 15-hydroxyderivatives of eicosanoids detected. In addition, we show that 15-LOX-2 is distributed at the plasma membrane when the HEK293 cells are stimulated by the addition Ca(2+) ionophore and that cellular localization is dependent upon the presence of a putative membrane insertion loop. We also report that sequence differences between the human and mouse enzymes in this loop appear to confer distinct mechanisms of enzyme-membrane interaction for the homologues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunes Bender
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 and
| | - Erin E Schexnaydre
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 and
| | - Robert C Murphy
- the Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Charis Uhlson
- the Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Marcia E Newcomer
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 and
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25
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Choi SH, Sviridov D, Miller YI. Oxidized cholesteryl esters and inflammation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1862:393-397. [PMID: 27368140 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The oxidation hypothesis of atherosclerosis proposes that oxidized LDL is a major causative factor in the development of atherosclerosis. Although this hypothesis has received strong mechanistic support and many animal studies demonstrated profound atheroprotective effects of antioxidants, which reduce LDL oxidation, the results of human clinical trials with antioxidants were mainly negative, except in selected groups of patients with clearly increased systemic oxidative stress. We propose that even if reducing lipoprotein oxidation in humans might be difficult to achieve, deeper understanding of mechanisms by which oxidized LDL promotes atherosclerosis and targeting these specific mechanisms will offer novel approaches to treatment of cardiovascular disease. In this review article, we focus on oxidized cholesteryl esters (OxCE), which are a major component of minimally and extensively oxidized LDL and of human atherosclerotic lesions. OxCE and OxCE-protein covalent adducts induce profound biological effects. Among these effects, OxCE activate macrophages via toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) and spleen tyrosine kinase and induce macropinocytosis resulting in lipid accumulation, generation of reactive oxygen species and secretion of inflammatory cytokines. Specific inhibition of OxCE-induced TLR4 activation, as well as blocking other inflammatory effects of OxCE, may offer novel treatments of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Lipid modification and lipid peroxidation products in innate immunity and inflammation edited by Christoph J. Binder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Ho Choi
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Dmitri Sviridov
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Yury I Miller
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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26
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Tan S, Russell DG. Trans-species communication in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophage. Immunol Rev 2015; 264:233-48. [PMID: 25703563 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Much of the infection cycle of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is spent within its host cell, the macrophage. As a consequence of the chronic, enduring nature of the infection, this cell-cell interaction has become highly intimate, and the bacterium has evolved to detect, react to, and manipulate the evolving, immune-modulated phenotype of its host. In this review, we discuss the nature of the endosomal/lysosomal continuum, the characterization of the bacterium's transcriptional responses during the infection cycle, and the dominant environmental cues that shape this response. We also discuss how the metabolism of both cells is modulated by the infection and the impact that this has on the progression of the granuloma. Finally, we detail how these transcriptional responses can be exploited to construct reporter bacterial strains to probe the temporal and spatial environmental shifts experienced by Mtb during the course of experimental infections. These reporter strains provide new insights into the fitness of Mtb under immune- and drug-mediated pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Tan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
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27
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Randomized clinical trials provide strong evidence that pharmacological elevation of HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) fails to reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in statin-treated humans. It is thus critical to identify new metrics that capture HDL's cardioprotective effects. RECENT FINDINGS We review recent evidence that HDL's cholesterol efflux capacity is a strong inverse predictor of incident and prevalent CVD in humans. In light of those findings, we assess the proposal that impaired macrophage cholesterol efflux to HDL contributes to disease risk. We also discuss recent studies implicating small HDL particles in cholesterol efflux from macrophages. SUMMARY These observations lay the foundation for a new approach to understanding mechanistically how HDL's functional properties help reduce CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Hutchins
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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28
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Kagan VE, Tyurina YY, Tyurin VA, Mohammadyani D, Angeli JPF, Baranov SV, Klein-Seetharaman J, Friedlander RM, Mallampalli RK, Conrad M, Bayir H. Cardiolipin signaling mechanisms: collapse of asymmetry and oxidation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 22:1667-80. [PMID: 25566681 PMCID: PMC4486147 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.6219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE An ancient anionic phospholipid, cardiolipin (CL), ubiquitously present in prokaryotic and eukaryotic membranes, is essential for several structural and functional purposes. RECENT ADVANCES The emerging role of CLs in signaling has become the focus of many studies. CRITICAL ISSUES In this work, we describe two major pathways through which mitochondrial CLs may fulfill the signaling functions via utilization of their (i) asymmetric distribution across membranes and translocations, leading to the surface externalization and (ii) ability to undergo oxidation reactions to yield the signature products recognizable by the executionary machinery of cells. FUTURE DIRECTIONS We present a concept that CLs and their oxidation/hydrolysis products constitute a rich communication language utilized by mitochondria of eukaryotic cells for diversified regulation of cell physiology and metabolism as well as for inter-cellular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerian E Kagan
- 1Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,2Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,3Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,4Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yulia Y Tyurina
- 1Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Vladimir A Tyurin
- 1Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Dariush Mohammadyani
- 5Department of Bioengineering, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jose Pedro Friedmann Angeli
- 6Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sergei V Baranov
- 7Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Judith Klein-Seetharaman
- 8Division of Metabolic and Vascular Health, Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rama K Mallampalli
- 9Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, and VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Marcus Conrad
- 6Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Hülya Bayir
- 10Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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29
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Kobe MJ, Neau DB, Mitchell CE, Bartlett SG, Newcomer ME. The structure of human 15-lipoxygenase-2 with a substrate mimic. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:8562-9. [PMID: 24497644 PMCID: PMC3961679 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.543777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is associated with chronic inflammation occurring over decades. The enzyme 15-lipoxygenase-2 (15-LOX-2) is highly expressed in large atherosclerotic plaques, and its activity has been linked to the progression of macrophages to the lipid-laden foam cells present in atherosclerotic plaques. We report here the crystal structure of human 15-LOX-2 in complex with an inhibitor that appears to bind as a substrate mimic. 15-LOX-2 contains a long loop, composed of hydrophobic amino acids, which projects from the amino-terminal membrane-binding domain. The loop is flanked by two Ca(2+)-binding sites that confer Ca(2+)-dependent membrane binding. A comparison of the human 15-LOX-2 and 5-LOX structures reveals similarities at the active sites, as well striking differences that can be exploited for design of isoform-selective inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Kobe
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 and
| | - David B. Neau
- Northeastern Collaborative Access Team, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439
| | - Caitlin E. Mitchell
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 and
| | - Sue G. Bartlett
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 and
| | - Marcia E. Newcomer
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 and , To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803. Tel.: 225-578-738; Fax: 225-578-7258; E-mail:
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30
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Ravandi A, Leibundgut G, Hung MY, Patel M, Hutchins PM, Murphy RC, Prasad A, Mahmud E, Miller YI, Dennis EA, Witztum JL, Tsimikas S. Release and capture of bioactive oxidized phospholipids and oxidized cholesteryl esters during percutaneous coronary and peripheral arterial interventions in humans. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014; 63:1961-71. [PMID: 24613321 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study sought to assess whether oxidized lipids are released downstream from obstructive plaques after percutaneous coronary and peripheral interventions using distal protection devices. BACKGROUND Oxidation of lipoproteins generates multiple bioactive oxidized lipids that affect atherothrombosis and endothelial function. Direct evidence of their role during therapeutic procedures, which may result in no-reflow phenomenon, myocardial infarction, and stroke, is lacking. METHODS The presence of specific oxidized lipids was assessed in embolized material captured by distal protection filter devices during uncomplicated saphenous vein graft, carotid, renal, and superficial femoral artery interventions. The presence of oxidized phospholipids (OxPL) and oxidized cholesteryl esters (OxCE) was evaluated in 24 filters using liquid chromatography, tandem mass spectrometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and immunostaining. RESULTS Phosphatidylcholine-containing OxPL, including (1-palmitoyl-2-[9-oxo-nonanoyl] PC), representing a major phosphatidylcholine-OxPL molecule quantitated within plaque material, [1-palmitoyl-2-(5-oxo-valeroyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine], and 1-palmitoyl-2-glutaroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, were identified in the extracted lipid portion from all vascular beds. Several species of OxCE, such as keto, hydroperoxide, hydroxy, and epoxy cholesteryl ester derivatives from cholesteryl linoleate and cholesteryl arachidonate, were also present. The presence of OxPL was confirmed using enzyme-linked immunoassays and immunohistochemistry of captured material. CONCLUSIONS This study documents the direct release and capture of OxPL and OxCE during percutaneous interventions from multiple arterial beds in humans. Entrance of bioactive oxidized lipids into the microcirculation may mediate adverse clinical outcomes during therapeutic procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Ravandi
- St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Gregor Leibundgut
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ming-Yow Hung
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Mitul Patel
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Patrick M Hutchins
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Robert C Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Anand Prasad
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Ehtisham Mahmud
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Yury I Miller
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Edward A Dennis
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, La Jolla, California
| | - Joseph L Witztum
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Sotirios Tsimikas
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California.
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31
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Choi SH, Yin H, Ravandi A, Armando A, Dumlao D, Kim J, Almazan F, Taylor AM, McNamara CA, Tsimikas S, Dennis EA, Witztum JL, Miller YI. Polyoxygenated cholesterol ester hydroperoxide activates TLR4 and SYK dependent signaling in macrophages. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83145. [PMID: 24376657 PMCID: PMC3871536 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is one of the major causative mechanisms in the development of atherosclerosis. In previous studies, we showed that minimally oxidized LDL (mmLDL) induced inflammatory responses in macrophages, macropinocytosis and intracellular lipid accumulation and that oxidized cholesterol esters (OxCEs) were biologically active components of mmLDL. Here we identified a specific OxCE molecule responsible for the biological activity of mmLDL and characterized signaling pathways in macrophages in response to this OxCE. Using liquid chromatography – tandem mass spectrometry and biological assays, we identified an oxidized cholesteryl arachidonate with bicyclic endoperoxide and hydroperoxide groups (BEP-CE) as a specific OxCE that activates macrophages in a TLR4/MD-2-dependent manner. BEP-CE induced TLR4/MD-2 binding and TLR4 dimerization, phosphorylation of SYK, ERK1/2, JNK and c-Jun, cell spreading and uptake of dextran and native LDL by macrophages. The enhanced macropinocytosis resulted in intracellular lipid accumulation and macrophage foam cell formation. Bone marrow-derived macrophages isolated from TLR4 and SYK knockout mice did not respond to BEP-CE. The presence of BEP-CE was demonstrated in human plasma and in the human plaque material captured in distal protection devices during percutaneous intervention. Our results suggest that BEP-CE is an endogenous ligand that activates the TLR4/SYK signaling pathway. Because BEP-CE is present in human plasma and human atherosclerotic lesions, BEP-CE-induced and TLR4/SYK-mediated macrophage responses may contribute to chronic inflammation in human atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Ho Choi
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Huiyong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Amir Ravandi
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Aaron Armando
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Darren Dumlao
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jungsu Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Felicidad Almazan
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Angela M. Taylor
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Coleen A. McNamara
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Sotirios Tsimikas
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Edward A. Dennis
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph L. Witztum
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Yury I. Miller
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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32
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Li M, Yang L, Bai Y, Liu H. Analytical Methods in Lipidomics and Their Applications. Anal Chem 2013; 86:161-75. [DOI: 10.1021/ac403554h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key
Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry
of Education, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Li Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key
Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry
of Education, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yu Bai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key
Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry
of Education, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Huwei Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key
Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry
of Education, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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33
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Abstract
At least 468 individual genes have been manipulated by molecular methods to study their effects on the initiation, promotion, and progression of atherosclerosis. Most clinicians and many investigators, even in related disciplines, find many of these genes and the related pathways entirely foreign. Medical schools generally do not attempt to incorporate the relevant molecular biology into their curriculum. A number of key signaling pathways are highly relevant to atherogenesis and are presented to provide a context for the gene manipulations summarized herein. The pathways include the following: the insulin receptor (and other receptor tyrosine kinases); Ras and MAPK activation; TNF-α and related family members leading to activation of NF-κB; effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on signaling; endothelial adaptations to flow including G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and integrin-related signaling; activation of endothelial and other cells by modified lipoproteins; purinergic signaling; control of leukocyte adhesion to endothelium, migration, and further activation; foam cell formation; and macrophage and vascular smooth muscle cell signaling related to proliferation, efferocytosis, and apoptosis. This review is intended primarily as an introduction to these key signaling pathways. They have become the focus of modern atherosclerosis research and will undoubtedly provide a rich resource for future innovation toward intervention and prevention of the number one cause of death in the modern world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Hopkins
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
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34
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Aldrovandi M, Hammond VJ, Podmore H, Hornshaw M, Clark SR, Marnett LJ, Slatter DA, Murphy RC, Collins PW, O'Donnell VB. Human platelets generate phospholipid-esterified prostaglandins via cyclooxygenase-1 that are inhibited by low dose aspirin supplementation. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:3085-97. [PMID: 23883581 PMCID: PMC3793613 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m041533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidized phospholipids (oxPLs) generated nonenzymatically display pleiotropic biological actions in inflammation. Their generation by cellular cyclooxygenases (COXs) is currently unknown. To determine whether platelets generate prostaglandin (PG)-containing oxPLs, then characterize their structures and mechanisms of formation, we applied precursor scanning-tandem mass spectrometry to lipid extracts of agonist-activated human platelets. Thrombin, collagen, or ionophore activation stimulated generation of families of PGs comprising PGE2 and D2 attached to four phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) phospholipids (16:0p/, 18:1p/, 18:0p/, and 18:0a/). They formed within 2 to 5 min of activation in a calcium, phospholipase C, p38 MAP kinases, MEK1, cPLA2, and src tyrosine kinase-dependent manner (28.1 ± 2.3 pg/2 × 108 platelets). Unlike free PGs, they remained cell associated, suggesting an autocrine mode of action. Their generation was inhibited by in vivo aspirin supplementation (75 mg/day) or in vitro COX-1 blockade. Inhibitors of fatty acyl reesterification blocked generation significantly, while purified COX-1 was unable to directly oxidize PE in vitro. This indicates that they form in platelets via rapid esterification of COX-1 derived PGE2/D2 into PE. In summary, COX-1 in human platelets acutely mediates membrane phospholipid oxidation via formation of PG-esterified PLs in response to pathophysiological agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maceler Aldrovandi
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University
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35
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Uderhardt S, Krönke G. 12/15-lipoxygenase during the regulation of inflammation, immunity, and self-tolerance. J Mol Med (Berl) 2012; 90:1247-56. [PMID: 22983484 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-012-0954-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
12/15-Lipoxygenase (12/15-LO) catalyzes the oxidation of free and esterified fatty acids thereby generating a whole spectrum of bioactive lipid mediators. This enzyme is involved in the regulation of various homeostatic processes as well as in the pathogenesis of multiple diseases. During the innate and adaptive immune response, 12/15-LO and its products exert both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects. Likewise, this enzyme has been implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease as well as in the maintenance of self-tolerance. This review will summarize our current knowledge about the role of 12/15-LO and will try to examine the two faces of this enzyme within the context of inflammation and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Uderhardt
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 and Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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